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ICT AND POVERTY: THE INDISPUTABLE LINK (with the case study of southease asia) Prithviraj Patil 08305035
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ICT AND POVERTY: THE INDISPUTABLE LINKcs671/paper_presentation/08305035_ict.pdf · ICT AND POVERTY: THE INDISPUTABLE LINK ... and facilitated but be mainstreamed and coordinated by

Feb 20, 2018

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Page 1: ICT AND POVERTY: THE INDISPUTABLE LINKcs671/paper_presentation/08305035_ict.pdf · ICT AND POVERTY: THE INDISPUTABLE LINK ... and facilitated but be mainstreamed and coordinated by

ICT AND POVERTY:THE INDISPUTABLE LINK(with the case study of southease asia)

Prithviraj Patil 08305035

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CONTENT

➢ Introduction➢ Correlation of Poverty and ICT➢ Paradigm of poverty●   1the technological paradigm●   2.the economic paradigm●   3.the structural paradigm●   4.the cultural or values paradigm➢ ICT intervenatation in Poverty paradigms.➢ summary and recommendation.

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The Case of Southeast Asia1.The SEARCA study argued that the widening gap between the information-richand the information-poor had dire policy implications particularly in the agricultural sector.2. This gap, not only in this sector but in all other sectors associated with development is known as the Digital Divide.3.Nowhere else in the world is the Digital Divide considered more of an enigmathan in Southeast Asia4.. This region boasts of countries that are in the forefront of digital technology. Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia and Thailand are producers and exporters ofsuch technology. 5.Also in this region are countries, which may be considered as the most deprived in ICT – Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam.

Correlates of Poverty and ICT:

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Poverty Paradigms

The Asian Development Bank defines poverty as the deprivation of essential assets and opportunities to which every human is entitled.

There seems to be a general agreement on the definition of poverty. As to itscauses, however, there are differing points of view. These may be classified under 

fourmajor paradigms used in analyzing poverty, namely: 1the technological paradigm2.the economic paradigm3.the structural paradigm4.the cultural or values paradigm

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Technological Paradigm. 

Adopting a point-of-view based on technological determinism,

1.many technologists and engineers believe that the primary cause of poverty is the lack of technological know how in the developing world. 2.Their premise is based on the observation that Western nations are rich because they employ modern technology in agriculture, industry, transportation, telecommunications and health. 3.They argue that the Third World will solve most of its problems by adopting new technology. 4.They are firm believers of the concepts of "technical assistance" and "technology transfer" wherein the know how of the West is transplanted, modified and practiced in the developing world.5.This is primarily accomplished through the services of expatriate experts or consultants.

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Economic Paradigm.

1.Economists argue that poverty is caused by the lack of sound fiscal and/or monetary policies within the government. 

2.Hence, the IMF occasionally recommends policy reforms for developing economies

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Structural Paradigm:

1.Most political scientists and ideologues believe that poverty is a function of the social structure.2.The primary exponents of this view believe that the only way to combat poverty is to change the so-called System or the government. 3.The structural paradigm distinguishes between elites and the masses, centers and peripheries,conflict of interests and harmony of interests. 4.From this paradigm, we borrow phrases such as “top down” and “bottom up.”

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Cultural Paradigm:

1.Some anthropologists and sociologists argue that poverty is a function of culture or social values.

2.Twelve years ago, an anthropologist colleague from the University of the Philippines observed that the so­called Asian tiger economies had predominantly Chinese populations or were, at one time or another, influenced by Confucian teachings (i.e., Singapore, Taiwan, Korea, etc.). The countries that lagged behind were predominantly Malay (i.e., Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia). 

3.He concluded that with the proper values and worldview, one can combat poverty effectively. 

4.In the Philippines, a Senate Committee found that the erosion of moral values had direct links to poverty (the Shahani Committee, 1990). Such an erosion brings about corruption, exploitation and greed which all lead to poverty.

5.The 1999 ADB annual report, stating that the Asian economic crisis was in no small measure caused by corruption, is supportive of this view.

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1. Which of these paradigms should be adopted in the use of ICT for poverty alleviation?2. The situation can be compared to the  poem The Blind Men and the Elephant.Wherein six 

blind men attempted to describe an elephant through the part of the animal that they approached and touched. 

3. In a way, many of us are blind men when it comes to poverty.4.  We approach the issue from one direction and arrive at a conclusion of what it is based on 

the part we address. 5. One thing is certain, however. 6. There are ICT interventionsfor any of the four paradigms enumerated above.

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BANGLADESH

●Among the more successful financing models ever to emerge from the Third World is the micro­credit system introduced by the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh. ●The bank has initiated a cellular phone project, dubbed the Grameen Phone Company, which would put a mobile phone in some 45,000 villages, giving residents access to ICT.●Each mobile phone is acquired by an individual through a small loan from the bank. This phone becomes a village telephone service provider, earning income for the owner besides providing a much­needed utility to the community.●Professor Yunus is following this up with an experimental Village Computer and Internet Program or VCIP, which would provide an email and Internet service tovillagers. ●Instead of paying for phone calls to contact relatives in the cities or friends abroad, the villagers will now be able to avail themselves of email for a fraction of the cost of a long distance call. ●A simple form of e­commerce will also been initiated by thissystem. Farmers will now be able to check out market prices and study the list ofwholesalers in Dhaka by surfing the Web.

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Dominican Republic.

 El Limon is a tiny village in the Ocoa region of theDominican Republic. With the help of a 

volunteer, Jon Katz of Cornell University, its residents built a local hydroelectric system to generate enough electricity to light their houses and their school house.

CNN continues:Once they had electricity, the villagers hooked up a donated computerto the Internet using a digital radio and an antenna relay system thatconnects to the nearest phone line, ten miles away. Now, their school,which has no library – in a village with neither telephones nor indoorplumbing – has a connection to the World Wide Web.The students in El Limon are learning digital video editing on acomputer and are making their own documentary about thehydroelectric project. They plan to show the video to othercommunities in the area – in the hope of repeating El Limon’s success

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India

 

1.The documentary featured several ICT­related interventions in a number of cities in India. The most remarkable, however, was an experiment conducted by the Dr. Mitra, a researcher for the NIIT software and education company. 

2.Dr. Mitra’s“Hole in the Wall” Project put an Internet kiosk in a poor Indian neighborhood. 

3.After some time, children who could neither read nor write learned how to use the computer without the benefit of any instruction whatsoever.

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These three cases reveal how the mere introduction of technology in impoverished areas result in immediate positive impacts. 

However, there is more to ICT than mere technology.Following are   some of them. ICT in Poverty Mapping ICT in Local Governance ICT for Educational Development ICT in Knowledge Management

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Poverty Mapping

Information and communication technology can improve economic policy and facilitate the policy­making process.An array of ICT tools is available to the policymaker and decision­maker.Fore most in this list of tools are poverty maps, which are  made possible by geographic information systems (GIS).

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ICT in Local Governance

ICT faciliates "active utilization of IT by the public sector   and the promotion of online delivery of services, which ar essential to ensure 

improved accessibility to government by all citizens” Local governance, in fact, is one of the least explored, yet perhaps one of the 

most promising areas of ICT applications in Asia.  For instance, databases on local government assets and community resources 

facilitate decision making among local government executives and policy making among members of local councils.

Geographic information systems (GIS) make invaluable tools for land use planning and local government investments.

Multimedia applications such as digital video can be effective media for citizens’ education and process documentation of governance success stories.

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ICT for Educational Development

Much excitement in international development circles has been generated by the educational applications of information and communication technology (ICT). 

In fact, some sectors are of the opinion that ICT can only effectively combat poverty directly through education.

From South Asia to the Pacific islands, experiences abound in the use of communication media and the Web for open learning and distance education. 

Best practices and lessons learned from these experiences should be collated and shared. Strategic options and potentials should likewise be explored.

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ICT in Knowledge Management

The optimum solution that ICT can offer to any undertaking is knowledge management. 

Knowledge management (KM) is a newly emerging discipline that combines organizational dynamics, knowledge engineering and ICT to manage the intellectual assets of an organization or, as in the case of development projects, a system.

Knowledge management offers vast potentials and much promise to poverty alleviation initiatives, specifically in areas of policy, strategic planning, and monitoring and evaluation. 

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summary and recommendation:

1. Efforts should be made to develop viable ICT Poverty Alleviation programs. These programs should be coordinated across agencies in the best spirit of networking, to ensure proper focus in resource use and synergy in development efforts.

2. A regional approach to program development should be adopted since ICT and poverty alleviation transcend national borders.

3. The small, spontaneous but fragmented initiatives among private agencies and nongovernmental organizations to bridge the Digital Divide should not only be encouraged and facilitated but be mainstreamed and coordinated by putting up an ICT for Poverty Alleviation Small Grants Fund that can be micro­managed by

  regional agencies.

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Summary and recommendation

4. Technological interventions should be supplemented by strong content provision. It should run parallel with a development program, thus providing mutual reinforcement between ICT utilization and impacts.

5. Governments and government agencies within the same region (e.g., Southeast Asia) should initiate dialogues to determine standards, platforms and protocols for information and knowledge exchange and re­use. A regional approach to knowledge networking should be adopted.

6. The use of poverty maps should be fully exploited through the collection of highly disaggregated census and economic data.

7. The educational applications of ICT should be fully supported for their economic potential.Following these recommendations may enable us at the development assistance sector to 

ensure that wisdom is not lost in knowledge and that knowledge is not lost in information in our poverty alleviation undertakings.

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REFERENCES:

Asian Development Bank. 1999. Fighting Poverty in Asia and the Pacific: The Poverty Reduction Strategy, Policy papers, November 1999. Available at

http://www.adb.org/Documents/Policies/Poverty_Reduction/default.asp?p=poverty Flor, Alexander G. and Benjamina G. Flor. 2001. The Philippine Communication Scene.