ICS Lab Manual Student Version

ECE-3316 : INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS

Laboratory Manual

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Last Revision: M ar cℎ, 2015Version: 2.2

Table of Contents

Table of Contents i

1 Basic BJT Current Mirror 1

2 Wilson BJT Current Mirror 5

3 Widlar BJT Current Mirror 9

4 Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier 13

5 Frequency Response of Emitter Degenerate Amplifier 18

6 Differential Amplifier 22

7 Multistage Amplifier 28

8 Negative Feedback in Amplifiers 33

9 Passive Filters Using Second Order LCR Resonator 40

10 Active Filters Using Inductor Replacement 44

11 KHN Biquad Filter 49

12 Single Amplifier Biquad Filter 53

13 Wien-Bridge Oscillator 57

14 Phase-Shift Oscillator 60

15 Triangular and Square Wave Generation 63

16 Feedback and Non-Linear Distortion 66

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LABORATORY SESSION # 1Basic BJT Current Mirror

1.1 Equipment

Components Model/Values Quantity

1.2 Procedure

1.3 Observations and Results

1. Does the output current vary with the change in the output voltage?

TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]

ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS

Laboratory ManualLab. # 1

Figure 1.1: Basic BJT Current Mirror

Table 1.1: Variation of IOIRe f

with VO

For Q1Simulated Rr e f Ir e f VBE VCE1

Practical Rr e f Ir e f VBE VCE1

For Q2

RLOutput Voltage At Output Current Thru Transfer Ratio = % Error =

Q2,VO(V) Q2, IO(µA)IO

IRef

[|IO − IRef |

IRef

]× 100

Simulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical100Ω470Ω1 kΩ

3.3 kΩ4.7 kΩ10 kΩ11 kΩ15 kΩ

Basic BJT Current Mirror 2 of 72



1.4 Questions

1. What is the minimum voltage required at the collector of Q2 so that Q2 operates in active mode andbehaves like a current mirror?

2. What is the maximum value of RL that can be connected to this circuit for it to operate as a currentmirror?

3. Explain why a big dip in the value of output current IO is observed when RL = 15 kΩ is attached?

4. Plot V − I characteristics of the transistor Q2 on the graph-paper provided in figure 1.2 and calculatean approximate value of output resistance Rout?

5. The value of output resistance Rout for the current mirror as found out in question 4 can be catego-rized as: [Tick one]

Low

Moderate

High

6. Why is high output resistance desirable for a current source?

7. What factors need to be improved upon in this implementation of Basic BJT Current Mirror?




Vo (V )

Io (µA)

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

460

480

500

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Figure 1.2: Graph Paper for Io ~Vo plot of Basic Current Mirror


LABORATORY SESSION # 2Wilson BJT Current Mirror

2.1 Equipment


2.2 Procedure

Table 2.1: Reference Current and Resistor Values

Simulated RRe f IRe fPractical RRe f IRe f




Figure 2.1: Wilson BJT Current Mirror


with VO

RLOutput Voltage At VCE3 Output Current Thru Transfer Ratio =

Q3,VO(V) Q3, IO(µA)IO

IRefSimulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical

100Ω470Ω1 kΩ

3.3 kΩ4.7 kΩ10 kΩ11 kΩ15 kΩ

Wilson BJT Current Mirror 6 of 72





2.4 Questions

1. How does the Wilson BJT current mirror compare with the basic BJT current mirror in terms of trans-fer ratio IO

IRe f?

2. What is the minimum voltage required at the collector of Q3 so that the Wilson current mirror oper-ates in active mode and behaves like a current mirror?


4. Plot V − I characteristics of the Wilson current mirror on the graph-paper provided in figure 2.2 andcalculate an approximate value of output resistance Rout?


Low

Moderate

High





Vo (V )

Io (µA)

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Figure 2.2: Graph for Io ~Vo plot of Wilson Current Source

7. What is the maximum load that can be connected to this Wilson current source?

8. Design a Wilson current mirror that produces an output current of 1mA.


LABORATORY SESSION # 3Widlar BJT Current Mirror

3.1 Equipment


3.2 Procedure






Figure 3.1: Widlar BJT Current Mirror

Table 3.1: Reference Current and Resistor Values

Simulated RRe f IRe fPractical RRe f IRe f


with VO

RL

Output Voltage At VCE1 Output Current ThruQ1,VO(V) Q1, IO(µA)

Simulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical100Ω1 kΩ

3.3 kΩ4.7 kΩ10 kΩ33 kΩ47 kΩ56 kΩ70 kΩ100 kΩ

Widlar BJT Current Mirror 10 of 72



Vo (V )

Io (µA)

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Figure 3.2: Graph Paper for Io ~Vo plot of Widlar Current Source

3.4 Questions

1. What is the minimum voltage required at the collector of Q1 so that the Widlar current mirror oper-ates in active mode and behaves like a current mirror?


3. Plot V − I characteristics of the Widlar current mirror on the graph-paper provided in figure 3.2 andcalculate an approximate value of output resistance Rout?





Low

Moderate

High


6. What is the maximum load that can be connected to this Widlar current source?

7. What is the advantage of using Widlar current mirror?


LABORATORY SESSION # 4Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier

4.1 Equipment


4.2 Procedure




Table 4.1: Biasing Currents and Voltages for Common-Emitter Amplifier

VoltagesVB (V ) VC (V ) VE (V )

SimulatedPractical

CurrentsIB (µA) IC (mA) IE (mA)

SimulatedPractical

Table 4.2: Effect of Ce on A and fL.

Ce vo vs i g A =vovs i g

0.7 × vo fL

100 µF10 µF1 µF

100 nF10 nF

Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier 14 of 72



Figure 4.1: Biasing of Common-Emitter Amplifier

Figure 4.2: Attching AC Signal Source to Common-Emitter Amplifier




(a) Step 1 (b) Step 2 (c) Step 3

Figure 4.3: Setting-up AC Analysis

Figure 4.4: fH Calculation from AC-Sweep Plot

Table 4.3: Effect of RL on A, fH and fT .

RL vo vs i g A =vovs i g

0.7 × vo fH fT = A × fH

1 kΩ10 kΩ100 kΩ

Table 4.4: Variation of A with f .(Use Ce = 100 µF and RL = 10 kΩ)

f Vo f Vo f Vo

Simulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical10 Hz 10 kHz 10 MHz

100 Hz 100 kHz 100 MHz1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz





1. How does the variation in Ce affect A and fL? Narrate your observations with reference to table 4.2.

2. How does the variation in RL affect A and fH ? Narrate your observations with reference to table 4.3.

3. How does A change with f ? Narrate your observations with reference to table 4.4.

4.4 Questions

1. Verify that the transistor Q1 is properly biased to operate in Active-Mode from the voltage and cur-rent values obtained in table 4.1.

2. What is the range of voltages available for output swing in the circuit biased as shown in figure 4.1?


LABORATORY SESSION # 5Frequency Response of Emitter Degenerate Amplifier

5.1 Equipment


5.2 Procedure




Figure 5.1: Emitter-Degenerate Amplifier

Table 5.1: Effect of RL on A, fH and fT .(Use Re = 100Ω)

RL VO Vs i g A =VOVs i g

0.7 ×VO fH fT = A × fH

1 kΩ10 kΩ100 kΩ


1. How does the variation in RL affect A and fH ? Narrate your observations with reference to tables 5.1and 5.2.

Frequency Response of Emitter Degenerate Amplifier 19 of 72



Table 5.2: Effect of RL on A, fH and fT .(Use Re = 200Ω)

RL VO Vs i g A =VOVs i g


1 kΩ10 kΩ100 kΩ

Table 5.3: Effect of Re on A, fH and fT .(Use RL = 10 kΩ)

Re VO Vs i g A =VOVs i g


10Ω20Ω50Ω100Ω

2. How does the variation in Re affect A and fH ? Narrate your observations with reference to table 5.3.

3. How does A change with f ? Narrate your observations with reference to table 5.4.

5.4 Questions

1. How does the Miller’s Effect influence the gain ~ bandwidth tradeoff in emitter-degenerate amplifiers?

Table 5.4: Variation of A with f .(Use Ce = 100 µF ,Re = 100Ω and RL = 10 kΩ)

f VO f VO f VO

Simulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical10 Hz 10 kHz 10 MHz

100 Hz 100 kHz 100 MHz1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz




2. Out of common-emitter and emitter-degenerate, which configuration will generally exhibit a greaterbandwidth?

3. Out of common-emitter and emitter-degenerate, which configuration will generally exhibit a greatergain?


LABORATORY SESSION # 6Differential Amplifier

6.1 Equipment


6.2 Procedure





1. How does the variation in RE1 and RE2 affect the linear region? Narrate your observations with ref-erence to steps ?? to ?? and corresponding graphs.

Differential Amplifier 23 of 72



Figure 6.1: Widlar Current Mirror for Biasing Differential Amplifier

Figure 6.2: Differential Amplifier




(a) Attaching DC Voltage Source (b) Setting-up DC Analysis

Figure 6.3: Performing DC Analysis on Differential Amplifier

−Vid (mV ) +Vid (mV )

ICQ3,Q4ICQ1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125

Figure 6.4: Graph for Determining Linear Range without Re


ICQ3,Q4ICQ1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250

Figure 6.5: Graph for Determining Linear Range with Re = 200Ω





ICQ3,Q4ICQ1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250



ICQ3,Q4ICQ1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250



ICQ3,Q4ICQ1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250

Figure 6.8: Merging Figures for Linear Range with Re = 0Ω − 600Ω




6.4 Questions

1. Calculate the range of biasing voltages, VCMM IN and VCMMAX , that can be applied to the differentialpair shown in the figure 6.2.


LABORATORY SESSION # 7Multistage Amplifier

7.1 Equipment


7.2 Procedure




100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )

Ad =VO/Vid

Figure 7.1: Graph paper for plotting Ad ~ f

100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )

Acm = VO/Vicm

Figure 7.2: Graph paper for plotting Acm ~ f

Multistage Amplifier 29 of 72



Table 7.1: Configuration of Individual Stages

Stage # Transistors Used Configuration

1 Q1 & Q2 Differential Amplifier with Resistive Load and Differential Output

2

3

4

Table 7.2: DC Currents of All Transistors

Transistor Hand Analysis Pspice

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6





1. How does the differential and common-mode gain relate with eachother. Refer to the plots in figures 7.1and 7.2.

7.4 Questions

1. Calculate the gain of individual stages of the multistage amplifier shown in figure 7.3.


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Figure 7.3: Multistage Amplifier

Multistage

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LABORATORY SESSION # 8Negative Feedback in Amplifiers

8.1 Equipment


8.2 Procedure





1. Which type of gain is observed to be greater and why?. [Tick One]C losed − loop Gain Open − loop Gain Bot ℎ ar e S ame

Negative Feedback in Amplifiers 34 of 72



100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )

A = VOUT/Vs i g

Figure 8.1: Graph paper for plotting A f ~ f

(a) Step 1 (b) Step 2

Figure 8.2: Setting-up Transient Analysis




t

VOUT (V )

Figure 8.3: Graph paper for plotting VOUT ~t

100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )

A = VOUT/Vs i g

Figure 8.4: Graph paper for plotting A~ f




t

VOUT (V )


2. The bandwidth obtained in circuit with feedback was greater or lesser than in the circuit withoutfeedback and why?

8.4 Questions

1. Is the output voltage obtained in A-circuit clipped from top and bottom and why?


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Figure 8.6: Amplifier with Negative Feedback

Negative

Feedbackin

Am

plifiers38

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Figure 8.7: Equivalent A-Circuit of the Amplifier in Figure 8.6

Negative

Feedbackin

Am

plifiers39

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LABORATORY SESSION # 9Passive Filters Using Second Order LCR Resonator

9.1 Equipment


9.2 Procedure




Figure 9.1: Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Second Order LCR Resonator


1. How does the frequency response of the low-pass filter change by changing the value of the qualityfactor, Q?

Passive Filters Using Second Order LCR Resonator 41 of 72



100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )

T = |VOUT/Vs i g |

Figure 9.2: Graph paper for plotting T ~ f with fo = 100 kH z and Q = 1√2≈ 0.707,Q = 1,Q = 0.5

100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )

T =VOUTpe ak/Vs i gpe ak

Figure 9.3: Graph paper for plotting T ~ f with fo = 100 kH z and Q = 1√2≈ 0.707 from Practical Data

Table 9.1: Component Values for Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Second Order LCR Resonator

Filter Type CornerFrequency,fo = 1

2π√LC

QualityFactor,

Q = 2π foCR

Resistor, R Capacitor, C Inductor, L

Low-Pass 100 kH z 1√2≈ 0.707 1 kΩ

Low-Pass 100 kH z 1 1 kΩ

Low-Pass 100 kH z 0.5 1 kΩ

Low-Pass 100 H z 1√2≈ 0.707 1 kΩ




Table 9.2: Frequency Response of Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Second Order LCR Resonator

Frequency, f Magnitude,T =

VOUTpe ak/Vs i gpe ak

Attenuation,−20log T dB




100 H z 1 kH z

10 kH z 100 kH z

1 MH z 10 MH z

2. Is the value of inductor obtained as calculated in procedure practical?

9.4 Questions

1. Draw the figure of a high-pass filter implemented using LCR resonator.

2. Calculate the value of capacitor, C and inductor, L for a corner frequency fo = 100 kH z with qualityfactor Q = 1√

2and resistor R = 1 kΩ for a high-pass filter.


LABORATORY SESSION # 10Active Filters Using Inductor Replacement

10.1 Equipment

Components Model/Values QuantityOpAmps 741/358 2Resistors Multiple 5Capacitors Multiple 2Power supply DC ±15V 1Function Generator Available 1Oscilloscope Available 1DMM Available 1

10.2 Procedure





1. How does the frequency response of the low-pass filter change by changing the value of the qualityfactor, Q?

2. Is the value of resistors and capacitors obtained as calculated in procedure practical?

Active Filters Using Inductor Replacement 45 of 72



Figure 10.1: Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Antoniou Inductor Replacement

100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )

T = |VOUT/Vs i g |

Figure 10.2: Graph paper for plotting T ~ f with fo = 100 kH z and Q = 1√2≈ 0.707,Q = 1,Q = 0.5




100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )

T =VOUTpe ak/Vs i gpe ak

Figure 10.3: Graph paper for plotting T ~ f with fo = 100 kH z and Q = 1√2≈ 0.707 from Practical Data

Table 10.1: Component Values for Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Antoniou Inductor ReplacementCircuit

Filter Type CornerFrequency,fo = 1

2πCR

QualityFactor,Q = R6

R

Resistor, R6 Capacitor,C = C6 = C4

Inductor,L = CR2

Resistor, R

Low-Pass 100 kH z 1√2≈ 0.707 1 kΩ

Low-Pass 100 kH z 1 1 kΩ

Low-Pass 100 kH z 0.5 1 kΩ

Low-Pass 100 H z 1√2≈ 0.707 1 kΩ

Table 10.2: Frequency Response of Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Antoniou Inductor ReplacementCircuit







100 H z 1 kH z

10 kH z 100 kH z

1 MH z 10 MH z




10.4 Questions

1. Draw the figure of a high-pass filter implemented using LCR resonator with L replaced by AntoniouInductor Replacement circuit.

2. Calculate the value of capacitor, C and resistor, R for a corner frequency fo = 100 kH z with qualityfactor Q = 1√

2and resistor R6 = 1 kΩ for a high-pass filter.


LABORATORY SESSION # 11KHN Biquad Filter

11.1 Equipment


11.2 Procedure




Figure 11.1: High-Pass Filter Implemented Using KHN Biquad

Table 11.1: High-Pass, Bandpass and Low-Pass Filters Implemented Using KHN Biquad

Frequencyf

Magnitude|VO1 | =

VO1pe ak/Vs i gpe ak

Magnitude|VO2 | =


Magnitude|VO3 | =


Frequencyf

Magnitude|VO1 | =


Magnitude|VO2 | =


Magnitude|VO3 | =


10 H z 100 H z

1 kH z 10 kH z

100 kH z 1 MH z

KHN Biquad Filter 50 of 72



4 k 8 k 12 k 16 k 20 k 24 k 28 k 32 k f (H z )

VO1,VO2,VO3

Figure 11.2: Graph paper for plotting VO1,VO2,VO3~ f with fo = 10 kH z

10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M f (H z )

VO1,VO2,VO3

Figure 11.3: Graph paper for plotting VO1,VO2,VO3~ f with fo = 10 kH z from Practical Data





1. Does the KHN Biquad circuit provide the outputs of high-pass, bandpass and low-pass filters simulta-neously around a central frequency fo?

11.4 Questions

1. Design a High-Pass filter using KHN Biquad circuit. Calculate the values of resistors R, R2 and R3when fo = 10 kH z, Q = 15, K = 2, R1 = R f = 10 kΩ and C = 1 nF .


LABORATORY SESSION # 12Single Amplifier Biquad Filter

12.1 Equipment


12.2 Procedure




Figure 12.1: Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Single Amplifier Biquad


1. What is the corner frequency, f3 dB obtained from the AC sweep performed in step ?? of "Procedure" asplotted in figure 12.2?

Single Amplifier Biquad Filter 54 of 72



f (H z )

VOUT

Figure 12.2: Graph paper for plotting VOUT ~ f with fo = 4 kH z

10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M f (H z )

VOUT

Figure 12.3: Graph paper for plotting VOUT ~ f with fo = 4 kH z from Practical Data

Table 12.1: Frequency Response of Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Single Amplifier Biquad Circuit







100 H z 1 kH z

10 kH z 100 kH z

1 MH z 10 MH z




12.4 Questions

1. Draw the figure of a High-Pass filter using Single Amplifier Biquad circuit. Use the values of resistorsR3 = R4 = 10 kΩ and take fo = 4 kH z and Q = 1√

2. Calculate the value of C1 and C2.


LABORATORY SESSION # 13Wien-Bridge Oscillator

13.1 Equipment


13.2 Procedure




Figure 13.1: Wien-Bridge Oscillator


1. Does the amplitude of the output signal, VOUT remain constant or keeps increasing?

13.4 Questions

1. Draw and design a Voltage Limiter circuit to the oscillator designed in Procedure to limit the outputvoltage, VOUT to ±8V .

Wien-Bridge Oscillator 58 of 72



t

VOUT (V )


Wien-Bridge Oscillator 59 of 72

LABORATORY SESSION # 14Phase-Shift Oscillator

14.1 Equipment


14.2 Procedure




Figure 14.1: Phase-Shift Oscillator


1. Does the amplitude of the output signal, VOUT remain constant or keeps increasing?

14.4 Questions

1. Draw and design a Voltage Limiter circuit to the oscillator designed in Procedure to limit the outputvoltage, VOUT to ±8V .

Phase-Shift Oscillator 61 of 72



t

VOUT (V )


Phase-Shift Oscillator 62 of 72

LABORATORY SESSION # 15Triangular and Square Wave Generation

15.1 Equipment


15.2 Procedure




Figure 15.1: Triangular and Square Wave Generation Using Bistable Multivibrator and Integrator


1. At what threshold voltages, VT H and VT L, does the square wave change from L+ to L− and vice versa.Refer to figure 15.2 for the answer.

15.4 Questions

1. Calculate the values of resistor R and R2 when R1 = 20 kΩ and C = 0.01 µF . Take the peak voltageof the triangular wave at the output of the integrator circuit to be 6V and its frequency of oscillation,fo to be 10 kH z .

Triangular and Square Wave Generation 64 of 72



t

VOUT (V )

Figure 15.2: Graph paper for plotting VO1,VO2 ~t

Triangular and Square Wave Generation 65 of 72

LABORATORY SESSION # 16Feedback and Non-Linear Distortion

16.1 Equipment


16.2 Procedure





1. For what circuit, the output had minimum distortion?

16.4 Questions

1. Can the class AB output stage as shown in figure 16.3 be biased in any other way other than using thediodes? If yes, draw the diagram of biasing a class AB output stage using a circuit other than diodes.

Feedback and Non-Linear Distortion 67 of 72



Figure 16.1: Circuit 1

Figure 16.2: Circuit 2: Class B Output Stage Added




Figure 16.3: Circuit 3: Class AB Output Stage Added

Figure 16.4: Circuit 4: Class B Output Stage with Feedback Added




t

VOUT (V )

Figure 16.5: Graph paper for plotting Vin,Vout ~t for Circuit 1

t

VOUT (V )





t

VOUT (V )


t

VOUT (V )






ICS Lab Manual Student Version

Documents

reference current

current source

widlar bjt current mirror

basic bjt current mirrortable

vce3 output current

basic bjt current mirror1

wilson bjt current mirrortable

value of output current