iChance To Stand Trial - Justice between my mother and ... recture .. nd bad my ration changed ... My father', orig'lnld plan W"-" tor me

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Tokyo Rose's First Impression of Japan Made'tler Yearn for America Again

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(Seventh of • Serln) B1 HARRY T. BRUNDIDGE

Coorr\,ht. 11« By' The Tenne .... New,.

Even then, the Japanese high command was plotting the Pearl Harbor attack.

PAPUa. Inc. Written ExclWl\nly tor no "Ot course I didn't know about Nuh'l1l1e TllUleuun. that~then." 'she told Clark Lee They call It Pacific, but It can be, and myself, a.s we sat In my rooms

.. nei· frequently Is, a mighty rough In the Imperial hotel In Tokyo. on ;oc~. ed b th th that hot September 1, 19'5. ....,.e cross yenor ern route, and was 111 tor: the fint !Ive .AA we questioned her, Lee typed. ot the nineteen davs between Los Again, the writer will let her tell .Angeles (Wilmington port) and her stOry, In her own worda: Yokohama. Th~re was storm atter We traveled second class with storm. ' th,!:,ee.ln my ca.blrt.. .

The Ar&bla M .. ru docked on a 'Lhe other two were a. Nelsllglrl sultry day during the last week in and a ~Ir:l lrom Bra.z:IL .July, 194.L Landed' July 25 . , We got to Yokohama July 25. It

was my tint experience with such sultry weather. <

My first Impreulon was that I had never .een 110 many .Japanese In my lIle. Uncle.'!. aunts, tlrat, second and third cousins, were all there.

All were exclted over my pre­I lIenls of itult, cb.ndy and chocola.te I bani. The candy and chocolate had

started to melt In that terribly • hot weather, Ind my aunts, unclea

and ·couslns. all excited. bega.n to

REt "rOKYO ROSE"

FROM: THE llASliY rLLE T S~[ r:sS '~ L:lUf 5/20/48

eat the stuff oq the IIpoL I thought then 'These Japanese a.re Indeed a. curiOUl! people.'

We moved away from the crowd· ed pier and its festoons o( serpen· tines, and I wu led, to a. jlUll' packed IItaUon where we_waited lor a. car to ta.ke tiY"to the New Grand hotel, wher~ 'we lunched before, starting for T~o, My (Irs Impresllions were that'Japan WUj a. verY backward country, Indeed, and It was a. plea.sa.nt ,surprise to walk Into the cool lobby of the New Gr&lld. Food Almo.t American

The food was almost American, My uncle, noting my surprl,e, sald:

'See, you t1nd good food like this In Japan, too, a.h ao!'

We returned to Yokohama. ata.·1 tlon and boarded an electric trolley, tor Tokyo, People all but fought to I get Into the ca.rs, rYe aeen motion pictures of the jama In New Yorkl subways, but this was much wone, 'I The he&t was aut(Ocating, .. nd the "tench wa.. terrible. Later I wa.s to learn It came 'from the W, C.'al -not the people. I found the Japa.,,' nese to be a.s c1ean~r cleaner:, -than we Americans. I

I certa.lnly missed my auto. NaturallY, I lelt quite strange In

meeting my Japanese relatives. But there wa.s such a striking resem· blance between my mother and my auntle-thelr volces,.were Identl· cal-that my heart wei'i.t last. and: my throat choked up. My cou.ln, a year younger: than I, had come to the ship wearing an orchid kimono. The two of us looked very much .. Uk", W.. found we wor" the lJ8.l1le "h:e shoea •• almost the .. arne IIh;e f1rellses, a9~ a" r voices w"re almost allk", .~

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. Through Indultrlal Oi.trlct \ ' 'r~..d&lc tro.ln r"'~tmF\f.h , the -vm"""fndustrlal e-

tween Yokoh ... ma. a.nd Tokyo--now a. vlUlt ruin. We roared through HI­gasnl-Ka.na.ga.wa. Tsurml. Kaw .. -saki Kamat.... Omori, OllXl¥hln, Shln'acawa. ...nd I?thera, ... na !IO minute. alter le ... ving YokohAm ... were at Tokyo station. I wa.s be­wildered aa I (allowed my uncle,

l aunt' and coulln through the vutj tnrong ti-..,.t crowded the atauon.1 Porters followed with my luggage. &lung over their 'Ihouldera with strap •. My uncie round II. chll.rcoal;

I burning- taxi, and we let out (or hla I home In Setagaya w .. rd. I We plied ou.t .. t the house and I

!'aJmoat committed an unpardona'ble ,sin: Fa[[ure to remove my Ihoes: jberore entering the house. SUdden_I dy I remembered. Perhll.pI my mem­'lOry W8.8 Jogged by leelnc my un- , cle lit on the UtUe pl ... tform, or

I porch, outside the doorway, deftly llIp ace hu ahoes. apln on hll ba.ek­Iide. come up erect, and open the .Udlng door. I sat down. II.S did my aunt and caul In, and removed my shoes. I was clumsy In getting onto the pl ... tcorm without letting my (eet touch the ground, Auntie and ,cousin giggled dellghtedly. Maybe I should expla.ln that the (1001'1 or .Jape.neae homell are all

!covered with beautiful atr .. w mat-

Itlng called tataml. To keep It spot­Ie .... shoes are removed berore, en-

ItHlng. and stockinged Ceet en­cased In 'Indoor' cotton ,locks, or

'felt slipper ... J~l> Hamel In La. Ang"l ..

There were many .Tapanele-type hOlI\e.. In Loll Ancel .... , but I had never been In' one.

Thla wu the Cleat Ume I had ever entered one. ,

It wal the Clr.t time I had lIeen i lataml. or sat on the floor to eal I My rather teared I wouldn't like ': the rood and' I didn't. I could eat

onlv a haIC bowl at rice. whIch Wor­ried my uncle. He went to the pre­recture .. nd bad my ration changed and I received bread Instead at rice. I had brou!:'ht along a small ~upply or canned rood. which I 800n wed up ,and It look me weeks to ~et used to J"panese rood; .. nd there WIU a Ilmlted quantl.,t.y at that. '--=...

On the d .. y ..cter -~'Y""'arrtval. my round. at the pollee stations be­g .. n. I had to register with both metropolitan and wa.rd police. I mined the Cr~dom oC Amerlc .... The restrictions w~e Irksome, es­pecla.lly not being able to travel without II. permit. I had been In .J ap .. n only a. "hart time when I .... rot" my Jamllv that .Jaoan Was

Ino pla~., (or Itn ,American-born per­'on to live. 'I told them t.he sooner r <'oul<t com~ home. tne belter. My father', orig'lnld plan W"-" tor me In come home In about ,,[x months.

'H" planned to come out In March. [H2. pay hI. respect. to hi" anCes­t.ore, 'and take.me home with him. ( wrote my father tha.t It he really intended coming' to Japan he shOUld

I !lr,t thInk ovtr the freedom to be enj<Jved In tll.t! United Statu com­oareod to JR.pan. w~e~dom W'8..:1 lp.'ll!'l: than 1\ won1. .

I Writ·,c Sioter of Contract. , ~y sister Ju~llte.

ICOnt:t=a:;£t;etween the tW~es,: I te!1lng her ho"" little school kids I

,In Ja.pan had to march. drill and' leng'age In bltyonet practice. r told: her eVerything- we had heard. tn: the United States a.bout the OQ\lt'-, t:esy or· the Japanese ",1... WNntg. i Fro'm that, tlrat dll¥ on the electric trdn I experienced a complete lack oC courtesy. r dIdn't have words to answer their Inaults. so I iust leept quiet. I couldn't undenltand the attitude at the Ihopkeepenl Who ... Imoat baWled YOIl out tor cOming In to buy thIng.. My uncls ex-pldned that thu W8..II due to --th'" ,-'carclty o( gOOds. :

I entered the School at .T .. panese Culture to Improve my Japan·eae. I receIved private Instruction dally and had to overeome two d!CCleul­tie". In learning Ja.panese you lea.rn (rom Japane.ce readers Ill' wllls:~ they ha,"e pletures oC thlng« .Tap.­anese. .J could read the warda, bllt didn't know what they meant 'Iie: cause the obfecu usuallv wer~ strll.nge to me-things I ha.dn't leen beCore. So they, were two great obstacles-not knowing the lan-guage and not knOwing the..l1rll.cl,.,...t-_______ ~ pictured. '

In the meantime. the pollee want­ed me to report co nalanUy. I 'Would report Ilnd they would aak me one or tWO<queatlorur sucb .... "How do vou like .Tapan!" or HAre yOU en­Joying your stay here "!" N~x:t d ...

I they :would telephone my uncle and teU him to have me go to the .ta­tlon. I would report &.Cain. to an­swer s£rople question.; "Do YOU like .Tapan better than the United State,,!"'"Ia tood .caree In Ameri­Cll,!" It was 9noying, and I wa.nt­ed to go home.' My aunt WIUI stead­Uy improving. due to a. la.clc at ca.r­bohydrates In her diet, an.d the strlckneu at tood ratlonlng.

I had enougR moneY-$500 In I tr ... velers' ctJ.ecle,,-to "et home. I;

;Wa" Packing to go home In Novem_'

/ber, 19·'1 •. when. suddenly, .. II Ihlp.-! ping w..... stopped. -.I.

There ,wunothlng to do b.ut": stay on. I continued my c1lU4ea. i

On the morning at Pearl Har-, bar my uncle a.wakened me.

"Japan Is Ilt WIlr with America," he sald. ,

I told hIm I couldn't b<!Ilieve It I "It's true:' he sald solemnly. "I,

heard It on the ra<110." I Whe.t now! I wondered III I

dressed. , ,_ ' : (To Be ~itt!nu~l '

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J okyo Rose Welcom~ iChance To Stand Trial \

TOKYO-(JPI-Thl! woman who lays "he Is Tokyo ROlle dp.clared yesterday "he would "welcom .. &. chance" to clear h"r atatus by lacing trial tor treason.

"I am ll\'in~ iI. life oC doubt. I want my (',ase ""ttled once and (or all." Lo.s Angeles-born Iva Ikuko Toguri d'Aqulno said In an Interview.

Her comment was occasioned by a story In The Nashville Ten­nessean that the United states justice departlllent was contem­plating- her re-arrest and return to America to face treason charges. \,

Tokyo Rose was Camou. during the war Cor pro-Japanese prop­aganda broadcasts to American troops in the PacWc. .

The justice department slated aome months ago that possibly a half-doz:en women had made such broadcasts and that Gr. had loosely applled the name

, "Tokyo Rose" to all, of them. Assistant Attorney General T. Vincent Quinn said In Washing­ton' that Mrll. d'Aquldo" broad-_ casta usually Were made under t.he name oC "Orphan Ann."

The wife of II. Portuguese citi­r;en, she wall anetlted ",{t"r th<l Japane"e surrender but was re­leased IMt year tor lack of evi­dence.

She "Ince hall heen living with her husband In part of a tum­ble-down two-story house.

The legal ,,~ctlon of 'OCcupa­tion headquarters reported It had no orders to rearrest her.

TOld of The Tennessean "tory, ahe said yesterday, "They have lett my case hanging unsettled tor nearly. three years.- It'" been going on tor such a long time. Since I have no legal advice, I don't know just how I stand."

She said IIhe applied' at the United States consulate In Yoko­hama almost a year ag-o tor a Pllllsport ll.II an American cit!­:r:en, "but I have had no answer ot any kind." I

She acknowledged that In March ahe InWaled each page ot a statement Cor Harry T. Brun­didge, who wrote The Tennessean article. Brundlds-e had obtained the IItatement In 19{5 but did not at that time get her to algn It.

"It was just a atatement which I gave out 1I00n after the war's end because I was beIng pestered. by everyone." IIhe sa.1d.

Repeatedly she commented, "It ill al1 very. hard to understand. If I'm not an American citizen, how can they try me for trea-son!"

'Rose' Neve~ Denied Being 'One and Only'

RE: "TOKYO ROSE"

Editor'. Note: After reading the forell:oing .tory from Japan quoting Tokyo ROle last night, Harry T. Brundidge, writer for The Nashville Tenneuea.n who disclosed exclu.ively in Sun­day's Tennellean that the can of the £;tmed Japa.nese woman may \Ie reopened, wrote the comment which follows.

FROU: THE NASHVILLE TENNESSEAN NASHVILL8, TENN. MAY 3, 1948

By HARRY T. BRUNDIDGE Iva r. Tog-url d'Aqulno, de­

scribed In the (oreg-olng dls­;>":tch (rom Tokyo u "~the woman' who says "he I. Tokyo Rose." hu never denied th" ~~o-o.... __ . __ briquet:" -----=::-

From Sept. 1, 19{5 (when I [Irst saW her) and until laot Ma.rch ~(\ (when 1 l .... t ."w her) .ho never denled he(" orl~lnat Ilt4.~ement

iT ~~y~ Rose~= (Co'tUnued From Page Onl)

that ahe was "the one and only TOkyo Rose." ~;-_.

It....1 •. truo~that IIhe nevl"r used the name on Radio Tokyo, just as It b true that ahe wall the only woman on the "Zero Hour" pro­gram beamed at American troops In the Pacific during the war.

The name. Tokyo Rose was pin­ned, OR- herby troops In the Pa.­cWe who listened to her ~'Zero Hou.r;:b.program. ,

She tlrst learned oC it In an ar-. Ucle hi a- It)agar;lne from a neu­tral country, telling how troops, listening- to the "Zero Hour" pro­gram of musIc and Japanefte propatranda, had given her that monIker.

After that, all Inter-ortlc .. com­munlcatll)n~ In Radio Tokyo, In. tended for Iva's d~k, were ad­dressed to "Tok)'o Rose." Every­one In the station called ,her by that name.

In the dispatch Crom Tokyo, Rose brought up the question o( nalionality. Mayile IIhe', Portu­guese now-(that'. a legal ques­t10f) about which I know noth­Ing)-but ahe Waft an American citizen trom the beginning of her broadcasting on "Zero Hour" Un­til she married Philip d'Aqulno In April, 19~5.

Rose 11 right about wa.nting her ca.se lIettled, once a.nd tor all, a. aet forth In the news .tory. III my !Irst Interview with her in

. 19~5 lIhe 'said to me: "I want to get It oVer. I'm tired o( tne sus­pense.:;if tney're going to hang me I'd like to get It over."

But she's wrong about tne statement, or <:on(e"s\on. which Cla.rk Lee And I obtained In 19(5, when ~he lIay. "he made It "he­Cfl.ll"e I wal! being p~ered ~r e\"e rr0.!!..t.'· ... '

. ue ftnd I WHe the tlrst AmH­te,n« to \.slt.erview her and tha.t .ta.tem"nt wa" made Sept. 1, ) 1H5, --nine day. before Tokyo wa.· occupied b:v Am"rir.ftn troop~. '

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:T 0'"1<)/0 Rose Welcom~ IChance To Stand Trial

TOKYO-(JP/-Thp. woman who aays she is Tokyo Rose dp.clared yesterday Rhe would "welcoro .. a. chance" to clear hl'r status by facing trial for treason.

"I a.ro living II. life of doubt. I I want my cue M.ttled onc" and

(ot' all." Loa Angeles-born Iva Ikuko Toguri d'Aqulno aald In 8.n Interview.

Her comment W8.11 occuloned by a story In The Nashville Ten­nessean that the United states justice departlllent WIIJI contero­platinl: her re-arrest and return to America to face treason charges ..

Tokyo Rose was famoul during th'e war for pro-Japanese prop­a.ganda. broadcasts to American troops in the Pacific. .

The justice department stated aome months ago that possibly .. halt-doz:en women had made' lIuch broadcasts and that GI's had loosely applled the name "Tokyo nose" to all. ot the(ll. Assistant Attorney General T. Vincent Quinn said In Washing­ton' that Mu. d'Aquldo's broad­CllJIla usually were made under t.he name ·of "Orphan Ann."

The wife o( a. Portuguese clU­:r:en, IIhe wa..~ at'rested Il.Ctt'.r th" Japane"e surrender but W8.lI re­leased lfUlt year for lack of evi­dence. .

She "Ince hu heen living with her husband In part of a. tum­b1e-down two-story house.

The legal section of 'Occupa­tion headquarters reported it had no orders to rearrest her.

Tdld of The Tennessean story, ahe said yesterday, "They ha.ve lett my cue hanging .unsettled (or nearly, three years.' It'. been going on for such a. long time. Since I have no legal advice, I don't know just how I stand."

She said she appUed II,t the United States conSUlate In Yoko­hama almost a year agoo tor a Pll.aSport 8.5 an American . citl­z:en. "but I have had no answer ot any kind." I

She acknowledged tha.t In March she initialed each pa.ge of II. statement for Harry T. Brun­didge, who wrote The Tennessean article. Brundidge had obtalned the statement In 19!5 but did not at that time get her to sign It.

"It was just a. lltatement which I gll.ve out 800n after the war'" end because I was being pestered by everyone," IIhe wd.

Repeatedly she commented. "It l.'I all very. hard to understand. It I'm not an American citizen. how can they try me tor trea­son!"

'Rose' Neve~ De'nied Being 'One and Only'

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RE: "TOKYO ROSE"

Editor', Note: After reading the foreg:oing .tory from J .. pan quoting Tokyo Roae lact night, Harry T. Brundidge, writer for The Nashville Tennellel.n who dildo.ed . elCclu,ively in Sun­day', Tenneuean that the cu. of the hined JapUle.e wom':n may 1;>e reopened, wrote the comment which foltow •.

FROU: THE NASHVILLE TENNESSEAN NASHVILLE. TENN. MAY 3, 1948

By HARRY T. BRUNOrOGE Iv.. L Togurl d·Aqulno. de­

scribed In the ioregoin& dis· ;>":lch (rom Tokyo u "th" woman' who sa.ys .. he Is Tokyo ROle." hll...:! neVer denied the "'¥l"()o...--_ b rl que t:-- --------:.

From Sept. 1. 19{5 (when I Ilrst saw herl and until I .. ,t March 26 (when I la..ot saw her) she never denied her orli;"lno.l st .. ~ement

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\T okyo Rose~ . '.J

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tnat she was "the one and only Tokyo Rose," ",. _

It is true that she neV(>r used the nll.m-e'~on Radio Tokyo, just li:JI It is true that .he wall the only woman on the "Zero Hour" pro­gram beamed .. t American troops In the Paclfic during the war.

The name Tokyo Rose was pin­ned on her -by troops In the Pa.­cWc W"(to listened to her "'Zero .

. Hour" -»rogram. She' first learned of It In an ar-.

Ucle In 11.' magaz:ine from a. neu­tral country, telllng how troops, listening to the "Zero Hour" pro­gram ot music and JlI.plI.nese propa:randll., had given her th .. t moniker.

Atter that, all Inter-oWc" com­munlcatl'ln~ In Radio Tokyo, In. lended tor Iva's d~k. were ad­.dressed to "Tok}'o Rose." Every­one In the station called ,her by that name.

In the dispatch (rom Tokyo, Rose brought up the question ot nationality, Mayne she's Portu­guese now-(that', a. 1egal ques­tion .. bout which 1 know noth­Ingl-but she was an Amerlca.n cltiz:en from the beginning or her broadcasting on "Zero Hour" un­til she married Phlllp d'Aqulno In April. 19(5. Ro~e Is right about wanting

her case settled. once and for .. II, 11.5 oet torth in the new. story. III my tlrst Interview with her In

. 19(5 she slI.id to me: "I want to get It over. I'm tired ot the BUS­pen..e. Ief they're going to hang me I'd liKe to get It over."

But she's wrong about the statement. or conte:'lslon. which. Clark Lee "nd I obtained In 1!H5. when ~he .lI.y. she made It "he­CallAC I wa' being pP.ll.ered br ~\·p.ry.o..!!!.·· . .." " . L<"e .. nd r were the ftrst_Am~r-Ica nA to t.nl.erview her and that.

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.t .. tem"nt wa.~ made Sept. 1, 1~5 •. --nine d .. ys betore 'I'okyo \\'a~·· .. occul'l.d by Amerlc:an troopA.

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146-28-194l

(typed: 3/2l/56)

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Uarch 2 2 1956

Honorable PaulO. Rogors Hoase ot Representatives Washington, D. C.

Dear Mr. Congre8Sman!

The Department of Defenso bas referred to this DGpartotent your latter dated February 21, 19;6, in V'hioh you requested in­!01"l11ation ooncerning the release of "Tokyo Roae tt tor your use in an5Wering an inquiry wh1.Oh you ha.ve reoelvedf'rom a oonst~ tu~t.

Iva TOgut1 UtAquino, genera1~ referred to 8.8 'TokYo ROBe," was oonvicted ot one overt a.et·· of treason on september 29, -lSll8, in San Francisoo, ca.ll£om.ia, as a result o£ Mr broadcasting aotivities o'Ver Radio Tokyo during World War n. On Ootober 6, 1949. she was s~ntenced to ten years' imprisonment. In this oonnection it may be of interest to your correspondent that the statute under which Mrs. DC Aquino was convioted proVides a miniIllUla punislunent of five years and a IlUlXimUllt pun1sb.ment of death, and the severity o£ the sentence imposed within those limits 1.s 1.n the sole disoretion ~ the court.

SeotiOn 4161 of Title 18~ United:8ta.t~sOode,· part as follows:

more.

Each prisoner convicted of an o· ensie~ aget1ns0Q United states and oonfined.it;. a penaJ.\or 1corre'ctidna.l. inst:itut.1.on £or a. de.f:in1tEt t~rm other: t4.an!or ltfG, whose record of oonduct show:s t.hat he;lfuS !("~th1)1l~6 observed all the ru).es and haG not bee:~J~eetea_d.-..... -tro. ~v. ~ __ ...

punishment, shall be anti tled to a decfu.Q~D--'ro a term of bU sentence beginning with. tb.~d8y on which the sentence commences to run, to be credited as earned and co~uted Ironthly as follows:

* * ~ Ten days for eaoh month, if the sentence i3 ten years or

Records ~--. Green Deputy Attorney General

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Provision is also made by statut& for the aJ..l.owande l f-n the discretion of the A ttornw General, of a geduet.ion from. sen­tence for industrial. good t'ime earned tor employment by a prison(tr in an industry or camp and for perfc~tn1ng. exoept1.onal.ly meritorious service or duti~8 of cutstanding impcrtance in connection with in­dustrial operations.

section 4163 of Title 181 United states Code, provides:

A prisoner shall be released at the expiration of his term of sentence less the tilM deducted for good conduct.

Therefore, Mrs. D'Aquinota release cn Januar,y 28 was mandatO'ry under law.

I trust that the aoove information will. be helpful-Iii replying to your constituent.. It there is any other way in which I ~ be of assistanoe to you, please 1"eo1 free to communicate with me.

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Sincerely.

WILL!A.~ F. TOMFK INS Assistant Attorney General

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~NITED STATES GOVERr('~. NT Dr' ;TMEN;r OF JUSTICE . - ...,\

Memorandum TO Arcbip~d Cox, Solic:i:to;r General DATE:

FROM e" Her l;'t J. t,filler, ~r.! A:;>s;i.stant <?rn~y General, CriInina..l Division

SUBJECT ~e~~ of Tpial Transcript to Supreme DfA8':rl.-n0 v. United States

Oourt

HJM:DFG:klt 146-28--1941

Attached for your s.ignature is a letter to accompany the retwn to the Supreme Gqurt of the type,vritten transcript in the caSe of DfAgtdno v'~. United states, No. 299 Misc., o,~tol?l?r Term 19~1,"in"'Whichcertior~~i vras denied, 343 U. S.-"935.

The 10<3;p. ()f ~hi~ JDFl.teria.L fop th~ use of the Innnigration q..IJ.d Ng.t~a.lization $ervic.e "'!"as Mtiated by a letter dated '--"'­~?~r~ ifj, 195.6, frQm the then Solicitor General, Simon Sabeloff, £9 tlie"Clerk of the Co.urt and its release was made pursuant· to co.urt ordeJ;'

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E?:.~ ly tllis. y.eCl,r this Di wi~iQn rece.ived a request from itJ1.6 O:ffice of Puqlic InfonIJ9.,ttQn qf. the pepartment for a copy of the t~ial. ~ransc;ript. 'Wll.en a comp-tete set of trie transcript <?9}-iJ,.,d~Qt ~e 10cp-:i;,ed, in ~lle pepar:t}w"ent, the JJ:ru¢.gration and. N~~w:a}.jz't"~;iC\n Se.r.v;ice" 8:~ Q~ur: r~~q:t, J:I1P..de a.v;a.:tJ,able the tran-scI."ipt V{hi.c:4 hag, .q~.~p. qbt.cJ,:i,nep. from the s.p,pr:eme Col..U"t. Since the, ~9~<3:..ti~[l ¥,ld lfaturalization Se.~ce. adv:i.se,d- that it. no. longer q,P.-9:: J.f@~{ f<?;r- the tr9l1sc;.t:':i;pt, th~s l),iyisi9n agreed that it· would ~eHJlF.rt~ th~, t~an~cr;:lpt to, i?h~ S-q.P)::em-e_ C.Qurt when the Office of' Public. Information ~ias finished. with it •

. .; •• ,' •• .J ••••• ,"':.~ :., >. '", ',' .', •• - - • _..s. - • - ,- . .

I.f:- th~ ~t:t9.-.gh-!3.~:. ~13:tJ e~. I1!f?et,s:. vrl:tth y;oUl"~B~l\O.vql, I shaill ~ppE.!'tp~at.l3. i.-~. i~\ ~o,u wAl reu,unl the,. si:gned·l~tt~.r t9: me so' that :i.::t '~;y ~¢ ~nc.1ol.3,e(t wj;6l1. the car-ton.s contairni:ng th.e tr.,anscrJ.pts •.

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STANDARD a;>RM NO.<>.( [.\ (-

Office Memorandum · UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

TO : Lewis M. D..t.kes

~. . Records Administr.ation Office

Thomas K. Hall, Chief Criminal Section

SUBJECT: IVA TOGURl'D'AQUINO

DATE: February 20, 1959

WSK:vj1

146-28-1941

It is our understanding that you wish to transmit to the Federal Records Center the enclosures to the file relating to Iva Toguri n'Aquino. This Division has no objection to such a procedure. .- ._.'~ ,,~

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".-"'~

r RECORDS B~ANCH

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. ';~-141 .. / • -..J

Jos:-eph M. SWing, Commis:sioner o£ Inunigration and Naturalization

Warren Olney III, Assistant Attom6Y- General C rlm:in.al Di nsion

IVA IKUKO TOOOR! D'AQUINo, aka Toqo Rose

(typed 3/14/56)

March l5 ,1950. WO e lffiS l d1h

Acool."ding to news 1 tents amana t1ng from Chiaago;. illinois.l on March 13, 1956. the Immigration ~rvico has notif1e<1 subject to leave the United States by next Aprll 13 or .fa,<)s deportation pro~dings. It vil.l be Itppreaiatsd it you will. eonwanica~ ~.tJ? me hefoN deportation pl100'.eedings axe instituted against her •

CC: Recoros/ Chrono" Mr. Shelver Mr. McLean

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Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation April 4, 1949·

AllC :'rED : mdrv 14&"28-1941

~ -~.: ..

Alexander M. Campbell, Assistant Attorney General

United States v. Iva Toguri D 'Aquino -Treason

Reference is made to the above entitled treason prosecution. presently pending in the Federal .tlorthern Judicial District of Cali!0x=nia~ The trial of this ca~e on its merits has been set to comraence on 16, uai, 1949 at San FranciBco, California. The petit taJ.as01en selected to sit . at the trial of this case will be drmm from a Uaster.'Trial. J~y list prepared in l.mrch, 1949. Three photostatic copies of. said Master TM-al Jury list for the March Term, 1949, for the United States Court for ·.thS District aforesaid are attached hereto. An investigation by the .Bureau .' of the prospective petit jurors named in the Master Jury-list here-to. ' .. attached rlth ra.ference to, (1) Their possible criminal record, (2) Their credit rating, (3) The Bureau indices on said jurors would"be helpfUl.;" and bene£ici~l to the prosecution staff.

It i5 therefore requested that the Spacial Agent in charge of your San Francisco Office be immediately directed to proceed at the appropriate time rith the ~vestiga1-ion herein before mentioned, looking to'l'fard. the selection of an. impartial, non-partisan, unbiased set of jurors to hear and try the facts in this cause. .

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Approved: ------------------~P~e-yto~n--F~o-rd~----------------

The Assistant to the Attorney General

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Attacament '. " .. '

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cc: Records ... :-----_.--. Chrono Om file

-:::XI:;Ld' o

AMC:mmv

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April 4, 1949

Frank J. Hennessy, Esquire United States Attorney San Francisco, California

Dear Mr. Hennessy:.

'.'

He: United states v. Iva Toguri DtAquino -Treason

Referenoe is I:lade to the aboVe entitl.ad trerufon prosecution presentl.y pending in your jurisdiction. The DepartBtent aomOlfledges receipt of and thanks you for yours of llarch 21, 1949 addressed to TOIll DeWoli'e of the Oriminal. Division. The subject matter of your letter refers to a routine investigation of the petit jury panel from~hich prospeotive tales­men will be selected to deoide the factual. issues at the trial on the merits in the case at bar. .

. . It bas been the invariable po.licy of the Department in

troason CMeBO! :th1rj type 'tn'the:i>ast to request· the' Fedt)t'al>""':/""""" Bureau of Investigation to oonduot a routine j,...'1.vestigation of the panel of prospective talesIllSn from lffiioh the trial. jurors will be selected.' The Department's experience in this type of litigation has lad it to believe that aome advantag.eous results nay acorue to the Government as a result of suoh an investigation. It ia there­fore believed that it will be to the best interests of the Govern­ment at the appropriate t.ime for thiB Division to request ~he Buroau to make an investigation of the jury panel frOIa lfhich Petit venire-' man will be aalec tad to s1 t in this cause.

Please keep the Department advisod as to all tlater1al developman ts, that enSt!:~ -herein.

Raspect.(ully, .:, .

Por the Attorney Goneral

cc: Records~_----­Chrono

::Gttt file-<. ~!;Jct~-a.

A I.E.XAlilllffi U. C AUPBZ LL Assistant Attorney General

C'OC(U Uj-l)V

(Ed. 4-26-65) .

. UNITED STATES GOVERNI .T '. .

.. Memorandum (

" ,'/ DEP<\MEN1~ibF. j'USTICE

TO Mr .. J. Walter Yeagley DATE: February 10. 1966 ."-A ssiEitant A ttorney General Internal Security D ivisi6n

: Fred M. Vinson, Jr .. Assistant Attorney G enera1 C rimina1 Division

ell-

F MV:JWK:wm" 146-28-1941

SUBJECT: Request to examine Department Records

T here is attached an incoming letter from CC!-PtaiE,F '.~ ent Loomis, Director of Naval History, inquiring as to the:existence of transcriptions of the broadcasts of Iva Tog!lridtA qui no (Tokyo Rose) C!-nd a draft reply thereto, which you may wish to see.

Since this case is' within your jurisdiction I w ill appreciate being advised as to whether you have any comments or objeot4.ens relative to this request. .

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AMC : 'rED : mmv Uarch 31., 1949

146-28-1941

Frank J. Hennessy, Esquire United States Attorney San Francisco I CaIDornia

Dear L!r. Hennessy:

Rat United States v. Iva 'l'oguri D'Aquino - ... Tr¢a.aon

Reference is made to the above entitled treason proseoution present~ pending in your jurisdiction. ~ou ldll find enclosed herewith copy of a letter from this Department to the Secre~ of the ArmY under date of March 31, 1949 concerning the personal attandance at the trial on the JOOri t6 herein of certain aliena as Government, ldtnesS6s.

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The enclosure is self-explanatory.

Enclosure No. 203918

cc: Records~ Chrono Qw:=filo -

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Respeotfully,

For the Attorney General

ALEXAlID!ID. U. CAUPBZLL A§~ijt6nt Attorney General

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A.I'.[; : TED : Il1mV

146-28-1941

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Uarnh 18, 1949

AIR -l-.Ii\IL

}!rank J. Hennessy, Eacttrlre Unt ted. States Attorney , Sa.n Francisco, California

Dear Mr. Hennessy;

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Ro: United States v.. Iva Togur1 D C Aquino fraal$on .

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.. Referoooe 1a J:S18.d.6 to the above onti tled trowson' ': >

proseoution proa~~t~ pond1ng in your district.. floel E. Story, Esquire, an attorney mth the Department, ldll arri.ve .-in San, Franciaeo on or about 28" Uaroh to confer nth you, ( defense counsel and special. agents of the Bureau., resident in San Franoisco, prior to proae~ to the Orient for th6 purpose of repraoonting the United States at the tnking of delense deposit1~s in Japan during April, 1949 •

• d • lou lf~k9.: .. ~.enSl).9S~)~,~Yl<:(?w.~.;fil.&:.my lat~ ..... ; .... to Wayne U. Co1llris, E8-qufre,Oou.nstiJl tor t.hE! defendant herein under date ot 18, l£arch, 194~1 concerning this'matter. Tho enclosure ie self-explanatory. Pleaga k~p the Depar~nt adVi~9d as to all material. dovelopmentp that ensue herein.

Zne losure NO. 203908

cc: Hecoras ~ Chrono Mr. Foley Our file

Rsepootfuuy,

For the Attorney Genoral

A~IDER U~CAUPB&LL Assistant At tomey General

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AMC : TF.;D : mrnv

146-26-19(' J{ t'G0~

Uaroh 18, )949 (

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cc: Records~'

Chrono -Oul? file'

Mrs .. Ruth B. Shipley Chief, Passport Division Department of otata Washington, D.C.

Dear Ur6. Shipley:

Re: United States v. lira T'ogurl DtAguino - Treason

Reforence 1s made to 'the above ent.i.tl.ad treason prosoou­tion presently ponding 1n the Federal. Northam Judicl.s.l. Di.6trict or Califomio,. Uayne U. Collins, Rsqu1ra, Attorney At lalF, san Franaisco, California, is t.aldng depositions for and on behal.r of the def'endant herein in Japan during the first part of AprD., 1949'. The trial. of this causa on its I;1Srits bofore a Federal. court. and .jury rill oomnance in San :b""'rancisoo on 16,. May,. ]949.

Originally, this Dopar~nt intended to send Tom DeWolfe of this Division to tho Orient for tho purpose of repre.aanting the ~o,!~o;t; a~ .. th~. t!~kin,!L<?!' dC!~E)Ilao depositi.ona during the period . titora'Ga1d~ '··-!tthas·n~ 'tiebtt· (taeldodthat· N~l' E~Stori,- ·'an5l1i~'i[6mijy· . wi th t.h1a .l)epartlnant will be substi tute<i· tor ltz.-. DeWolfe tor the purpooos aforementioned· and that- i4r ... story nil i-epresent th(l GovsrnDt!lnt. £01' the purpose of croa6-e~ining ~fan6e mtnof,Soos at tho time the .depoSitions f.or and on behalf or defendant are' taken in the Orient., during Apri~, 1949. it It'ould be approoiated if .your Departa.ent '\T()uld obtain~ trom. tho Departnent of the Arrts:f, any clearance that ~Qoma5 neoosa8lty £.or Mr. StorY's. entry into. Japan imd. territory oocuP-ied by thO"'Unitoo statQs Military during the period aforementioned. '

Pleane retrt assured that thi6 Department ia appreciative of your cooperation in this and all past lll8.ttora.

Respect.fu.lly ,

For the Atto~y General

AIEXANDg}t u. CA}iPI3~LL Ansifftant Attorney Goneral

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AIR M.AIL '---w~ M. CollintJ, Esquire AttOt-MY at Lmr Mil.J.s l'q\T6r 220 Bush Street San Francisco, Cali.tornia

Dear Mr.,Collina:

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.. Ra: United States v. Iva Toguri D'Aquino -

Treason

RGference is taa.d~ to t.he above enutl.ad treason prosecution presentl.y pending in the- li'edaral lIortMm Judicial District of CaH.lomia. ' The Departtnent originally intended to Bend TO[Q DeitoUe of 'tllig Division to the Orient for the purpOse of r&~8Gnt.1ng tho Ooverrultent at the taking of deposi­~1,9116 ,M.rein~ 'lhe,Dep~t.mont. ,has now ct9:(J~d to 6U\:)Stit~, , rfOal'1L~1ftory:~ 'stj<tUire~ an attorn~f 'lft~lf~'1:11!~;ne~ent~:sm~·f-v.<.,_,:';:;:" lieu of Yr. I)eflol!e '00 the mitlsion aforesaid. Mr. Story expoots to arrive in San Francisao on or' about 28, llarch and' oan be 10cawd at t.he Offia~ of tOO United States Attorney there. tJnit.ed. sta.Ws Attorney Hennessy at San Frane1Mo has ooen 50 advised.

cc: Records ~ Chrono

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For the Attorney GeooraJ..

ALJ:{XJUIDER M. CA~LL A.ssistant Attorney General

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March 11, 1949

Dr. De.l.lalil D. ln1.ne D1r6otor~ PhotographiC): BGaords The Na.tional Arohivu WAshington 25. D. C.

ThlIU' Dr. Irvine t

:> Division

Ret I Iva To~ur1 Df Aquino I Tra6.son

'!he a.bo'VO antitlsd matter is expected to bo tried ~toro the United Stato~ Distriot Court for the Northorn Diatriat ot ~11torni6. in thG near futuro. In this tria.l. it "\'fill b<t neae5aM",Y tor the Government to introduQO in e"f1denQO the a.oetatG reoord~1I ot tho d,etendent' fI broad­oasts lht&d below, which a~ now in the oustody of' the Na..tlo!1.8.l. Arohivos.

It will 00 a.pPX'O(liated if' you will deli wr those recordings to the boarer, who will GXGouto a. l'Go.eipt thorofor. E~ry proOllut1on Yill M tabn to' preserw tl.l-~ reoords an.d tho same will "be roturn:ed 1lmoodiately .. rter thay ba.VG ~Gr'V1)d the purpose set torth abow. .

!he dosirod recordings, all aoetats, a~ the ~oording8 of the Zero Hour broadoast ~ram Radio Tokyo on the following datesc

JRooords Miss Hamlin Mr. Hogan

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ALEJ(.Ml mm M. CAMPBt'LL Assistant Attornoy G6n~ral

146-2a.:.1941

I i f

~h 18, 1949

Am HAIL

Frank J.. Honnessy, Esqu1ra Un! ted S~taB Attorney :ian [lranciGOo, Oalifornia

Dear Mr. Hennessy:

Ret: United Stateu v. Iva Togur1. I.)IAqu~o -'i'reMOU

Reference i8 utade ·to tho above entitled t~oit prosaautton present4r pending in your district. The"De~t­mant ac1a\owl.edges reoeipt of· and thanks you for yOut'8 of the 15th 1nstant, addressed to 'rOm DtlWol.f'e of thi.o Division, 1d.th which you e-nclosed an orlgj,uaJ. and three copies of a stipti1.a .... tiou. prepared by V-fayna U .. Collins, 3squira, Coun.sel for the defendant 1l9rain, in connoct,1.on tdth· t..'m taldng of proposed daP.9Sitions for and. on be.hal.f of deferuh.m.t herein in tho Orient in thE'; near .future _ .

The st.ipul.ation subG.itt.ad to ;vall.. by Ur. Collins· 1s . ··subB~tia1)y::ln ·.~tIia .. £Ql."'Dt'IQrttl;lq ;-agt!Et.od; tWQn. be:tween .1&Qs."$:.:':~"-!<::"··~':;?

Collina and DeWolfe over the telephone. The original tOOrao£ has aocordiogly haEm s-ignod and exaauted by Mr. DeWolfe and is herem th returned to you ..

It is suggested that if you perceive no objecUon to the form or substance thereof' it would be vmll tor you to sign and exacute the sane anddalivery 1t to Yr. Coli1n.B ..

Enclosure N04

203909

cc: Records !:::. Chrono Hogan ~~

For the At.torney General.

A.J,C : TED unmv

146-28-1941

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Uarch 18.t 1949

AIR MAIL

. Frank J. Hennessy, Esquire United stat.es Attorney San Francisco ,Ca.li.for;nia

Dear }.{r. lfannassy:

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fuu United States v. Iva Toguri Dtii;qu1no -Treason

A trial brief on the' facts in this litigation i$

being prepared here· in tne Department. When the same is

completed, a copy will be forwarded to you.

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cc: Records~ Chrono Hogan

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For the Attorney General

March 18,' 1949

Am NAIL'

Frank J. &nna6SY, Esquire United States A.ttorney San Francisco, California

Dear Mr. llenneosy:

t

Re: United States v. Iva Toguri D'Aquino -Treason

Reference in lIlade to too abovo,... entitled treason prosecution pregent~ pending in your distriot. The~trial or this cause 00 it.s merits i6 50heduJ.ed to oouiraence before Chief Federal Judge Michael Roche' and a petit jury on 16, Yay,. 1949. It is assumed by the Department that the trial

-of this causa will necessitate the drawing of a new panel of petit talesmen. Please advise tfhe,theror no the Oapartment t s assumption in this regard is correct. If the Department is not in error in its assumption as aforesaid, information from you would be appreciated as to "When it ie likely that the panel

.. ,e!o~a.aid will :00 .drmm and write or venire faoias will iSBue. Upon receipt !'rom ~u bi<bhe"'WrirtnattOti herein requested,,· ~;,;.:,,-' .. _ Department rill initiat6 aotion tomlrd requesting the Dureau to -launch too wrual. pretrial investigation of the prospective petit panel frOtlll1hich trial jurors .will be oo1.ected to hear the f'aotual mattera'involved in this Federal·drllidna.l capital Jitigation."

Due to" the nature of this caae, and to the fact "that· it~±.s a:icapital Ca.s0 t and due also to the publiCity that. the sruna has received'in the past and the fact that soma prospa~tiva vsnire­men ldll not. nah to serve and. ot.hers vd.ll be- disqualified, it i8 believed that a minimum number of ana hundred and fifty petit jU~9rs Bhould Qe draun fromwhioh panel t~o rinal selection of trlcl jur(irs ldil be made in this case. In addition under the·-­rules of crl.m.inal Procedure for the United ~tates District Courts, each party 11 tigan t herein is a.l.1mred t'n'en tY'Wremptory challengea.

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.Mr •. ~oJ,ey .... ,'. .'- ::' ,­~ Mr. ,Hogan .

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The Department. would appreci.ate your aonsia.ered reaction to' the ·matters herein disoussed at the earliest' possible moment, Sf;) that at the Q~ate t.:tma a request may be initiated. . through ohanne;l.a to .the Director of the Federal Bureau of In~esUgat.i.on seeking the uswil. jury in­vest1gation~ in. oonnection with the jurors wo'are to be oall.ed at the time the trla1 of this cause ia schedul.ed to c O1lID.l0tl06.'

For the Attorney Gensral

ALEXANDER ll .. · C~ Assistant Attorn~y General.

At£: TDeW :annv

146-28-1941 February 2.3, 1949

1. E. F-.

Frank J. Hennaaay, Esquire United Statos Attorney San Francisoo, Oali.tot'nia.

Dear tAr". J.lennatJsy:

Ral United StateB v. Iva Tot~1 DfAquino - Treason

100 - -

Re!erenoo 5.s rnada to the above ontitl9d. treason prose-cution presently pending in your District. The Departoont has been advised that W~e Y. OoU1nS, EsqUire, Airt.ornoyat law and aounselor rot" the dafendant roro1n, contemplates taking dep­ositions for and on behalf ot the do.fandant in the ~ient during the latter pat't of !:!arch and first pt:U"'b of April, 1949. It is expected that 'l'holn.as E. l}QWo1te, of this DiYision, rill reprasent the Government. at the tnking of said depositions. -

&1cloaura No. )19070

cc; Records / Chrono D8-~:!olfe

A,IlOOUIDER M. CAWmELL _ Assi.stant Attornai General .....• . ...

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J :: }:i:: :Mi~~i!ovnal>an' IllOmoraridum ~;~~: to eJdJii'Ji,t ' ", ' " '. r ::., ..... -.' .. ,,~ volVingthe ~pplic~t:ion.of the abqy~:.:.doc:~~~}t?: ; .,.~~;~,0f:. ':;.\\~( If . ..treason •. : The·law~s :cle.ar enough,tb.at coerC:LOn ;-or 'comPllls;LO.n., .i.!";"' ..

. '~a!;c ons'bi tute .. a . d~fens~,h~th? ,~COInm;' ~si6~/?f.:·~ny o~fens~ i~*~' :(;::;~~"~{:"'? .

f ?el1~murder. Itw~~;IO~ .. JustJ.,fy;.the .. ta.ldu& :!9-t\a~fe·.·.of!~;:.~~;.i.;:;;:~~<:~~:': . ~o.cent person but;t, t: ;yd:!le:x:quse any. pth€\r toffense " even:such;, ;." .. -':;1:\ .

", .. ::. ... , a serious capital; crime .a·s ,treasqn. ," ,:;,; .. \:,:~{ .:~, ." '~"':'1;:"~":' :,',.: to'··;' .• ,'-'I,:.· ... ,

.' ,.,," ,,:;:; 'fJ,i~;t~~r:~~~=~:;:1~g~ili::'~i~tt~4~~~~~i~~t,·.-" ':;';;:'~"j, ... ~,~.:.;/l!k':· ·:o.f::)~oU:J;,S§;yri.olle o:f~t4em ate "treasoIi:' -Cr.a;5es ..... ·.·-Foro.:;y .•. Umted States jf': . :;

'. ,:€LO} F:;~g.:;339 :{q.~C .A.:9):t irfirmed·;orr-::~th~r·groUp.ds :::~7J,U.S.·: 5~ 3 ;,:- .. ~.~.: . "':~(;:;~;':' ,inv.b1..ve'd,a"coJispiracy,to"smuggle l,iquor. ';Ithe:l'd : .. that. one, c.annot·· . ~i' Q'·, .. :.Y·:~sCape ;criminal'~abili ty .. for:. Wrongc!omg<bepause.' 'he acted\urider::~a' .",:;" 'icont:rnct"obligCl;t:J,ng;;}rim .to'o~y or:a~,i-s.:,.;:·:Gl:ugm: v.. JJnited:Sta:tes ,;,·.', : ':.'; ;:1?7:: F .2d 7f36. (G.b.A·~:..a);" held that·:t!ie. cap:tain':and crew·;of .af· , .!..". .. '. . : . .~ '" ... Ii' It " '. ",. . . ~. .•.• '. " " . .." '

" ." . ,:'~ .~) .;~ssel.c ~0tild not';,be ;~~ven criminal of ..

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. t -2- (·,'1~~.~~~C'~;~I~ the element of fear of great bodilY~harm which is present-in':::>:"t~:,,-::!.;.z11~'Ii~

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the'doctr:j..ne as applied to other crimes. Both the old cases • " ,,<;,;i:::;1l;t::~"::i~;:ii~iA1 :i.n2 Dallas (neither of which, incidentally, Was decided bY,$-~'<: ,,(;i:;1f.lt,"~it'~'r~'1 u. S., Supreme Court since the McCarty case was decidedgy the ",",', ';~;~i~r~::';~;3&;~~tt,~ Supreme CoUrt of Pennsylvania and the Vigo)-,case was dec:i.ded'~l)y':' '~\!?}?;·j.,~~,;:.~~:~;~~~:lf' the Federal Circuit Court £or Pennsylvan:i.a ,limit the doctrine'~~",,;,"':~)<;"\~::'::;';'-; to fear of death, as do the texts and s tate', cases, " cited by -,,;:'~I;',><:iJt;:\}:' '>;1::'~~;,\~ Miss Moynahan, containing dictum 013. the questi-on., It is not·,':,~:r:;,,:,;?:l;}.~f:i .':/{~{: impossible that the federal courts today, w:i.th.a much more ',' , '::~';::?~t;-.:irr :?~ 3..±peral' ;attitude .thanthat which prevailed '<l: few generations ago', '\(;~;;:i!/~;::, ;:,~ would apply the rule stated in the Shaimon case to treason. In "!:::~;,,> fact I think it likely thay they would."·\ ' ':<,'

In any event, howev~r, it is certain that AxiSSatlY's"fear would, have to have been, at the minimum, of grave and serious physical injury. Mental fear such as the threat of confinement in ai. concentration camp would not be enough, nor woulq. be the certainty of such confinement accompanied by no more than bad food and worse living conditions, etc. She would have"had to, have' a well-grounded belief that refusal to commit treason would be :,:" certainl.x and immediately--not perhaps or at sometime iri" the' indefinite future--followed by a confiriement at which severe torture, causing great physical injury would be :applied.

11

Admissibility of Volurit~ry Statement Given by Axis Sally While in Custody, of American Military Government Of~ ficials in Europe.

As I understand it, the statement' in question wasvolUritarily given by,Axis Sally to Victor Woerheide and Sanruel Ely abo,ut a, month, after the d e:fendant 's confinement began in March 1936., I

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assume that the voluntary,nature can be proved i:f",necessary since,,, ';, that\is the controDing factor. 1- feet' convinced that the federal k', >., ,,: coU!.1s would not pernn.t the use of aninviluntai:ycOn~essi9n or""S:~:~·;,:·.f~;:/,;\~ 'sta:temnt obtained from an tunerican c:iti.zen iriviolation of his ' or\Y:,,' /~;"2,,~' her ~onstitutional r:i,.ghts~ even if the,'rights ,:were' violatediri :a:: :,:,,:~,,;;,:>';F foreign country. However, that would be'a serious question reqUir~; .. ' , ing extensive thought and research.

Assuming that the instant statement was voluntary, its' ad­missibilitywould not be affected by constitutional considerations. This leaves only the doctrine of t~e McNabb case, 318 U.S. 332, as " further interpreted by the Allderson (318 u.S. 350), Mitchell; (322 u.s. 65), and Upshaw (decided December 13, 1948) decisions. Under this doctrine; which would clearly apply to military cus'-tody for a civil offense if the ~ustody occurred in the United states (Bayer v. United States, 331 U.S. 532) the statement in question would be inaclmissitle -ror any purpose. Ho~ever, all these decisions

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e~~ssly state that the McNabb rule' of. evidence is based not on any constitutional groUnds but only_ 'on the failure of arresting officers to follow ~he provisions of a: federal procedural statUte,

·18·U.S.O!·Sec. 591.' Rule Sea) of the Criminal Rules also is . ~ .~:.:~ ...... ~ .

'now applicable, but it· had not yet been promulgated' when --'the 'McNabb decision was rendered. Neither the statute· nor the RUle, ·of . course; applies in Euro~ or anywhere else beyond the juris:.. dict:Lon.:of the United. States.

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Section 591 and Rule Sea) do not apply:. by their very language and ~cause the onJ:y federal penal laws which' have' extra­territorial effect are those which create crimes that directly obstruct or defraud the government and are capable of being perpetrated anywhere. Against such crimes the gove:rnme~:,may~ defend itself. United States v. Bowman, 260 U.S .. 94. But this does not apply to other crimes or to procedural statutes, partic-

. ularly to procedural steps like those provided for in Sec. 591 and Rule Sea), both of which require the steps to be taken before designated federal'or statejudiciaJ. officers of whom, of course; none exist in foreign countries.

It therefore seems that any voluntary statement or admission made by Axis Sally is admissible" either in the casein chief or at any other time. The only thing -which would affect its admissib:Llity, assuming it to be otherwise material and relevant,

. is the McNabb doctrine, which doctrine <cannot apply to procedure in a foreign country where neither 18 U.SoC. Sec. S91 nor Rule 'S(a) is or was in effect. A. doctrine or rule of law which is p~ed-. icated upon acts that'violat~ or ~~ to comply with the pro-

. . ~. .

.. vis"ions of a federalstatu:be--with no constitutional considera,... . ;~.~ ",':~:' ··~:'tioi1s involved in: the ·~tter-pla::iilli·:.88.nh(,ti·be invoked in any :case\:~: ..• "

where the pertinent acts or transactions were not subject to the . • statute 'beciluse the .latter was inapplicable. '"

'There would be no difference whether the statement is used in t~e governmentts casein chief or to attack the credibility of .the d,efendant at some or' ,all.fstage of. the proceedings.' If the McNabb .. rule does not apply\it .may:he.::;uSed for any purpose; if tli3.t rule'does apply and-vras not:complied "iith, it may not be used 'at all for any purpose. . . . . .

It might be possible to a~gue that under the peculiar circumstances of this case, where the confinement was by military authorities in an occupied, 'coriquered enemy country, an imprison­ment for one month prior to' making a statement ,laS not unreasonable.' This is a major question, however" and the answer is by no means

.',:. clear.

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:?:'~':~'S?fA03l . PID GOVT,=WtJX SANffiRA~C ," f\ ')':;T"80i~:As EDEWOLFE IISO::: ," ',,' ,."~1:r .:.:~ ... :~.~.~;~'" . :~'::' : . ,-' . .. K\,-~"~'AHE OF US ATTORNEY" ' r;' ·;i'<{~~~;;:.:.' :{~:~-~-,~ ~:-:7- -~--'-;-r:?~i:-~~,;--- '" :'~§;~~;):-. ',' "

, DE PAR T MEN I F I L E S '--"3.' : ";,,-,,,;~ , ' ~"": : ,_:-':_,_,. ;::-_'"!"'_' _':" " _ __ \ ," _ ",:-". ',-,::, _ ~_ .. ,;_;.:~.,-.f'.::, .. '- -',.. ,

i~ ">~::::c:ALEXANDER M CAMPBELL~SS I,STANT_ ATTO

~~,::,"if;lp~;:~G-Etil E RAL JUST I CE DEPT· W ASfLt'f\lGT ON '

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THOMAS E~ DEWOI.,Fg, &SQ. c/o UNITED STATtiS ATTORNEY SAll l"lWiCISCO 1, CALIr'ORIUA .

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REqUt?STS IN RECENT LETTERS URGELY MET BU'l' NOT FORWARDED BECAUSE

OF YOUR IMMJIUNT REWRN. ADVISE TntE RETURN OF DEPARTIffiHT-FILFSo

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Chrono. Mr. Foley

.... ~mER M. CAMPBELL

ASSIST ANT A. 'ITORNEY GENERAL

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SANFRANCISCO 1-18-49 1122A

ALEXANDER M CAMPBELL

ASST ATTORNEY GENERAL DEPT OF JUS:TrCr-'.:WA"'-·

REURTEL UNITED STiATES ~GAINSt )D1~UINO. FILES BEING SHIPPED FROH HERE ,.

TO DEPARTMENT VIA RAILVIAY EXPRESS 13 JANUARY 1949

FRANK J HENNSSEY US ATTY.

18 1949.

TC 1126A

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A,DOR£_S REpLY TO .4TH £ ATTORNEY CENERAL··

.... NO REfI'ER TO (NeTIA.Ls AND NUMBER

(~ (~ DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

WASHINGTON. D. C.

AMC:JBH:lr

146-2S-1941 January 14, 1949

AIR-MAIL

Frank J. Hennessy, Esq. United states Attorney San Francisco 1, California

Dear Mr. Hennessy:

Attention: Thomas~. DeWolfe, Esq.

Re: United States v. Iva Toguri nrAguino

Reference is made tQ your letter of January 5, 1949, concerning the procurement of various directives to ~he Supreme Commander, Allied,Forces, in Japan.

The Criminal Division has been attempting for several ~eeks .to obtain these and other documents from the Department of state and the Department of the Army. Thus fa~,. we have been unsuccessful but are continuing our efforts and will forward the documents as soon as they are received.

Respectfully,

For the Attorney General

ALEXANDER M. CAHPBELL Assistant Attorney General

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ADQRESS REPLY 1"0 ·"THE ATTO~NEY GEN(!;RAt.. ...

AND REFER TO INlTIA.LS AND NUMBeR

AlAC : JBH : mmv

146-28-1941

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UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE WASHINGTON 25. D. C.

January 5, 1949

:::'~' ... "='=-<04 ' ... __ - -, -- . '149 l..- ,..,J Frank J. Hennessy, Esquire

United States Attorney __ c... ?'"

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REFERRED TO _~_.~._. _'_' -/_i ---r.-/,-' -<_-_ ;/

San Francisco, California

Dear Hr. iiennessy:

Attention: Thomas E. DeVfolfe

Re: United States v. Iva Toguri D'Aquino' Treason.

I am enclosing herewith for your inforr.tation a copy

of a memorandum dated December 28, 1948 from the Acting General

Counsel of the- Immivation and Naturalization Service together

wi th the photostats received thereYd. th.

Enclosure Ho. 353477

rtespeetfully,

For the Attorney General

Assistant Attorney General

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146-.28-1941

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~ January 5, 1949

Thomas g. DeWolfe, Esq. c/o United statca Attorney. Foderal Building San Francisoo 1, California

Dear ~~.' DeWolfe:

Heferenae 18 wade to your 1ettor or December 2.9, 1943, in whioh you st&:tEt thltt you would like to spend a week or. BO in Seattle before returning .to Washington. Thi6 arrange!il6nt 113 agrecable to the Depart­lIlent· and it is wggested tha.t you, spend as muoh tilOO in Scattle at:! you. wish to take a.t this time.

. Please keep the Department adv.isc4 as to the pr9bablo date of YQUr return to Wash­ington.

, ... :---

For tne Attorney General

ee, RecordS! Chrono.

Mr. Foley

ALEX.AJ."iDER M. CAMPBF'~L AssiBtant Attorney r~neral

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My dEt(U' lfr.. 8eoretruln

Atttmtioxu Uri. R. B. Sb1plqf Ghiel. l'atss:pa~t t11.v1~on_

!hil3 'CdU ~~lTl~··N.Oe1pt of ~.tU." letter or Octobe~ ~ 1941. Taw tU(J "~l().;.Aq\1inQ, lkukQ at, QO;tJ4erning hat; S)t A-~~fa aPPliootion t(}r a pus.port to Nt-urt\ tQ. the Un! ~ States.

After a ~ul, e:nalyftlG ot, the' '&.vaUa~ ~v1deMa, this Depll1:'tm6at cot.tf:ludtid that pt't)aecut-ioi:). ~t this iMi:vi4utU. for, ~easoA was not: mu:'I'anted, al)d .4 a~ ~O'med tb..e Vlar n~p~ Ja~nt.. Tb.ere!'Ol"G, tltis Dep~8n.t ~. M'fe no. objection to the i~aue of a pas~rt to 5frs,. at lq~ ..

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2ifor ~e ~tttffr ~trcUit ffi$an: 2lfrattci~co 1, ([ali£..

Hon. James M. McInerney, Assistant Attorney General, :)­Dep artmen t of Jus tice.

WashiI1?;ton. D. Co

Dear Mr. McInerney:

Janupry 14, 1952 !~.~ :.

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NO. 12383 -_L /"" _

D 1 Aquino vs.- _:U. S. ·A.-·

I have your favor dated the 5th instant, (JMM:

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JWK :ae 146-28-1941) and to advise that I have this day delivered to the United States Attorney at San Francis co, the Rerorter 1 s Transcript in above cause, consisting of 56 volumes, with instructions to the United States Attorney tha.t it be forwarded by air express .to you todayo Also J

photostatic copies of the United States and Defendant 1 s are incl uded in the p:3. ckag eo

Will you be good enough 1m acknowledge re ceipt of ·the rratter, at your convenience, and oblige

Yours very sin~ ~/~ ~

Paul P. OtBrien, Clerk.

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jVfESSENGER

JAN 23 1947 DIVISION OF l\.ECORDS j

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Lt.. OQloool O~ B. Smith,. 0.8 .. 0. Ohlet, Washington LifdDon De-13k S trs.tagic Section U11itarF Intel1ig~$ Divialon W~r Department General at~f

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D ellr Oolonel ami thl

t~G will ackri<klOO-g'e receLptr or 'YO ~~ett.et' o£ Ocwb~' S, l~46J CQuoet"nih; IT&. .Xkuko. Togm, el.i45 T-oxw, Rose. \., \.

By l~t"l' dated Octobe;o 1; 1.946, tie: I;l.(lviud Ool.onel. D!!.Tid 1f.areua.. Chief Q.t 'fal1' Gri.'IlI.$8 BrAnch, Oi.vU A;t.rilia D1via-1on, that the J.lq~ettt of·1Wlt1ae ttilt the l.)v1,.denoe ~p.~ a~l. ..... ~ble d()e$ 110t Tfarra.u,'t ~slSqut1on for tre~n, Olld th~ef'or(}

. it 1.8 00 l:9ngar'; desb'«1 that 'tGguri w, r~~ i.n Qustody.-.

I h6.v~ today rec$ived.. a C!OZilIilunioe:t.1.on, ~ Colonel. lifU'Q,us to the et:reet that Tokyo bed b$en nott.r~ '1>7 ea~it

CC: Records V'" Chron. Mr. Hogan

Respeetf'tllly,

For the A.t·to~ GcmGral.

tIIEatJN' 4~ OAl;WLi},. Assistant! ttornEtY Genersl

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'fb:eront .• OaWlc# Ae.~A'tto~~f .~, . '. Onrti1bg'r D.1~ :l-I~uko ··"rogur.i, aliaa Tokyo RoU,. OX1?han Annie:, rr~rro~ .

. > ,·ltf1('~ is::Il4&a to your ~andum o£ S~t6lahm- :a. 1.946. eOnc~ttg

the ~ ~pttOMd C4H. .

. In.~ to your request. £or en opiniOl1. 45 to proeoouticm,. I d6sirG to ad:vu.'tolt:tnat. by l:e.'tter da~ October 1, 1946, Co1omft J)a'rl4.fl~us. ~ of tho 'War ~~ Bx-&.OOit o£ th<J li~ ~t, "B-3 ad:v1aed that ProeeeUtioii tor treaao.n. on the, ~vidouce Ds'lit avilla1il..e 14 ~ '~lU1ted.~ The War ~t wall .(~~ id1t1sod'that tlw nl'bp~nt of Justice 110' lougar desires thst Iva Ikuko -foguri .~ l"'}~ in cWl'tody.

co: Records c/ " Chron. Yr. HogE!.ll

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·..:w·ar DcspartmGt\t k"ashi~toh 25 t J)~ G~

Dear Colonel MarOWH

Re: Iv-a !kul0 'l'Qgurl, '#f~ th ali-.J&6t'! Tokyol\Ooe, Qrpha;ll ~.AnnJ !r&ELOOtl. y .- ,

A c:ardul. Wl$l.1f1ilJ or all. the aV$il4bl.e eTidence in thia <lase has been' conducted by the O~1.ruJl.. . .f)!nidcm... The oonclusiQn ha$ bfien rf.ltl.Ch~ t.hat on th~ £e.c~:B pr~M..t\ttl" avallable, pro~u-. tion tor treason in no.t. 1fal:"li'ant$d.~he~tQN. the DiJpart:aent ot J'uat.ice no lo.t\gfJr o.eSi1'()B ~at ITa n,:ul.<:o 1Qgucl. be: lfflW110ed in oustody.

Of oourse, in the .ev~n1i that additional. evidence 1$ obta.incd eta l.a.ter 4e.te,· t~o ·onUre q~~.t49-n a! pros~utiQn . can be reopened and recQned.,dered. ,. - .

cc: Records ~ G.ro:-on. Mr. Hogan

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TllEnQ1f. u~ GA.U~ 1

ASSistant AttQ~Y' GGn~

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::·:ji:~.:~· . ',' ...... 'Toguri' was" . taken -i "'to· .': ',' ." .' -'-J.4

;:·:;.,tL~·s in Japan.and has· .. ·been .. identified.J.n..o;nc:3l'fl:iPa : :.,.!IToky6 Ro:~e. II . This 'was the naJD.e gi van: U,Y,':,;H.lliOL -!"VQ,J

.-:.W:Oman . broadcaster :'owr ,Radto 'T()kyU . :,popular;:Amerl9.an m"ii·si:c;·; ... interspersed 'wi.:th

" •. :! iriferririg:::;tha:t ·:'the\·solclier~s lioV'ed'one s' at ho:me:;:,WE3rE):·.:U . . and' annouiicemerits ·.cbneerDing the 'movements of::

··air forces.: lThese"brOadcasts -were intended,:' ";~,,,,,, .... '~~

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. ::·,,:#~~?nten~·aniong;':our"';s·oidiersa:nd to~onVEfY .' '.. ',::the' .Japariese'had'::8..dVance·; lmowledge of oui;' '. .'.

,- '.' . "t:U!ther.':tha t.~riObr6aa:cast:.er over Radi~ ". . . ...... .

I 1~¥Jf:~~~$;~~\f:!.110l<yO Rose" !lndtliat several 'women .... .

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, ;;".~.';'~.,':'.'. . ~:';;;~~~~~~";~~~2th:eY:~~r~~ made. A<"few,;rBcorcling · .. cyliri~e.r.s of' .' .. ' ....., .(,.j,' ..... ~~. II .... __ • .J~' - ,., . ....... . "

,'. : . ~:1:(l)~?-.'large l)mnber . of her ~cripts1'ffire located., ,.' .·as-.. .'.:, ,.' .. '.: - .' ·':':·~\;.~:fhe~transCripts ofthe.6nly~o broadcas:ts:6f,::. '.' ;,program -whlch~t~,:·;".

" . ·":;,~".".:~;!}?ffireinoni'tored bYfue Federal Communicaiions'~COIDmj s8ion, 'do:'ri6t}r', ;

~"> .... i.;?\r~ij~;$.:~r~~~~~~t~~~~E!z~~r~~t~F::~:d~USiqal.· .. 6fd; .

~.\ );::.:. c". ,( r;' '{s m:i'·opiirionthat· Toguri I s" <activitie . "~ 'in view of the inllocuous na ture.of her broadcasts,

.: ·:sufficient to -warrant:her prosecution for treason'. ~--~~--~~~~~~

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states' Attorney at Los :Atigeies ~'~on~~\;'b' tlris opinion. I believe that the~,:case should beclo~5i;",,#jec~_of course',' to being reopened, in the event 'more information .is ,received " at,,~ later date, and tha.t the War Dep~ent should.be advised 'that'we no'longer deroXe her retention 'in 'custodY.-

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WU Q129 GOVT DL PD

WUX WASHINGTON DC SEP 13 1946 131P

ATTORNEY GENERAL DEPT OF JUST

RE YOUR vlIRE IVA TOGURI FURTHER INVESTIGATION t"iENTIONED IN

CORRESPONDENC,E HAS NOT STRENGTHEN THI S CASE PD \tJE FEEL

EVIDENCE INADEQUATE PD RECOMMEND TREASON PROSECUTION BE

DECLINED PD END

U S ATTORNEY LOS A CALI~ 1317002

208P.

1317002.

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lOR XlmEDIATE AJmGl" AS TO DlSPOSIttON OF 'l'HUl OASt. stmtr.r:rr SU,LL m UMYts OUStoDI. RtQutSt IOtJ1t ~A.mtN ON PROsEOtlfION"lT EUL~

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August 27 I 1946

lamas K .. Oarter, EI5q. UnitM States Attorney Lo~ An~es 12, O:illfornia

Ref Iva Ikuko TogUl~, 'l7i.th. a.J.i.alsea, ~ree.eon ..

I wow.d appreeiate receiving fxoo;a you aa aoon as it

is eonvenient ~ expressiQn of your opinion on the desirability

of proaoouting the aubject ..

CC: Records J Chron. Mr. Hogan

Respectfully,

For the Attorney General

~N L. OAUDLE, A.sa:iGtant ·Attorney Geu6nU.

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~e f)irGc.tor~ FBI ..

Therau t.. Oaudl.e,:A-s61.atant Attorney Genart'll. ... . OrlmiooJ Di.viaion

t.vt\. .~. 1'0GURI,. 'Wi1:ib, &l.iaoos; Treaoon

lt~~nce is made to your momoranAum of' J'une 1, 1946,. and. th~ endo:red/ 1ll.e~ll;or«ndun ..

In rep1y to yottt" inquiry, this 1.& to adv1ae that the ~~b1lltJ" O':t. prooocu,....· tion, i6: beit:Jg ttU.:.en t1p at the present th1e ~ith the United. Sta.tes A.t~rney 1~ Loa Angeles... ~u will: 'be e.dvi.sed as 6(,l<,lIt QD 0. deeiaion is reached.

CC: Records V Chron. Mr. H,ogan

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'fhi8 tdll, eloxnd.~o .~ of J!'I>.~ ;l.ette,;r tJt .i·uno 6. 1946) ~9Qr tUe ~m.r 3J3,,*$ (1. titq 46).~ ~ I.kUko {IV4> .~o&ur1 -'!"ok$.o. B!lw'*

Pleae& b& .w!17i~ thAt tl«l 'i~~;¢ :p~ut1ou or tb.i~ 1nM:vi.duat t.sOlW·· being .~~ ~ :r~ 1dU be notifled t!JI. thG deci.51ou -t\t the ~~t po~tb1.e. ~

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June 4, 1946

OharleJ,i R. C~~ Efiq. tJn1:ted S~teB. At;torney Lo.s Ang~.8 12; G~ii:<mda

Re; Iva Ikuko 'l'ogur1, with aliaaeti TQ1q"oltoBe. Orphan.Amde, Ann­TI'eaSou.

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fher~ is. $nel-Qsed herewitl,i$. C»P70t a lIlea1Orand~ on the qU5atiOtl or pr()s~qut1.on ot the Clu.bJ·f)Qt propared in the Criminal Divislon.. .

I wo.Ul:d· ·&.ppreciate ,re.Qe,i~ 1Ottt' cowwnts em the views contai:ned in th!./ii ~~i'~tm·aS.· -aU as ~UI' opinion on the desirabUlty o£ pro.s.eouting the.<su1>ject.

CC: Records V Chron. Mr. Hogan

Respectfully I

~D L~ C!UD4S, A6S1s~t. Attorney General

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cc: Records Chr.on

January $, 1952

Chauncey F. Tramutolo-, Esq. Uni ted States :. ttorney 422 Fost Office Building 7th and Mission streets S<::.n i:rancisco, California

Attentiom Edgar R. borLSall, Esq .. Assistant U. S. Attorney

R,ez DIAquino v. Vni.ted states

. Reference is made to the abovo-enti Uoo treason pr02()Cl!.t5..on recently pending on appeal in the Court of Appeals for your CirCuit.

The Depar~ent acknot-lledges receipt of' and thanks you for yours of 21 Decemb9r 1951 ",it.h which you encl.oaed a copy of the opinion of the Court o£ Appeals denying appel..l4nt t s petition for rehearing.

Pleat,e rest assured that your cooperation in keaping the Depart:nent abreast of the devGlopments in this litigation is greatly appreciated.

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Respectfully,

For the Attorney General

JAMES H. McINERNEY ABsistant Attorney General

Mr. DeWolfe ." i, N D J';:£!..:tLElD, " ." ',,' '". c, 09()

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14tf-28-l.941 October 31, 19si

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~ Ohn.unctty ~tolo. maqui~~ U.nitod. Statetl Attol'1le.,y 30.n Fra.naiaao. CC\li!ol'llU3.

Dear lofr. ~lml.to 10 t

lleful'e3!\l6 :\ 11 rende to 1Ih6 nbuvl3 en ti tlud tl!'<lc,llon pl1'Q ~ootl:t1on pre~<m tl¥ pe.nd1llt~ on l'lPvoal in t.."l'3 dQurt of .":9P~al.:: fr.;r tho) 9th Oir<m1 t.

!fh.o ·Pepa1i'ttaent aclatOWledg09D 1"acelpt of and thanks you for you.r \fire under dQ.~ of OQwb~r 10 ndvb:tng that t..'to ~ju~Gnt and Q~ntoncd b(\low hQ.ve been n:ft'1m6tt"

l?l.(\a~a AAvll'1e th" ~ll'taent prO!llptly' upon tho fil.1n.g of ~ yetit.ion for rehe.'ll'1.ng liel."ein. and r$.~t ~s·~urt)d that yow coopora.tion in the ~rem.il!.~~ h {5r%tly' ~pp!"eQi2>ted b,y t.he Ucpt'"-w'tlllent.

cc: Records Chron

l1essrs: Dei'lolfe Knapp