Icemc22010[1].bd siitdstm

Evaluating DSTM IPv4-in-IPv6 tunneled Header vs. BD-SIIT Evaluating DSTM IPv4-in-IPv6 tunneled Header vs. BD-SIIT IPv6-to-IPv4 Header in IPv4/IPv6 Transition Mechanisms. IPv6-to-IPv4 Header in IPv4/IPv6 Transition Mechanisms.

..

Mr. Hanumanthappa.JMr. Hanumanthappa.J11,,Dr.Manjaiah.D.HDr.Manjaiah.D.H22 &Aravinda.C.V&Aravinda.C.V33. . 11DoS in CS,Manasagangothri,University of Mysore, Mysore -06DoS in CS,Manasagangothri,University of Mysore, Mysore -06

[email protected] 2 Dept.of.Computer Science,Dept.of.Computer Science,

Mangalagangothri, Mangalore UniversityMangalagangothri, Mangalore UniversityMangalore,INDIAMangalore,INDIA

[email protected].,K.S.O.U.,Manasagangotri,Mysore,INDIAM.Tech.,K.S.O.U.,Manasagangotri,Mysore,INDIA

[email protected]@gmail.com.

July 23-27July 23-27ICEMC2-ICEMC2-

2010,Kuppam,AP,INDIA.2010,Kuppam,AP,INDIA. 22

AbstractAbstract

This paper clearly specifies comparative and behavior analysis carried out on the This paper clearly specifies comparative and behavior analysis carried out on the two major IPv6 interoperation mechanisms :two major IPv6 interoperation mechanisms :BD-SIITBD-SIIT and and DSTMDSTM for the high for the high level compatibility smooth transition, and interoperation between IPv4 and IPv6.level compatibility smooth transition, and interoperation between IPv4 and IPv6.

This paper proposes the performance analysis of the difference between the This paper proposes the performance analysis of the difference between the BD-SIIT and DSTM.BD-SIIT and DSTM.

We Implement the BD-SIIT and DSTM in order to Study their behaviour We Implement the BD-SIIT and DSTM in order to Study their behaviour using various evaluation metrics such as Throughput,End-to-End using various evaluation metrics such as Throughput,End-to-End delay(EED),RTT.delay(EED),RTT.

The Simulation results of our experiment shows that DSTM RTT,EED, and The Simulation results of our experiment shows that DSTM RTT,EED, and Throughput performance metrics are better than BD-SIIT when we are using Throughput performance metrics are better than BD-SIIT when we are using Large size IPv6 packet.Large size IPv6 packet.



ContentsContents• Limitations of IPv4.Limitations of IPv4.• Introduction.Introduction.• Overview of IPv6.Overview of IPv6.

-IPv6 : Distinctive Features.-IPv6 : Distinctive Features.

-IPv6 Header Format. -IPv6 Header Format. • Back GroundBack Ground

-Transition techniques from IPv4 to IPv6.-Transition techniques from IPv4 to IPv6.• Related Work.Related Work.

-Literature review about BD-SIIT and DSTM.-Literature review about BD-SIIT and DSTM.

-Comparison between BD-SIIT and DSTM in 4G Mobile nets.-Comparison between BD-SIIT and DSTM in 4G Mobile nets.• Performance evaluation metrics and Simulation parameters of BD-SIIT and DSTM.Performance evaluation metrics and Simulation parameters of BD-SIIT and DSTM.

- Simulation results and Discussion- Simulation results and Discussion

Conclusion.Conclusion.• ReferencesReferences..



Problems with IPv4 : Limited Address Problems with IPv4 : Limited Address SpaceSpace

IPv4 has 32 bit addresses.IPv4 has 32 bit addresses. Flat addressing (only netid + hostid with “fixed” boundaries)Flat addressing (only netid + hostid with “fixed” boundaries) Results in inefficient use of address space.Results in inefficient use of address space. Class B addresses are almost over.Class B addresses are almost over. Addresses will exhaust in the next 5 years.Addresses will exhaust in the next 5 years. IPv4 is victim of its own successIPv4 is victim of its own success..



Problems with IPv4 : Routing Table Problems with IPv4 : Routing Table ExplosionExplosion

IP does not permit route aggregationIP does not permit route aggregation

(limited supernetting possible with new routers)(limited supernetting possible with new routers) Mostly only class C addresses remainMostly only class C addresses remain Number of networks is increasing very fastNumber of networks is increasing very fast

(number of routes to be advertised goes up)(number of routes to be advertised goes up) Very high routing overheadVery high routing overhead

– lot more memory needed for routing tablelot more memory needed for routing table

– lot more bandwidth to pass routing informationlot more bandwidth to pass routing information

– lot more processing needed to compute routes lot more processing needed to compute routes



Problems with IPv4 : Header Problems with IPv4 : Header LimitationsLimitations

Maximum header length is 60 octets.Maximum header length is 60 octets.(Restricts options)(Restricts options)

Maximum packet length is 64K octets.Maximum packet length is 64K octets.(Do we need more than that ?)(Do we need more than that ?)

ID for fragments is 16 bits. Repeats every 65537th packet.ID for fragments is 16 bits. Repeats every 65537th packet. (Will two packets in the network have same ID?)(Will two packets in the network have same ID?)

Variable size header.Variable size header.(Slower processing at routers.)(Slower processing at routers.)

No ordering of options.No ordering of options.(All routers need to look at all options.)(All routers need to look at all options.)



Problems with IPv4 : Other LimitationsProblems with IPv4 : Other Limitations Lack of quality-of-service support.Lack of quality-of-service support.

– Only an 8-bit ToS field, which is hardly used.Only an 8-bit ToS field, which is hardly used.

– Problem for multimedia services.Problem for multimedia services. No support for security at IP layer.No support for security at IP layer. Mobility support is limitedMobility support is limited..

IPv6 quadruples the size of an IPv4 address from 32 bits IPv6 quadruples the size of an IPv4 address from 32 bits to 128 bits.The IPv6 address is so large that it cannot be to 128 bits.The IPv6 address is so large that it cannot be exhausted in the foreseeable future.exhausted in the foreseeable future.IPv6 addressingIPv6 addressing: : An IPv6 address consists of 16 bytes. It is An IPv6 address consists of 16 bytes. It is 128 bits long.28 bits are divided into 8 sections, size of 128 bits long.28 bits are divided into 8 sections, size of each section is 2 bytes. Each section of IPv6 is represented each section is 2 bytes. Each section of IPv6 is represented by 4 Hexadecimal digits. Therefore it is totally represented by 4 Hexadecimal digits. Therefore it is totally represented by 32 Hexadecimal digits with every four digits separated by 32 Hexadecimal digits with every four digits separated by a colon. by a colon.

Overview of IPv6Overview of IPv6



IPv6 Address

Fig-1.

99



IPv6: Distinctive FeaturesIPv6: Distinctive Features Larger address space.Larger address space. Header format simplificationHeader format simplification Expanded routing and addressing capabilitiesExpanded routing and addressing capabilities Improved support for extensions and optionsImproved support for extensions and options Flow labeling (for QoS) capabilityFlow labeling (for QoS) capability Auto-configuration and Neighbour discoveryAuto-configuration and Neighbour discovery Authentication and privacy capabilitiesAuthentication and privacy capabilities Simple transition from IPv4.Simple transition from IPv4. Encryption and Decryption.Encryption and Decryption. Real time applications like Video & AudioReal time applications like Video & Audio..



IPv6 Header FormatIPv6 Header Format

Traffic Class Flow LabelVers

Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit

Source Address

Destination Address

0 4 12 16 24 31



Transition to IPv6: Design GoalTransition to IPv6: Design Goal

No “flag”day.No “flag”day. Incremental upgrade and deployment.Incremental upgrade and deployment. Minimum upgrade dependencies.Minimum upgrade dependencies. Interoperability of IPv4 and IPv6 nodes.Interoperability of IPv4 and IPv6 nodes. Let sites transition at their own pace.Let sites transition at their own pace. Basic migration toolsBasic migration tools

– Dual stack and tunnelingDual stack and tunneling

– TranslationTranslation



Transition Mechanisms: Dual StackTransition Mechanisms: Dual Stack

New nodes support both IPv4 and IPv6.New nodes support both IPv4 and IPv6. Upgrading from IPv4 to v4/v6 does not break anything.Upgrading from IPv4 to v4/v6 does not break anything. Same transport layer and application above both.Same transport layer and application above both. Provides complete interoperability with IPv4 nodesProvides complete interoperability with IPv4 nodes..



Fig.2.Dual Stack.



Transition Mechanism: TunnelsTransition Mechanism: Tunnels

Tunnel IPv6 packets across IPv4 topology.Tunnel IPv6 packets across IPv4 topology. Configured tunnels:Configured tunnels:

– Explicitly configured tunnel endpoints.Explicitly configured tunnel endpoints.– Router to router, host to router.Router to router, host to router.

Automatic tunnels:Automatic tunnels:– Automatic address resolution using embedded Automatic address resolution using embedded

IPv4 address (like IPv4-compatible address).IPv4 address (like IPv4-compatible address).– Host to host, router to hostHost to host, router to host



Fig.3.Automatic Tunneling.Fig.4. C onfigured Tunneling.



Transition mechanism: TranslationTransition mechanism: Translation

This will allow communication between IPv6 only This will allow communication between IPv6 only hosts and IPv4 only hosts.hosts and IPv4 only hosts.

A typical translator consists of two components:A typical translator consists of two components:– translation between IPv4 and IPv6 packets.translation between IPv4 and IPv6 packets.– Address mapping between IPv4 and IPv6Address mapping between IPv4 and IPv6

For translation, three technologies are available:For translation, three technologies are available:– header conversionheader conversion– transport relaytransport relay– application proxyapplication proxy



Fig.6.Header Translation.

•In this paper we propose a new BD-SIIT Transition Algorithm.In this paper we propose a new BD-SIIT Transition Algorithm.•BD- SIIT is said to be a stateless IP/ICMP translation, which means BD- SIIT is said to be a stateless IP/ICMP translation, which means that the translator is able to process each conversion individually that the translator is able to process each conversion individually

without any reference to previously translated packetswithout any reference to previously translated packets..

Literature review of BD-SIITLiterature review of BD-SIIT..



Fig.1.BD-SIIT Translation process



Fig.2.Translation of IPv6 to IPv4 Header.

1. IPv4-mapped address (0: FFFF: v4):-This is an 1. IPv4-mapped address (0: FFFF: v4):-This is an IPv6 address simply created by including the IPv6 address simply created by including the IPv4 address of the IPv4 host (v4) with the IPv4 address of the IPv4 host (v4) with the

prefix shown. The BD-SIIT mainly uses this type prefix shown. The BD-SIIT mainly uses this type of address for the conversion of IPv4 host of address for the conversion of IPv4 host

addresses to IPv6 addresses.addresses to IPv6 addresses.

2.IPv4 translated addresses (0::FFFF:v4):- 2.IPv4 translated addresses (0::FFFF:v4):- According to IETF specifications this address is According to IETF specifications this address is created by IPv4 address temporarily assigned created by IPv4 address temporarily assigned

to the IPv6-only host and allows for the to the IPv6-only host and allows for the mapping of the IPv4-translated address of the mapping of the IPv4-translated address of the

IPv6 host to an IPv4 address. As the number of IPv6 host to an IPv4 address. As the number of globally unique IPv4 addresses becomes globally unique IPv4 addresses becomes

scarce, there is a need to take advantage ofscarce, there is a need to take advantage of

IP Header Translation.IP Header Translation.

July 23-27July 23-27 ICEMC2-2010,Kuppam,AP,INDIA.ICEMC2-2010,Kuppam,AP,INDIA. 2222

1.1. To Reduce the Packet Size compared with Tunneling Algorithms, To Reduce the Packet Size compared with Tunneling Algorithms, in turn, reducing Traffic overhead.in turn, reducing Traffic overhead.

2.2. Reduce the Cost of IPv6 Network by avoiding the need to Reduce the Cost of IPv6 Network by avoiding the need to upgrade all the edge nodes that support both the IPv4 and IPv6 as upgrade all the edge nodes that support both the IPv4 and IPv6 as

found in Dual Stack mechanismsfound in Dual Stack mechanisms. .

3.3. Use a New address mapping that depends on identifyingUse a New address mapping that depends on identifying two two Public addresses(IPv4 and IPv6) instead of IPv4 –mapped IPv6 Public addresses(IPv4 and IPv6) instead of IPv4 –mapped IPv6 address method. address method.

Why BD-SIIT Transition MechanismWhy BD-SIIT Transition Mechanism..

BD-SIIT Data Packet Transmission ProcessBD-SIIT Data Packet Transmission Process

Fig.3. BD-SIIT Data packet Transmission Process.

•Stage-1: IPv6 Packet Transmission.Stage-1: IPv6 Packet Transmission.•Stage-2:IPv6-to-IPv4 mapping calculation and Address mapping.Stage-2:IPv6-to-IPv4 mapping calculation and Address mapping.•Stage-3:IPv6-in-IPv4 Header TranslationStage-3:IPv6-in-IPv4 Header Translation•Stage-4:IPv4 Packet TransmissionStage-4:IPv4 Packet Transmission

BD-SIIT Translation mainly occurs due to following Stages

Comparison and Contrast between BD-SIIT and DSTM Comparison and Contrast between BD-SIIT and DSTM Transition Mechanism.Transition Mechanism.

BD-SIIT DSTM

1.It does not for tunneling technique. 1. A tunneling technique needs to be configured.

2. Two IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are assumed to be globally unique.

2.Only IPv4 addresses are assumed to be globally unique.

3.It Uses two types of global IP addresses that are assigned by DNS46 server for each communication system.

3. Uses only a pool of IPv4 addresses in order to assign Global IPv4 address for each communication system.

4.Applicable for Bi-Directional commn between IPv6 only nodes and IPv4 nodes.

4.Not applicable to IPv6 only nodes that want to communicate with IPv4 only node.

5.Less cost 5.High Cost

6.Does not require upgrading or extra software to be used at end user nodes.

6.Requires modifications or extra software to support the dual stack on the end user nodes.

7.Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 and Vice versa is needed.

7.Encapsulation and Decapsulation methods are needed.

Comparison and Performance evaluation metrics of a Novel Comparison and Performance evaluation metrics of a Novel IPv4/IPv6 Transition Mechs :BD-SIIT and DSTM.IPv4/IPv6 Transition Mechs :BD-SIIT and DSTM.

Fig.5.BD-SIIT Network model.



Fig.7.DSTM Network model.

In this Paper we have calculated three performance evaluation metricsIn this Paper we have calculated three performance evaluation metrics..

1.End to End delay1.End to End delay

2.Throughput2.Throughput

3.Round trip time(RTT) 3.Round trip time(RTT) N rec

1.Mean End to End delay= ∑ 1.Mean End to End delay= ∑ i=1 EEDi/Nrec

where EEDi = Tdi- Tsi

where EEDi is the end to end delay of ith packet.

Tsi is the Source packet i created and Tdi is the Destination packet which is created at Destination. Nrec is the total number of packets received at Dest host and Mean EED is the mean value of each communication session.

Performance evaluation metrics and Simulation Parameters.Performance evaluation metrics and Simulation Parameters.

The mean throughput for a sequence of packets of specific size is The mean throughput for a sequence of packets of specific size is calculated by using equations 1 and 2.calculated by using equations 1 and 2.

MeanThr = ΣMeanThr = ΣNN j j=1 =1 ThrjThrj /N -------------(1)/N -------------(1)

where where

Thr=Packetsreceived(Pr)/Packets generated(Pg)*100%.--------------Thr=Packetsreceived(Pr)/Packets generated(Pg)*100%.--------------(2)(2)

Where Where

Thrj is the value of the throughput when the packet j Thrj is the value of the throughput when the packet j is received at intermediate device like DSTM gateway,BD-SIIT is received at intermediate device like DSTM gateway,BD-SIIT Gateway,v4/v6 Router and N is the number of received packets at Gateway,v4/v6 Router and N is the number of received packets at intermediate device,Pr is the no of packets received at intermediate device,Pr is the no of packets received at intermediate device and Pg is the number of packets created by intermediate device and Pg is the number of packets created by source hostsource host. .



Simulation Parameters

Value

1.Buffer Size 500 Packets

2. Propogation Delay 10ms

3.payload size 200 Bytes

4.Very traffic Load 6~240 Nodes.

5.Queue Management Scheme Drop tail.

The End to End Delay session of V6-to-V4 The End to End Delay session of V6-to-V4 Communication is very large as compared to EED of Communication is very large as compared to EED of other communication systems.other communication systems.Throughput of V6-to-V4 communication is Very small Throughput of V6-to-V4 communication is Very small as compared to other sessions.as compared to other sessions.

ConclusionsConclusions..



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[22].S.Deering and R.Hinden “Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6) Specification”, RFC [22].S.Deering and R.Hinden “Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6) Specification”, RFC 2460,December 1998.2460,December 1998.

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[23].Ra’ed Al Ja’afreh,John Mellor, and Irfan Awan, “Evaluating BDMS and DSTM Transition [23].Ra’ed Al Ja’afreh,John Mellor, and Irfan Awan, “Evaluating BDMS and DSTM Transition mechanisms”.mechanisms”.

[24].S.Tanenbaum,“Computer Networks”,Third Edition,Prentice Hall Inc.,1996,pp.686,413-436,437-449. [24].S.Tanenbaum,“Computer Networks”,Third Edition,Prentice Hall Inc.,1996,pp.686,413-436,437-449.

[25].Behrouz A.Forouzan,Third Edition,“TCP/IP Protocol Suite” . [25].Behrouz A.Forouzan,Third Edition,“TCP/IP Protocol Suite” . [26].Atul Kahate,“Cryptography and Network Security“,Tata McGraw-Hill,2003,pp-8-10. [26].Atul Kahate,“Cryptography and Network Security“,Tata McGraw-Hill,2003,pp-8-10. [26].Kurose.J.& Ross.K.(2005)Computer Networking:A top-down approach featuring the Internet.3 [26].Kurose.J.& Ross.K.(2005)Computer Networking:A top-down approach featuring the Internet.3 rdrd ed,(Addison Wed,(Addison Wesley). esley).

5960-0125-8. 5960-0125-8.

[27].Moby dick project:“Mobility and Differentiated services in a future IP network:”,Final project [27].Moby dick project:“Mobility and Differentiated services in a future IP network:”,Final project report,4.4.2004. [18].J.Wiljakka(ed.,)“Analysis on IPv6 transition in 3GPP networks”,draft-ietf-v6ops-3gpp-report,4.4.2004. [18].J.Wiljakka(ed.,)“Analysis on IPv6 transition in 3GPP networks”,draft-ietf-v6ops-3gpp-analysis-04.txt,Internet draft, work in progress. analysis-04.txt,Internet draft, work in progress. [28].MIND:Mobile IP based network developments,IST [28].MIND:Mobile IP based network developments,IST Project ,http://www.mind-project.org. [29].NOMAD:Integrated networks for Seamless and Transparent Project ,http://www.mind-project.org. [29].NOMAD:Integrated networks for Seamless and Transparent service Discovery,IST Project,http://www.ist-moby Dick.org.service Discovery,IST Project,http://www.ist-moby Dick.org.

[30].Moby Dick: Mobility and Differentiated services in a future IP Network,IST Project ,[30].Moby Dick: Mobility and Differentiated services in a future IP Network,IST Project ,www.ist.mobydick.org..

[31].John.J.Amoss and Daniel Minoli,Handbook of IPv4 to IPv6 Transition:methodologies for institutional and [31].John.J.Amoss and Daniel Minoli,Handbook of IPv4 to IPv6 Transition:methodologies for institutional and Corporate Networks.,Auerbach Publications.Corporate Networks.,Auerbach Publications.

[32].S.G.Glisic,Advanced Wireless Communications,4G Technology.,John Wiley Chichester,2004.[32].S.G.Glisic,Advanced Wireless Communications,4G Technology.,John Wiley Chichester,2004.

[33].Juha wiljakka ,Jonne Soninnen,Managing IPv4 –to –IPv6 Transition Process in Cellular Networks and [33].Juha wiljakka ,Jonne Soninnen,Managing IPv4 –to –IPv6 Transition Process in Cellular Networks and Introducing new Peer-to-Peer Services.Introducing new Peer-to-Peer Services.

[34].Ioan R,Sherali.Z.2003.Evaluating IPv4 to IPv6 Transition mechanism.IEEE,West [34].Ioan R,Sherali.Z.2003.Evaluating IPv4 to IPv6 Transition mechanism.IEEE,West Lafayette,USA,v(1):1091–1098Lafayette,USA,v(1):1091–1098..

[35].E.Nordmark,Stateless IP/ICMP translation algorithm(SIIT),RFC 2765,February 2000.[35].E.Nordmark,Stateless IP/ICMP translation algorithm(SIIT),RFC 2765,February 2000.

[36].Ra’ed AlJa’afreh,John mellor,Mumtaz Kamala,” A Novel IPv4/IPv6 transition mechanism which support [36].Ra’ed AlJa’afreh,John mellor,Mumtaz Kamala,” A Novel IPv4/IPv6 transition mechanism which support transparent connections”.transparent connections”.

[37].Ra’ed AlJa’afreh,John mellor,Mumtaz Kamala and R.Kassabeh ,Bi-Directional mapping system as a [37].Ra’ed AlJa’afreh,John mellor,Mumtaz Kamala and R.Kassabeh ,Bi-Directional mapping system as a new IPv4/IPv6 transition mechanism.new IPv4/IPv6 transition mechanism.

[38].TimRooney,IPv4/IPv6Transition strategies,Director,Product management,BT Diamond IP.[38].TimRooney,IPv4/IPv6Transition strategies,Director,Product management,BT Diamond IP.

[39].John.J.Amos and Daniel Minoli,Handbook of IPv4 to IPv6 Transition Methodologies for Institutional and [39].John.J.Amos and Daniel Minoli,Handbook of IPv4 to IPv6 Transition Methodologies for Institutional and Corporate Networks.Corporate Networks.

[40].Jivika Govil[40].Jivika Govil ,Jivesh Govil,Navkeerat Kaur,Harkeerat Kaur,An examination of IPv4 and IPv6 Networks: ,Jivesh Govil,Navkeerat Kaur,Harkeerat Kaur,An examination of IPv4 and IPv6 Networks: constraints,and various transition mechanisms.constraints,and various transition mechanisms.

[41].Jivika Govil,Jivesh Govil,”On the Investigation of Transactional and Interoperability Issues between [41].Jivika Govil,Jivesh Govil,”On the Investigation of Transactional and Interoperability Issues between IPv4 and IPv6,2007,IEEE electro/Information technology conference,(EIT 2007),17-20,May IPv4 and IPv6,2007,IEEE electro/Information technology conference,(EIT 2007),17-20,May 2007,chicago,USA2007,chicago,USA



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