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THE ICEMAN

The oldestglacier mummy

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Look - a dead body!September 19,1991: Erika and Helmut Simon fromNuremberg (D) discovered a corpse on their descentfrom an Alpine summit. On the fourth day, the rescuesucceeded. The dead body was transported to thevalley by helicopter and from there to the Institute of

Forensic Medicine in Innsbruck (A).The discovery of the centuryThe Iceman, who today is on display at the SouthTyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano (I),is among one of the most well-known and oldestmummies in the world. On the day of the discovery,no one could have predicted the fame this find wouldachieve.For the first time in history, details of Stone Ageclothing customs and equipment can be studied - forthe first time, anatomical studies can be carried outon an over 5,000-year-old body.

Where was Ötzi found?Ötzi - as the glacier corpse would soon be called -was found at an altitude of 3,210 m above sea levelin the middle of the Ötztal Alps near the Austrian-Italian border in a narrow rock gully some 2 to 3metres deep. New measurements confirm: the find

complex belongs to South Tyrol (I)

Excavations in snow and iceFive days after Ötzi’s discovery, an archaeologist wasconsulted for the first time: professor Konrad Spindlerfrom Innsbruck. All of a sudden, the dead body wasnow believed to be “at least 4,000 years old” and anarchaeological sensation.

About THE ICEMAN

©Picture Desk Gamma, Hanny

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How do we know when Ötzi liv ed?The period in which Ötzi lived was determinedwith the aid of radiocarbon dating, themeasurement revealed that he lived between3,350 and 3,100 BC.

How did Ötzi remain int act?It was a chain of extraordinary coincidences:Ötzi died high above in the perpetually cold glacierregion, where he remained lying in a protectiverock gully.The mummification process began and with theonset of winter, snow covered the dead body –now he lay deep-frozen as if in a freezercompartment.

What did Ötzi look lik e? Ötzi is a modern human, a Homo sapiens sapiens.Dressed in modern-day clothing, he would notattract any attention. He was about 1.60 m tall,had size 38 feet and weighed around 50 kg – anaverage weight in the Copper Age. Today,however, the mummy weighs only 13 kg andhas shrank to 1.54 m.Ötzi had blue eyes. He wore his dark brown hairshoulder-length and loose. The wide space

between the upper incisors is conspicuous.

About THE ICEMAN

©

H o s p i t a l o f B

o l z a n o , P e r n t e r

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What was Ötzi’s diet like?About 12 hours before meeting his death, Ötzi hadeaten meat and various plants consisting mainly ofgrains. Charcoal particles were also found in hisintestines.They showed that his meal had been cooked on an

open fire. In Ötzi´s time, grains were a staple foodthat were supplemented by other plants such assloes, crab apples, mushrooms, berries orlegumes.Other objects from Ötzi´s find complex includedsinews, hides, horns and bones, providingevidence of animal husbandry and hunting at thetime.

Stone Age stressÖtzi was not in good health when he died: his jointswere worn down, his blood vessels were hardened,his teeth were abraded, his intestines were infestedwith whipworm. One of his fingernails, which wasfound during a later excavation, showed that hesuffered from a chronic illness. Furthermore:deep furrows across the nail revealed that Ötzi’simmune system had been exposed to severestress around 8, 13 and 16 weeks before his death.He also had well-healed rib fractures and a

broken nose.

Stone Age therapyÖtzi’s body is covered with about 60 tattoos.In contrast to modern tattoos, they were not made withpinpricks, but rather with fine cuts. They are located inexactly the areas where Ötzi showed signs of wear,presumably causing him great pain – the lumbar spine,

the right knee, the calves and the ankle joints.Severing fine neural fibres can help to relieve pain.Ötzi’s tattoos probably indicate a form of pain relief –another purpose, however, cannot be ruled out.

About THE ICEMAN

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Specifications

Front elevation

Floor plan

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Specifications

Back view

Elevation at the startElevation at the touch screens

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The timeline

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Look - a dead body!

The discovery of the century

Where was Ötzi found?

Excavations in snow and ice

The discovery

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Discovered by chance in 1991, recovered after 4 days

A great moment for archaeology

New measurements confirm: the find complex belongs to South Tyrol (I)

Excavations in the ice yielded further sensational finds

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More information about the discovery

The discovery

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How do we know when Ötzi lived?

How did Ötzi remain intact?

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Carbon-14 dating confirms Ötzi lived over 5,000 years ago

Preserved in a cool, moist state in a rock gully

Dating

M I G R A T I O N P E R

I O D

3.350 B.C.

ÖTZITHE ICEMAN

E A R L Y M O D E R N T I M E S

R O M A N P E R I O D

B R O N Z E A G

E

C O P P E R A G

E

N E O L I T H I C

M I D D L E A G E S

E A R L Y M I D D L E A G E S

I R O N A G E

2 . 0

0 0 A

. D .

0

2 . 0

0 0 B

. C .

1 . 0

0 0 B

. C .

3 . 0

0 0 B

. C .

4 . 0

0 0 B

. C .

5 . 0

0 0 B

. C .

M O D E R N I T Y

1 . 0

0 0 A

. D .

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Ötzi is named after the Ötztal Alps

Textiles, organs, even clothing and equipment were preserved

Blue eyes, dark hair, 1.60 m tall, 50 kg

It is conceivable that Ötzi was the oldest member of his village

Why is Ötzi named "Ötzi"?

What is special about Ötzi?

What did Ötzi look like?

Was Ötzi a grandpa?

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The mummy

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Medical investigations

What was Ötzi’s diet like?

Stone Age stress

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Medical investigations provided unique comparative data

Ötzi still had grains, meat and plants in his intestines

Typical signs of aging and severe stress

The mummy

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Stone Age therapy

What do Ötzi’s teeth reveal?

Troublesome companions

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Tattoos for alleviating pain

Ötzi’s teeth provide information about his homeland

Several small parasites were found

The mummy

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Ötzi’s death – a crime?

Why was Ötzi shot?

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Fatally wounded by an arrow in the back

Ötzi was the victim of an altercation

New cause of death 2007: Lethal shot with arrow and cranial trauma.

Ötzi’s Death

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When did Ötzi die?

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Pollen and plant parts prove: death in early summer

Ötzi’s Death

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Ötzi's „curriculum vitae“

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Ötzi’s Death

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Stone Age fashion

Grass coat or mat?

Ötzi in stripe look

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Suitable clothes made from accurately sewn fur and leather parts

Grass and straw mats are highly water-repellent.

Ötzi’s hide coat is a testiment to trendiness.

The clothing

The leggings

Stone Age underwear

Was Ötzi travelling barefoot?

Bearskin cap

Ötzi’s leggings look like leather stockings without feet

Ötzi’s underwear is made out of especially fine leather

Ötzi’s shoes are the oldest "real" shoes in the world

In the windy high mountain region, an effective head protection isespecially important

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Touchscreen: By dint of this installation the visitors can experience the diversity and multiplici tyof the materials “The Iceman” used for his clothes and tools in an interactive way.

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The clothing and the equipment

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Interactive elements

The clothing and the equipment

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Perfect equipment

An expert in special woods?

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Suitable clothes made from accurately sewn fur and leather parts

A set of equipment complete with tools and replacement material

Ötzi’s equipment

Ö

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The bow - a deadly weapon

The quiver - protection for delicate arrows

The arrows - differently wrapped

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The unfinished bow made of yew wood: accurate and absolutely deadly

The quiver had already been broken when Ötzi was alive

Ötzi’s arrows were produced by two different people

Ötzi’s equipment

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The world 5,000 years ago

Why was Ötzi on the move in the high mountains?

Where did Ötzi live?

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Europe: high civi lization, sparsely populated, no cities

Travelling from south to north into well-known terrain

Was Ötzi a member of the first independent Alpine cultural group?

His world

Hi ld

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Cultures of the Copper Age

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His world

Ötzi’s curse

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Is there Ötzi’s curse?

The curse of the Pharaohs

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Ötzi’s curse fuelled by media hype

A mould fungus as a instrument of death

Ötzi s curse

The Museum

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Homeward to South Tyrol

High-tech methods for a mummy

An igloo for Ötzi

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Housed and displayed at the South Tyrol Museum of Archeology

Preservation by reproducing conditions in the ice

Nitrogen prevents the development of harmful germs

The Museum

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Optional add-on-modules for The Iceman“

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For readiness before entering the actual exhibition, visitors should getan impression of the influences human beings were exposed to about5,000 years ago, that is during the Copper Age, when Ötzi lived.

Egyptian mummies: e.g. mummified cats: artificialScythian mummies: naturalDried mummies: desert or salt: natural

Dendrochronology: also called tree-ring dating is based on the analysisof known tree-ring growth patterns; planned with interactive areaRadio-carbon dating: one of the most widely used absolute datingtechniques for materials containing …..organic remains which can beup to 50,000 years old.

Forensic and physical anthropology, forensic archaeologyMorphing: a special effect in motion pictures and animations thatchanges (or morphs) one image into another through a seamless

transition; planned with interactive areaFacial reconstructionsBone marker, possible with exhibitsAbrasions of joints, possibly with exhibitsBone fractures, possible with exhibitsDeseases which are identifiable on the skeletton, possibly with exhibits....

Landscape, climate and animal kingdom in the Alps 5,000years ago

Mummification: artificial – natural; possibly with exhibits

Dating methods in archaeology: two examples of dating methods

Forensics - physical anthropology

Archaeobotany: his last meal: interactive areas possible: forexample pollen under the microscope; seeds, fruit pits - menuof the Copper Age - agriculture in the Copper AgeMedicine/physical anthropology: cause(s) of Ötzi’s death,health/desease

Adornment – symbol – pain relief

High quality of processing and preparation of Ötzi's leather and furobjects: examinations, experimental-archaeological insights andreconstructions (of exhibited objects?)

High metallurgical knowledge in the Copper Age/Bronze Age:identifying copper ore, processing copper ore, casting objects.

Archaeological finds of Neolithic and Copper Age settlements in

Alpine areas.

The high technological expense for the preservation andmaintenance of the natural mummy Ötzi.

Ötzi under the magnifying glass: medicine – botany –archaeobotany – archaeology – physical anthropology

Tatoo

Furrier’s handic raft 5,000 years ago

From ore to object

Dwelling in the Alps during the Neolithic/Copper Age

„ High-tech-glacier“ for Ötzi – artificial conservation beyonddeath

Optional add-on-modules for „ The Iceman

Merchandising

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Keyring pendant: South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology

Keyring pendant: "The Iceman" punk

Pin: "The Iceman" punk

Pin: "The Iceman" arrowhead

Tatoo: "The Iceman" punk

Tatoo: "The Iceman" arrowhead

Wax crayons

Pencils

Polo shirt adult, blu S / M / L / XL

T-shirt children, orange S / M / L / XL

Cap, orange

The Glacier Mummy

Postcards, 20 different subjects available

Note pads DINA 6

Book: The Iceman/Fleckinger

Book: The Chalcolitic Mummy

Mini Memory game

Merchandising

Contact

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Iceman Engl. 2011 1

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