Ice a-1 to 27 fundamentals

FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

HISTORY OF ICE• JJ LENOIR (1860) PIONEER

OF IC ENGINE

• NICOLAUS OTTO & EUGENE LANGEN(1876)

SI ENGINES

• RUDOLF DIESEL(1897) CI ENGINES

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES• The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that

converts chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy, usually made available on a rotating output shaft.

• Chemical energy of the fuel is first converted to thermal energy by means of combustion or oxidation with air inside the engine.

• This thermal energy raises the temperature and pressure of the gases within the engine, and the high-pressure gas then expands against the mechanical mechanisms of the engine.

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

• This expansion is converted by the mechanical linkages of the engine to a rotating crankshaft, which is the output of the engine. The crankshaft, in turn, is connected to a transmission and/or power train to transmit the rotating mechanical energy to the desired final use.

CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

VARIOUS TYPES OF ENGINES

ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

1. Application2. Basic Engine Design3. Working Cycle4. Fuel5. Mixture Preparation6. Ignition7. Combustion Chamber Design8. Method of Load Control9. Cooling

Application

1. Automotive: Car, Truck/Bus, Off-highway

2. Locomotive

3. Light Aircraft

4. Marine: Outboard, Inboard, Ship

5. Power Generation: Portable (Domestic), Fixed

6. Agricultural: Tractors, Pump sets

7. Earthmoving: Dumpers, Tippers, Mining Equipment

8. Home Use: Lawnmowers, Snow blowers, Tools

9. Others

TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINES

Basic Engine Design

1. Reciprocating (a) Single Cylinder (b) Multi-cylinder

(i) In-line (ii) V and W engines

(iii) Radial (iv) Opposed Cylinder (v) Opposed Piston2. Rotary: (a) Single Rotor

(b) Multi-rotor

Types of Reciprocating Engines

V Engine

Working Cycle (Strokes)

1. Four Stroke Cycle a. Naturally Aspiratedb. Supercharged/Turbocharged

2. Two Stroke Cycle: a. Crankcase Scavengedb. Uniflow Scavenged

Uniflow requires an exhaust valve or piston to operate.

SCAVENGING

Loop or cross flow relies on the piston to open and close exhaust ports

SCAVENGING

Turbocharger

Supercharger

Fuel1. Conventional:

a. Crude oil derived : Petrol, Diesel, Keroseneb. Other sources: Coal, Wood (includes bio-mass), Tar Sands, Shale

2. Alternate: a. Petroleum derived: CNG, LPGb. Bio-mass Derived: Alcohols (methyl and ethyl), Vegetable oils,

Producer gas and biogas, Hydrogen

3. Blending: E-10 or E-15 (ethanol Blend)

4. Multi-Fuel Engines

Mixture Preparation

1. Carburetion2. Fuel Injection (i) Diesel

(ii) Gasoline(a) Manifold (b) Port (c) Cylinder

Ignition

1. Spark Ignition(a) Conventional

(i) Battery(ii) Magneto

(b) Other methods

2. Compression Ignition

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Wankel engines• 3 LOBE ROTOR WHICH IS

DRIVEN ECCENTRICALLY IN A CASING & 3 VOLUMES ARE TRAPPED BETWEEN THE ROTOR AND THE CASING. THESE VOLUMES PERFORM INDUCTION, COMPRESSION, POWER & EXHAUST STROKES SEPARATELY.

• SEAL WEAR & HEAT TRANSFER ARE PROBLEM AREAS

ROTARY

Combustion Chamber Design

1. Open Chamber: Disc type, Wedge, HemisphericalBowl-in-piston

2. Divided Chamber: For CI: Swirl chamber, Pre-chamberFor SI: Compound vortex controlled combustion (CVCC)

Method of Load Control

1. Throttling: To control mixture strength. Also called Charge Control. Used in Carbureted S.I. Engines

2. Fuel Control: To vary the mixture strength according to load. Used in the C.I. Engine

3. Combination. Used in Throttle body Fuel-injected S.I. Engine.

Cooling1. Direct Air-cooling

2. Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling)

3. Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) engine.

Applications of IC and EC Engines