1225 I Street NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20005 +1 202.534.1600
www.theicct.org July 27, 2015 RE: International Council on Clean
Transportation comments on Renewable Fuel Standard Program:
Standards for 2014, 2015, and 2016 and Biomass-Based Diesel Volume
for 2017 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (EPAHQOAR2015-0111;
FRL9927-28-OAR) These comments are submitted by the International
Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT). The ICCT is an independent
nonprofit organization founded to provide unbiased research and
technical analysis to environmental regulators. Our mission is to
improve the environmental performance and energy efficiency of
road, marine, and air transportation, in order to benefit public
health and mitigate climate change. We promote best practices and
comprehensive solutions to increase vehicle efficiency, increase
the sustainability of alternative fuels, reduce pollution from the
in-use fleet, and curtail emissions of local air pollutants and
greenhouse gases (GHG) from international goods movement. The ICCT
welcomes the opportunity to provide comments on the U.S. EPA
Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program. We commend the agency for
its continuing efforts to promote a cleaner, lower-carbon
transportation sector that uses less petroleum-based fuels. As we
have commented before, the RFS program has set strong standards
with thorough, comprehensive scientific analyses and rigorous
life-cycle emission accounting. This proposed rule builds upon the
impressive steps EPA has undertaken to promote low-carbon biofuels.
The comments below offer a number of technical observations and
recommendations for EPA to consider in its continued efforts to
strengthen the program and maximize the programs benefits in
mitigating the risks of climate change and reducing petroleum use.
We would be glad to clarify or elaborate on any points made in the
below comments. If there are any questions, EPA staff can feel free
to contact Dr. Stephanie Searle ([email protected]) and Dr.
Chris Malins ([email protected]). Nic LutseyProgram Director
International Council on Clean Transportation ICCT comments on
docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 Summary of comments ICCT commends EPA
for its commitment to strengthening the RFS2 program and getting it
back on schedule despite challenges experienced due to the slower
than hoped-for development of cellulosic biofuel production and the
practical limits imposed by the E10 blend wall. While in general we
support EPAs approach to determining annual volumes for the RFS2,
we would recommend the following changes to the proposed rule,
which we believe would strengthen the program. Firstly, we believe
that it would be appropriate for EPA to use a less conservative
methodology in setting cellulosic volumes for 2015 and 2016,
particularly with respect to cellulosic biogas. The RFS2 program
should play a key role in supporting growth in the cellulosic
biofuel industry.The current proposal applies the same formula for
expected future production to biogas CNG/LNG production as to
expected production of other cellulosic fuels. However, the
technology required to supply cellulosic biogas into the transport
market is well demonstrated, and therefore less conservatism is
necessary when assessing claims from these producers. The
cellulosic category is the most important for driving deep
greenhouse gas reductions through the RFS2, and it is therefore
vital that EPA should not be excessively conservative in setting
future volume mandates.Secondly, the proposed mandate volumes for
biomass-based diesel (BBD) for 2015-2017 are inconsistent with
likely availability of biomass-based diesel feedstock in that
period. Analysis by Brorsen (2015) of the expected growth in BBD
feedstock availability to 2017 shows that domestic supplies will
not be adequate to meet the proposed growth rates. EPA is required
by statute to consider the effect of BBD volumes on the supply and
price of agricultural commodities in the U.S. Brorsen finds that,
even given generous assumptions about growth in oils and fats,
projected supply of BBD feedstock will be insufficient to meet EPAs
proposed BBD volumes without having a significant negative impact
on supplies and prices of these commodities. It would therefore be
appropriate for the rate of growth in BBD volumes to be revised to
reflect likely feedstock supply. The proposed advanced biofuel and
renewable fuel volumes would very likely require higher levels of
BBD consumption than the actual BBD mandate. We therefore suggest
reducing the proposed advanced biofuel and renewable fuel volumes
further by applying the entire cellulosic waiver to advanced
biofuel and making a corresponding reduction in renewable fuel.
This would maintain the intended level of support for the
penetration of higher blends of ethanol without jeopardizing oil
and fat supplies in the U.S.Our suggested adjustments to the
proposed volumes are shown in Table S-1. ICCT comments on docket
no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 Table S-1: Suggested RFS2 annual volumes in
billion gallons per year for 2015 and 2016 and biomass-based diesel
volume for 2017 (compared to EPAs proposed volumes). FUEL
CATEGORY201520162017 Cellulosic biofuel0.106+* (0.106)0.206+*
(0.206)N/A Biomass-based diesel1.66 (1.70)1.689 (1.80)1.714 (1.90)
Advanced biofuel2.606 (2.90)3.206 (3.40)N/A Renewable fuel16.006
(16.30)17.206 (17.40)N/A *We suggest EPA use a less conservative
methodology for estimating cellulosic biogas volumes. Finally, we
also strongly support EPAs proposal to clarify that the existing
RFS2 pathway for algal biofuels applies only to photosynthetically
grown (autotrophic) algae. Biofuels from heterotrophic algae may
have significantly different lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions,
given in particular that the carbon intensity of the feedstock fed
to heterotrophic algae should be included in the lifecycle
assessment, and so should be assessed under a different pathway.
ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 Cellulosic volumes
EPA has analyzed the likely production ranges for groups of
cellulosic biofuel producers and has proposed to use the 50th
percentile for commercial-scale facilities and the 25th percentile
for facilities that have not yet achieved commercial-scale
production. A very large fraction of expected cellulosic biofuel
production is biogas (for instance, 86% of the high end of the EPA
range for 2016), which is an established technology facing
significantly less technology risk than is faced by production of
cellulosic ethanol and synthetic fuels.The proposal notes that: In
previous years EPA has gathered information, including volume
production projections, from companies with the potential to
produce cellulosic biofuel. Each of these companies supported these
projections with successful pilot and demonstration-scale
facilities as well as other supporting documentation. In each of
these cases the companies were unable to meet their own volume
projections, and in many cases were unable to produce any
RIN-generating cellulosic biofuel. The inability of cellulosic
biofuel producers in previous years to achieve their projection
production targets does not provide a sufficient basis for
completely discounting production of cellulosic biofuel in future
years, either for these same facilities that were previously unable
to achieve their target projections or from new facilities expected
to start-up in 2015 or 2016. Each of these companies is an
individual case, with their own production technologies,
construction and operations staffs, and financial situations, and
we do not believe it is appropriate to dismiss all future potential
cellulosic biofuel production because of the failure of several
facilities to successfully operate at commercial scale. We do
believe it strongly suggests that we should view the individual
company projections as something other than the most likely
outcomes. This context of disappointing performance against
companies own production goals is used in setting the predicted
production for established facilities at the 50th percentile of the
EPA predicted range, and for new companies at the 25th percentile.
However, biogas facilities do not face these same barriers to ramp
up and commercialization, as noted by Dallas Burkholder in his memo
to EPA Assessment of Cellulosic Biofuel Production from Biogas: The
vast majority of new facilities generating RINs for CNG/LNG derived
from biogas already have a significant history of producing CNG/LNG
for non-transportation markets. All that is necessary for many of
these companies to begin generating RINs is to register the
facilities and demonstrate that the CNG/LNG being produced is from
approved sources and is used as transportation fuel. They do not
face the same ramp-up schedule or uncertainties as newly
constructed facilities operating new technologies. While we agree
that there remains uncertainty associated with the capacity of new
facilities to access the transport fuel market and start generating
RINs, we do not agree that it is appropriate to set the same
percentile expectations for new cellulosic technologies as for
biogas supply. The cellulosic RIN represents a substantial
incentive to supply biogas into the transport market, and the
biogas industry has demonstrated its ability to rapidly scale up
supply to take advantage of the RIN since it became available. We
therefore believe that the 75th percentile of the EPA determined
range is a more appropriate production estimate for the biogas
facilities identified as already delivering RINs on a commercial
scale, and that the 50th percentile would be appropriate for biogas
facilities without that track record. Undue conservatism in the
ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 assessment of RIN
generation by CNG/LNG could trigger a vicious circle in which
commercialization of truly new technologies for cellulosic biofuel
is undermined by low mandates and strong biogas supply, and in
which low expectations become a self-fulfilling prophecy. We agree
that it will be appropriate to reassess the percentiles used for
future production projections when setting mandates in future
years. Biomass-based diesel volumes EPA has proposed volumes for
biomass-based diesel (BBD) for 2014-2017 that increase by about 100
million biodiesel-equivalent gallons each year. This rate of
increase in volumes is faster than could be supported by domestic
feedstock availability, and therefore would imply increased imports
with attendant disruption to existing markets. The mandated volumes
should be revised downward to be more consistent with projected BBD
feedstock supply. EPA is required by statute to set BBD volumes at
one billion gallons or greater for all years after 2012, and in
setting these volumes, to consider a variety of factors. Section
202 (a) (2) (B) (ii) of EISA (2007), which applies to BBD volumes
under the RFS, reads as follows (our emphasis): OTHER CALENDAR
YEARS.For the purposes of subparagraph (A), the applicable volumes
of each fuel specified in the tables in clause (i) for calendar
years after the calendar years specified in the tables shall be
determined by the Administrator, in coordination with the Secretary
of Energy and the Secretary of Agriculture, based on a review of
the implementation of the program during calendar years specified
in the tables, and an analysis of (I) the impact of the production
and use of renewable fuels on the environment, including on air
quality, climate change, conversion of wetlands, ecosystems,
wildlife habitat, water quality, and water supply; (II) the impact
of renewable fuels on the energy security of the United States;
(III) the expected annual rate of future commercial production of
renewable fuels, including advanced biofuels in each category
(cellulosic biofuel and biomass-based diesel); (IV) the impact of
renewable fuels on the infrastructure of the United States,
including deliverability of materials, goods, and products other
than renewable fuel, and the sufficiency of infrastructure to
deliver and use renewable fuel; (V) the impact of the use of
renewable fuels on the cost to consumers of transportation fuel and
on the cost to transport goods; and (VI) the impact of the use of
renewable fuels on other factors, including job creation, the price
and supply of agricultural commodities, rural economic development,
and food prices. A recent study by economist Wade Brorsen (2015;
included as an Appendix to these comments) provides new information
relevant to the assessment of the impact on the price and supply of
agricultural commodities. Brorsen examines the supply and demand of
U.S. BBD feedstocks, and projects quantities that may be available
for increased BBD production without causing a significant increase
in prices or unduly affecting other uses of these feedstocks. This
study covers all major BBD feedstocks, including: soy oil, canola
oil, inedible corn oil, yellow grease, and other recycled feeds.
The study projects supply growth of soy and canola oil from past
trends and USDA forecasts, and allows growth in supply of waste
fats and oils. These ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111
growth assumptions on waste oil availability may tend to the
generous side. For example, Brorsen allows for 8% annual growth in
used cooking oil collection, but the study is not able to provide
evidence to confirm that such increases would be economically
feasible. Brorsen concludes that annual growth in total BBD
feedstock availability will be 30 million gallons in 2015, 29
million gallons in 2016, and 25 million gallons in 2017 (Table 9
from Brorsen, 2015).Brorsen finds that EPAs proposed BBD volumes
would result in a feedstock deficit of 186 million
biodiesel-equivalent gallons in 2017 and a cumulative deficit of
337 million gallons over 2015-2017 (shown in Figure 1). The reason
that feedstock availability is not great enough to support the
proposed increases in BBD production is that these oils and fats
have existing uses as food, animal feed, soaps, and other
industrial uses. Brorsen argues that demand for food is
particularly inelastic and it will be difficult to bid oils and
fats away from food consumption without a significant increase in
prices. On the waste oils side, Brorsen notes that used cooking oil
collection from restaurants is a mature market with the recycled
oils used for animal feed (where not already being used as BBD
feedstock). Brorsen quotes Van Gerpen (2014), who notes that used
cooking oil is not really a waste product, and there is already a
market for used cooking oil. Brorsen argues that there is little
room for expansion of collection of used cooking oil and other
waste fats like trap grease because it is not currently
economically viable to collect such a low value product from the
disparate sources (e.g. households) available. In order to meet the
proposed volumes, BBD production would have to bid feedstocks away
from other uses, significantly impacting the supply of oils and
fats in the U.S. for other uses and increasing prices of these
commodities. Figure 1: EPAs proposed increase in BBD volumes
compared to volumes that can be supported by growth in available
feedstock from Brorsen (2015) (million gallons). The difference
between EPAs proposal and Brorsens projections of feedstock
availability is even larger when taking into account the
possibility that BBD will also be used to comply with the
non-ringfenced part of the advanced biofuel mandate. EPA expects
much of the gap 0501001502002503002015 2016 2017Increase in BBD
volumes above 2014 production (million gallons)EPA proposed
increase in BBD volumes above 2014 volumesProjected BBD growth from
available feedstocksDecit in feedstock availability that must be
lled by increased imports or bidding oils and fats from food and
other usesICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 between the
BBD mandate and the advanced mandate (700 million ethanol
equivalent gallons or 467 million biodiesel equivalent gallons) to
be met with even more BBD. The exact level of BBD supply
anticipated varies depending on levels of E85 penetration in the
year 2016, but all but one of the scenarios for how the advanced
mandate could be filled include higher BBD production than required
for the BBD mandate alone. In other words, when taking the proposed
BBD mandate and advanced mandate for 2016 as a package, the demand
from RFS2 for BBD could be as high as 2,131 million gallons. That
would imply 442 million gallons feedstock demand beyond what
Brorsen expects to be available (Figure 2). This gap is on the
order of 15% of all soy oil production in the U.S. Diverting such a
large volume of BBD feedstock from existing oil and fat uses would
inevitably have significant impacts on supply and price. Figure 2:
Increase in BBD volumes from 2014 to 2016 in the proposed rule EPAs
range in the quantity of BBD expected to be used in their scenarios
to fill the advanced mandate; and BBD volume increase that can be
supported by feedstock growth from Brorsen (2015) (million
gallons). Given the limit on BBD feedstock supply, we would suggest
that the proposed BBD volumes for 2015-2017 should be revised to be
consistent with realistic growth potential. Alternative volumes
based on Brorsens analysis are shown in Table 1.
0100200300400500600EPA proposed increase in BBD volumes above 2014
volumesEPA projected increase in BBD to ll Advanced mandateBrorsen
projected BBD feedstock availabilityIncrease in BBD volumes from
2014 to 2016 (million gallons)lower bound upper boundDecit in
feedstock availability that must be lled by increased imports or
bidding oils and fats from food and other usesICCT comments on
docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 Table 1: EPAs proposed BBD volumes in
billion gallons per year for 2015-2017, compared to ICCT suggested
volumes based on projected feedstock growth in Brorsen (2015) in
billion gallons. 201520162017 EPAs proposal1.701.801.90 ICCT
suggestion1.661.6891.714 The RFS2 was designed to allow flexibility
in compliance. Reducing the mandated BBD volumes does not prevent
higher consumption of BBD in the event that feedstock is indeed
available beyond the limits identified by Brorsen. As in previous
years, BBD would still be able to compete with other options within
the non-BBD part of the advanced mandate.Advanced biofuel volumes
EPA has proposed using its cellulosic waiver authority to reduce
advanced biofuel volumes from those specified in the statute for
2014-2016. This decision is necessary in the circumstances, in
particular given the very substantial shortfall between expected
cellulosic biofuel production and the volumes set out in the
statute. As EPA notes, it is not possible to meet the statutory
advanced volume given current advanced biofuel supply and
infrastructure. While we believe that the decision to use this
waiver is correct, we believe that given limits on availability of
non-cellulosic advanced biofuels and advanced biofuel feedstocks
that it would be appropriate for the EPA to utilize its full waiver
authority to reduce advanced biofuel volumes further than currently
proposed, by the same amount as the reduction in the cellulosic
volume. Given the proposed cellulosic volume mandate, this would
result in a requirement for 2.606 and 3.206 billion gallons of
advanced biofuel in 2015 and 2016, respectively, compared to the
proposal for 2.9 and 3.4 billion gallons in 2015 and 2016.Making
these adjustments to the advanced mandate would reduce the
likelihood of the following situations: increases to BBD production
much larger than intended by EPA, resulting in very large impacts
on the US vegetable oil market; and very high demand for limited
supplies of Brazilian sugarcane ethanol, bidding up the price to
little environmental benefit. As noted in the above section, all
but one of EPAs scenarios for how the advanced mandate could be
filled include higher BBD production than the BBD mandate. The only
scenario given in which BBD demand would be limited to the BBD
mandate would be a combination of high use of sugarcane ethanol and
high use of grandfathered conventional biodiesel, likely to be made
from palm oil.1 Indeed, there is no scenario presented to meet the
proposed advanced and renewable biofuel mandates that does not
require one or more of:Excessive pressure on vegetable oil markets;
Excessive pressure on sugarcane ethanol imports; 1 Given that palm
oil biodiesel does not have a pathway under the RFS, and may well
result in emissions increases rather than reductions, it is felt
that an outcome in which grandfathered palm oil imports are forced
to rise is undesirable.ICCT comments on docket no.
EPAHQOAR2015-0111 High consumption of conventional biodiesel
imports, likely meaning grandfathered palm oil that is not expected
to deliver a 20% emissions reduction. In contrast, applying the
entire cellulosic waiver to the advanced mandate would allow for
appropriate expansion of BBD as well as flexibility in meeting the
advanced mandate, and allow compliance scenarios to be developed
with a much reduced risk of these negative impacts. This in turn
would reduce pressure on oil and fat prices and non-fuel uses. This
approach would maintain support for increased E85 deployment as a
substantial amount of E85 would still be needed to meet the
advanced and renewable mandates. It would also still leave room for
BBD to compete with advanced ethanol and other fuels in the non-BBD
part of the advanced mandate in the event that additional BBD
feedstock becomes available. We note that in order to avoid driving
a market in grandfathered palm oil biodiesel, it would be necessary
to reduce the renewable mandate by the same amounts as our
suggested reductions in the advanced biofuel volumes (see below).
Reducing the mandated volumes of advanced fuels by the same amount
as any future waiver to the cellulosic volumes would be an
appropriate starting point when considering advanced volume
mandates in all future years of the RFS2 program. Larger advanced
mandates than this should only be considered if there is a clear
supply scenario that would be consistent with the goals of the RFS
and not result in negative unintended consequences.Renewable fuel
volumes We believe that the proposal to apply both the cellulosic
waiver and the general waiver to the renewable fuel volumes for
2014-2016 is appropriate. As described above in our comments on the
advanced biofuel volumes, we suggest that EPA consider reducing the
renewable fuel volumes further, to reflect the reduced advanced
volumes suggested above. As noted above, this would maintain
support for E85 deployment without adding substantial pressure on
BBD production and U.S. oil and fat supplies, or forcing high
imports of conventional biodiesel with questionable environmental
performance.This approach that would be an appropriate starting
point when considering renewable volume mandates in all future
years of the RFS2 program. Larger renewable mandates than this
should only be considered if there is a clear supply scenario that
would be consistent with the goals of the RFS and not result in
negative unintended consequences. Algal biofuel pathway EPAs
proposal to clarify that the existing RFS pathway for biofuels from
algal oils applies only to photosynthetically grown algae is
consistent with the basis of the algal oil pathway analysis.
Heterotropic algae, for example fed with sugar from sugarcane, will
have a very different lifecycle carbon footprint than
photosynthetically grown algae. Emissions from the sugarcane
production and associated land use change would need to be included
in the assessment, and this is a significant difference from the
photosynthetic algal pathway assessment EPA has already completed.
Conclusions ICCT commends EPA for its commitment to strengthening
the RFS2 program and getting it back on schedule despite challenges
in cellulosic biofuel production and issues related to the E10 ICCT
comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 blendwall. We believe that
the following revisions to the proposed volumes would strengthen
the proposal and be more consistent with the statutory requirement
for EPA to be mindful of impacts on agricultural commodity supply
and prices: Use a less conservative methodology for determining
cellulosic biofuel volumes for 2015 and 2016. Utilize recent
technical analysis on growth in BBD feedstock supply (Brorsen,
2015) to set BBD volumes for 2015-2017 and all future years of the
program.Apply the entire cellulosic waiver to advanced biofuel
volumes and make a corresponding reduction to the proposed
renewable fuel volumes. Following these principles, we suggest EPA
use the volumes in Table 2 in finalizing this rulemaking. Table 2:
ICCT suggestion for RFS2 annual volumes in billion gallons per year
for 2015 and 2016 and biomass-based diesel volume for 2017
(compared to EPAs proposed volumes). FUEL CATEGORY201520162017
Cellulosic biofuel0.106+* (0.106)0.206+* (0.206)N/A Biomass-based
diesel1.66 (1.70)1.689 (1.80)1.714 (1.90) Advanced biofuel2.606
(2.90)3.206 (3.40)N/A Renewable fuel16.006 (16.30)17.206 (17.40)N/A
*We suggest EPA use a less conservative methodology for estimating
cellulosic biogas volumes. We also support EPAs proposal to clarify
that the existing algal biofuel pathway applies only to
photosynthetically grown algae. Literature cited Brorsen, W.
(2015). Projections of U.S. Production of Biodiesel Feedstock.
Report attached as Appendix to these comments. EcoEngineers. RIN
price data available at: http://rinindex.ecoengineers.us/ Irwin, S.
(2013). Estimating the Biodiesel Supply Curve. Department of
Agricultural and Consumer Economic, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champagne. Available at:
http://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2013/10/estimating-biodiesel-supply-curve.html
USDA (2014). Global Agricultural Information Network Report:
Brazil, Biofuels Annual. Prepared by Sergio Barros. Available at:
http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Sao%20Paulo%20ATO_Brazil_7-25-2014.pdf
USDA (2015). ERS Table 1Fuel ethanol supply and disappearance,
calendar year. Available at:
http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/us-bioenergy-statistics.aspx
ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 Appendix to ICCT
comments on Renewable Fuel Standard Program: Standards for 2014,
2015, and 2016 and Biomass-Based Diesel Volume for 2017 Notice of
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commetclol ptoJoctloo of teoewoble foels, locloJloq oJvooceJ
blofoels lo eocb coteqoty (celloloslc blofoel ooJ blomoss-boseJ
Jlesel), /021 tbe lmpoct of teoewoble foels oo tbe loftosttoctote
of tbe uolteJ 5totes, locloJloq Jellvetoblllty of motetlols, qooJs,
ooJ ptoJocts otbet tboo teoewoble foel, ooJ tbe sofflcleocy of
loftosttoctote to Jellvet ooJ ose teoewoble foel, /21 tbe lmpoct of
tbe ose of teoewoble foels oo tbe cost to coosomets of
ttoospottotloo foel ooJ oo tbe cost to ttoospott qooJs, ooJ /201
tbe lmpoct of tbe ose of teoewoble foels oo otbet foctots,
locloJloq job cteotloo, tbe ptlce ooJ sopply of oqtlcoltotol
commoJltles, totol ecooomlc Jevelopmeot, ooJ fooJ ptlces. (; 87I586
D9 :7DDF;I DH7 00/ M5;65D7L DH7 N73 C58D 9E DH7 >5Q F: :7GDF9;
T^(U. 'HF: 87C98D :77N: D9 H7>C %!J 67D78MF;7 H9Q M=GH
VF96F7:7> G5; V7 =:76 DH5D F: G9;:F:D7;D QFDH DH7:7
I=F67>F;7:. 4H5D F: 5 875:9;5V>7 D58I7D E98 VF96F7:7> 5;6
56O5;G76 VF9E=7>:_ 4H787 Q9=>6 DH7 E776:D9GN G9M7 E89M_ 'H7
9V`7GDFO7 H787 F: D9 C89`7GD H9Q M=GH VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN F:
5O5F>5V>7 QFDH9=D 5 :FI;FEFG5;D F;G875:7 F; C8FG7. (: FD
G9;:F:D7;D QFDH DH7 >5Q D9 G9;DF;=7 D9 ICCT comments on docket
no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 F;G875:7 DH7 VF9M5::SV5:76 6F7:7> 5;6
56O5;G76 VF9E=7> M5;65D7: V3 A@@X 5;6 B@@X I5>>9;: C78
3758 E98 DH7 ;7RD :7O785> 3758:_ 'H7 E9G=: F: 9; -.*. C896=GDF9;
9E VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN. J;9DH78 G9;G78; F: DH5D M5;65D7: M5N7
DH7 67M5;6 E98 VF9E=7> C78E7GD>3 F;7>5:DFG. ,996 5;6 9DH78
=:7: M=:D 5V:98V 5>> 9E DH7 :=CC>3 :H9GN:. 'H7 M5;65D7:
M5N7 E996 C8FG7: O9>5DF>7. X5;65D7: G9;D8FV=D76 D9 DH7 :D77C
8F:7 9E E996 C8FG7: F; ?@@[. a85F; C8FG7: 587 87>5DFO7>3
>9Q ;9Q. 47 587 G=887;D>3 7RC78F7;GF;I E5O985V>7 Q75DH78.
4H5D H5CC7;: QH7; Q7 87D=8; D9 >7:: E5O985V>7 Q75DH78
G9;6FDF9;:_ n|stor|ca| 8|od|ese| roduct|on and Ieedstock Use
'5V>7 A C89OF67: -.*. VF96F7:7> :=CC>3 5;6 6F:5CC7585;G7
E98 DH7 M9:D 87G7;D EFO7 3758:. !896=GDF9; H5: I89Q; 85CF6>3
9O78 DHF: DFM7 C78F96. #;7 G9;G78; F: DH7 85CF6 I89QDH F; FMC98D:
F; DH7 >5:D DQ9 3758:. (MC98D: F; DH7:7 DQ9 3758: Q787 ;758>3
A[b 9E D9D5> =:7. 'HF: F: 5 G9;G78; V7G5=:7 FE 85F:F;I DH7
VF96F7:7> M5;65D7 9;>3 87:=>D: F; F;G875:76 FMC98D:L DH7;
FD F: ;9D M77DF;I DH7 7;78I3 :7G=8FD3 5;6 8=85> 7G9;9MFG
67O7>9CM7;D I95>: 9E DH7 >5Q. J;9DH78 DHF;I DH5D '5V>7
A :H9Q: F: DH5D F;G875:7: 9E c@@X I5>>9;: 5 3758 98 7O7; A@@X
I5>>9;: 587 O783 >58I7 F;G875:7:. 1ab|e 1. U.S. 8|od|ese|
Supp|y and D|sappearance (1,000 ga||ons) *=CC>3 /F:5CC7585;G7
&5>7;658 d758 07IF;;F;I *D9GN:!896=GDF9;(MC98D:'9D5>
'9D5>%;6F;I *D9GN: ?@A@?eL[Y?cZcLZZB?cLY[YceYLeec cY[LWYe?[L??Z
?@AA?[L??ZeYWLZ[AcWLceYAL@ccLA@A eZ[LYAc[ZLZ[[
?@A?[ZLZ[[ee@LWA?cBL[?YALAAAL@?Y AL@?cLB?B[WLB@A
?@Ac[WLB@AALcBeLZBYcZ?Lc[ZALW[eLcZA ALY@@LA@AA[eL?Z@
?@AZA[eL?Z@AL?ceLeBe?A?LZW[ALYZALYWW ALB@ALc?eAZ@LcZ[ *9=8G7\ -*/J
%"*L
HDDC\]]QQQ.78:.=:65.I9O]65D5SC896=GD:]=:SVF97;78I3S:D5DF:DFG:.5:CRL
'5V>7 Z )9D7\ 'H7:7 587 G5>7;658 3758 O5>=7:. X58N7DF;I
3758: :H9Q 5 M987 G9;:F:D7;D D87;6. '5V>7 ? :H9Q: DH7 F;C=D: D9
-.*. VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9; 6=8F;I DH7 >5:D EFO7 3758:. *93V75;
9F> 69MF;5D7: 5: FD C89OF67: 9O78 H5>E 9E DH7 E776:D9GN. 'H7
9DH78 DH877 >58I7 :9=8G7: 587 G5;9>5 9F>L G98; 9F>L 5;6
37>>9Q I875:7. 'H7 87C98D QF>> ;7RD G9;:F678 75GH 9E
DH7:7 E9=8 F;C=D :9=8G7: 5: Q7>> 5: 9DH78 :9=8G7:. ICCT
comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 1ab|e 2. U.S. Inputs to
8|od|ese| roduct|on (M||||on pounds) &5>7;658 d758
&5D7I983(;C=D?@A@?@AA?@A??@Ac?@AZ ^7I7D5V>7
9F>:&5;9>5 9F>?ZY[ZWWe@YZYAL@ZY &98;
9F>AA?c@ZYZYAL@Y[ eW@ &9DD9;:776 9F>44SSS !5>M
9F>444Yc?Yc *93V75; 9F>ALAZAZLABcZL@Z?BLB@WZL[@? #DH784444eY
J;FM5> E5D:!9=>D83A@@?Z@AWYAY@AWc '5>>9QAW@ZcAc[BZYBcBB
4HFD7 I875:7cccBccZ@[ZY[Z?W #DH78Z?[BZ[4c@ "7G3G>76 d7>>9Q
I875:7?ZYZWAYW@AL@ZYAL@WZ #DH78Z@AeB?[ecA@A[Y J>I57SSST:UA #DH78
cc?WA4ABA *9=8G7\ -.*. %;78I3 (;E98M5DF9; J6MF;F:D85DF9; '5V>7 c
S f )9 65D5 87C98D76 4 f 4FDHH7>6 D9 5O9F6 6F:G>9:=87 9E
F;6FOF6=5> G9MC5;3 65D5. T:U f ^5>=7 F: >7:: DH5; @.B 9E
DH7 D5V>7 M7D8FGL V=D O5>=7 F: F;G>=676 F; 5;3 5::9GF5D76
D9D5>. '9D5>: M53 ;9D 7K=5> DH7 :=M 9E G9MC9;7;D: 6=7 D9
F;67C7;67;D 89=;6F;I. )9D7\ (D D5N7: 89=IH>3 W.W C9=;6: 9E
9F> D9 C896=G7 A I5>>9; 9E VF96F7:7> T-*/J ?@@?U. 'H7
D9D5>: F; DHF: D5V>7 587 89=IH>3 W.Y C9=;6: E98 75GH
I5>>9; C896=G76 F; '5V>7 A. red|ct|on Method for Soy and
Cano|a C|| ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 'H7 :5M7
M7DH96 Q5: =:76 D9 C876FGD E=D=87 :93 9F> 5;6 G5;9>5 9F>
C896=GDF9;. 'H7 M7DH96 Q5: ;9D =:76 E98 9DH78 G5D7I98F7: 7FDH78 6=7
D9 >5GN 9E 65D5 98 F; DH7 G5:7 9E G98; 9F> DH5D DH7 G5C5GFD3
E98 7RC5;:F9; Q5: >FMFD76. ,987G5:D >FD785D=87 :H9Q: DH5D 5
G9MVF;5DF9; 9E E987G5:D M7DH96: 9ED7; V75D: 5 :F;I>7 E987G5:D
M7DH96 T05D7: 5;6 a85;I78 AeYeU. 'Q9 E987G5:D M7DH96: Q787 =:76 5;6
DH7 EF;5> E987G5:D F: DH7 5O785I7 9E DH7 DQ9 E987G5:D:. 09DH
M7DH96: =:7 DH7 M9:D 87G7;D DQ7>O7 3758: 9E 65D5. #;7 M7DH96 F:
5 >F;758 D87;6 M967>. 'H7 9DH78 M7DH96 F: 5; 5=D987I87::FO7
F;D7I85D76 M9OF;I 5O785I7 TJ"(XJU M967>. 'H7 M967> =:76 Q5:
5; J"(XJTALAL@U :9 DH5D FD Q5: F; EF8:D 6FEE787;G7: 5;6 =:76 9;7
>5I. 'FM7 :78F7: M967>: >FN7 J"(XJ M967>: H5O7 V77;
:H9Q; D9 C896=G7 M987 5GG=85D7 E987G5:D: DH5; >58I7 7G9;9M7D8FG
M967>: TJ>>7; AeeZU. Soy C|| *93V75; 9F> H5:
HF:D98FG5>>3 V77; 9;7 9E DH7 GH75C78 O7I7D5V>7 9F>: 5;6
DHF: 5>9;I QFDH DH7 >58I7 K=5;DFDF7: C896=G76 H5: G9;D8FV=D76
D9 FD: 7RD7;:FO7 =:7 5: E776:D9GN E98 VF96F7:7>. J: 5 >7I=M7L
:93V75; C896=GDF9; H5: DH7 56O5;D5I7 9E ;9D 87K=F8F;I 56676
;FD89I7;. *93 9F> F: DH7 9;>3 69M7:DFG :9=8G7 9E O7I7D5V>7
9F> DH5D H5: C896=GDF9; >58I7 7;9=IH D9 :=CC98D M=GH I89QDH
F; VF96F7:7>. 'H7 C89V>7M QFDH :93 9F> F: DH5D :=CC>3
5;6 67M5;6 587 ;9D O783 87:C9;:FO7 D9 C8FG7. *93V75;: 587 9;>3
A[S?@b 9F>L :9 DH7 C8FG7 9E :93V75;: 5;6 DH7 O5>=7 9E
G8=:HF;I DH7M F: 67D78MF;76 M987 V3 :93V75; M75> C8FG7: DH5; V3
9F> C8FG7:. (; 5 87OF7Q 9E M=>DFC>7 :D=6F7:L #N87;D 5;6
J>:D9; T?@AAU EF;6 DH5D E996 67M5;6 5: 5 QH9>7 F:
F;7>5:DFG 5;6 DH7 G9;6FDF9;5> 67M5;6 E98 E5D: 5;6 9F>: F:
F;7>5:DFG. *93 9F> F: 5 :M5>> C58D 9E DH7 C8FG7 9E M5;3
6F:H7: 5;6 :9 FD F: 6FEEFG=>D D9 VF6 5Q53 :93 9F> 5Q53 E89M
E996 G9;:=MCDF9;. J>> :93 9F> F: G=887;D>3 V7F;I
G9;:=M76 7FDH78 F; E996 98 5 O58F7D3 9E 9DH78 C896=GD: :=GH 5:
G9:M7DFG: 5;6 F: ;9D E877>3 5O5F>5V>7 E98 VF96F7:7>
C896=GDF9;. 4FDH C9C=>5DF9; F;G875:7:L :93 9F> G9;:=MCDF9;
E98 =:7: 9DH78 DH5; VF96F7:7> G5; V7 7RC7GD76 D9 F;G875:7.
J;9DH78 >FMFD5DF9; D9 7RC5;6F;I :93 9F> C896=GDF9; F: DH5D
DH7 M5;65D7: E98 G98; 7DH5;9> 587 5>:9 F;G875:F;I. &98;
5;6 :93V75;: 587 D3CFG5>>3 I89Q; F; 5 89D5DF9; QH787 G98; F:
I89Q; 7FDH78 7O783 9DH78 3758 98 DQ9 9=D 9E DH877 3758:. 'H7 G98;
7DH5;9> C89I85M G875D7: 5; F;G7;DFO7 D9 I89Q M987 G98; 5;6
>7:: :93V75;:. ,=8DH78L DH7 68F76 6F:DF>>78g: I85F; T//aU
DH5D F: 5 V3C896=GD 9E G98; 6F:DF>>F;I F: c@ScBb C89D7F; 5;6
:9 E776F;I //a: 876=G7: DH7 67M5;6 E98 :93V75; M75>. %RC98D: 9E
:93 9F> 587 7RC7GD76 D9 V7 ?L@@@ MF>>F9; C9=;6: F; ?@AB.
'HF: 5M9=;D Q9=>6 D85;:>5D7 F;D9 ?Y@X I5>>9;: 9E
VF96F7:7>. 'H7 :93 9F> DH5D F: G=887;D>3 7RC98D76 Q9=>6
H5O7 D9 V7 VF6 5Q53 E89M FD: G=887;D =:7 5;6 :9 Q9=>6 ;9D V7
5O5F>5V>7 QFDH9=D 5 :FI;FEFG5;D F;G875:7 F; C8FG7. "76=GF;I
7RC98D: 697: C89OF67 5 C9D7;DF5> :9=8G7 9E 69M7:DFG VF96F7:7>
E776:D9GN 5;6 :9 DH73 587 87>7O5;D D9 DH7 F::=7 9E 567K=5D7
69M7:DFG :=CC>3. %O7; FE DH7 7;DF87 5M9=;D 9E :93 7RC98D:
G9=>6 V7 6FO78D76 D9 69M7:DFG VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9;L FD
Q9=>6 9;>3 C89OF67 5 9;7SDFM7 F;G875:7 F; E776:D9GN :=CC>3
5;6 Q9=>6 ;9D :=CC98D F;G875:F;I VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9; F;
E=D=87 3758:. ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111
'5V>7 c C89OF67: HF:D98FG5> -.*. C896=GDF9; 9E :93 9F> 5;6
5 C89`7GDF9; 9E :93 9F> C896=GDF9; 9=D D9 ?@Ae. *93 9F>
C896=GDF9; H5: V77; 87>5DFO7>3 G9;:D5;D 9O78 DH7 >5:D
DQ7>O7 3758:L V=D 697: H5O7 5 :>FIHD =CQ586 D87;6. 'H7
C89`7GDF9; F: V5:76 9; DHF: =CQ586 D87;6 G9;DF;=F;I. 'H7 C89`7GDF9;
F: DH5D :93 9F> C896=GDF9; QF>> F;G875:7 5D
5CC89RFM5D7>3 @.eZb 5 3758. 4FDH -.*. C9C=>5DF9; 9;>3
F;G875:F;I 5D 5 85D7 @.WWb 5 3758L :93 9F> 9EE78: 5 :M5>>
:9=8G7 9E F;G875:76 E776:D9GN E98 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9;. 'HF:
@.AWb 6FEE787;G7 F; I89QDH 85D7: G5; C89OF67 I89QDH 9E 5V9=D BX
I5>>9;: 9E VF96F7:7> 5 3758. ICCT comments on docket no.
EPAHQOAR2015-0111 1ab|e 3. U.S. Soybean C|| 8a|ance Sheet Data
(m||||on pounds) &89C d758!896=GDF9;(MC98D:/9M7:DFG
-:70F96F7:7>%RC98D: ?@@ZAeLcY@?YAWLZceZZBALc?Z
?@@B?@Lc[WcBAWLeBeALBBBALABc ?@@Y?@LZ[ecWA[LBWZ?LWYAAL[WW
?@@W?@LB[@YBA[LccBcL?ZB?LeAA ?@@[A[LWZBe@AYL?YB?L@Ye?LAec
?@@eAeLYABA@cABL[AZALY[@cLcBe ?@A@A[L[[[ABeAYLWeZ?LWcWcL?cc
?@AAAeLWZ@AZeA[LcA@ZL[WZALZYZ ?@A?AeL[?@AeYA[LY[WZLY[e?LAYZ
?@Ac?@LAc@AYBA[LeB[BL@A@AL[WW ?@AZ?@Le@B??BAeL@@@BL@@@ALe@@
?@AB?AL?W@AWBAeLc@@BLA@@?L@@@ ?@AY?AL@c@ ?@AW?AL??[ ?@A[?ALZ?Z
?@Ae?ALY?A *9=8G7\ -*/J %G9;9MFG "7:758GH *78OFG7L
HDDC\]]QQQ.78:.=:65.I9O]65D5SC896=GD:]=:SVF97;78I3S:D5DF:DFG:.5:CRE98
?@@ZS?@Ac. 'H7 $=>3 ?@AB 4J*/% 87C98D F: =:76 E98 ?@AZ 5;6 ?@AB.
'H7 3758: ?@AYS?@Ae 587 C89`7GD76. Cano|a C|| &5;9>5 F:
5CC89RFM5D7>3 Z@ C78G7;D 9F> 5;6 Y@ C78G7;D M75>L 5;6 DH7
C8FG7 9E G5;9>5 9F> Q5: c.W? DFM7: DH5D 9E G5;9>5 M75>
E89M ?@AA D9 ?@Ac T-*/JL ?@AcU. &5;9>5 9F> C8FG7 F:
HFIH78 DH5; DH5D ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 9E
:93 9F>. &5;9>5 M75> F: >7:: O5>=5V>7 DH5;
:93V75; M75> 6=7 D9 FD: >9Q78 C89D7F; G9;D7;D. *9 G5;9>5
9F> H5: 5 M=GH >58I78 7EE7GD 9; DH7 C8FG7 9E G5;9>5 DH5;
:93 9F> 697: 9; DH7 C8FG7 9E :93V75;:. &5;9>5 F: 9ED7;
I89Q; 9; DH7 :5M7 >5;6 5: QH75D. 4FDH QH75D C8FG7: >9QL DH787
F: 5 C9D7;DF5> D9 VF6 >5;6 5Q53 E89M QH75D C896=GDF9; 5;6
F;D9 G5;9>5. 'H787 F: C78H5C: M987 C9D7;DF5> D9 F;G875:7 DH7
C896=GDF9; 9E G5;9>5 9F> DH5; 5;3 9DH78 E776:D9GN. J>>
VF96F7:7>: 69 C998>3 F; G9>6 Q75DH78L V=D VF96F7:7>
E89M G5;9>5 697: V7DD78 DH5; DH7 9DH78:. *F;G7 FD C896=G7: 5
:=C78F98 VF96F7:7>L G5;9>5 9F> C8FG7 QF>> 87M5F;
5V9O7 DH7 C8FG7 9E :93 9F>. &5;9>5 F: 5 H75O3 =:78 9E
;FD89I7; E78DF>Fh78L V=D V7G5=:7 9E FD: HFIH 9F> G9;D7;DL FD
:DF>> H5: 5; 7;78I3 V5>5;G7 :=EEFGF7;D D9 K=5>FE3 5: 5;
56O5;G76 VF9E=7>. 4HF>7 C896=GDF9; 9E G5;9>5 9F> H5:
V77; I89QF;I 85CF6>3L 5V9=D DQ9SDHF86: 9E 69M7:DFG G9;:=MCDF9;
F: FMC98D76. 0F96F7:7> =:7 F: 5>87563 M987 DH5; H5>E 9E
69M7:DFG C896=GDF9;. J: '5V>7 Z :H9Q:L G5;9>5 9F>
C896=GDF9; F: 7RC7GD76 D9 G9;DF;=7 D9 I89Q 9O78 DH7 ;7RD EFO7 3758:
5D 5; 5O785I7 85D7 9E WcX C9=;6: 5 3758. JV9=D A?X C9=;6: 5 3758
587 ;77676 D9 G9O78 C9C=>5DF9; I89QDHi FE 5>> 9E DH7
87M5F;F;I I89QDH Q787 =:76 E98 VF96F7:7>L FD Q9=>6 :=CC98D 5;
F;G875:7 9E 5V9=D [X I5>>9;: 5 3758. ICCT comments on docket
no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 1ab|e 4. U.S. Cano|a C|| 8a|ance Sheet Data
(m||||on pounds) &89C d758!896=GDF9;(MC98D:/9M7:DFG -:7%RC98D:
?@@Z[c? ALAcc ALYY@?Ye?@@Be?[ ALBe[ ALeAeZWA?@@Yec? ALBY[
ALe[BYc@?@@WAL@AB ?L?ZA ?Le?ccZe?@@[ALA@B ?LcAB ?L[ccBZe?@@eAL@W[
?LcBA ?L[BZBBc?@A@ALABZ cLAcA cLYYeBAA?@AAALAAB cL?[e
cL[BAYYZ?@A?AL?Ye ?LWYA cLY@?ZWB?@AcALBeA cLceA ZLB[Z?Y??@AZALWA?
cLYBA BL??AAYB?@ABALWA[ ?@AYAL[@[ ?@AWAL[eW ?@A[ALe[Y ?@Ae?L@WY
*9=8G7\ -*/J %G9;9MFG "7:758GH *78OFG7L
HDDC\]]QQQ.78:.=:65.I9O]65D5SC896=GD:]=:SVF97;78I3S:D5DF:DFG:.5:CRE98
?@@ZS?@AZ. 'H7 3758: ?@ABS?@Ae 587 C89`7GD76. 'H7 -.*. 5;6
&5;56F5; M58N7D: 587 G>9:7>3 >F;N76 :9 FD F: =:7E=>
D9 7R5MF;7 &5;56F5; G5;9>5 9F> C896=GDF9;. &5;565 F:
DH7 Q98>6g: >58I7:D C896=G78 9E G5;9>5. 'H7 -;FD76 *D5D7:
F: DH7 :7G9;6 >58I7:D FMC98D78 9E &5;56F5; G5;9>5 9F>
QFDH &HF;5 V7F;I DH7 >58I7:D. /=7 D9 C998 G89C G9;6FDF9;:L
C896=GDF9; 9E G5;9>5 F; &5;565 F; ?@AB F: C89`7GD76 D9 689C
E98 DH7 :7G9;6 3758 F; 5 ICCT comments on docket no.
EPAHQOAR2015-0111 89Q T,J* ?@ABU. (; G9;D85:DL &5;56F5;
G5;9>5 9F> C896=GDF9; H5: V77; :D7563 9O78 DH7 >5:D DH877
3758: T'5V>7 BU. &5;56F5; G5;9>5 9F> F: ;9D C89`7GD76
D9 V7 5 87563 :9=8G7 9E F;G875:76 VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN. 1ab|e S.
Canada Cano|a C|| 8a|ance Sheet (m||||on pounds) X58N7DF;I
d758!896=GDF9;(MC98D:%RC98D: /9M7:DFG &9;:=MCDF9;%;6F;I *D9GN:
?@Ac]AZYL[c?A[YBL?Y@ALZZBBL[Z@ ?@AZ]ABYL[BZAY[BLcWYALZe@BLAAZ
?@AB]AYYL[eeAY[BLBccALBBWcLWee *9=8G7\ ,J* T?@ABU
HDDC\]]5CC:.E5:.=:65.I9O]C:69;>F;7]C:6"7C98D.5:CR_HF6"7C98D"7D8F7O5>)5M7f'5V>7jA?bc5j"5C7:776j5;6j!896=GD:bc5j498>6j*=CC>3j5;6j/F:D8FV=DF9;kHF6"7C98D"7D8F7O5>(/fWAAkHF6"7C98D"7D8F7O5>'7MC>5D7(/fAA
Corn C|| &98; 9F> C896=GDF9; H5: :H9Q; D87M7;69=: I89QDHL
V=D H5: >7O7>76 9EE F; DH7 >5:D E7Q 3758:. 'H7 ;=MV78: F;
'5V>7 Y F;G>=67 V9DH 76FV>7 5;6 F;76FV>7 G98; 9F>.
%6FV>7 G98; 9F> 87K=F87: 5 M987 7RC7;:FO7 87EF;F;I C89G7::
5;6 :9 76FV>7 G98; 9F> F: ;9D =:76 E98 VF96F7:7>. X=GH 9E
DH7 I89QDH H5: V77; F; F;76FV>7 G98; 9F> 5: G98; 7DH5;9>
C>5;D: H5O7 569CD76 C89G7::7: DH5D 5>>9Q 7RD85GDF;I
F;76FV>7 G98; 9F>. 'H7 G9MC7DF;I =:7 9E F;76FV>7 G98;
9F> F: 5;FM5> E776. X=GH 9E DH7 569CDF9; 9E G98; 9F>
7RD85GDF9; 5D 7DH5;9> C>5;D: H5: 5>87563 D5N7; C>5G7
T$7::7; ?@AcU 5;6 DH5D F: QH3 I89QDH H5: >7O7>76 9EE.-:F;I
DH7 :5M7 I89QDH 85D7 5: DH7 >5:D E9=8 3758:L IFO7: 5 C876FGD76
I89QDH 9E A@X C9=;6:L QHFGH G9=>6 :=CC98D I89QDH F; VF96F7:7>
C896=GDF9; 9E AX I5>>9;: 5 3758. ICCT comments on docket no.
EPAHQOAR2015-0111 1ab|e 6. U.S. Corn C|| 8a|ance Sheet Data
(m||||on pounds) &89C d758!896=GDF9;(MC98D:/9M7:DFG -:7%RC98D:
?@@Z?LceYZeALYBcW[e ?@@B?LZ[cZBALY[BWee ?@@Y?LBY@ZcAL[c?Wec
?@@W?LB@WZBALWBYWYe ?@@[?LZA[ZcALBY[[AZ ?@@e?LZ[BcWAL[eBWWZ
?@A@cL[B@Z[cL@@BWe? ?@AAZL??BZYcLcZ?AL@@c ?@A?ZLA?BY@cLAY@AL@?B
?@AcZLB@@Z?cLBZcAL@@@ ?@AZZLZB@Z@cLYe@[@@ ?@ABZLZBe ?@AYZLZYe
?@AWZLZW[ ?@A[ZLZ[W ?@AeZLZeW *9=8G7\ -*/J %G9;9MFG "7:758GH
*78OFG7L
HDDC\]]QQQ.78:.=:65.I9O]65D5SC896=GD:]=:SVF97;78I3S:D5DF:DFG:.5:CRE98
?@@ZS?@AZ. 'H7 3758: ?@ABS?@Ae 587 C89`7GD76. )9D7\ 'H7:7 65D5
F;G>=67 V9DH 76FV>7 5;6 F;76FV>7 G98; 9F> 5;6 9;>3
F;76FV>7 G98; 9F> F: ;98M5>>3 =:76 E98 VF96F7:7>
C896=GDF9;. Cther C||s ICCT comments on docket no.
EPAHQOAR2015-0111 #DH78 9F>: G9=>6 566 :M5>> 5M9=;D: D9
VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN. '5V>7 ? :H9Q: eYX C9=;6: 9E 9DH78
9F>: =:76 F; ?@AZ. (D 5>:9 :H9Q: ;9 G9DD9;:776 9F>.
*=;E>9Q78 9F> F: C896=G76 F; DH7 -;FD76 *D5D7:. 0=DL FD:
C8FG7 F: 69=V>7 DH5D 9E :93 9F> :9 FD F: ;9D I9F;I D9 V7 5
M5`98 :9=8G7 9E VF96F7:7>. (;E98M5DF9; 9; DH7:7 9DH78 9F>: F:
>FMFD76. (E 5 cb I89QDH 85D7 F: =:76 DH5D Q9=>6 566 E776:D9GN
E98 5V9=D @.BX I5>>9;: 9E VF96F7:7> 5 3758. %O7; FE DH7:7
I89Q M=GH E5:D78L DH73 587 ;9D I9F;I D9 V7 5 M5`98 :9=8G7 9E
:=CC>3. e||ow Grease d7>>9Q I875:7 F: M9:D>3 =:76
G99NF;I 9F>:. (D H5: >7:: DH5; ABb E877 E5DD3 5GF6:. 'H7 E877
E5DD3 5GF6: G9MC>FG5D7 DH7 6F:DF>>5DF9; C89G7:: T^5;
a78C7; ?@AZUL V=D DH7 C89V>7M H5: V77; :9>O76 :=EEFGF7;D>3
DH5D :=V:D5;DF5> K=5;DFDF7: 587 V7F;I =:76 D9 C896=G7
VF96F7:7>. &9>>7GDF;I =:76 G99NF;I 9F>: E89M
87:D5=85;D: F: ;9D ;7Q. ^5; a78C7; 58I=7:L l=:76 G99NF;I 9F> F:
;9D 875>>3 5 Q5:D7 C896=GDm 5;6 lDH787 F: 5>87563 5 M58N7D
E98 =:76 G99NF;I 9F>.m 'H7:7 87G3G>76 9F>: H5O7 M9:D>3
V77; =:76 F; 5;FM5> E776.J: '5V>7 W :H9Q:L DH7 C896=GDF9; 9E
37>>9Q I875:7 H5: V77; 87>5DFO7>3 :D7563 9O78 DFM7.
X=GH G99NF;I 9F> F: =:76 5D H9M7 5;6 DH7 7G9;9MF7: 9E :Fh7
;77676 D9 G9>>7GD :=GH 5 >9Q O5>=7 C896=GD F: ;9D
C87:7;D. &78D5F;>3L DH787 587 7R5MC>7: 9E GFDF7: DH5D
G9>>7GD =:76 9F>: 5D 87G3G>F;I G7;D78: 5;6 9DH78
7EE98D: D9 G9>>7GD =:76 G99NF;I 9F>:L V=D :9 E58 DH73 587
;9D H5OF;I 7;9=IH FMC5GD D9 M9O7 DH7 D9D5> O9>=M7 9E
37>>9Q I875:7. 47 G5;;9D 7RC7GD M=GH 9E DH7 G99NF;I 9F>
=:76 5D H9M7 D9 V7 =:76 D9 C896=G7 VF96F7:7>. d7>>9Q
I875:7 F: 5 M5D=87 M58N7D. (D M53 ;9D H5O7 DH5D M=GH M987 899M D9
I89Q. 0F96F7:7> G=887;D>3 =:7: H5>E 9E 37>>9Q I875:7
C896=G76 T%(Ji *QF:H78 ?@ABU. 'HF: 5M9=;D 9E 37>>9Q I875:7 F:
7;9=IH D9 C896=G7 5V9=D AZ@X I5>>9;: 9E VF96F7:7>.
4HF>7 37>>9Q I875:7 =:7 F; VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9; H5:
I89Q; K=FGN>3L FD F: =;>FN7>3 D9 G9;DF;=7 DHF: 85D7 9E
I89QDH. J; [b]3758 F;G875:7 Q9=>6 C89OF67 E776:D9GN E98 5;
F;G875:7 9E AAX I5>>9;: 9E VF96F7:7> 5 3758. 'HF: F;G875:7
Q9=>6 G9M7 E89M 876=GF;I DH7 5M9=;D 9E 37>>9Q I875:7 I9F;I
D9 5;FM5> E776:. 'H7 5M9=;D I9F;I D9 VF96F7:7> M53 G9;DF;=7
D9 F;G875:7L V=D DH7 :Fh7 9E DH7:7 F;G875:7: F: I9F;I D9 D5F>
9EE 5: FD V7G9M7: 6FEEFG=>D D9 VF6 37>>9Q I875:7 5Q53 E89M
9DH78 =:7:. An|ma| Iats J;FM5> E5D: H5O7 V77; 5 M5`98
G9;D8FV=D98 D9 VF96F7:7> QFDH 5 D9D5> 9E e[YX C9=;6: 9E
E776:D9GN F; ?@AZ. J;FM5> E5D: 587 5 :M5>> C58D 9E
5;FM5> O5>=7L :9 DH787 F: ;9D I9F;I D9 V7 M=GH C8FG7
87:C9;:7. !78 G5CFD5 G9;:=MCDF9; 9E M75D F; DH7 -;FD76 *D5D7:
G9;DF;=7: D9 D87;6 69Q;Q586 T%"* ?@ABU. &9;:F:D7;D QFDH DHF:L
'5V>7 W :H9Q: 5 :>FIHD 69Q;Q586 D87;6 F; DH7 87;678F;I 9E
5;FM5> E5D:. 'H787 F: >FDD>7 C9D7;DF5> E98 F;G875:F;I
DH7 D9D5> K=5;DFD3 9E 5;FM5> E5D:L :9 VF96F7:7> Q9=>6
H5O7 D9 VF6 5;FM5> E5D: 5Q53 E89M 9DH78 =:7:. 'H7:7 9DH78 =:7:
F;G>=67 >FO7:D9GN E776 T7:C7GF5>>3 C9=>D83UL C7D
E996:L 5;6 DH7 9>79GH7MFG5> F;6=:D83 5: Q7>> 5:
76FV>7 C896=GD: T*QF:H78 ?@ABU.*QF:H78 67:G8FV7: C7D E996: 5;6
5K=5G=>D=87L QH787 E5D: 5;6 9F>: 587 87C>5GF;I EF:H
M75>L 5: I89QDH 5875: E98 DH7 87;678F;I F;6=:D83. (E Q7
I7;789=:>3 5::=M7 DH5D DH7 D9D5> K=5;DFD3 9E 5;FM5> E5D:
:D53: DH7 :5M7 5;6 DH5D DH7 C89C98DF9; 67O9D76 D9 VF96F7:7> ICCT
comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 F;G875:7: cb]3758 DH5D
Q9=>6 C89OF67 E98 5 I89QDH 85D7 9E 5V9=D ZX I5>>9;: 9E
VF96F7:7>. J;FM5> E5D: 587 5; =;>FN7>3 5875 E98 M=GH
I89QDH. ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 1ab|e 7. U.S.
roduct|on, Consumpt|on, and Lxport of kendered roducts, 2009-2014
(M |bs.) &5D7I983?@@e?@A@?@AA?@A??@Ac?@AZ roduct|on (;76FV>7
D5>>9QcLcWBcLcc?cL?W[cL?@ZcLAWe?LeeA %6FV>7
D5>>9QAL[cWAL[?BALeBBALWe@ALWWYALY?W d7>>9Q
I875:7ALe?ZALeABALee[ALeB@ALe[Y?L@BZ 4HFD7
I875:7AL?ecAL?YcAL?[@ALcA@ALc@?AL?[? !9=>D83
E5DAL@A@AL@ceAL@Z[AL@ZWAL@Y?AL@WY 1ota|
roduct|oneLZZ@eLcWceLBBeeLc@@eLc@YeL@c@ Methy| Lsther 4HFD7
I875:7ccZcccBccZ@[ZY[Z?W '5>>9QBcAAW@ZcAc[BZB?cBB !9=>D83
E5DAcBA@@?Z@AWYAY@AWZ #DH78 5;FM5> E5DYeZ?[BZ[)Jc@ d7>>9Q
I875:7ABY?ZYZWAYW@eWWAL@WZ #DH78 87G3G>76 9F>AZZ@AeB?[ec@ZA[Y
1ota| Methy| LstherAL?ceecAALeBBALeWY?LcYA?L?ZY 1ota|
UseYLY?cBLZc?BLA@?BLcY?BLcB@BLAe[
Lxports?L[AWcLAe??LYW??L?eZAL[e[AL[@? *9=8G7\ *QF:H78 T?@ABU keoJet
M5I5hF;7 Cther kecyc|ed Ieeds ICCT comments on docket no.
EPAHQOAR2015-0111 '5V>7 ? 5;6 '5V>7 W :H9Q A[Y X C9=;6: 9E
9DH78 87G3G>76 E776:. 'HF: G5D7I983 H56 :9M7 I89QDHL V=D
E7>> :=V:D5;DF5>>3 F; ?@AZ. *9M7QH787 F; DHF: G5D7I983
F: D85C I875:7. '85C I875:7 Q9=>6 V7 5 67:F85V>7 E776:D9GN 5:
FD: 5>D78;5DFO7 =:7 F: D9 V7 D5N7; D9 5 >5;6EF>>. '85C
I875:7 H5: I875D78 DH5; ABb E877 E5DD3 5GF6: 5;6 9ED7; H5:
FMC=8FDF7:. 'H7 G9:D 9E G9>>7GDF;I 5;6 87EF;F;I D85C I875:7
F: QH5D H5: G5=:76 FD D9 V7 D5N7; D9 DH7 >5;6EF>> F; DH7
C5:D T^5; a78C7; ?@AZU. J ;=MV78 9E 7EE98D: 587 =;678Q53 D9
G9>>7GD 5;6 C89G7:: M987 D85C I875:7. 'H787 F:
G9;:F6785V>7 =;G78D5F;D3 5V9=D DH7 C9D7;DF5> D9 F;G875:7 DH7
=:7 9E D85C I875:7 E98 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9;. (D H5: ;9D H5CC7;76
37D 9; 5;3 >58I7 :G5>7. 'HF: G5D7I983 M53 G9;DF;=7 D9 I89Q.
(E Q7 5::=M7 DH5D FD I89Q: 5D cb]3758 DH5D Q9=>6 C89OF67 E98 5
I89QDH F; VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9; 9E 5V9=D AX I5>>9;:]3758.
Imports J: 58I=76 F; DH7 6F:G=::F9; :9 E58L DH787 587 875>>3
9;>3 DQ9 C>5G7: D9 I7D DH7 E776:D9GN D9 F;G875:7 VF96F7:7>
C896=GDF9; V3 A@@X 98 c@@X I5>>9;: 7O7; F; 5 :F;I>7 3758\
:93 9F> 5;6 FMC98D:. (; 87G7;D 3758:L M987 9E DH7 FMC98D: H5O7
V77; F; DH7 E98M 9E VF96F7:7> 85DH78 DH5; E776:D9GN. 4H7DH78
E=D=87 FMC98D: 587 VF96F7:7> 98 E776:D9GN QF>> 67C7;6 9;
C9>FGF7: F; DH7 -;FD76 *D5D7: 5: Q7>> 5: 9DH78 G9=;D8F7:.
'H7 DH877 G9=;D8F7: C89OF6F;I DH7 M9:D VF96F7:7> FMC98D: 587
J8I7;DF;5L (;69;7:F5L 5;6 &5;565.#;7 G8FD78F5 DH5D %!J M=:D
G9;:F678 F: l567K=5D7 69M7:DFG :=CC>F7:.m '5V>7 [ C89OF67: 5
:=MM583 9E H9Q M=GH QF>> ;776 D9 V7 FMC98D76 D9 M77D DH7
C89C9:76 VF96F7:7> M5;65D7: TDH7 67EFGFDU. J: '5V>7 [ :H9Q:L
DH7 -;FD76 *D5D7: 5>87563 697: ;9D H5O7 567K=5D7 69M7:DFG
:=CC>F7: 9E VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN D9 M77D 69M7:DFG =:7 5:
Q7>> 5: VF96F7:7> M5;65D7:. 'H7 -.*. 5>87563 FMC98D:
G9;:F6785V>7 G5;9>5 9F> 5;6 VF96F7:7>. 'H7 ;=MV78: F;
'5V>7 [ M53 7O7; 9O787:DFM5D7 5O5F>5V>7 :D9GN: 5: DH7
7RC98D: 9E 76FV>7 G98; 9F> 5;6 :9M7 9E DH7 87;67876 C896=GD:
587 D99 O5>=5V>7 D9 V7 =:76 E98 VF96F7:7>. 'H7 FMC98D:
87K=F876 D9 M77D DH7 M5;65D7: Q9=>6 G9;DF;=7 D9 I89Q. J:
'5V>7 [ :H9Q: DH7 -;FD76 *D5D7: 697: ;9D H5O7 567K=5D7 69M7:DFG
:=CC>F7: 9E VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN D9 M77D DH7 C89C9:76
VF96F7:7> M5;65D7:. (E VF96F7:7> EF>>: DH7 56O5;G76
VF9E=7> M5;65D7: 5: 7RC7GD76L DH7 67EFGFD QF>> 8F:7 7O7;
M987. ,98 7R5MC>7L FE VF96F7:7> M=:D EF>> DH7 56O5;G76
M5;65D7: C89`7GD76 F; '5V>7 eL DH7 67EFGFD Q9=>6 V7 ZL[W? X
>V:. F; ?@AY 5;6 Q9=>6 I89Q D9 AALZZ[ X >V:. E98 ?@Ae.
ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 1ab|e 8. Summary of
ro[ected Ava||ab|||ty of 8|od|ese| Ieedstock (M |bs) *93L
&5;9>5L 5;6 &98; #F>5 '9D5>00F9M5::S
&5>7;658 d758!896=GDF9; )9;SVF9E=7> =:7 JO5F>5V>7
E98 VF96F7:7> "7;67876 !896=GD:V #DH78G JO5F>5VF>FD3 E98
VF96F7:7> 05:76 /F7:7> X5;65D76 /7EFGFD
?@AB?WLcBc?@LZAZYLec[ZL@Z[?BBAAL?Z?AcL@e@AL[Z[
?@AY?WLcZA?@LB[YYLWBBZL@Z[?YcAAL@YWAcL[Y@?LWec
?@AW?WLB?e?@LWcZYLWeZZL@Z[?WAAALAAZAZLYc@cLBAY
?@A[?WL[?Z?@L[[ZYLeZ@ZL@Z[?WeAAL?Y[ABLZ@@ZLAc?
?@Ae?[LAAe?AL@cZWL@[BZL@Z[?[WAALZ?AAYLAW@ZLWZe 5/5D5 E98 M58N7DF;I
3758: Q5: G9;O78D76 D9 G5>7;658 3758: =:F;I 5 Q7FIHD76 5O785I7.
V'H7 87;67876 C896=GD: G9>=M; F: DH7 :=M 9E VF96F7:7> =:7 5;6
7RC98D: F; ?@AZ E89M '5V>7 Y. (D F;G>=67: 37>>9Q I875:7
5;6 5;FM5> E5D:. (D F: H7>6 G9;:D5;D H787. G'H7 9DH78
G5D7I983 F;G>=67: DH7 '5V>7 ? G5D7I98F7: #DH78L #DH78
^7I7D5V>7 #F>:L 5;6 J>I57. 'H7:7 587 5::=M76 D9 I89Q 5D 5
85D7 9E c C78G7;D. 6X5;65D76 VF9M5::SV5:76 6F7:7> O9>=M7: F;
?@A[ 5;6 ?@Ae 587 5::=M76 H787 D9 E9>>9Q DH7 D87;6 9E %!Jg:
C89C9:5> E98 ?@ABS?@AW. Summary of red|cted Ieedstock
Ava||ab|||ty 'HF: :D=63 :7D 9=D D9 5;:Q78 DH7 K=7:DF9;\ P9Q M=GH
E776:D9GN F: 5O5F>5V>7 D9 V7 =:76 E98 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9;
QFDH9=D 5 :=V:D5;DF5> F;G875:7 F; C8FG7. 'H7 875> 5;:Q78 D9
DHF: K=7:DF9; F: ;9;7. *9L DH7 K=7:DF9; 5;:Q7876 F;:D756 F:\ FE
C5:D C896=GDF9; D87;6: G9;DF;=7L H9Q M=GH E776:D9GN G9=>6 V7
5O5F>5V>7 E98 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9;_ -;678 :9M7 I7;789=:
5::=MCDF9;:L DH7 5;:Q78 F: 7;9=IH D9 F;G875:7 VF96F7:7>
C896=GDF9; V3 ?eX I5>>9;: F; ?@AYL V=D 5;;=5> I89QDH F;
E776:D9GN 5O5F>5VF>FD3 F: C89`7GD76 D9 67G875:7 F;
E9>>9QF;I 3758:. '5V>7 e :H9Q: DH7 :H98D5I7: DH5D Q9=>6
;776 D9 V7 EF>>76 =;678 5>D78;5DFO7 M5;65D7 >7O7>:
FE C5:D D87;6: F; F;G875:76 C896=GDF9; 5;6 =:7 G9;DF;=7. %EE7GD: 9E
DH7 M5;65D7: F; DH7 :H98D 8=; QF>> V7 M96785D76 5: DH787 587
:9=8G7: :=GH 5: 5 876=GDF9; F; 7RC98D: 9E :93 9F>L
5O5F>5V>7 :D9GN:L 5;6 G58839O78 "():./89=IHD G9;6FDF9;:
QF>> 87D=8; :9M7 DFM7 F; DH7 ;7RD E7Q 3758:. %O7; QFDH9=D 5
689=IHDL DH7 9;>3 Q53 D9 M77D DH7 M5;65D7 F: HFIH78 C8FG7: D9
VF6 :D9GN: 5Q53 E89M 9DH78 =:7: 5;6 D9 C89OF67 5; F;G7;DFO7 D9
FMC98D VF96F7:7> 98 VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN. 1ab|e 9. Summary of
LA Mandates and Ava||ab|e Ieedstock ICCT comments on docket no.
EPAHQOAR2015-0111 X5;65D76 &=M=>5DFO7
0F96F7:7>JO5F>5V>7 ,776:D9GN E89M a89QDH TX a5>>9;:U
/7EFGFD d758 a89QDH 5V9O7 ?@AZ ^9>=M7:TX a5>UV *93
#F>&5;9>5 &98; #F> d7>>9Q a875:7#DH78
'9D5> a89QDH F; ,776:D9GN JO5F>5VF>FD3 5V9O7 ?@AZ
XF>>F9; a5>>9;: X >V:. #F>5 8|od|ese| Mandate
?@ABW@B[AAABc@Z@c@[ ?@AYAW@A@AY??@AABeAAA[BB
?@AW?W@AB?Zc?YAY[ZA[YALZc? ?@A[cW@?@c?ZcA??A@e?YA?L@A@
?@AeZW@?BZ@BcB?WAc?cc[?LY@c Advanced Mandate ?@ABAZ@B[AAABc@AA@[ZW
?@AYZZ@A@AY??@AABec[A?LecZ ?@AWWZ@AB?Zc?YAY[ZYBYBL@BA
?@A[A@Z@?@c?ZcA??A@eecAWLAYe ?@AeAcZ@?BZ@BcB?WAc?AL?@[eLc@? )9D7\ J
C98DF9; 9E DH7 56O5;G76 M5;65D7 F: 5::=M76 D9 V7 EF>>76 V3
9DH78 56O5;G76 VF9E=7>:. 'H7 ;=MV78: =:76 H787 587 678FO76 =:F;I
DH7 7RC7GD76 GH5;I7:. ,98 37>>9Q I875:7 5;6 9DH78L DH7:7
D87;6: F;G>=67 F;G875:76 =:7 E98 VF96F7:7>. '5V>7 [L
H9Q7O78L 9;>3 F;G>=67: 7RC7GD76 C896=GDF9;. 5#;7 I5>>9;
9E 6F7:7> F: 5::=M76 D9 87K=F87 W.W C9=;6: 9E 9F> T-*/J
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