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Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
AIRSPACE
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
AIRSPACENo changes in new „tranche 1‟ Annex 14.
All changes to be in „tranche 2‟ Annex 14.
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
• “ non-precision approaches” changed to
“heliports operating in VMC” **; and
• “precision approaches” changed to
“heliports operating in IMC”.
At HDWG5 (Dec 2009) it was proposed to
delete all ref to “IMC (IFR) heliports” … now
being questioned … not clear of outcome of this
debate.
** covers PinS approaches.
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
ANGLE/SLOPE RELATIONSHIP
x
y
Angle - tan = x/y
Slope - Ratio - (y/x):1
Slope - Percentage – (x/y) x 100%
Angle Slope Percentage
degrees X:1 %
26.6 2 : 1 50
11.3 5 : 1 20
9.5 6 : 1 16.7
9.1 6.25 : 1 16.0
9.0 6.3 : 1 15.9
8.5 6.67 : 1 15.0
7.5 7.6 : 1 13.2
7.1 8 : 1 12.5
6.3 9 : 1 11.1
6.0 9.5 : 1 10.5
5.7 10 : 1 10.0
4.8 12 : 1 8.3
4.6 12.5 : 1 8.0
4.1 14 : 1 7.1
3.8 15 : 1 6.7
2.9 20 : 1 5.0
2.6 22 : 1 4.5
1.7 34 : 1 2.9
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
ANGLE/SLOPE RELATIONSHIP
x
y
Angle - tan = x/y
Slope - Ratio - (y/x):1
Slope - Percentage – (x/y) x 100%
Angle Slope Percentage
degrees X:1 %
26.6 2 : 1 50
11.3 5 : 1 20
9.5 6 : 1 16.7
9.1 6.25 : 1 16.0
9.0 6.3 : 1 15.9
8.5 6.67 : 1 15.0
7.5 7.6 : 1 13.2
7.1 8 : 1 12.5
6.3 9 : 1 11.1
6.0 9.5 : 1 10.5
5.7 10 : 1 10.0
4.8 12 : 1 8.3
4.6 12.5 : 1 8.0
4.1 14 : 1 7.1
3.8 15 : 1 6.7
2.9 20 : 1 5.0
2.6 22 : 1 4.5
1.7 34 : 1 2.9
US/FAA ICAO
Note:
ICAO Annex 14 surfaces quoted in terms of %.
US (FAA) in terms of slope „y:1‟ e.g. 8:1.
Internationally (including ICAO) quote slope as „ „1:x‟e.g. 1:8
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
AIRSPACE TERMINOLOGY
FAA AC-2B
APROACH/DEPARTURE SURFACE
CURRENT ANNEX 14
APPROACH SURFACE
TAKE-OFF SURFACE
FAA AC-2B
2:1 TRANSITIONAL SRFACE
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
SURFACES
• OLS = Obstacle Limitation Surface - a
surface which must NOT be penetrated.
• OIS = Obstacle Identification Surface – a
surface above which obstacles can
penetrate but which must be surveyed to
ensure they are not an „hazard‟.
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
AIRSPACE: CURRENT ANNEX 14
• DIFFERENT REQUIREMENTS FOR:
• PERFORMANCE CLASS
• APPROACH AND TAKE-OFF (DEPARTURE)
• DAY/NIGHT
• TWO (2) APPROACH AND TWO (2) DEPATURE FLIGHT PATHS
REQUIRED.
•TAKE-OFF AND APPROACH SURFACES – NO PENTRATIONS
ALLOWED i.e. OLS
•TRANSITIONAL SURFACES NOT REQUIRED FOR VMC/VFR
[i.e. ONLY required for IMC/IFR -NO PENTRATIONS ALLOWED.]
•„AIRSPACE‟ STARTS FROM SAFETY AREA
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
CURRENT
Annex 14
AIRSPACEAPPROACH
SURFACE
[VMC/VFR]
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
ICAO Annex 14 AIRSPACE
Helicopter
Performance
Classification
defined in
Annex 6
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
ICAO Annex 14 AIRSPACE
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
APPROACH/DEPARTURE
AIRSPACE [ELEVATION]
FAA Approach/Departure
8:1 [12.5% / 7.1°]
ICAO PC 1,2 & 3 Approach
ICAO PC2/PC3 Takeoff
8% [12.5:1 / 4.6°]
0 800Distance - ft
0 Distance - m 24
5ICAO PC 1 Takeoff - 4.5% [22:1 / 2.6°]
64ft
(19.5 m)
CURRENT ANNEX 14
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
ANGLE/SLOPE RELATIONSHIP
x
y
Angle - tan = x/y
Slope - Ratio - (y/x):1
Slope - Percentage – (x/y) x 100%
Angle Slope Percentage
degrees X:1 %
26.6 2 : 1 50
11.3 5 : 1 20
9.5 6 : 1 16.7
9.1 6.25 : 1 16.0
9.0 6.3 : 1 15.9
8.5 6.67 : 1 15.0
7.5 7.6 : 1 13.2
7.1 8 : 1 12.5
6.3 9 : 1 11.1
6.0 9.5 : 1 10.5
5.7 10 : 1 10.0
4.8 12 : 1 8.3
4.6 12.5 : 1 8.0
4.1 14 : 1 7.1
3.8 15 : 1 6.7
2.9 20 : 1 5.0
2.6 22 : 1 4.5
1.7 34 : 1 2.9
ICAO
Current Annex 14 – 3 segment
Range of
Annex 14
„slopes’
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
Example
Approach
Approach
VMC/VFR : S-92
PC1, PC2 & PC3
Annex 14 – 3 Segment „Airspace’
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
CURRENT
Annex 14
AIRSPACEAPPROACH
SURFACE
[VMC/VFR]
HDWG AGREED CURRENT ANNEX 14
TOO COMPLEX
TABLE DELETED
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
AIRPSACE: FAA AC 150/5390-2B
• SAME AIRSPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL VMC/VFR
OPERATIONS.
• TWO (2) APPROACH/DEPARTURE FLIGHT PATHS.*
• PROTECTION ZONE UNDER APPROACH/ DEPARTURE
FLIGHT PATH.**
•AIRSPACE STARTS FROM FATO. [ICAO STARTS FROM SAFETY AREA]
* ONE (1) APPROACH/DEPARTURE FLIGHT PATH ALLOWED FOR PPR AND
HOSPITAL HELIPORTS.
** OPTIONAL FOR PPR / NOT REQUIRED FOR HOSPITAL HELIPORTS.
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
GENERAL AVIATION HELIPORTS
TRANSITIONAL SURFACE – 2:1
AC-2B
Approach/Departure
NO Penetrations
Transitional
Penetrations if NOT
an Hazard
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
FAA AIRSPACE
.
NEW AC 150/5390-2B
•General Aviation : Approach/Departure Surfaces should be free of penetrations…any penetrations of the Transitional Surface should be considered hazard unless FAA study determines it is not a hazard to air navigation.i.e. penetrations of Transitional Surfaces ONLY allowed if they are not a hazard.
NOTE: FAA ALLOWS USE OF A „LATERIAL EXTENSION OF THE 8:1 SURFACE‟ (DEFINED IN AC-2B) FOR PPR and HOSPITAL HELIPORTS –THISIS NOT ADDRESSED IN THIS PRESNTATION.
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
GENERAL AVIATION
HELIPORTS
TRANSITIONAL SURFACE – 2:1
AC-2B
Transitional Surface
Penetrations if NOT
an Hazard
AC-2B
Approach/Departure
Surface
NO Penetrations
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
GENERAL AVIATION
HELIPORT
AC-2B
Approach/Departure
NO Penetrations
Transitional
Penetrations if NOT a
Hazard
Obstacle below OLS
Obstacle above OIS .. but NOT
a hazard.
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
ANNEX 14/FAA AC DIFFERRENCE
AIRSPACE (VFR/VMC)
FAA AC-2B
- 8:1 [BASED ON TYPICAL OPERATIONAL PROFILES, EXPERIENCE, SAFETY RECORD]
- TRANSITION SURFACES REQUIRED.[„MODIFIED SURFACES‟ FOR PPR AND HOSPITAL HELIPORTS]
- SAME SURFACE FOR APPROACH AND DEPARTURE
- SURFACES START FROM EDGE OF FATO
ICAO ANNEX 14-“3 SEGMENT” WITH INITIAL TWO “SLOPES” SHALLOWER THAN 8:1 [BASED ON H-V CHART AND
MAX TOW FLIGHT PROFILES]
- SURFACES START FROM EDGE OF SAFETY ZONE
- TRANSITION SURFACE NOT REQUIRED FOR NON-INSTRUMENT (VMC/VFR) HELIPORTS
- DIFFERENT SURFACES FOR APPROACH AND DEPARTURE
- SOME DIFFERENCE IN SURFACES FOR CLASS 1, 2 AND 3
- SEPARATE REQUIREMENTS FOR VFR DAY AND VFR NIGHT
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
ANNEX 14/FAA AC DIFFERENCES
• ICAO SLOPE/LENGTH OF SLOPE CHOSEN TO ENABLE HELICOPTER
TO DECELERATE ON LANDING, ACCELERATE AND CLIMB TO TAKEOFF
(i.e. TAKES INTO ACCOUNT ACTUAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS) AND
AVOID PENETRATION OF H-V DIAGRAM
• FAA SINGLE SLOPE FOR APPROACH AND DEPARTURE
[8:1 FOR VFR][FAA:H-V IMPLICATIONS NOT REQUIRED TO BE CONSIDERED FOR DEVELOPING
VFR AIRPSACE –RECENT SOME FAA HAVE STATED THEY CAN NOT SUPPORT THIS
WHEN DISCUSSING ANNEX 14.]
• ICAO REQUIRES DIFFERENCES MAXIMUM WIDTH FOR DAY AND
NIGHT BASED ON DESIGN HELICOPTER [7 RD DAY/10 RD NIGHT]
• FAA MAXIMUM WIDTH: 500 FT (152 m)
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
AIRSPACE ISSUES
FAA AC-2B
• DOWNWIND (TAIL WIND) OPERATIONS SHOULD BE AVOIDED
• CROSS WIND OPERATION SHOULD BE KEPT TO A MINIMUM
• TWO APPROACHES SEPARATED BY ANGLE DEPENDENT ON
PREVAILNG WIND DIRECTIONS (OR IF NOT AVAIABLE PREFERED FLIGHT
PATH ON WIND DIRECTION AND OTHER AT LEAST 135 DEGREES).
ICAO ANNEX 14• PC 2 AND PC 3: APPROACH PATH TO BE SELECTED TO PERMIT SAFE
FORCED LANDING OR OEI LANDINGS (JUDGEMENT REQUIRED)
• MISSED APPROACH: MUST BE CONSIDERED
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
APPROACH/DEPARTURE
AIRSPACE [ELEVATION]
FAA Approach/Departure
8:1 [12.5% / 7.1°]
ICAO Class 1,2 & 3 Approach
ICAO Class 2 & 3 Takeoff
8% [12.5:1 / 4.6°]
0 800Distance - ft
0 Distance - m 245
ICAO Class 1 Takeoff - 4.5% [22:1 / 2.6°]Protection Zone **[** General Aviation 280 ft /Transport 400 ft ( m) ]
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
APPROACH/DEPARTURE
AIRSPACE [ELEVATION]
0
FAA - 8:1[12.5%7.1°]
ICAO Annex 14 Approach
Distance -m
Distance - ft0 2000 4000
245 434 1146
8% [1:12.5/4.6°] 12.5%[1:8/7.1°] 500 ft / 152 m
4.5% [1:22/2.6°]~PC1: NOT SHOWN
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
ANGLE/SLOPE RELATIONSHIP
x
y
Angle - tan = x/y
Slope - Ratio - (y/x):1
Slope - Percentage – (x/y) x 100%
Angle Slope Percentage
degrees X:1 %
26.6 2 : 1 50
11.3 5 : 1 20
9.5 6 : 1 16.7
9.1 6.25 : 1 16.0
9.0 6.3 : 1 15.9
8.5 6.67 : 1 15.0
7.5 7.6 : 1 13.2
7.1 8 : 1 12.5
6.3 9 : 1 11.1
6.0 9.5 : 1 10.5
5.7 10 : 1 10.0
4.8 12 : 1 8.3
4.6 12.5 : 1 8.0
4.1 14 : 1 7.1
3.8 15 : 1 6.7
2.9 20 : 1 5.0
2.6 22 : 1 4.5
1.7 34 : 1 2.9
ICAOUS/FAA
US/FAA
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
AC-2B
Current („tranche 1‟)Annex 14 Approach VFR Day
(S-92)
TRANSITIONAL SURFACE **
** FAA AC-2B: NOT REQUIRED FOR PPR OR HOSPITAL „LATERIAL
EXTENSION OF 8:1‟ IS USED
4000 ft (1220 m)
1146 m (3760 ft)
500 ft (152 m)
120 m ( 393 ft)
[7RD: Night 10RD]
10%
[15% Night]
APPROACH/DEPARTURE
AIRSPACE [PLAN]
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
•HDWG Airspace Sub-group agreed to:-
(i) use of combined Takeoff and Approach Surfaces
(ii)„cutting the link‟ between performance categories and slope
requirements and to adopt slope categorizations which are described
as A, B and C.
• „A‟ corresponds to PC1 (Cat A) helicopters – dictated by OEI
requirements.
•„B‟ and „C‟ slopes equate to a “high performance slope” and a “low
performance slope” respectively PC2 and PC3 helicopters. [A powerful
single engine helicopter operating in PC3 may have the capability to achieve a rate of
climb, which allows it to utilize the more onerous „C‟ slope requirements. A less
powerful twin, operating in PC2 for example, may be restricted to using the less
onerous „B‟ slope requirements.]
AIRSPACE –PROPOSALS
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
•HDWG Airspace Sub-group agreed to:-
(i) use of combined „Takeoff‟ and Approach Surfaces
(ii)„cutting the link‟ between performance categories and slope
requirements and to adopt slope categorizations which are described
as A, B and C.
• „A‟ corresponds to PC1 (Cat A) helicopters – dictated by OEI
requirements.
•„B‟ and „C‟ slopes equate to a “high performance slope” and a “low
performance slope” respectively PC2 and PC3 helicopters. [A powerful
single engine helicopter operating in PC3 may have the capability to achieve a rate of
climb, which allows it to utilize the more onerous „C‟ slope requirements. A less
powerful twin, operating in PC2 for example, may be restricted to using the less
onerous „B‟ slope requirements.]
AIRSPACE –PROPOSALS
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
Note. – The slope categories in Table 4-1 may not be restricted to a specific performance class of operation and may be applicable to more than one performance class of operation. The slope categories depicted in Table 4-1 represent minimum design slope angles and not operational slopes.
Slope category “A” generally corresponds with helicopters operated in performance class 1;
slope category “B” generally corresponds with helicopters operated in performance class 3; and
slope category “C” generally corresponds with helicopters operated in performance class 2.
Consultation with helicopter operators will help to determine the appropriate slope category to apply according to the heliport environment and the most critical helicopter type for which the heliport is intended
Airspace - Slopes
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
ANGLE/SLOPE RELATIONSHIP
x
y
Angle - tan = x/y
Slope - Ratio - (y/x):1
Slope - Percentage – (x/y) x 100%
Angle Slope Percentage
degrees X:1 %
26.6 2 : 1 50
11.3 5 : 1 20
9.5 6 : 1 16.7
9.1 6.25 : 1 16.0
9.0 6.3 : 1 15.9
8.5 6.67 : 1 15.0
7.5 7.6 : 1 13.2
7.1 8 : 1 12.5
6.3 9 : 1 11.1
6.0 9.5 : 1 10.5
5.7 10 : 1 10.0
4.8 12 : 1 8.3
4.6 12.5 : 1 8.0
4.1 14 : 1 7.1
3.8 15 : 1 6.7
2.9 20 : 1 5.0
2.6 22 : 1 4.5
1.7 34 : 1 2.9
ICAO
„New‟ Annex 14 slopes
Nominally Agreed
US/FAA
US/FAA
A
B ( 2 segments/ 2 Slopes)C
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
SURFACES
Three „slopes‟ have been agreed:
i)„A‟: 4.5% (1:22.2/2.7°) slope for 3386 m (11,111 ft/2.1 s.miles)
ii) „B‟: two segment slope of 8% (1:12.5/4.6°) for 245 m (804 ft)
and then 16 % (1:6:25/9.1°) for 830 m (2723 ft).
(iii) „C‟: 12.5 % (1:8/7.1°) slope for 1220 m (4000 ft)
Note: Total distance in each case is defined as the point where the height is 500
ft (152 m) above the FATO surface. The 4.5 % („A‟) is related to a PC1 takeoff
and it has been agreed this surface can also be consider an OIS. „B‟ and „C‟ are
OLS.
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010
APPROACH/DEPARTURE
AIRSPACE [ELEVATION]
FAA Approach/Departure
8:1 [12.5% / 7.1°]
0 800Distance - ft
0 Distance - m 24
5“B slope” - 8% [12.5:1 / 4.6°] 245 m (804 ft) + 16% [6.25:1/9.1º] 830 m (2723 ft)
100ft
(30 m)
PROPOSED ANNEX 14
Approach and Takeoff
PC1
“C slope” 12.5% [8:1/7.1º] 1075 m (3527 ft)
“A slope” 4.5% [22:1/7.1º]
Leverton Associates, IncICAO ‘Annex 14 Update’ Forum – HAI HeliExpo 2010