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R. N. Raikar Memorial International Conferenceand Dr. Suru Shah
Symposium on
20-21, December 2013 Hotel Hyatt Regency, Mumbai
ADVANCES IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF CONCRETE
Organised by
Technical PapersVolume
India Chapter ofAmerican Concrete Institute
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iOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
R. N. Raikar Memorial International Conferenceand Dr. Suru Shah
Symposium on
20-21, December 2013 Hotel Hyatt Regency, Mumbai
ADVANCES IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF CONCRETE
Organised by
Technical PapersVolume I
India Chapter ofAmerican Concrete Institute
R. N. Raikar Memorial International Conferenceand Dr. Suru Shah
Symposium on
20-21, December 2013 Hotel Hyatt Regency, Mumbai
ADVANCES IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF CONCRETE
Organised by
Technical PapersVolume I
India Chapter ofAmerican Concrete Institute
2-3, Nagree Terraces, Soonawala Agiary Road, Mahim (West),
Mumbai 400 016. Tel.: +91 - 022 - 2446 9175 w Telefax: +91 - 022 -
2446 0760 w Email: [email protected]
Web: www.icaci.com
American Concrete Institute
Korea Concrete Institute The Institution of Structural
Engineers, UK
Supported by
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ADVANCES IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF CONCRETE
Mr. R. N. Raikar was a man of unparalleled virtues: an engineer
par excellence, a thorough professional, an earnest teacher, and
most importantly a pious human being.
As the first Civil Engineer in the family, Mr. R. N. Raikar or
RNR as he was fondly called graduated in the year 1961 from Pune
Engineering College. Such was his charisma and encouragement that
most of his family members followed in his foot-steps and pursued
civil engineering. Today, his first family boasts 11 Civil
Engineers and five Architects.
After gaining experience in Military Engineering Services and
Bombay Port Trust he decided to form his own company, Structwel, in
1967. Started initially as a structural engineering organization,
he immediately diversified into Forensic Engineering in
construction and repaired the first building in the inaugural year
of his company.
Mr. Raikars outstanding flair for building repairs,
rehabilitation and restoration prompted the State Government to
invite him to the advisory panel of the Repairs Board in 1968 a
unique recognition for an engineer with only seven years of
professional experience.
He became a Member of the prestigious IStructE, UK in
R. N. Raikarthe year 1969 a membership highly coveted and
attained only after a grueling seven-hour examination. Needless to
say Mr. Raikar cleared it in his first attempt, became a member,
was subsequently awarded Fellowship of IStructE, UK, and finally
made it as the organizations India representative.
It was his intense desire to share knowledge that urged him to
become a visiting lecturer at the J. J. School of Architecture a
duty he carried on till 1975 when he had to grudgingly discontinue
due to increased professional commitments.
Mr. Raikars first technical contribution, Technology of Building
Repairs was published in 1974. After four re-prints over four
decades, the book continues to serve as a bible for engineers a
testimony to his profound and timeless knowledge on the
subject.
A recipient of countless national and international accolades in
the field of Structural Engineering, and Rehabilitation and
Restoration, Mr. Raikar was appointed as an advisor by State and
Central Governments on almost all advisory panels for collapses of
structures. His experience of Collapse investigations of more than
100 structures was documented in his second technical endeavor,
Learning from Failures (1986) and in subsequent books Diagnosis and
Treatment of Structures in Distress (1994) and Durable Structures
through Planning for Preventive Maintenance (1994). He lived by the
American Concrete Institute adage, Progress through Knowledge.
Mr. Raikar and few other like-minded professionals launched the
India Chapter of American Concrete Institute (ICACI) in 1979. The
Chapter is a proud recipient of the Excellent Chapter award for the
past consecutive 14 years an insurmountable feat that could only be
accomplished by a towering personality like Mr. Raikar.
Mr. Raikars contribution to the growth of the Chapter is
unmatched. He was instrumental in organizing more than 35 seminars
on concrete and construction related topics during his stint at the
Chapter. It was his brain child to start a construction supervisors
course which has recently completed its 19th installment. His
initiative to bring Technicians training courses to India has given
Indian engineers and technicians an opportunity to avail of these
initiatives at affordable prices.
His passion, commitment and zeal towards knowledge advancement
was recognized by the American Concrete Institute when he was
awarded the celebrated Honorary Membership in 2004, becoming the
first Asian to receive
(1939 2008)
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iiiOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
this honour and the first person to get it outside the United
States of America.
Mr. Raikars organization, Structwel, is at the forefront of
structural engineering. Its uniqueness is the presence of a
structural design arm, a material testing laboratory, a Research
and Development centre, and an army of trained engineers in the
field of rehabilitation and restoration, with each department
aiming for excellence. Integrity and professionalism - virtues of
Mr. Raikar - are today displayed by every employee of Structwel,
currently spearheaded by his able sons, Chetan and Kaustubh.
Mr. Raikar breathed his last on 8th of March, 2008 after being
in coma for three months. He suffered from a brain stroke while
delivering a key-note address at an ICACI seminar on Forensic
Engineering on 6th December 2007. He walked into the seminar fully
aware of the aneurism in his brain and the dangers it presented.
But it was his destiny to be remembered by the fraternity as a
brave soldier who departed this life with his shoes on.
The board of India Chapter of American Concrete Institute and
the entire engineering fraternity salutes the invaluable
contribution of Mr. R. N. Raikar - a legend like none other.
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Surendra P. Shah is a Walter P. Murphy Professor of Civil
Engineering at Northwestern University (emeritus). He was the
founding director of the pioneering NSF Science and Technology
Center for Advanced Cement-Based Materials. His current research
interests include: fracture, fiber reinforced composites,
non-destructive evaluation, transport properties, processing,
rheology, nanotechnology and use of solid waste materials. He has
co-authored two books: Fiber Reinforced Cement Based Composites and
Fracture Mechanics of Concrete. He has published more than 500
journal articles and edited more than a twenty books. He is past
editor in chief of RILEMs journal Materials and Structures.
Professor Shah is a member of the National Academy of
Engineering. He is also a foreign member of Chinese Academy of
Engineering as well of Indian Academy of Engineering. He is the
only civil engineer who is a member of these three academies. He
has received many awards including the Swedish Concrete Award, ACI
Anderson Award, RILEM Gold Medal, ASTM Thompson Award, ASCE Charles
Pankow Award, and Engineering News Records News Maker Award. He was
named one of the Most Influential People in the industry by
Concrete Construction Magazine. He have spent time as an Honorary
Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, under a
Fulbright grant and at Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology as a visiting member of Institute of Advanced Studies.
Most recently, he was awarded an honorary membership in American
Concrete Institute and RILEM (based in Paris).
Besides teaching at Northwestern, he has taught at the
University of Illinois at Chicago and served as a visiting
professor at MIT, University of Sidney, Denmark Technical
University, University of Singapore, Darmstadt Technical University
and LCPC, Paris. He has been an honorary professor at the Hong Kong
Polytechnic University and LAquilla University in Italy, Guest
Professor at Southeast University and Honorary Academician at
Dalian University. Currently he is member of Institute of Advanced
Studies of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
Dr. Surendra P Shah
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vOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
I am sorry that I cannot take part in the Conference but at the
age of 90 my travel is severely limited.
I knew R.N. Raikar over many years and I have the highest regard
for him. He was a great engineer, and his work on forensic
engineering was seminal and is very highly regarded in England. He
received the Structural Engineering Commendation from the
Institution of Structural Engineers in London in 2005.
Best wishes for a successful conference.
Dr. Adam M. Neville
MessageDr. Adam M. Neville
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American Concrete Institute
The American Concrete Institute was founded in 1904 as a
non-profit membership organization dedicated to public service and
representing the user interest in the field of concrete. ACI
gathers and distributes information on the improvement of design,
construction and maintenance of concrete products and structures.
The work of ACI is conducted by individual ACI members and through
volunteer committees composed of both members and non-members.
The committees, as well as ACI as a whole, operate under a
consensus format, which assures all participants the right to have
their views considered.
Committee activities include the development of building codes
and specifications; analysis of research and development results;
presentation of construction and repair techniques and
education.
Individuals interested in the activities of ACI are encouraged
to become a member. There are no educational or employment
requirements. ACIs membership is composed of engineers, architects,
scientists, contractors, educators and representatives from a
variety of companies and organizations.
Members are encouraged to participate in committee activities
that relate to their specific areas of interest. For more details,
visit www.concrete.org
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viiOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
Dear colleagues in India,
The American Concrete Institute is pleased to be a co-sponsor of
the R. N. Raikar Memorial International Conference and the Dr. Suru
Shah Symposium on Advances in Science & Technology of Concrete,
in conjunction with many other associations representing the
breadth of Indias civil engineering and concrete construction
industry.
Attendees will be able to participate in an outstanding
opportunity for technology transfer at the conference and symposium
honoring two very significant persons in the Indian fraternity of
civil engineers and both ACI Honorary Members. Honorary Membership
is the highest citation that ACI can give to persons of eminence in
the field of the Institutes interest, or one who has performed
extraordinary meritorious service to the Institute. Only 219 ACI
members have been elected to Honorary Membership, since the honor
was first established in 1926.
The accomplishments of R. N. Raikar and Surendra Shah are two
shining examples of how ACIs mission of advancing concrete
knowledge has made an impact on the construction sector in India.
We feel that the civil engineering and concrete contractor
fraternity in India is an important partner with ACI in promoting
the best concrete practices not only in India, but around the
world, too.
We look forward to our continuing collaboration and hope to meet
you at the R. N. Raikar Memorial International Conference and the
Dr. Suru Shah Symposium.
Anne Ellis
MessageDr. Anne EllisPresident, ACI, USA
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The American Concrete Institute (ACI) is the premier
professional institution in the sphere of concrete for over 100
years. Its motto is Progress through knowledge.
Indian Chapter is in its 35th year. Technical dissemination is a
most appropriate method for enhancing our Continuous Professional
Development (CPD). We have around 2,000 members spread all over
India, who actively participate in the Chapter Program.
India Chapter, the largest ACI Chapter, is in its 35th year and
is privileged to receive Excellent Chapter Award consecutively for
the last 15 years. The Chapter is committed to train and propagate
good concrete making practices through seminars, demonstrations,
workshops and competitions for the construction industry. It
believes in Continuous Progress and Development in Knowledge
Dissemination as an ongoing activity. This conference is a sequel
to it.
In 2009, India Chapter successfully launched the ACI
Certification Programme of Concrete Field Testing Technician Grade
I. In a short period of a year, the Chapter has trained and
examined 200 Concrete Professionals and Technicians.
India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
INDIA CHAPTER OF
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
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ixOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
Dear All,
It is heartening that I happen to be the President of India
Chapter of ACI at a time when our chapter is organizing one of the
biggest conferences and symposiums.
The title itself, R. N. Raikar Memorial International Conference
& Dr. Suru Shah Symposium on Advances in Science &
Technology of Concrete is so thrilling as it mentions two stalwarts
of the global construction industry who have achieved fame across
the world and made their countrymen proud.
Late Mr R. N. Raikar, my father, was and will remain the light
of inspiration for me and several like-minded engineers in India to
serve the fraternity and spread the motto of ACI, Progress through
Knowledge.
Dr Suru Shah, is the Guru of hundreds of Ph.D. students across
the globe. Their respect and affection for this doyen of academics
and the construction field can be seen through their instant
response to our first call for the symposium in his honour.
I once again express my happiness and gratitude to all the
participants, partners and support agencies in making this
conference and symposium a grand success.
We, the Chapter board would have been incomplete without
you.
Warm regards and best wishes for Christmas and the New Year.
Chetan R Raikar
MessageChetan R RaikarPresident, ICACI
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My fellow concrete practitioners from India and abroad,
At the outset I must confess that I am or rather we at India
Chapter of ACI are humbled by overwhelming and qualitative response
to this inaugural R N Raikar Memorial Conference and Dr. Suru Shah
Symposium from all over the world, nooks and corners of the country
and cross section of the matrix of concrete practitioners in the
Indian subcontinent. The response is more noteworthy as, these are
the days of knowledge explosion and hence several concurrent meets
nationally and internationally are attracting and dividing
attention and presence of astute practitioners for such
conferences. I get reminded of what Mahatma Gandhi said ... Find
the purpose and the means follow.
Yes friendsthe purpose and the only purpose here is to have
technology walk in and out for the posterity and for new-gen
concrete practitioners of India which is today the epicenter of
concrete activity along with her neighboring country China. As all
of us are aware many a global interests are ready to establish
their OUTREACH to this busy hub of activity where more than 350
million tons of cement and corresponding concrete is gainfully
placed annually. This is a win-win situation for TECHNOLOGY, may it
be for giver or for user / acceptor. And thats how we are embarking
on this inaugural technical / technological extravaganza to be
continued on biennial basis to keep the memory alive of a visionary
who toiled for this cause. Yes, we are referring to one and only,
honorary fellow of several international societies and also
honorary fellow of ACI....RAMAESH NARAYAN RAIKAR.
He was possessed by the dream of BRICS before the term was ever
coined. On several travels with me abroad and in India he would
lament about the state of the art in India and hope about what can
happen if the inherently intelligent and hardworking engineering
community of India can be duly aligned to make a strong magnate out
of it to lead the countrys progress effectively and set an
international example. He was an enlightened person like BUDDHA or
PROPHET MOHAMED or LORD KRISHNA who could clearly see ahead of
contemporary time, and here we are today indeed seeing his prophecy
coming true in terms of advances being made practically possible in
this country which heitherto were considered Quixotic. For example,
in Indian scenario where fly ash has become an integral part, was
blasphemised to be ASH as an impurity in pious and pure cement. I
remember one of the first efforts was done in India in the form of
national seminar on fly ash by India Chapter when the NATION was
even not ready to comprehend the idea. Fortunately I have become so
old that I was part of the movement and the BIS committee meeting
was held in Mumbai as a deviation from general norm.
MessageDr. S. K. ManjrekarConference Convenor and Past
President, ICACI
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xiOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
That is RNR my friends. And that is his reverence to TECHNOLOGY
and who make it happen. He had tremendous respect for genius and
particularly our Indian Brain which drained due to personal
necessities, however, made a mark on the course of concrete history
of the world. Several illustrious sons of Mother India come to mind
who have immensely enriched CONCRETE and RELATED MATERIALS SCIENCE
by their glorious contributions of lifetime work. It is only
appropriate to salute and felicitate them in front of their own
National admirers, young practitioners, students and future nation
builders to create an urge in them to follow the illustrious
footsteps of the heros. AND who else could be more inspiring in the
inaugural episode than the MASTER of MASTERS our own
internationally acclaimed, may it be EAST or WEST, FRIEND,
PHILOSOPHER and GUIDE to all - Dr. SURENDRA P SHAH?
We are indeed privileged to have acceptance from him to allow us
to honor him by organising this symposium. It is the charisma that
he has, which is of course due to his relentless quality work of
five decades and ever helping attitude to generations of his
students and collaborators, that made our task doable to garner the
overwhelming technical support to this event. Contributions from 88
scientists / concrete practitioners from 25 nationalities is
probably a testimony to goodwill of RNR, respect to Suru and
acknowledgement to the hubbing activities of MOTHER INDIA.
Like mentioned earlier, Find the purpose and means follow. Once
the idea was crystallized the support from stalwarts as well as
cadres throughout the country and outside the country was
overwhelming. Practitioners from more than 40 countries accepted to
serve on International Organizing Committee and were actually
present in a committee meeting held in Minneapolis during ACI
Convention on 16th April 2013. The media coverage was outstanding
and the spontaneous support from industry and academia was
heartwarming. We are very grateful to one and all and request
continued support for the forthcoming events. Thanks are due to ACI
(American Concrete Institute, USA), KCI (Korea Concrete Institute)
and IStructE (Institution of Structural Engineers, UK) for
officially supporting the event. We are indeed delighted to have
President - Dr. Anne Ellis and Executive Vice President - Dr. Ron
Burg to open this conference and are thankful to them.
Finally, I hope that this tradition of making an effort for
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, HONORING OUTSTANDING IGNITED MINDS OF INDIA
and keeping alive MEMORY of a visionary ....RAMESH RAIKAR
...Honorary fellow of ACI will be kept ongoing by the POSTERITY for
the POSTERITY.
Yours very humbly,
Dr. Surendra K. Manjrekar FACI Convenor Inaugural R N Raikar
Memorial International Conference - Dr. Suru Shah Symposium on
Advances in Science and Technology of Concrete
Past President India Chapter of ACI [1995-1998] [1998-2001]
[2005-2008]
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Dear Delegates,
On behalf of The Institution of Structural Engineers I offer my
best wishes for the success of the inaugural R. N. Raikar Memorial
International Conference.
Mr. Raikar was an eminent Fellow of The Institution of
Structural Engineers and served for many years as the Institutions
Representative in Mumbai. He is fondly remembered by many members
and Past Presidents; all of whom have commented on his
professionalism and generosity of spirit. Mr. Raikar was a leading
light in the India Chapter of the American Concrete Institute. His
drive and enthusiasm for all things pertaining to concrete are
missed by all those who knew him.
Many of those attending will know well the remarkable
contribution he made to the fraternity of Indian concrete
practitioners, not least through his stewardship of many successful
national and international conferences.
It therefore seems only fitting that he should be remembered by
a new international conference, where speakers from across the
globe will come together to share knowledge and ideas. It is very
much in the spirit of his remarkable career.
I hope you enjoy what promises to be a successful and
stimulating event.
Yours faithfully,
Y. K. Cheng
MessageY. K. ChengPresident, The Institution of Structural
Engineers, UK
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xiiiOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete
Institute
I am honored to receive your kind letter to the Inaugural
Biennial event scheduled on 20-21 December, 2013. I am pleased to
inform that KCI would willingly consent to support this important
event.
I believe our participation in the event will strengthen the
relationship between India Chapter of ACI and KCI. I wish you every
success for the event and continued success of your
institution.
Lan Chung
MessageLan ChungPresident, Korea Concrete Institute
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ADVANCES IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF CONCRETE
VOLUME I
1. Perspectives on Tall Buildings from around the world 1Dr.
Anne M. Ellis
2. The American Concrete Institutes Voluntary Consensus-Based
Knowledge & 4 ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete Dr. Ronald G. Burg
3. Validating the structural behavior and response of Burj
Khalifa: The Development of 6 full scale Structural Health
Monitoring programs Ahmad Abdelrazaq
4. Early planning for the Concrete Work at the Burj Khalifa,
Dubai, UAE 21Ahmad Abdelrazaq
5. Right Concrete, Right Way Spreading ACI Concrete Field
Testing Course in India 30 through Train the Trainer Initiative Dr.
Surendra K. Manjrekar
6. Metro Projects 36V.B. Gadgil
7. Fracture Mechanics Applications to Concrete Composites :
Seminal contributions of Surendra P. Shah 43Vellore S. Gopalaratnam
and Yeou-shang Jenq
8. Evaluation of service life of reinforced concrete in the
Middle East-Preliminary results 59Mohamad Nagi, Usama Jacir, Yassar
Abu Rous, Hussein Basma, James Aldred, Elias Saqan
9. Design for Blast Resistance: Review or Tests, Analyses &
Design 65Arup K. Maji
10. Self Compacting Fiber Reinforced Cementitionous Composities:
What now! what next? 71Liberato Ferrara
11. Durability enhancement of self consolidating Concrete by the
use of Cactus Mucilage 84 as a shrinkage reducing admixture A
Duran-Herrera and Ricardo De-Leon
12. Ultra Lightweight Cement Composite for Steel-Concrete
Composite Structures 90Min-Hong Zhang
13. Blast protection of structures using Cellular Cement Foams
94Kolluru V.L. Subramaniam
14. Investigation of corrosion in cracked concrete using
external polarization 97Kolluru V.L. Subramaniam
15. Calender Extrusion as a Method for Sustainable Production of
Cement Composite Panels 103Bekir Yilmaz Pekmezci
16. An Overview of the Use of Fiber Reinforeed Polymer for
Seismic Retrofit 111Ravi Kanitkar
Contents
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xvOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
17. Development of Green cement based on partial replacement of
clinker with limestone powder 121Yaniv Knop, Alva Peled, Ronen
Cohen
18. Tools for monitoring the main stages of the shotcreting
process 129Olga Rio and Angel Rodriguez
19. Understanding the relationship between GPR and REBAR
Corrosion 140Niclole Martino, Reid Vilbig, Ming Wang, Ralf Birken,
Kenneth Maser
20. Cracking of concrete structures: Interest and advantages of
the probabilistic discrete approaches 145Pierre Rossi, Jean-Louis
Tailhan
21. Concrete : A challenge for modeling complexity 153Klaas van
Breugel
22. Flexural performace of HPFRCs and the role of fibre
orientation 164Nilufer Ozyurt Zihnioglu and Irem Sanal
23. Predicting Microstructure, Property Development and Chloride
Ion Transport 172 in Cementitious systems through the use of
Electrical Measurements J. Jain, D. Ravikumar, J. Persun, N.
Neithalath
24. Resilient Infrastructure Asset Management - A Global
Perspective and 180 Lessons for Infrastructure in India Janvi Shah,
Ian Jefferson, Dexter Hunt
25. A Long way in a decade - The changing face of Indian
Concrete Technology 185Robert Lewis
26. Development of Innovative cement-based Sustainable Material
Techniques 188Zongjin Li
VOLUME IIONCURRENT SESSION 5
27. Electrical Resistance Based Sensor System for Monitoring
Early Age 195 and Long-term Properties of Concrete P A Muhammed
Basheer, Sudarshan Srinivasan, W John McCarter, T Malcolm Chrisp,
Jianghong Mao and Wei-Liang Jin
28. A Comprehensive Study of Polyester Fibre as Concrete
Reinforcement 207Nemkumar Banthia
29. Cold bonding pelletization in manufacturing of artificial
aggregates 219Raffaele Cioffi, Francesco Colangelo, Claudio Ferone,
Francesco Messina
30. Durability Design of Concrete Structures in Severe
Environments 231Odd E. Gjorv
31. Importance of Flow Values in Qualitative Evaluation of
Carbon Nanotube 242 Reinforced Cementitious Matrix Tanvir Manzur
and Nur Yazdani
32. Water Vapor Sorption in Cementitious Materials: Measurement,
Modeling and Interpretation 247A. Kumar, S. Ketel, K. Vance, T.
Oey, N. Neithalath and G. Sant
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33. Ultra Fine Slag: A unique supplementary cementitious
material 260Dr. N.V. Nayak and B.V.B. Pai
34. Application of corrosion protection techniques for
durability of concrete structures - 265 A consultants perspective
Sudhir Chaturvedi and Anurag Sinha
35. Cause of Collapse of a 80 M high Raw Meal Silo - Case Study
269Shrinivas Kutumbale and N.Y. Choudhary
36. Dos and Donts of Concrete production, transportation,
placement, compaction and curing 274Er. Cyrus Kekobad
Pithawalla
37. Good Construction Practices on Project Site for Concreting
282Er. Cyrus Kekobad Pithawalla
38. Comparative Study of Thin Section Petrographic Analysis for
290 normal concrete and self compacting concrete Abhijeet S.
Gandage, V. Vinayaka Ram and Rahul A. Joshi
39. Construction Demolition Waste Recycling for Re-use in
Value-added Applications 294Prof. Mukesh Limbachiya
40. Effects of Nano-calcium Carbonate on Chemical Shrinkage of
Cement Pastes 305Wanchai Yodsudjai and Kejin Wang
41. Evaluation of properties of concrete using the fly ash from
TEC - Kosova 310Naser Kabashi, Anjeze Alaj, Hideo Komine, Tatsuya
Numao, Cene Krasniqi
42. The Filler Effect : The Influence of Filler Content, Surface
Area and 317 Blending Methodologies on Cementitious Reaction Rates
T. Oey, A. Kumar, J. W. Bullard, N. Neithalath and G. Sant
43. Overview of Strategies and Means for Sustainable
Construction with Cementitious Materials 327Arnon Bentur
44. Use of Pervious Concrete in Storm Water Drain Construction
in Redevelopment Building Projects 333Vinod Vanvari and Dr. Sumedh
Mhaske
45. Constructive use of Explosives for destruction of structures
337S. Kutumbale and S.B. Sarwate
46. Flowable Grout for Post-tensioned, Segmental Concrete
Bridges 345Ashokreddy Annapareddy, Sooraj Kumar O.A., Tejaswi
Annapareddy, Akilesh Ramesh, Chelsa Mariam and Radhakrishna G.
Pillai
47. Ternary cement blends for paving blocks 352Vireen
Limbachiya
48. Thixotropy and aging of cementitious pastes 361Shiho
Kawashima, Mohend Chaouche and Surendra P. Shah
49. Review on Testing Method of Cracking Resistance Performance
of Concrete at Early Age 366Zhifang Zhao, Hougui Zhou, Zhigang
Zhao
50. Punching Shear Strength of Flat Slabs with Central bars
371Dr Satish Desai OBE
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xviiOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete
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51. Water Conservation & Pervious Concrete Pavement 376Ashok
Kakade, P. E.
52. New Paradigms for Intergrating Laboratory Measurements with
Performance Models 381Eric N. Landis and John E. Bolander
53. Improving the sustainability of Concrete Technology through
the effective use of admixtures 387Ravindra Gettu, Radhakrishna G.
Pillai, Manu Santhanam and B.S. Dhanya
54. Tensile Tests on Single Cast-in Anchors in
Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) 398Sokhwan Choi, Sung-Chul
Chun, Lan Chung and Changbin Joh
55. Reliable Modeling for CFRP-strengthening of Reinforced
Concrete Beams 405 by Artificial Neural Networks Dr. Ibrahim M.
Metwally
56. Application of Micro-indentation for Micro-mechanical
properties of Concrete - Concrete Interfaces 416Santosh G. Shah and
J.M. Chandra Kishen
57. Recycled Aggregate based Self Compacting Concrete (RASCC)
for Structural applications 420C. Sumanth Reddy, K.V. Ratna Sai,
Dr. P. Rathish Kumar and Prof. G. Rajesh Kumar
58. Importance of Water Cement Ratio: An Effective approach to
prevent 427 Plastic Shrinkage and Mitigate Drying Shrinkage Dr.
Rakesh Kumar and Vasu Krishna
59. Engineering properties of Fly Ash based GPC and its
comparison with HVFAC 432E. Premalatha MS, Sameeer Charan Bisetti,
Krishnan Unni A.S., Mohamed Ibrahim, Rekha R.
60. Crusher Dust- Flyash Combination in SCC 440Praveen Kumar
61. Corrosion Mitigation in RCC - much ado, some solutions
445Sourabh Manjrekar, Dr. R.S. Manjrekar and Ishita Manjrekar
62. Utilization of High Performance Concrete in Asia 451Dr.
Ekasit Limsuan
63. Studies on Recycled Aggregates in India - An overview and
prospectus 456Surya M., Kanta Rao VVL and Lakshmy P.
64. Use of Manufactured Sand in Concrete 464Vijay Gharat, Sunil
Bauchkar and Viswanath Mahadevan
65. Ensuring Strength & Durability through Slump Retention
(Received only abstract) 467Charles S. Jones
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xixOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
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HOUSE OF RAJARAM N. S. BANDEKAR
POST BOX NO. 11SUVARN BANDEKAR BUILDING
SWATANTRA PATH VASCO-DA-GAMA
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With Be Wishes omKUVELKAR SALKAR ASSOCIATES
Consulting EngineersHead Oce
A-2, Ramakant Bldg., 18th June Road, Panaji, Goa 403 001.
Tel : (0832) 2227527, 2421695
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B-4 Siddhivinayak Plaza, Plot No. B-31, Off New Link Road,
Andheri (West), Mumbai 400 053Tel : +91 22 2673 6947 / 48 Fax : +91
22 2673 2978 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ibinfra.in
Marine Structures | Bridges | Pile Foundations | Building
Constructions
Bridges
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xxiiiOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete
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With Best Wishes fromM/s. R. B. S. Candiaparcar
Engineers & ContractorsOce : Anant Smriti , P.O. Box
187,
Behind Main Post Oce,Ponda - Goa 403 001.
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With Be Compliments om
CORNICHE INDIA PVT. LTD.Corporate office
910, Ninth Floor, Reasl Tech Park, Plot No. 39/2 Sector 30A,
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Registered Office 101, Plot No. 39, Uday, Sector 29,
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xxvOrganised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
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TANK ASSOCIATE is established in 1999 has a mission to fulfill
the name of mass with integrity, cost effectiveness, modishness and
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Perspectives on Tall Buildings from Around the World
1Organised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
Perspectives on Tall Buildings from Around the World
Dr. Anne M. EllisAmerican Concrete Institute
Email: [email protected]
AbstractThus far, the 21st century has been a time of robust
activity in the design and construction of tall buildings. With
this activity are apparent shifts in where, what, and how we design
and construct tall buildings. Of particular note is the prevalence
of concrete in 21st century tall buildings attributed to
advancements in the fields of analysis, design, materials, and
construction technology. These advancements have helped to overcome
20th century constraints that limited buildings height. With ever
expanding ambitions, we are challenged to not only achieve new
heights but also radically change our practices to achieve in new
arenas including sustainability. This paper highlights 21st century
iconic buildings from around the world and innovations in concrete
technology helping to achieve our ambitions. The American Concrete
Institute is key in capturing and transferring the concrete
technology that makes these achievements possible.
IntroductionThe 21st century has been a time of robust activity
in the design and construction of tall buildings. According to the
global records from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
(CTBUH) the arbiter of the criteria upon which tall building height
is measured in year 2000,
there were 261 tall buildings, defined as 200 m (656 ft), or
taller. By the end of 2012, the number of tall buildings had grown
to 756, changing the skylines of cities globally. Along with this
came a shift in where, what, and how we design and construct tall
buildings.
Trends in Construction of Tall BuildingsIn the 20th century,
North America was dominant in tall buildings. A geographic shift to
Asia was underway by the end of the 20th century. Thus far in the
21st century, China has dominated tall building completions, adding
194 from 2001-2012, one third of the worlds tall buildings. In
addition to China, there have been tall building completions in
additional and less obvious, smaller, emerging geographies
including Panama City, Panama; Abu Dhabi, UAE; and Busan, South
Korea. Urbanization, affordable financing, and a desire to be
recognized as a world leader are driving the shift to emerging
geographies. Looking to activity already underway, by the year
2020, emerging geographies will continue to dominate tall building
design and construction considering. By 2020, it is anticipated
that only one of the worlds tallest 20 buildings will be in North
America. The remaining will be in China, Southeast Asia and the
Middle East. See Fig. 1 for a visual of the worlds tallest
buildings, plus those under construction.
Fig. 1: The worlds tallest buildings, with Kingdom Tower
(Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1000+ m, under construction) and Burj
Khalifa (Dubai, U.A.E., 828 m, 2009) leading the way.1
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2RN Raikar Memorial International Conference & Dr. Suru Shah
Symposium on
ADVANCES IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF CONCRETE
These 20 buildings represent a diversity of location not
previously seen in the 20th century residing in 15 cities in seven
countries. China with ten of the 20 projects clearly stands out as
the country most rapidly pursuing supertall buildings, followed by
Korea (three), Saudi Arabia (two), and the UAE (two).
Today, the Middle East is home to the worlds tallest building,
the 828 meter (2,717 feet) Burj Khalifa in Dubai, UAE. Compare this
to the worlds tallest in 2000, the 452 m (1,483 ft) Petronas
Towers. Prior to the completion of the Burj Khalifa, tall buildings
were classified by the CTBUH as:
Tall > 200 m (656 ft)
Supertall > 300 m (984 ft).
After the completion of the Burj Khalifa, the CTBUH introduced
an additional classification:
Megatall > 600 m (1,968 ft).
By the end of 2012, the worlds tall building stock included 756
tall buildings including 66 supertall and 2 megatall buildings.
Equally transformational is the shift in the structural material
used in tall buildings. In the 1930s, 96 of the worlds 100 tallest
buildings were constructed of steel. In the 1970s, 90 of the worlds
tallest buildings were constructed of steel, and nine were
constructed of concrete. Contrastingly by 2012, only 17 of the
worlds 100 tallest buildings were constructed of steel (main
lateral and vertical structural elements and floor system), while
the remainder used structural concrete in the lateral and/or
vertical structural elements and floor systems.
Credit this transformational shift to advancements in concrete
technology analysis, materials, and construction practices. The
combination of finite element analysis and advancement in computing
capabilities of computers facilitates analysis and design of more
complex systems. The use of cementitious materials and/or
admixtures make a significant contribution to achieving high
strength concrete which helps reduce the size of vertical elements
and increase the modulus of elasticity. Reusable formwork and
concrete pumping technology help to accelerate construction and
reduce time-to-completion. Advancements in concrete technology have
helped overcome the 20th century constraints that limited the
height of tall buildings. Figure 2 details the evolution in
structural framing systems and materials use in tall buildings.
Also defining the 21st century is the demand for more
sustainable practices in the construction and operations of the
worlds building stock. The objective or objectives may vary by
geography, e.g. reducing the carbon footprint, greening building
materials and finishes, reducing resource consumption, but the
demand for more sustainable practices is pervasive geographically.
This focus on
sustainability greatly impacts the constituent materials of
concrete, seeds innovation in concrete applications, and drives
engineering integration to leverage the thermal as well as
structural properties of concrete.
Resources from the American Concrete InstituteThe American
Concrete Institute supports these achievements in tall buildings,
aiding in both capture and transfer of technology advancements. The
American Concrete Institute is a leading authority and resource
worldwide for the development and distribution of consensus-based
standards, technical resources, educational programs, and proven
expertise for individuals and organizations involved in concrete
design, construction, and materials, who share a commitment to
pursuing the best use of concrete. While the Institute has
published hundreds of technical documents and tens of thousands of
research articles, several of the most relevant to the design and
construction of tall buildings include the following two consensus
documents:
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural lConcrete
this document is one of the worlds leading standards for design and
detailing for structural concrete. Completely reorganized for late
2014, the current and new ACI 318 covers the materials, design, and
construction of structural concrete, as well as the strength
evaluation of existing concrete structures.
ACI Field Reference Manual this compilation Manual lincludes ACI
301: Specifications for Structural Concrete, 17 related ACI
committee documents, six ASTM standards, and select chapters of ACI
318. The focus of this Manual is to provide guidance on measuring,
mixing, transporting, and placing concrete; curing; hot- and
cold-weather concreting; consolidation; concrete formwork, and
others.
Fig. 2: Use of structural materials in tall buildings.2
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Perspectives on Tall Buildings from Around the World
3Organised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
Finally, papers related to tall buildings are included in the
following ACI topical symposium publications:
Analysis and Design of High-Rise Concrete Buildings l(SP 97)
Serviceability; Long-Term (SP 117) l
Utilization of High-Strength/High-Performance lConcrete, etc.
(SPs 121, 149, 159, 172, 207, 228, 253, and more)
Design and Performance of Mat Foundation (SP 152) l
High-Strength Concrete; Seismic (SP 176) l
ConclusionThis paper highlights the use of concrete in tall
buildings, provides evidence of its use as a structural system, and
identifies available resources from the American Concrete
Institute. Through its material and structural properties and
numerous framing system options, concrete has consistently proven
its ability to satisfy performance objectives required in the
design and construction of tall, supertall, and megatall
buildings.
References
1. Recent Global Trends in Tall Buildings: Location, Function
& Structural Material, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban
Habitat 9th World Congress, September 19-21, 2012,
http://www.ctbuh.org/Home/FactsData/
TrendsinTallBuildings/tabid/2776/language/en-US/Default.aspx
(accessed September 19, 2013).
2. The Tallest 20 in 2020: Entering the Era of the Megatall
(2012). Retrieved September 19, 2013 from
http://www.archdaily.com/197572/the-tallest-20-in-2020-entering-the-era-of-the-megatall-by-ctbuh/diagram_tallestbreakdown_cctbuh/
Additionally, ACIs authors hundreds of consensus documents on
the topics related to tall buildings. Some highlights include:
Creep, Shrinkage: ACI 209.2, 209R, 209.1R l
Durability, Service Life, Corrosion, Cracking: ACI 122R,
l201.2R, 365.1R, 222R, 222.3R, 224R
Fire Resistance: ACI 216.1 l
Floors, Slabs, Flexural Members: ACI 302.1R, 302.2R, l421.1R,
421.2R, 435R, 435.8R
Formwork: ACI Formwork for Concrete l , ACI 347, ACI 347.2R
Foundations: ACI 336.2R, 336.3R, 543R l
Joints, Connections, Anchoring: ACI 224.3R, 352R, l352.1R,
355.2, 355.3R, 355.4M, 503.5R
Mixtures, Specialty, Practices: ACI 211.1, 211.4R, 207.1R,
l221R, 237R, ITG-8R, 303R, 304.2R, 305R, 306R, 308R, 309R
High-Strength Concrete: ACI 363R, 363.2R, 441R, ITG- l4.1,
ITG-4.2R, ITG4.3R
Reinforcement: l ACI Detailing Manual, ACI 439.3R, 439.4R,
423.4R, 440R, 440.1R, 440.4R
Specifications, QA, QC: ACI 117, 121R, 301, 303.1, 305.1,
l306.1, 308.1, 311.6, 336.1, 423.7, 440.5, 440.6, 503.1, 503.2
Dr. Anne M. EllisDr. Anne Ellis, with 33 years of experience in
the architecture, engineering and construction industries, has
supported public- and private-sector clients; concrete industry
collaboration and advancements; and the expansion of a global,
publicly traded professional services firm.Dr. Ellis is the first
female professional engineer to oversee the non-profit technical
and educational society, American Concrete Institute (ACI), and the
second woman in the organizations history to serve in a top
leadership position.At AECOM, Dr. Ellis is responsible for
business-critical initiatives and engages in policy, legislative
and regulatory issues affecting AECOM and its clients, as well as
overseeing the day-to-day operations of AECOMs Global Advisory
Board and Government Services Advisory Council.
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4RN Raikar Memorial International Conference & Dr. Suru Shah
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ADVANCES IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF CONCRETE
The American Concrete Institutes Voluntary Consensus-based
Knowledge & ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete
Dr. Ronald G. Burg, P.E.American Concrete Institute
Email: [email protected]
The American Concrete Institute (ACI) envisions a future where
everyone has the knowledge needed to use concrete effectively to
meet the demands of a changing world. In support of this vision,
ACIs central mission is to develop and disseminate reliable
technical knowledge on concrete and its uses. This mission is
carried out by over 120 ACI technical committees through a
voluntary consensus process. The process relies on expert
volunteers who contribute their time and knowledge to reach
consensus on codes, specifications, guides, and reports that are
important to the concrete material, design, construction, and
repair industries.
ACI Response to Industry Needs The booming construction industry
in India and several other countries points to a need for
up-to-date, dependable technical information. The volunteer members
of ACI committees continually develop new technical information in
response to construction innovations, research results, and other
changes and trends in the concrete construction market. Below are
some examples of ACI Committee response:
ACI Committee 130, Sustainability of Concrete, was lformed in
2008 and develops information on the three pillars of
sustainability as they relate to concrete construction;
environmental, social, and economic. The committee has held several
symposia and published the resulting proceedings, including
Concrete: The Sustainable Material Choice (SP 269), The Economics,
Performance and Sustainability of Internally Cured Concrete (SP
290), and Advances in Green Binder Systems (SP 294). Committee
members are currently developing a wide-ranging, state-of-the-art
report on many aspects of sustainability, including: materials,
proportioning, production, transport, construction, structures in
service, rating systems, sustainability tools, design,
specifications, codes, regulations, social impacts, environmental
impacts, economic impacts, and conclusions relating to concrete
sustainability.
ACI Committee 131, Building Information Modeling lof Concrete
Structures, was formed in 2009 and is focused on developing data
exchange standards for concrete and concrete structures. These
data
exchange standards will facilitate new work process for concrete
projects using BIM. The committee has presented case studies of
successes on concrete BIM projects, will develop a short course on
concrete BIM, and develop standard test models for BIM
software.
ACI Committee 133, Disaster Reconnaissance, was lformed in 2013.
Its goal is to report the effects of major disasters on concrete
construction worldwide to related ACI committees. By working with
other organizations that have reconnaissance programs, Committee
133 anticipates that ACI relations with technical societies and
international partners worldwide will be strengthened.
ACI Committee 237, Self-Consolidating Concrete, lwas formed in
2003 and produces information on the production and use of
self-consolidating concrete. Within four years, the committee
members had published a state-of-the-art report, ACI 237R-07. The
committee has held several symposia and published the resulting
proceedings, including Workability of SCC: Roles of Its
Constituents and Measurement Techniques (SP 233),
Self-Consolidating Concrete for Precast Prestressed Applications
(SP 247), and Fiber Reinforced Self-Consolidating Concrete:
Research and Applications (SP 274).
ACI Committee 239, Ultra-High Performance Concrete, lwas formed
in 2011. The Committees will be hosting two symposia in 2014: UHPC
Innovation in Seismic Performance and UHPC Behavior under Blast and
Impact Load Effects.
ACI Committee 349, Concrete Nuclear Structures, was lformed in
1949, and has produced concrete standards for the nuclear energy
industry for many decades. Active standards include, Evaluation of
Existing Nuclear Safety-Related Concrete Structures, Reinforced
Concrete Design for Thermal Effects on Nuclear Power Plant
Structures, and Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety-Related
Concrete Structures.
ACI Committee 377, Performance-Based Structural lIntegrity &
Resilience of Concrete Structures, was formed in 2012. Committee
goals include examining the current ACI 318 integrity requirements;
identifying
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The American Concrete Institutes Voluntary Consensus-based
Knowledge & Aci 318-14 Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete
5Organised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
collapse resisting mechanisms in load redistribution in case of
initial damage; determining how detailing can enhance structural
integrity and resilience; and proposing approaches and methods for
functional and disaster-resilient design of structural components
and systems. The Committee will host a symposium in 2104, titled
Structural Integrity and Resilience.
ACI committees are formed and maintained by interested
individuals, and international participation in ACI technical
committees is strongly encouraged. ACI strives to collaborate with
its international partners and chapters to provide information,
publications, and standards that are technically correct and useful
to the concrete industry around the world.
ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete ACI
318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete is one of
the worlds foremost standards for the design and detailing of
structural concrete. Because of its adoption into virtually all
U.S. building codes and full or partial adoption in over 20
international building codes, ACI 318 plays a key role in many
areas related to concrete including material limits and acceptance,
design and detailing, construction, education, and research. ACI
318-14 will be published in late 2014. This edition will include
the technical requirements from the 2011 edition, and has been
reorganized for greater ease of use and increased confidence that
designs satisfy all code requirements.
ACI 318-14 is organized from an engineers perspective, and is
centered on several member based chapters. When designing a member,
such as a column, all relevant
design and detailing requirements are noted within that member
chapter, thus providing users with an explicit set of relevant
provisions. Furthermore, the information in each member chapter has
a parallel arrangement of design and detailing requirements,
creating an intuitive feel to the code.
In 318-14, all Code requirements related to minimum construction
requirements are located in a single chapter. The engineer is
expected to review this chapter to ensure that the project
construction documents comply with the Code.
There are several reference chapters that contain information
common to several member chapters, such as rebar development
lengths. Provisions within reference chapters are cited by the
member and system chapters.
The code language and presentation of related information has
also been updated. The reorganized Code includes dozens of concise
tables that replace a significant amount of text to increase the
engineers speed of understanding. Language in the 2014 edition of
the Code has been edited for consistency.
ACI will hold a public comment period in mid-2014 and encourages
international users to review it and provide comment. Upon its
release in late 2014, ACI 318-14 will be available in English and
Spanish, and will be published in U.S. customary units and S.I.
units. In addition, the Code will be available in various
electronic formats with enhanced search functions and internal
links. To learn more about the Code and sign up to be notified
about the public comment period, please visit
www.concrete.org/ACI318.
Dr. Ronald G. Burg, P.E.Executive Vice-PresidentAmerican
Concrete Institute
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Validating the Structural Behavior and response of Burj Khalifa:
The Development of full scale Structural Health Monitoring
Programs
Ahmad AbdelrazaqSenior Executive Vice President, Highrise&
Complex Building, Samsung C & T, Seoul, Korea
Email: [email protected]
AbstractA new generation of tall and complex buildings reflects
the latest developments in materials, design, sustainability,
construction, and IT technologies. While design complexity can be
managed through advances in structural analysis tools and software,
ultimately the design of these buildings still relies on minimum
code requirements that are yet to be validated in full scale. The
involvement of the author in the design and construction of
BurjKhalifa from inception until completion prompted the author to
develop an extensive survey and real-time structural health
monitoring program to validate the assumptions made during the
development of the design and construction planning of the tower.
At 828m, BurjKhalifa is the worlds tallest man-made structure,
composed of 162 floors above grade and 3 basement levels. The focus
of this article is to provide a brief description of the structural
and foundation system of the tower and to discuss the development
of the survey and realtime Structural Health Monitoring Programs
(SHMP). Correlation between the predicted and actual measured
structural behavior will also be discussed, however, because of
confidentiality the actual measured data cannot be disclosed at
this time. The SHMP included 1) monitoring the towers foundation
system, 2) monitoring the foundation settlement, 3) measuring the
column/wall strains and shortening during and after construction,
5) real time measuring of the tower lateral displacement and
dynamic characteristics during construction, 6) measuring the
building lateral movement under lateral loads (wind, seismic)
during construction, 7) measuring the building displacements,
accelerations, dynamic characteristics, and structural behavior
during service life and 8) monitoring the Pinnacle dynamic behavior
and fatigue characteristics. While the SHMP developed for
BurjKhalifa was a futuristic model at the time of its development,
this field is constantly evolving and a new generation of SHM
systems will emerge that uses the latest technological advances in
devices and IT technologies
KeywordsTallestbuilding, structural health monitoring(SHM),
survey
IntroductionThe BurjKhalifa is a multi-use tower with a total
floor area of 460,000 square meters that includes residential,
hotel, commercial, office, entertainment, shopping, leisure, and
parking facilities. It is designed to be the center piece of the
large scale BurjKhalifa Development that rises 828 meters and
consists of more than 162 floors above grade and 3 basement levels.
The tower massing is organized around a central core with three
wings. Each wing consists of four bays. At every seventh floor, one
outer bay peels away as the structure spirals into the sky. The
modular Y-shaped building, with a setback at every seventh floor,
was part of the original design concept that embodied the wind
engineering principles and aerodynamic shaping into the
architectural design concept to mitigate the dominant dynamic wind
effects. This paper will provide 1) the key issues considered in
selecting the structural and foundation systems of the tower, 2) a
description of the structural and foundation system behaviours of
the tower, which are critical to developing the survey and SHMP for
the tower; and 3)a description of the real-time SHM and survey
programs.
The purpose of the SHMP for BurjKhalifa is to confirm the towers
structural behaviour during construction and throughout its
lifetime. The program monitors the following:
Pile load dissipation into the soil l
Raft foundation settlement l
Fig. 1: Photo of the Completed BurjKhalifa
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Validating the Structural Behavior and response of Burj Khalifa:
The Development of full scale Structural Health Monitoring
Programs
7Organised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
Column shortening at corewall and the exterior
lcolumnsColumn/corewall total strains due to gravity load at
lseveral levels during constructionLateral displacement of the
tower during and after lconstructionTower movement and dynamic
characteristics during lconstruction at one locationTower movement
(displacement & acceleration) and ldynamic characteristics
during the lifetime of the project at seven (7) locations along the
heightMeasuring the wind speed and profile, temperature lvariation,
and humidity along the heightMonitor the fatigue behavior of the
pinnacle l
These extensive survey and monitoring programs have, since their
inception, provided real time feedback into the actual in-situ
material properties, the towers dynamic characteristics, and
structural behavior and response under wind and seismic
excitations. Comparison between the measured responses and the
predicted behaviour of the tower will also be discussed
Structural System Brief DescriptionGeneral
The structural system of the tower was designed to behave like a
giant column with a cross sectional shape that reflects the
buildings massing and profile. Managing the gravity load flow to
the building extremities was significant consideration in the
development of the structural concept to overcome the overturning
moments caused by extreme lateral loads (wind, seismic, and
stability). Most of the tower overturning resistance to lateral
loads is managed by the towers own gravity loads. In addition,
managing the column/wall shortening issues (overall and
differential) from the early design concept required that all
columns and walls were sized to resist gravity loads on equal
stress basis, and tied rigidly by multi-story walls at
approximately every 21 floors to overcome the differential column
shortening issues, which is important criterion to consider in tall
building design and planning. A full discussion of the development
of the structural and foundation concepts of BurjKhalifa cannot be
covered here, but understanding the structural and foundation
system behavior of the tower is important in selecting the location
of the monitoring devices and survey systems.
The tower superstructure of BurjKhalifa is designed as an all
reinforced concrete building with high performance concrete from
the foundation level to level 156, and is topped with a structural
steel braced frame from level 156 to the highest point of the
tower.
Strategy for Structural System SelectionThe selection of the
structural system of the tower involves the following
strategies:
Select and optimize the tower structural system for lstrength,
stiffness, cost effectiveness, redundancy, and speed of
constructionUtilize the latest technological advances in structural
lmaterials available in the local market, and with due
consideration to the availability of local skilled labor and
construction methodManage and locate the gravity load resisting
system lso as to maximize its use in resisting the lateral loads
while harmonizing with the architectural planning for a luxury
residential and hotel towerIncorporate the latest innovations in
analysis, design, land construction methods
Fig. 2: Photo of completed Tower, Lateral Load Resisting System,
and tower mode shapes
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Symposium on
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Limit the building movement (drift, acceleration, ltorsional
velocity, etc.) to within internationally accepted design criteria
and standardsControl the relative displacement between the vertical
lmembersControl the dynamic response of the tower under wind
lloading by tuning the structural characteristics of the building
to improve its dynamic behavior and to prevent lock-in vibration
due to the vortex shedding
Lateral load Resisting System
The towers lateral load resisting system consists of high
performance, reinforced concrete ductile core walls linked to the
exterior reinforced concrete columns through a series of reinforced
concrete shear wall panels at the mechanical levels. See Figures 2
and 4. The core walls vary in thickness from 1300mm to 500mm. The
core walls are typically linked through a series of 800mm to 1100mm
deep reinforced concrete or composite link beams at every level.
Due to the limitation on the link beam depths, ductile composite
link beams are provided in certain areas of the core wall system.
These composite ductile link beams typically consist of steel shear
plates, or structural steel built-up I-shaped beams, with shear
studs embedded in the concrete section. The link beam width
typically matches the adjacent core wall thickness.
At the top of the center reinforced concrete core wall, a very
tall spire tops the building. The lateral load resisting system of
the spire consists of a diagonal structural steel bracing system
from level 156 to the top of the spire at
approximately 750 meter above the ground. The pinnacle consists
of structural steel pipe section varying from 2100mm diameter x
60mm thick at the base to 1200mm diameter x 30mm thick at the top
(828m).
Gravity Load Management & Structural System Optimization
While the wind behaviour of supertall buildings is one of the
most important design criteria, gravity load management is also
critical as it has direct impact on the overall efficiency and
performance of the tower and it should be addressed at the early
design stage for integration of the architectural and structural
design concepts. The means and methods of mobilizing and
redistributing gravity load can have its own inefficiencies and
demands; if it is not managed properly it could result in its own
design and construction complexities. The balance between the
gravity load management and the smooth gravity load flow in
concrete structure is a structural engineering art that requires
consideration of materials and the structural system behaviour from
the early design concept stage. Figure 3 provides the gravity load
analysis performed by the author while at SOM, that compares the
concrete area required to support the tower gravity loads, without
considerations to minim member sizes, to the actual concrete
provided for the tower final design. Figure 3 shows that the total
material needed to support the gravity load and that required to
resist the combined effect of gravity and lateral loads is one and
the same, which testify to the efficacy of the structural system.
Limiting the center
Fig. 3: Lateral Load Resisting System and photo of the completed
tower
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Validating the Structural Behavior and response of Burj Khalifa:
The Development of full scale Structural Health Monitoring
Programs
9Organised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
and wing corewall thicknesses to 500mm and 600mm respectively
allowed the gravity load to flow freely into the center corridor
Spine web walls (650mm) to the hammer head walls and nose columns
for maximum resistance to lateral loads. Along these load flow
lines and vertical columns the strain gages are installed to track
the gravity load flow and to measure the column shortening.
Floor Framing SystemThe residential and hotel floor framing
system of the Tower consists of 200mm to 300mm two-way reinforced
concrete flat plate spanning approximately 9 meters between the
exterior columns and the interior core wall, which were modified
during construction to flat plate system with 50mm taper at the
walls. The floor framing system at the tips of the tower floor
consists of a 225mm to 250mm two-way reinforced concrete flat slab
system with 150mm drop panels. See Figure 4 for typical floor
framing system at typical residential and mechanical levels.
Foundation SystemThe Tower is founded on 3700mm thick high
performance reinforced concrete pile supported raft (at -7.55 DMD)
over 192 -1500mm diameter bored piles, extending approximately 45
meters (at -55 DMD) below the base of the raft. All piles utilize
high performance self compacting concrete (SCC) with w/c ratio not
exceeding 0.30, placed in one continuous concrete pour using the
tremie method. The reinforced concrete raft is placed over a
minimum 100mm blinding slab over waterproofing membrane, over at
least 50mm blinding slab. The raft foundation bottom and all sides
are protected with waterproofing membrane. See Figure 5 for raft
foundation plan and raft construction. In addition, the
installation of a complete cathodic protection for the tower
foundation system ensures its longevity
against corrosive effects of soil and water that have high
levels of chloride and sulphite.
Wind Engineering ManagementWind engineering is one of the
primary concerns in planning the design of tall buildings. The
shape of the BurjKhalifa project is the result of collaboration
between SOMs architects and structural engineers. Several wind
engineering techniques were employed in the design of the tower to
control the dynamic response of the tower under wind loading by
disorganizing the vortex shedding formation (frequency and
direction) along the building height and tuning the dynamic
characteristics of the building to improve its dynamic behaviour
and to prevent lock-in vibration. The wind engineering management
of the tower was achieved by 1) Varying the building shape along
the height while continuing and without interruption the building
gravity and lateral load resisting system, 2) reducing the floor
plan along the height, effectively tapering the building profile,
3) using the building shapes to introduce spoiler type of effects
along the entire height of the tower, including the pinnacle, to
reduce the dynamic wind excitations, 4) changing the orientation of
the tower , along it stiffest direction, in response to the most
severe wind direction, and 5) and finally tuning the building
natural frequencies and mode shapes to optimize the building
dynamic response against wind excitations, including maximizing the
towers generalized mass.
Wind Engineering ManagementWind engineering is one of the
primary concerns in planning the design of tall buildings. The
shape of the BurjKhalifa project is the result of collaboration
between SOMs architects and structural engineers. Several wind
engineering techniques were employed in the design of the tower to
control the dynamic response of the tower
Fig. 4: Typical Floor Framing Plans at a) typical hotel level
and b) Typical Mechanical Level
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10RN Raikar Memorial International Conference & Dr. Suru
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ADVANCES IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF CONCRETE
under wind loading by disorganizing the vortex shedding
formation (frequency and direction) along the building height and
tuning the dynamic characteristics of the building to improve its
dynamic behaviour and to prevent lock-in vibration. The wind
engineering management of the tower was achieved by 1) Varying the
building shape along the height while continuing and without
interruption the building gravity and lateral load resisting
system, 2) reducing the floor plan along the height, effectively
tapering the building profile, 3) using the building shapes to
introduce spoiler type of effects along the entire height of the
tower, including the pinnacle, to reduce the dynamic wind
excitations, 4) changing the orientation of the tower , along it
stiffest direction, in response to the most severe wind direction,
and 5) and finally tuning the building natural frequencies and mode
shapes to optimize the building dynamic response against wind
excitations,
including maximizing the towers generalized mass. Figure 6
depicts the early conceptual sketches developed to demonstrate the
significance of varying the building shape along its height to
minimize the wind forces on the tower. The variation of the tower
shape and width have resulted in wind vortices around the perimeter
of the tower, which occurred differently at different shapes with
different frequencies, thus disorganizing the interaction of the
tower structure with the wind. An extensive wind tunnel studies and
testing regimes were established to confirm the favourable wind
engineering management strategies described above.
Structural Health Monitoring System DescriptionConstructing the
BurjKhalifa to a degree of accuracy similar or better than that
attained in steel construction
Fig. 5: Tower raft foundation plan and photo of raft
construction
Fig. 6: Vortex shedding formation, with different resonance
frequencies, along the building height; (scanned copies of original
sketches/concepts developed by the author while working at SOM)
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Validating the Structural Behavior and response of Burj Khalifa:
The Development of full scale Structural Health Monitoring
Programs
11Organised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
required the implementation of a state-of-the art survey and
structural health monitoring program which included:
Extensive Survey Monitoring Program to measure the lfoundation
settlement, column shortening, and lateral building movement during
constructionInstallation of strain gages to measure the total
strains lat the main structural members including piles, raft
foundation, walls, columns, and outrigger shear wall
panelsInstallation of the temporary real-time health lmonitoring
program to measure the building lateral displacement and
acceleration during construction, and to identify the building
dynamic characteristics (frequencies, damping, etc) during
construction. This system included bi-directional accelerometers,
GPS system, and weather station (wind speed, wind direction,
humidity, and temperature)Installation of a permanent real-time
structural health lmonitoring (SHM) program to measure the building
motions (acceleration, displacement) due to lateral loads (wind,
and seismic in particular), and any other unexpected lateral loads.
In addition to the installation of GPS System, bi-directional
accelerometers and sonimometers were installed at several levels
along the building height to provide real time building
accelerations and wind data. The installation of these devices in
essence resulted in 1) the development of full scale aeroelastic
model of the tower while providing full feedback and details on the
dynamic characteristics of the tower, 2) sufficient data to assess
the fatigue behaviour of the steel structure in general and at the
pinnacle in particular, 3) wind speed and distribution along the
building height, and 4) real-time information on the building
movements and characteristics to allow the building facility and
management team to make management decisions about any issues that
may arise during the tower lifetime
Description of the Survey Monitoring Programs
Tower construction was monitored through several survey programs
utilizing the latest developments in geodetic electro-optical total
stations. These instruments refer to fixed reference points with
known coordinates, which are critical to the precision of the
entire surveying process. However, the constantly increasing height
of BurjKhalifa made it difficult to use ground level fixed points
since the distance between these fixed points and the total station
at the uppermost construction level became excessive for exact
referencing and the relative distance between the fixed points
became too small.
The precision of the survey system is further complicated by the
increasing height, slenderness, and the movement of the tower
during construction. The movement of the tower is the result of 1)
dynamic wind excitations, 2)
large and concentrated crane loads at the uppermost constructed
level, 3) foundation settlement, 4) column shortening due to
elastic, creep, and shrinkage effects, 5) daily temperature
fluctuations, which could result in more than 150mm change in
building height at the top of the concrete, over 6 hour period, 6)
uneven solar effects that could result in building tilt, 7) lateral
drift of the building under gravity loads due the asymmetrical load
distribution relative to the tower center of rigidity, 8) building
construction sequence, and 9) mix of concrete (from foundation to
level 156)and steel construction (from level 156 to the top of the
pinnacle at 828m). Rationalizing these movements created a number
of challenges to consider in setting the building at the correct
theoretical design position.
To overcome the difficulties described above and to achieve
accurate monitoring of the building position relative to its
vertical axis at any instant in time required 1) the full
understanding of the survey team of the building movements and
behavior throughout its construction period, involving ongoing
consultation between the author and the survey team 2) the
development of extensive monitoring programs of all elements that
affect the building movement, and most importantly 3) the use of
the latest development in GPS technology, the Leica Geosystem, in
combination with precision inclination sensors, clinometers, to
provide a reliable position of the building at the highest
construction level almost immediately, even when the building is
moving.
The complexity and the size of the auto climbing formwork system
(ACS) required a very large number of control points at each level,
which likewise added to the complexity of the survey method.
Therefore, it was necessary to simplify the survey procedure so
that the control points, even when the building was moving, would
be measured only once. The measurement system was developed for use
at every level and comprised of 1) three (3) GPS antenna/ receivers
fixed on tall poles at the top level of the ACS formwork to
establish the survey control at the uppermost level, 2) three (3)
tiltable circular prisms placed under each of the GPS antennas, and
3) Total Station instruments (TPS) that were set on top of the
concrete and visible to all GPS stations. See Figure 7 for an
overall view of the measurement system.
The measurement system at every floor is integrated with the
installation of eight (8) clinometers, Leica NIVEL 200 dual-axis
precise clinometers, at approximately every 20 floors from the
foundation level, to track immediately the towers lateral movements
due to the loads and movement described above and to make the
necessary correction to bring the ACS formwork system to its
geometric center at every level. This correction program was
necessary to maintain the building verticality and to keep the
building within the required tolerance at every level (within 15
mm).
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Technical Papers
12RN Raikar Memorial International Conference & Dr. Suru
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ADVANCES IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF CONCRETE
Fig. 7: Measurement System : (3)GPS Control points, Total
Station, Reference Base Station
Fig. 8: Schemtic for integrated measurement system with
clinometers.
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Validating the Structural Behavior and response of Burj Khalifa:
The Development of full scale Structural Health Monitoring
Programs
13Organised by India Chapter of American Concrete Institute
The measurement system at every floor is integrated with the
installation of eight (8) clinometers, Leica NIVEL 200 dual-axis
precise clinometers, at approximately every 20 floors from the
foundation level, to track immediately the towers lateral movements
due to the loads and movement described above and to make the
necessary correction to bring the ACS formwork system to its
geometric center at every level. This correction program was
necessary to maintain the building verticality and to keep the
building within the required tolerance at every level (within
15mm).
The Eight (8) Leica NIVEL200 dual-axis precise clinometers were
also used to immediately determine the rotation of the tower, and
to compute the displacement/alignment of the tower in the x and y
direction relative to the raft foundation. The clinometers are
mounted on the centercorewallin areas with no disturbances and
connected to RS-485 single bus cable to the LAN port dedicated
PC with the Leica GeoMos software located at the survey office. See
Figure 8 for schematic of the integrated measurement system with
the clinometers. The clinometers are calibrated relative to the
survey control at that level by verticality observations from the
raft. A series of observations provided the mean x and y
displacements for that tiltmeter at that time and that was used for
all subsequent readings. The data and observations collected from
the clinometers, GPS with the prisms, and the total station were
analyzed and synthesized to accurately position the top level of
the ACS formwork system.
The execution of the survey monitoring program developed for
BurjKhalifa periodically measures the actual building movements,
including 1) foundation settlement, 2) column and wall total
shortening resulting from elastic, shrinkage
Fig. 9: 3-D FEA model and Simplified Construction Schedule used
for Sequence Analysis
Fig. 10: 3-D FEAM, contours of raft foundation Settlement,
Foundation survey point, and actual measured foundation
settlement
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and creep effects, 3) overall lateral displacement of the tower
at every setback level, and 4) lateral displacement of the
spire/pinnacle structure during construction and lifting operation.
All periodical survey and monitoring were performed early in the
morning, to minimize the differential solar effects, at a time when
the cranes were shut down in order to reduce number of variables to
be considered in the survey.
A detailed 3-dimensional finite element analysis model (FEAM)
program was developed to predict the building movement described
above to the actual measured movements (x,y,z). This FEAM takes
into account the actual material properties (concrete strength,
modulus of elasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion, etc), the
foundation system flexibility (subgrade modulus), and the actual
construction sequence of the tower with due consideration to the
actual works being performed for all trades, as a function of time.
Figure 9 depicts the 3-D FEAM and actual construction schedule. The
FEAM predicts 1) the foundation settlement, 2) the tower lateral
displacements (x&y) at all levels, 3) the column/wall
shortening, due to elastic/creep/shrinkage effects, 4) the
core-wall and column elastic/shrinkage/creep strains as a function
of time 5) the dynamic building characteristics, 6) the strength
design check of the critical elements, especially at the outriggers
and link beams, 7) and the lateral displacement (x,y,&z) due to
any seismic or wind events during construction and after the
completion of the tower.
Foundation settlement Survey
As described above, a soil structure interaction three
dimensional finite element analysis model (3- D FEAM) was developed
to simulate the construction sequence of the tower that includes a
detailed analysis of the raft foundation system, including the
foundation system flexibility. The foundation settlement was
initially estimated based on the subgrade reaction modulus provided
by the geotechnical engineering consultants; however, the
foundation stiffness was adjusted in this model to reflect the
actual in-situ measured settlements shown in Figure 10. The 3-D
FEAM and soil structure interaction analysis model took into
account the pile axial shortening, soil flexibility, and the
stiffening effect of the superstructure. Sixteen (16) survey points
at the top of the raft foundation were installed to measure the
tower foundation settlement monthly until the completion of the
structure. Comparison between the predicted settlements and the
measured settlement values were. However the measured settlements
were significantly lower than those predicted by the geotechnical
engineering consultants. The geotechnical engineering consultants
used 3-D Plaxis for predicting the foundation settlement.
Column and Corewall Shortening Survey
Since BurjKhalifa is a very tall structure, column differential
shortening was one of the most critical
issues considered at the early design and construction stages.
The development of the tower structural system addressed this issue
fundamentally by equalizing the stress level and geometry (V/S
ratio) of the vertical elements. For estimation of wall and column
short-term and long-term shortening, Samsung developed extensive
concrete creep and shrinkage testing programs at the start of
construction. The actual concrete test data were used in the
3D-FEAM construction sequence analysis of the tower to predict the
column/wall strains and shortening during construction and through
the buildings lifetime. Correlation between predicted and actual
column/wall total strains and shortening during construction were
excellent, thus providing confidence in the analytical predictions
and allowing Samsung to make adjustments to the compensation
program as needed.
An extensive survey monitoring program concept was also
developed by the author as shown in Figure 11 to monitor the total
columns shortening at every setback level, which was reported by
the survey team every month. These survey measurements were 1)
analyzed every month by the author and compared against the
predicted measurements, 2) used as a tool to keep track of the
overall building structural behavioural characteristics, and 3)
allowed for better management of the actual construction sequence
of the tower. Figure 11 depicts a number of survey points measured
at a typical level and a sample of the column shortening at the
center of the core subsequent to concrete placement until the
completion of the tower superstructure. Evaluation of the measured
column/wall shortening at all locations indicates that the column
differential shortening is within the predicted range.
Survey of the Tower Lateral Movement during Construction
Because of the tower constant changes in shape and the shift of
center of gravity load relative to the center of stiffness, the
tower was expected to move laterally during construction. In order
to keep track of the tower movements and to make the necessary
corrections for the keep of