Frankie Boykin Manager Operations Black Belt Branch Experiment Station Billy Johnson Research Associate III Coastal Plain Branch Experiment Station Erick Larson Extension Grain Crops Specialist Plant and Soil Sciences Mississippi State University Robert Martin Area Extension Agent-Agriculture Issaquena County Mississippi Wheat and Oat Variety Trials, 2003 Don Respess Area Extension Agent-Agriculture Bolivar County Fawad S. Shah Research Associate II Research Support Units Jerry Singleton Area Extension Agent-Agriculture Leflore County Clarence E. Watson Associate Director MAFES Administration Recognition is given to Jessie L. Selvie and Jerry W. Nail, research technicians for the Variety Testing Program, for their assistance in packaging, planting, harvesting, and recording plot data; and Robert Goss, student worker in the Department of Experimental Statistics, for statistical analyses and computing assistance. This document was prepared by Jimmie Cooper, administrative secretary for MAFES Research Support Units. It was published by the Office of Agricultural Communications, a unit of the Division of Agriculture, Forestry, and Veterinary Medicine at Mississippi State University. Bernie White Manager, Variety Evaluations Mississippi State University
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Frankie BoykinManager Operations
Black Belt Branch Experiment Station
Billy JohnsonResearch Associate III
Coastal Plain Branch Experiment Station
Erick LarsonExtension Grain Crops Specialist
Plant and Soil SciencesMississippi State University
Robert MartinArea Extension Agent-Agriculture
Issaquena County
Mississippi Wheat and OatVariety Trials, 2003
Don RespessArea Extension Agent-Agriculture
Bolivar County
Fawad S. ShahResearch Associate II
Research Support Units
Jerry SingletonArea Extension Agent-Agriculture
Leflore County
Clarence E. WatsonAssociate Director
MAFES Administration
Recognition is given to Jessie L. Selvie and Jerry W. Nail, research technicians for the Variety Testing Program, fortheir assistance in packaging, planting, harvesting, and recording plot data; and Robert Goss, student worker inthe Department of Experimental Statistics, for statistical analyses and computing assistance. This document wasprepared by Jimmie Cooper, administrative secretary for MAFES Research Support Units. It was published by theOffice of Agricultural Communications, a unit of the Division of Agriculture, Forestry, and Veterinary Medicine atMississippi State University.
Bernie WhiteManager, Variety EvaluationsMississippi State University
Wheat and Oat VarietyTEST LOCATIONS
COASTALPLAIN BRANCH
Newton7
MSUMAFES HEADQUARTERS
Starkville
DAVID BRIDGFORTH FARM Hernando
1 (Did Not Plant)
GENE BOYKIN FARMIssaquena County6
BLACK BELT BRANCHBrooksville
2
RICKY BELK FARM Minter City
4
G.R. HARDEN FARMCleveland
3
DELTA BRANCH Stoneville
5 (Did Not Plant)
BROWN LOAM BRANCH Raymond
8 (Did Not Plant)
Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station 1
Experimental Design. Experimental design foreach crop species at each location was a randomizedcomplete block with four replications. Plots consisted ofseven 20-foot rows spaced 7 inches apart.
Cultural Practices. Plots were limed and fertilizedaccording to soil test recommendations. Foliar fungi-cides were not applied at branch stations to insure thatvarieties were evaluated under natural disease pressure.Fungicides at off-station locations were applied at pro-ducer discretion. Herbicides were applied as needed ateach location for weed control.
Seed Source. Seed of all private entries were sup-plied by participating companies. Public varieties wereselected by the Technical Advisory Committee. Seed ofall public varieties were breeder or foundation seedfrom the state that developed the variety.
Planting Rate. All seeds were packaged for plant-ing at the rate of 20 seeds per foot of row for both crops.Plots were planted with a cone, spinner-divider planter.
Yield. A plot combine was used to harvest the totalplot area after the plots were trimmed to a standardlength. Harvested seed were converted to bushels peracre (60 pounds per bushel for wheat, and 32 pounds perbushel for oats).
Heading Date. At most locations, the heading datefor each variety was recorded. This is the date when50% of the heads were extended above the flag leaf.
Plant Height. The height of plants was measuredfrom the soil to the top of the spike or head.
Lodging. Lodging was rated on a 1 to 5 scale: 1 =almost all plants erect; 2 = all plants leaning slightly oronly a few plants down; 3 = all plants leaning moder-ately or 25% to 50% of plants down; 4 = all plantsleaning considerably, or 50% to 80% of plants down;and 5 = all plants down.
Seed Test Weight. The test weight for each varietywas determined from a composite sample from allreplications.
Disease Ratings. All varieties were rated for devel-opment of leaf rust and Septoria leaf and Stagonosporaglume blotch according to James’ Manual ofAssessment Keys for Plant Diseases. At growth stages10.5 (spikes emerged) and 11.1 (milky ripe), 10 plantswere selected at random from each plot. The percentageof leaf area affected by each disease on the flag leaf wasrecorded. From these data, an assessment was made ofthe overall disease response of each variety.
Mississippi Wheat and OatVariety Trials, 2003
Small grains are grown throughout Mississippi. Wheat is the primary crop, followed by oats.Wheat and oat variety trials were conducted at eight locations in Mississippi in 2002-2003.Wheat yields in the range of 30 to 50 bushels per acre were common, and yields in the 60- to80-bushel range were produced under good management and favorable weather conditions. Oatyields from 50 to 80 bushels per acre were common.
PROCEDURES
INTRODUCTION
2 Mississippi Wheat and Oat Variety Trials, 2003
Land Selection. Waterlogged soils often limitwheat productivity. Poorly drained, heavy soils ofthe Delta and bottomland areas of east Mississippishould be avoided.
Seeding Methods. Timely and proper seedingtechniques insure rapid, successful establishment ofsmall-grain seedlings. Planting into a moist, weed-free seedbed with a grain drill is the preferredseeding method for small grains. Modern drills arecapable of seeding in many unprepared seedbeds (notillage), as well as traditionally prepared seedbeds.The optimum seeding depth ranges from 1 to 2inches, depending upon soil moisture status and soiltype. Deep seeding is recommended when soil mois-ture is marginally dry, particularly on light, sandysoils. Producers who do not have grain drills may“rough in” small grains by broadcast sowing onrecently tilled soil and covering the seed with a lighttillage operation, such as a harrow, field cultivator,or shallow disking. Seeding rates should beincreased approximately 25 % when utilizing the“rough in” system to compensate for poorer estab-lishment since seeding depth is random and nofirming over the seed occurs with this method. Whenfield conditions are too wet to permit tractor opera-tions, or when over-seeding an existing crop, smallgrains may be aerially broadcast seeded. Seedingrates should be increased about 75% compared withdrilled rates since surface establishment is extremelydependent upon ambient environmental conditions.Thus, aerial seeding is usually only recommendedfor late-planted small grains since evaporation ratesare much lower late in the fall and little time remainsto seed using normal planting methods.
Seeding Rates. Normal seeding rates for plant-ing with a drill vary from 80 to 100 pounds of seedper acre, depending upon the variety and plantingdate. The low rate should be used when planting atthe normal date and the higher rates when plantinglate or when planting conditions are poor. If seed isbroadcast and covered with a disk or field cultivator,100 to 120 pounds of seed per acre should beplanted. When seeding aerially, about 150 pounds
per acre should be applied. Seeding rates are similarfor oats. This should result in final plant stands ofapproximately 25-30 plants per square foot.
Cold Requirements. Winter varieties of smallgrains require a certain amount of cold weather (lessthan 40oF) before the plants will form seed heads.This process is called vernalization. Most of thewheat varieties planted in Mississippi require lowtemperatures to reproduce; oats do not. In someyears, there is not enough cold weather in southMississippi for some northern-adapted wheat vari-eties, resulting in little or no seed-head production.Normally, these varieties have late heading dates atsouth Mississippi locations. Check adaptation ofunfamiliar varieties with an MSU Extension Serviceagent or seed company representative.
Planting Dates. Planting before recommendedplanting dates often results in establishment diffi-culty, increased stress and pest problems (freezeinjury, aphids, Hessian fly, and disease). Late plant-ing may not expose wheat plants to cooltemperatures long enough for proper development.Recommended planting dates vary according to theregion:
North Mississippi Oct. 1 to Nov. 05Central Mississippi Oct. 15 to Nov. 25South Mississippi Nov. 1 to Dec. 10
Disease and Disease Resistance. Several dis-eases may attack wheat and oat plants inMississippi. Leaf rust, stem rust, and several headdiseases are very common. Planting disease-resis-tant varieties is the most practical and economicalcontrol; however, chemical control may be requiredto control severe outbreaks. For more specific infor-mation, refer to Extension Plant Disease DispatchM-123.
Fertilization. Keep soil pH 6 or higher.Growers should test and apply lime, phosphate, andpotash according to soil analysis recommendations.If soybeans follow a wheat crop on heavy soils(clays, clay loams, and silt loams), apply phosphate
IMPORTANT FACTORS FOR PRODUCERS
Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station 3
The yield potential of a given variety cannot bemeasured with complete accuracy. Consequently,replicate plots of all varieties are evaluated foryield, and the yield of a given variety is estimated asthe mean of all replicate plots of that variety. Yieldsvary somewhat from one replicate plot to another,which introduces a certain degree of error to theestimate of yield potential. This natural variation isoften responsible for yield differences among differ-ent varieties. Thus, even if the mean yields of twovarieties are numerically different, they are not nec-essarily significantly different in terms of yieldpotential. In other words, the ability to measureyield is not precise enough to determine whethersuch small differences are observed purely bychance or because of superior performance.
The least significant difference (LSD) is an esti-mate of the smallest difference between twovarieties that can be declared to be the result ofsomething other than random variation in a particu-lar trial. Consider the following example for a giventrial:
Variety Yield
Abe 60 bu/ABill 55 bu/ACharlie 51 bu/A
LSD 7 bu/A
The difference between variety Abe and varietyBill is 5 bushels per acre (60 - 55 = 5). This differ-ence is smaller than the LSD (7 bushels per acre).
Consequently, it is concluded that variety Abe andvariety Bill have the same yield potential, since theobserved difference occurred purely due to chance.
The difference between variety Abe and varietyCharlie is 9 bushels per acre (60 - 51 = 9), which islarger than the LSD (7 bushels per acre). Therefore,it is concluded that the yield potential of variety Abeis superior to that of variety Charlie, since the dif-ference is larger than would be expected purely bychance.
The coefficient of variation (CV) is a measure ofthe relative precision of a given trial and is used tocompare the relative precision of different trials.The CV is generally considered an estimate of theamount of unexplained variation in a given trial.This unexplained variation can be the result of vari-ation between plots, with respect to soil type,fertility, insects, diseases, drought stress, etc.Overall, the higher the CV, the lower the precisionin a given trial.
The coefficient of determination (R2) is anothermeasure of the level of precision in a trial and isalso used to compare the relative precision of differ-ent trials. The R2 is a measure of the amount ofvariation that is explained, or accounted for, in agiven trial. For example, an R2 value of 90% indi-cates that 90% of the observed variation in the trialhas been accounted for in the trial, with the remain-ing 10% being unaccounted. The higher the R2
value, the more precise the trial. The R2 is generallyconsidered a better measure of precision than theCV for comparison of different trials.
and potash for the soybean crop before planting thewheat. This practice is not recommended on sandysoils because potash may be leached away. Wheatgenerally requires 2 pounds of nitrogen for eachbushel of grain produced. Apply approximately 25%of the nitrogen in the fall. If wheat is grown follow-ing corn, grain sorghum, or rice, apply 30-40 poundsof nitrogen in the fall. Apply the balance of thenitrogen in the spring after dormancy breaks but
before the second node is visible, which generallyoccurs from mid-February through mid-March.
Weed Control. Mississippi State UniversityExtension Service Publication 1532, Weed ControlGuidelines for Mississippi, provides detailed infor-mation for controlling weeds in wheat and oats. Formore specific information, refer to ExtensionService Information Sheet 961, Small GrainsProduction.
USE OF DATA TABLES AND SUMMARY STATISTICS
4 Mississippi Wheat and Oat Variety Trials, 2003
Table 1. 2002-03 wheat yields at location 2,MAFES Black Belt Branch Station, Brooksville (Brooksville silty clay soil).1
Location 2 – Black Belt Branch, Brooksville.Planting was delayed by rainfall until early December.After emerging to a good stand, the plots were sub-jected to a very wet winter. These conditions hamperedtillering and had an adverse effect on yields. Harvestwas completed on time, but yields were below the his-toric average.
Location 3 – G.R. Harden Farm, Cleveland.Wheat planting was late due to heavy rainfall in the fall,but wheat emerged to a good stand. Although the win-ter and spring were wet, wheat was harvested in atimely manner. No fungicide treatments were made forcontrolling diseases.
Location 4 – Ricky Belk Farm, Minter City. Thewheat variety trials were planted into good soil mois-ture with additional rain falling soon after planting.Although the plot area had good surface drainage, itappears that the rain and winter weather reduced the
stand in some individual plots. No significant diseaseor insect pressures were observed.
Location 6 – Gene Boykin Farm, IssaquenaCounty. After planting on Nov. 14, the 2003 wheat-growing season was fairly normal for this area.Temperatures were moderate throughout the season.Rainfall for the period was 25 to 30 inches, which wasslightly above average for the period. There were nolate freezing temperatures during or after head emer-gence.
Location 7 – Coastal Plain Branch, Newton.Weather conditions were good this season despite a wetfall that delayed planting somewhat. A heavy rain fol-lowed planting, but a stand was achieved. Normalweather conditions followed until harvest. Harvest wasmade in a very timely manner in May. Disease wasinsignificant, and birds were controlled with scare tac-tics this year.
WEATHER SUMMARY BY LOCATION
Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station 5
Table 1 (continued). 2002-03 wheat yields at location 2,MAFES Black Belt Branch Station, Brooksville (Brooksville silty clay soil).1
Herbicide: Harmony Extra @ 0.5 oz/A on Feb. 27, 2003 Previous crop: Wheat2See “Procedures” for a description of lodging scores.
12 Mississippi Wheat and Oat Variety Trials, 2001
Table 6. Yield summary of 2002-03 wheat variety trials in Mississippi.Brand/Variety Brooksville North Newton South Cleveland Issaquena Minter Delta Overall
Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station 13
Table 7. Two-year summary of 2001-02 and 2002-03 yields for wheat variety trials in Mississippi.Brand/Variety Newton South Issaquena Cleveland Minter Delta Overall
Table 7 (continued). Two-year summary of 2001-02 and 2002-03 yields for wheat variety trials in Mississippi.Brand/Variety Newton South Issaquena Cleveland Minter Delta Overall
Table 8. Three-year summary of 2001-01, 2001-02, and 2002-03 yields for wheat variety trials in Mississippi.Brand/Variety Newton Issaquena Overall avg.
Table 9. Wheat varietal reactions to disease in Mississippi.1
1Prepared by Dr. David M. Ingram, Associate Extension/Research Plant Pathologist, Central Mississippi Research and Extension Center,Raymond, Mississippi.2Diseases rated visually using James’ Manual of Assessment Keys for Plant Diseases. Ten random flag leaves from each plot were rated forpercentage of leaf area affected, the values averaged and compared to a set of standard values for R = resistant (<1%); MR = moderatelyresistant (1-5%); MS = moderately susceptible (5-10%); S=susceptible (10-25%); VS = very susceptible (>25%); and — = no disease symp-toms observed. Values reflect varietal disease reaction only and are not intended to be used as the sole criterion for determination ofeconomic losses.3 * = Low incidence of leaf rust occurred in the variety.
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Syngenta Seeds NK Coker 9152 P.O. Box 729 NK Coker 9663Bay, AR 72411 NK Coker B960457 (Exp.)
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