IB Spanish Review Sheets

8/9/2019 IB Spanish Review Sheets

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IB SPANISH REVIEW

PRESENT INDICATIVE TENSE

Even though weve focused on learning various new tenses this year, you cant forget about the plain, oldpresent tense. As you know, its used to talk about actions and events that occur generally or are occurring now(and, in some cases, that will occur in the future). Here are the present indicative endings for REGULAR verbs

Endings for Endings for Endings for

Subject AR verbs ER verbs IR verbs

yo -o -o -ot -as -es -esl / ella / usted -a -e -enosotros -amos -emos -imosellos / ellas / ustedes -an -en -en

Remember, many verbs have irregularities in the present tense, especially in theyoform. You should know the

main yo-go verbs (verbs whose present indicativeyoforms end ingo), common verbs whoseyoforms endiny(dar, ir, estar, ser) and verbs likesaberand conocer.

Common Verbs with Other common verbsyo-go verbs yoforms iny with irregularyoforms

decir digo dar doy conocer conozcohacer hago estar estoy saber sor oigo ir voy ver veoponer - pongo ser soysalir salgo

seguir sigotener tengotraer traigovenir vengo

Also note that Spanish has many stem-changing or boot verbs in which there is a stem change in everypresent-tense conjugation EXCEPT the nosotrosform (and the vosotrosform, but were not focusing on thatform in this course). Here are some of the more common boot verbs you should know the meaning andconjugations of ALL of these:

e!ie cerrar, pensar, sentarse, querer, preferir

e!i pedir, servir, vestirseo!ue dormir, morir, poder, acostarseu!ue jugar

PRETERITE

The preterite is one of two simple past tenseforms that exist in Spanish. (The other is the imperfect.) It is usedto talk about actions that happened and were completed in the past.


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-AR verbs -ER and IR verbs

- - "[NOTE ACCENTS]-aste -iste- -i "[NOTE ACCENTS ON FINAL -]-amos -imos-aron -ieron

As you know, many verbs are irregularin the preterite, including some very common verbs. There are severalthat you should know by now. Note that (a) there are patterns here with certain endings (i.e., most use -e, -iste-,-o, -imos and ieron), and (b) NONE of these forms has accents.

dar di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron "(note ABSENCE of accents here)decir dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijeron "(note ABSENCE of i in they form)hacer hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron "(note z in he/she/Ud. form)ir fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueronser fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueronestar estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvieron

poder pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudieronponer puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusieronquerer quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisieronsaber supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supierontener tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieronvenir vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinieronver vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron "(note ABSENCE of accents, as with dar)

Some -ir verbs that are boot verbs (stem-changers) in the present tense are regular in all preterite formsexceptthe third person singular and plural (the l/ella/Ud.and ellos/ellas/Uds.forms). These verbs have a

special spelling change in both third person preterite forms: either [e!i] or [o!u]. Verbs in this categoryyou must know: pedir (pidi/pidieron), servir (sirvi/sirvieron), divertirse (se divirti/se divirtieron), dormir(durmi/durmieron), and morir (muri/murieron).

Some verbs have a meaning change when used in the preterite tense. You must know the meanings of thefollowing verbs in the preterite:

Meaning ofInfinitive verb in preterite Example

conocer met (for 1sttime) Conoc a mi esposa en Nicaragua.

I met my wife [for 1st

time] in Nicaragua.

poder managed to, Pudiste abrir la puerta? No, no pude.succeeded in Did you manage to open the door? No, I

didnt (manage to).

saber found out Juan rompi con Mara. Lo supe anoche.Juan broke up with Mara. I found out (aboutit) last night.


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IMPERFECT

The imperfect is used to talk about actions that were in progressin the past, or that occurred regularlyorhabituallyin the past. These uses of the imperfect are often translated into English using the term used to.

Example: Cuando yo era nio, jugaba en el parque todos los sbados.When I was a boy, I used to play in the park every Saturday.

When used with the preterite, the imperfect describes the background action, and the preterite is usedfor the specific action or event that in some sense interrupted the background action.

Example: Marta jugaba al ftbol cuando ocurri el accidente.Marta was playing soccer when the accident occurred.

To describe two actions that were going on at the same time in the past one was happening while the otherwas happening you would normally use the imperfect tense for both.

Example: Mi pap lavaba los platos mientras mi mam los secaba.My dad washed the dishes while my mom dried them.

For verbs that are regularin the imperfect (and almost all are regular), you drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er or-ir) and add these endings:

-AR verbs -ER and IR verbs

-aba -a-abas -as-aba -a-bamos -amos-aban -an

Note the accent in the nosotrosform of thearendings, and in allforms of theerandirendings. Also notethat for each of these two categories, theyoform is the same as the l/ella/Ud.form.

Only three important verbs are irregularin the imperfect (you must memorize these forms):

ser ir ver

era iba veaeras ibas veasera iba vea

ramos bamos veamoseran iban vean

Note the accents in the imperfect nosotrosforms of serand ir. Also note that for each of these three verbs, theyoform is the same as the l/ella/Ud.form.

PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT


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In very basic terms, the preterite is used for specificpast time frames, and the imperfect is used when the timeframe is nonspecific. Heres a summary of the main distinctions between these two PAST tenses:

Use preterite for actions/verbs that Use imperfect for- can be viewed as single, completed events - actions that were habitual/regularly repeated- were repeated a specific number of times - background action for a specific event- occurred during a specific period of time - telling time in the past- were part of a chain of events - stating someones age in the past

- refer to the beginning or end of a process/event - mental/emotional/physical states (usually)- refer to a persons reaction to an event/situation - describing people, things or conditions

in the past

The imperfect and the preterite are used together in sentences in which a specific action or event interrupts, orin some sense stands out against, a background action that was going on at that time in the past. Use theimperfect for the background action and the preterite for the interrupting event. Examples:

Dormamos cuando lleg mi pap. We were sleeping when my dad arrived.Juan lea un libro cuando son el telfono. Juan was reading a book when the phone rang.

Note that in English the past progressive tense (were sleeping, was reading, etc.) is often used to translate theSpanish imperfect-tense verb in this type of sentence.

Remember that the difference between these two tenses has to do with how the speaker is viewing the past. If thspeaker views the action(s) as somehow ongoing in the past, and/or is simply not focusing on the beginning or eof the action(s), then the sentence will use the imperfect:

Yo jugaba al tenis mientras Juan lea. I played (was playing) tennis while Juanread (was reading).

However, if the speaker is viewing the action(s) as completed in the past, she would use the preterite:

Ayer yo jugu al tenis y Juan ley. Yesterday I played tennis and Juan read.

FUTURE TENSE

This tense is used to talk about future actions and events. In English we have to use the auxiliary verb will toform the future tense of a main verb (as in I will callyou tomorrow, She will arrivenext week, etc.). InSpanish THERE IS NO AUXILIARY VERB THAT MEANS WILL. Instead, you form the future by addingendings to the infinitive(if regular). The endings are as follows:

ending Example

- hablar I will speak-s hablars You will speak- hablar He/She/Ud. will speak-emos hablaremos We will speak-n hablarn They/Uds. will speak

Note the accent in all forms except nosotros.


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Some verbs are irregular in the future, in that the stem is not the infinitive. The endings used are still exactlythe same ones listed above, however.

Infinitive stem used for future conjugations

decir dir- dir, dirs, dir, diremos, dirn

haber habr- habr, habrs, habr, habremos, habrn

hacer har- har, hars, har, haremos, harnpoder podr- podr, podrs, podr, podremos, podrnponer pondr- pondr, pondrs, pondr, pondremos, pondrnquerer querr- querr, querrs, querr, querremos, querrnsaber sabr- sabr, sabrs, sabr, sabremos, sabrnsalir saldr- saldr, saldrs, saldr, saldremos, saldrntener tendr- tendr, tendrs, tendr, tendremos, tendrnvaler valdr- valdr, valdrs, valdr, valdremos, valdrnvenir vendr- vendr, vendrs, vendr, vendremos, vendrn

NOTE: You must also know thoroughly the so-called pseudo-future tense, which is simply the IR + A +INFINITIVEconstruction. Examples: Voy a hablar con ella(Im going to speak with her);Paco va aestudiar esta noche (Paco is going to study tonight); Vamos a pintar la casa maana (Were going to paint thehouse tomorrow).

CONDITIONAL

As in English, the conditional tense is used to talk about what would or would not happen under certaincircumstances. In English the conditional is formed by placing the auxiliary verb would before a verb (Iwould study if I had a book; With a little encouragement, she would run for office). In Spanish THERE IS

NO AUXILIARY VERB THAT MEANS WOULD. Instead, you form the conditional by adding endings tothe infinitive(if regular). The endings are as follows:

Subject ending Example

yo -a hablara I would talkt -as hablaras you would talkl / ella / usted -a hablara he/she/Ud. would talknosotros -amos hablaramos we would talkellos / ellas / ustedes -an hablaran they/Uds. would talk

Certain verbs use irregular stems instead of the infinitive. GOOD NEWS: these are the same verbs that useirregular stems for thefuturetense, and the irregular stems for the conditional are exactly the same asthe stems used for the future. Remember, the conditional endingsare always the same, regardless of whetherthe stem is regular (i.e., the infinitive) or irregular.

stem used for

Infinitive conditional conjugations

decir dir- dira, diras, dira, diramos, diran

haber habr- habra, habras, habra, habramos, habranhacer har- hara, haras, hara, haramos, haran

poder podr- podra, podras, podra, podramos, podran


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poner pondr- pondra, pondras, pondra, pondramos, pondranquerer querr- querra, querras, querra, querramos, querransaber sabr- sabra, sabras, sabra, sabramos, sabransalir saldr- saldra, saldras, saldra, saldramos, saldrantener tendr- tendra, tendras, tendra, tendramos, tendranvaler valdr- valdra, valdras, valdra, valdramos, valdranvenir vendr- vendra, vendras, vendra, vendramos, vendran

Here are some examples with the conditional:

Yo comprara esa camisa, pero no tengo dinero.I would buy that shirt, but I dont have any money.

Ella ira al cine contigo, pero tiene que trabajar.She would go to the movies with you, but she has to work.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The present perfect is used to talk about actions and events that have already occurred but that still affect, or

have continuing relevance for, the present moment. The Spanish present perfect is used much like its Englishcounterpart (I have spoken / She has seen/ They have walked etc.).

This is a compound tense, which means it has two parts. The first part consists of a conjugated form of theauxiliary verb haber, and the second part is a form of the main verb (the one that actually names the action thatoccurred) known as the past participle. So the formula is:

Present perfect = conjugated haber + past participle

First, conjugate the auxiliary verb haberaccording to its subject (the person doing the action). Your choicesare as follows:

Conjugation

Subject of haber

yo het hasl / ella / usted hanosotros hemosellos / ellas / ustedes han

Then, use the past participle of the main verb. A past participle may be regularor irregular. Verbs that have

regularpast participles follow these rules:

-AR verbs (hablar, cambiar, etc.) -ER and IR verbs (comer, vivir, etc.)

1. Drop thearof the infinitive. 1. Drop theeror -irof the infinitive.2. Add the endingado 2. Add the endingido.

Examples: Yo he hablado con Juan. Examples: Ellos han comido el postre.Lima ha cambiado mucho. Has vivido en Francia?


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Many common verbs have irregular past participles. These must be memorized.

resuelto resolver to solve, to resolveroto romper to break, to tearescrito escribir to write

visto ver to see

vuelto volver to returnmuerto morir to die

abierto abrir to opencubierto cubrir to coverpuesto poner to puthecho hacer to do, to make

dicho decir to say, to tell

descubierto descubrir to discover

Note that you cant insert any other words between conjugations of haberand a past participle i.e., the twoparts of this tense form an indivisible unit.

THE PROGRESSIVE TENSES

The progressive tenses are fairly easy to learn in that they work very much like their English counterparts. Thepresent progressiveis used to talk about what is happening NOW (e.g., I am speaking, you are eating, etc.).Heres the formula:

Present progressive = present tense conjugation of estar+ present participle

The present participle is equivalent to the ing form in English. You form it by dropping the infinitive endingsand adding andofor AR verbs, and iendofor ER and IR verbs. Examples:

Hablar ! Estoy hablando. I am speaking.Comer ! Ests comiendo. You are eating.Leer ! Ellos estn leyendo. They are reading.

Note that for verbs like leer, the rule stated above would give us three vowels in a row in the ending (-eiendo). In such cases, change the i to y (e.g., leyendo, oyendo, construyendo, etc.).

The imperfect progressiveis used to talk about what was happening at some time in the past (e.g., I wasspeaking, you were eating, etc.). Heres the formula:

Imperfect progressive = imperfect tense conjugation of estar+ present participle

Note that the second part of this compound tense the present participle is exactly the same in the presentprogressive and the imperfect progressive. The only difference is the change in the tense of the helper verbestar. Examples:

Hablar ! Estbamos hablando. We were speaking.Comer ! Estaban comiendo. They were eating.Leer ! Yo estaba leyendo. I was reading.


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SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

The subjunctive (el subjuntivo)is one of the three moods in Spanish, the other two being the indicativeand theimperative. The subjunctive mood in Spanish often expresses the opposite of the objective and truthfulindicative. The subjunctive is used to express desires, doubts, wishes, wants, demands, doubts, theunknown, the abstract, and emotions.

Formation:

Yo form of present tense/drop the o/ add opposite vowel ending

ar er/ir irregulars

e emos a amos haya haber saber - sepa

es as vaya ir dar d cha cha cha!

e en a an sea ser estar est

Elements of the Subjunctive

There are three main parts to a subjunctive sentence:

1. Two Different SubjectsOne subject in the main clause, and one in the dependent clause.

Yoquiero que tlimpies el bao.

2. Que

This pronoun links the two clauses and translates to mean "that." (often eliminated in English)

Yo quiero quet limpies el bao.

3. Two Verbs: One WEIRDO/WEDDING and One SubjunctiveThe WEIRDO (indicative) verb (see uses below) is the verb thatsignalsthe verb in the next clause will be inthe subjunctive.

Yo quieroque t limpiesel bao.

Uses (WEIRDO)

The subjunctive may seem a bit difficult for many native English speakers since we dont use the subjunctivetoo often in English. But if you can keep in mind that each Spanish mood is just that, a mood, then you will

begin to "feel" the difference in speech. Of course there are also lots of handy rules and tips to help you untilyou get the "feelings" of the subjunctive. The acronym WEIRDOseems to encompass most of the situationsyou will need to use the subjunctive. The subjunctive is used to express: Wishes, Emotions, ImpersonalExpressions, Recommendations, Doubt/Denial, and is used after the words Ojal (I hope to God that...).

1. WishesWishing, wanting, demanding, desiring, expecting, ordering, and preferring all fall into this category. Alsomentioning the nonexistence or indefiniteness of something that is desired falls into this category. Because the


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dependent clause represents what we want from someone else, the actions have not yet occurred and may neveroccur, thus they are in the subjunctive mood and not the indicative.

Yo esperoque l me compreunas flores. (I hope that he buys me flowers.)

No haynadie que quierasacar la basura. (There is no one that wants to take out the trash.)

Nosotros agradecemosque t cocinesbien. (We are grateful that you cook well.)

Useful Verbs of Wishfulness

Querer que esperar que desear que

2. EmotionsBeing annoyed, angry, happy, regretful, sad, scared, or surprised all fall into this category. Any personalreaction to a situation is emotional. The focus is not on a factual observation of a situation but how is makes thesubject feel. Since how a person feels is always subjective, you use the subjunctive.

Me alegrode que t sonras. (It makes me happy that you smile.)

Les molestaque l escuchela msica fuerte? (Does it bother you that he listens to loud music?)

Sientomucho que no puedanvenir a la fiesta. (Im sorry that they cant come to the party.)

Useful Verbs of Emotion

Estar enojado/alegre/furioso/sorprendido/triste/emocionado que

Me gusta que me molesta que sentirse que

3. Its ExpressionsIts expressions work a lot like emotions in that they are someones opinion or value judgment. They focus onthe subjectivity of the subject and not on the actual truth or reality of the situation.

Impersonal Expression Formula

Almost any phase with the es + adjective + quecan be an impersonal expression as long as it doesnt state anytruth (es verdad que), certainty (es cierto que), or fact (es hecho que). These are indicative.But their opposites(no es verdad que) are subjunctive.

Es necesarioque Jaime leaeste libro. (It is necessary that Jaime reads this book.)

Es extraoque yo recibaun regalo porque no es mi cumpleaos. (Its odd that I receive a gift becauseit isnt my birthday.)

Es increbleque los guepardos corrantan rpidamente. (It is incredible that cheetahs can run so

quickly.)

Useful Impersonal Expressions (not a complete list!)

es

agradableit is nice

es

estupendoit is great es necesario it is necessary es urgente it is urgent


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es bueno it is good es extrao it is strange es probable it is probablees

vergonzosoit is adisgrace

es curiosoit is

curiouses

importanteit is

importantes raro it is rare no es cierto

it is not

certain

es dudosoit isdoubtful

es increbleit isincredible

es

recomendableit isrecommended

no es hechoit is not aact

es esencial

it is

essential es malo it is bad es una lstima it is a pity

no es

verdad it is not true

4. RecommendationsWhen a person recommends, suggests, wants, or asks another person to do something, the subjunctive is used.In this case, the queseparates the recommender for the recommendation.

Mi doctor recomiendaque yo bebams agua. (My doctor recommends that I drink more water.)

Yo le ruegoque mi hija tengams cuidado. (I beg that my daughter is more careful.)

Ellos sugierenque t leaseste libro. (They suggest that you read this book.)

Useful Verbs of Recommendation

aconsejarto adviseproponer to suggest sugerirto suggest

decir to say recomendarto recommend rogar to beg

mandar to order rogar to beg pedir to ask for

5. DoubtDoubt indicates that a situation seems unreal, therefore, not factual (indicative). To doubt or deny something isto question is sense of reality.

Dudoque l tengami nmero de telfono. (I doubt that he has my phone number.)

No creenque los extraterrestres existan. (They dont believe that aliens exist.)

T niegasque la camisa seama. (You deny that the shirt is mine.)

Useful Verbs of Doubt

dudar to doubt no creer not to believeno pensar not to think

negar to deny no estar seguronot to be sureno suponernot to assume

no comprendernot to understandno parecer not to seem

Creo que/pienso que/es cierto que/es verdad que/no dudo que are all indicative as they indicate what the subjectknows, believes, thinks to be true and part of reality.

6. Ojal

Ojal is a Spanish word with Arabic origins. Originally it meant "Oh Allah!" and may have been used inprayers. Nowadays, it has taken on several more general meanings: "I hope to God..." "I hope..." or "If only..."Ojal can introduce a subjunctive phrase with or without the relative pronoun que.


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Ojalque recuerdenuestro aniversario! (I hope to God he remembers our anniversary.)

Ojalllueva! (I hope it rains!)

Ojalque vengael padre Noel. (I hope Santa Clause comes!)

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

The past subjunctive is used to express the same subjectivity as the present subjunctive but in the past.

Formation:

- Ellos form of preterite hablar hablara, hablaras, hablara,

- Drop the ron hablramos, hablaran

- Add vivir viviera, vivieras, viviera,

o ra ramos viviramos, vivieran

o

ras tener tuviera, tuvieras, tuviera

o ra ran tuviramos, tuvieran

Ex: Quera que los chicos vinieran a la fiesta. I wanted the boys to come to the party.

Fue importante que Uds. llegaran a tiempo. It was important that you all arrived on time.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES

How to choose between present or past subjunctive

SI CLAUSE

Used to express hypothetical situations. Think of the lottery song If I had a million dollars, Id buy you ahouse.

WEIRDO verb Subjunctive

present - Quiero que

future Querr que

present perfect He querido que

Present subjunctive

t vengas a mi casa.

Preterite Quise que

Imperfect Quera que

Conditional Querra que

Past subjunctive

t vinieras a mi casa.


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SI + imperfect subjunctive, conditional

Ex: Si tuviera un milln de dlares, te comprara una casa.Si pudiera, ira a la fiesta. If I could, I would go to the party.

You can also reverse the order of the sentence. The only thing you must remember is that the imperfectsubjunctive immediately follows the word si.

Ex: Te comprara una casa si tuviera un milln de dlares. I would buy you a house if I had a million dollars.Ira a la fiesta si pudiera. I would go to the party if I could.

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE EXPRESSIONS

To talk about the differences between people and things, use the expressions ms ____ queand menos ____que. An adjective, noun or adverb can go in the blank.

Anita es ms alta que Juan. ! Anita is taller than Juan.Jorge es menos generoso que Carlos ! Jorge is less generous than Carlos.

Yo leo ms libros que Marta. ! I read more book than Marta.Ella trabaja menos cuidadosamente que yo. ! She works less carefully than I.

To say that someone or something does or is the most of something, we use a superlative expression. Thesuperlative is formed by using the appropriate form of the (el/la/los/las) plus mswith the adjective, followedby de(literally, of). Note: use de, NOT en. Examples:

Susana es la muchacha ms aplicada de la clase. (S. is the most studious girl in the class.)Borat es la pelcula ms cmica del ao. (Its the funniest movie of the year.)

The adjectives buenoand malohave special comparative and superlative forms:

bueno/buena ! mejor (better) el/la mejor (the best)malo/mala ! peor (worse) el/la peor (the worst)

Examples:Ricardo escribe peor que yo. ! Ricardo writes worse than I do.Shakira es la mejor cantante del mundo. ! Shakira is the best singer in the world.

We use comparisons of equalityto talk about things that are the same in quality or quantity. To compare equalqualities, use tan ____ como; to compare equal quantities, use tanto/a/os/as ____ como. For example:

Sandra es tan atltica como Ana. ! Sandra is as athletic as Ana.

Sandra tiene tantas medallas como Ana ! Sandra has as many medals as Ana.

Hint: to remember the difference between tanand tanto/tanta/tantos/tantas, remember: tanand as are bothvery short words, and tanto/tanta/etc. and as much/many as are both longer expressions.

Note that you have to use the correct form of tanto/a/os/asto agree in number and gender with the noun itmodifies. (Tengo tanta lechuga como t, tengo tantos libros como t, etc.)


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EL IMPERATIVO-- COMMANDS IN SPANISH

The command formof Spanish verbs is called el imperativo(the word for command is el mandato). Thereare different command sub-forms depending on whether the command is informal(used with people you callt) or formal, and whether it is singular(youre talking to one person) or plural(youre talking to more thanone person). First, lets look at tcommands the informal singular commands.

The tcommands have different forms depending on whether they are affirmative(youre telling someone to

do something) or negative(youre telling someone NOT to do something). Most affirmative tcommands usethe same form as the third-person singular (he/she/usted) conjugation of the verb. This means that stem-changing verbs DO HAVE the stem change in the informal commands. Here are some examples (note the stemchange in the last two):

Hablar ! Habla con el profesor. (Speak with the professor.)Comer ! Come la ensalada. (Eat the salad.)Escribir ! Escribe la carta. (Write the letter.)Cerrar ! Cierra la puerta. (Shut the door.)Dormir ! Duerme ocho horas. (Sleep [for] eight hours.)

Certain very common verbs have irregular affirmative informal command forms. As youll recall, these are theones for which we learned the little song or chant.

Venir ! ven (come)Tener ! ten (have)Poner ! pon (put)Hacer ! haz (do, make)Salir ! sal (leave, go out with)Decir ! di (say, tell)Ir ! ve (go)Ser ! s (be) "NOTE ACCENT!!

T commands are fun!

The negative tand affirmative and negative ustedand ustedes, have a central feature in common, in thatthey use the opposite vowel.

If regular, all the commands were concerned with here (except the affirmative tform, which has a differentformation rule, as noted above) can be formed by using the following three-step procedure:

1. Take the present-tenseyoform of the verb. Ex.: hablo2. Drop the final o. Ex.: habl-3. Add endings featuring the opposite vowel. Ex.: no hables (neg. t)

hable / no hable (usted)hablen / no hablen (ustedes)hablemos (nosotros)

The above rule works for almost all verbs, includingyo-goverbs and many other verbs with irregularities in thepresent-tenseyoform.

When object pronouns (reflexive, indirect, or direct) are used with commands, the OP goes AFTER theAFFIRMATIVE command form (i.e., attachedto it to make oneword), and BEFORE the NEGATIVE


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command form (as a separate word after no). Also, if the resulting affirmative command has more than twosyllables, put an accent over the stressed vowel. Examples:

Decir (t): Ana, dime la verdad. BUT Ana, no me digas mentiras.Preguntar (Ud.): Pregntele a la profesora. BUT No le pregunte.Levantarse (Uds.): Chicos, levntense. BUT Chicos, no se levanten.

Here is a summary table for the regular commands:

Command forms for REGULAR verbs

Person(s) being addressed Affirmative command Negative command

TRegular: 3

rperson singular

Irregulars: Song

hablacome

escribecierra

ven-ten-pon-haz-sal-di-ve-s

No+ tform of verb

with opposite ending

No hablesNo comas

No escribasNo cierres

No pongas, no tengas, etc.

Ustedustedform of verb

withopposite endinghablecoma

escribacierre

salga

No+ ustedform of verb

withopposite ending

No hableNo coma

No escribaNo cierre

No salga

Ustedes

ustedesform of verb

with opposite endinghablencoman

escribancierrensalgan

No+ ustedesform of verb

with opposite ending

No hablenNo coman

No escribanNo cierrenNo salgan

However, the above three-step process does NOT work for some very common verbs, including ir,serand dar.One has to memorize the irregular command forms for these verbs. Here are tables for ir,serand dar:

Command forms forDAR(give):

Person(s) being addressed Affirmative command Negative commandT da No des

Usted d* No d*

Ustedes den No den

*Note the accent on these forms. The accent distinguishes the command from the preposition de,which meansof or from.


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Command forms forSER(be):

Person(s) being addressed Affirmative command Negative commandT s No seas

Usted sea No sea

Ustedes sean No sean

Command forms forIR(go):

Person(s) being addressed Affirmative command Negative commandT ve No vayas

Usted vaya No vaya

Ustedes vayan No vayan

Verbs that end in car, garand zarhave spelling changes in all forms exceptthe affirmative t. The spellingchanges preserve the pronunciation of the word, and are the same as those that occur in theyoform of thepreterite:

-car: c!qu Ex: sacar No saques la basura.-gar: g!gu Ex: llegar Llegue a las ocho.-zar: z!c Ex: comenzar Comiencen ahora.

OBJECT PRONOUNS and their placement

There are three main types of object pronoun in Spanish: reflexive (RPs), indirect (IDOPs), and direct (DOPs).

Unlike English, Spanish places OPs BEFOREthe conjugated verb (except affirmative commands):

RP example: Ellos se baan. They bathe (themselves).IDOP example: Ella me escribi. She wrote to me.DOP example: Yo te veo. I see you.

As you know, in some situations a verb has to stay in the infinitive form for example, if the verb immediatelyfollows a conjugated form of a helper verb like deber(should) orpoder(can, to be able to). If an objectpronoun is used in such a two-verb construction, the OP can eitherbe attachedto the end of that infinitive,orplaced in front of the conjugated helper verbas a separate word. Examples:

Yo tengo que baarme. OR Yo me tengo que baar. (I have to take a bath.)Ana quiere escribirme. OR Ana me quiere escribir. (Ana wants to write me.)Nosotros podemos verte. OR Nosotros te podemos ver. (We can see you.)

Something very similar happens when you use OPs with the progressive tenses. That is, the OP can eitherbe

attached to the end of the present participle, orplaced in front of the conjugated helper verb (normally a form ofa estar) as a separate word. For example, I am eating it (where it = la manzana) could be stated in either ofthese two ways :

Estoy comindola. OR La estoy comiendo.

Note that, if you attach the OP to the present participle, you have to put an accent on the appropriate vowel ofthe ending (e.g., estabas comprndolo, estamos vendindolas, etc.)


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Reflexive Pronouns And Reflexive Verbs. You have to know how to conjugate a reflexive verb, regardless ofthe tense or mood it may be in.

Remember, a reflexive verb is one in which the person who performs the action and the person who receives theaction are one in the same (i.e., the person performs the action on himself). For some Spanish verbs it is fairlyclear why they are reflexive (e.g., lavarse, to wash oneself or a part of oneself); for other verbs, the logic is notreadily apparent to an English-speaking student, and you just have to learn that they are reflexive in Spanish

(e.g., darse cuenta de, to realize).

When conjugating reflexive verbs, follow these two steps:

1. First, identify the subject of the reflexive verb and choose the correct reflexive pronoun (RP). The RPsappear below (note that leis NOTone of them!!). Remember, unless its a command, a conjugatedreflexive verb must always have a reflexive pronoun out in front, as a separate word.

If the subject of thereflexive verb is: Use this RP:

yo met tel / ella / usted senosotros nosellos / ellas / ustedes se

2. Second, conjugate the main part of the verb according to the rules of Spanish grammar (i.e., according toperson, number, tense, and mood). Here are examples of exercises you might encounter:

Ayer / yo / [acostarse] / a las ocho. !! Ayer yo me acost a las ocho.Jorge / [levantarse] / a las seis. !! Jorge se levanta a las seis.

Please, please remember that nosotrosand nosare NOTinterchangeable!! The word nosmeans (to)ourselves if reflexive, and (to) us if used as an IDOP or DOP. ONLYNOSOTROSMEANSWE!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Indirect Object Pronouns. The IDOPs are as follows:

IDOP English meaning

me To/for mete To/for you (fam.)

le (se) To/for him/her/Ud. "Notesestands in for lein some cases (see below)nos To/for usles (se) To/for them/Uds. "Notesestands in for lesin some cases (see below)

Remember, an IDOP answers the question To or for whom? with respect to the verb. In the sentence, Ithrew it to him, the word him is acting as an IDOP (Threw to whom? To him!)

Many important Spanish verbs take IDOPs. The most common one isgustar(to be pleasing to). Note that,with this and similar verbs, the conjugation of the verb tells us whatis pleasing to somebody, and is usually inthird person singulat or third person plural (me gusta= it pleases me, me gustan= they please me)


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Direct Object Pronouns. The DOPs are as follows:

DOP English meaning

me mete you (fam.)lo/la him/her/Ud./it "Note gender agreement is required

nos uslos/las them/Uds./them "Note gender agreement is required

Remember, a DOP answers the question What (or, sometimes, whom)? In the sentence, I threw it to him,the word it is acting as a DOP (Threw what? Threw it!).

IMPERSONALSE

In addition to acting as a reflexive pronoun (see above),secan function in impersonal expressions. Theconstructionse+ (conjugated verb) is used to express what you do/one does, what they say/think/etc., and

what is done/known/believed/etc. The impersonalseis most commonly used with the third person singularform of the verb:

Se dice que It is said that / They say thatSe cree que It is believed that / They think thatSe habla espaol. Spanish is spoken [here]. (type of thing youd see on a sign)No se sabe. It is not known.

However, if the verb refers to more than one thing or concept, than you use the third person plural conjugation:

Se vende leche all. BUT Se venden tomates all.

(Milk is sold there) (Tomatoes are sold there)

Se habla espaol. BUT Se hablan espaol y francs.(Spanish is spoken.) (Spanish and French are spoken.)

THE SPECIAL VERB HAY

hay = there is / there are (present indicative)haya = there is / there are (present subjunctive)haba = there was / there were (imperfect indicative)

habr = there will be (future indicative)habra = there would be (conditional indicative)hubiera = there was/would be/were (past subjunctive)

TO CONJUGATE, OR NOT TO CONJUGATE?


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Note, however, that compound tenses are NOT two-verb constructions. They use a conjugated form of theappropriate helper verb i.e., haberfor the perfect tenses, and estar(usually) for the progressive tenses plus a special verbal form that is NOT considered a conjugation: the past participle (-ado/-ido) for the perfecttenses, and the present participle (-ando/-iendo) for the progressive tenses.

When the verb comes immediately aftera preposition (a, de, con, en,para,por, hasta, etc.). In Spanish, ifa verb follows a preposition, it MUST be in the infinitive. Compare this to English, which often uses the

ing form after prepositions:

No me gusta su forma de pensar. I dont like his way of thinking.Necesito un lpiz para escribir. I need a pencil in order to write.

WORDS FREQUENTLY CONFUSED

salir (de) to leave, to go out (of)Sale de la casa. He leaves the house.

dejar to leave (something behind)Dej su libro en casa. He left his book at home.

volver to return, to go backVolver a las tres. He will return at three.

devolver to return, to give backDevolv el coche a la agencia. I returned the car to the agency.

conocer to know (a person, place)Conoces a Juan Lpez? Do you know Juan Lpez?

saber to know (a fact, info), to know how to

Ella sabe su direccin. She knows his address.No s cocinar. I dont know how to cook.

preguntar to ask (a question, for info)Qu hora es? pregunt el chico. What time is it? asked the boy.

pedir to ask for, requestElla pidi ayuda. She asked for help.

pasar to spend (time)

Pasa todo el verano all. She spends the whole summer there.gastar to spend (money), to waste (time or money)

Ella gast 50 dlares en la tienda. She spent $50 in the store.El gastar toda su herencia. He will waste his whole inheritance.

jugar to play (sport or game)Juega muy bien al tenis. He plays tennis very well.

tocar to play (music)Tocamos la flauta. We play the flute.


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Ella toca msica rap. She plays rap music.

pensar en to think of (to direct ones thoughts to)Ella piensa en su hermano en Irak. She is thinking of her brother in Iraq.

pensar de to think of (to have an opinion about)Qu piensas de esa situacin? What do you think of that situation?

poder can, to be able (physically)Ella no puede esquiar. She cant ski. (shes injured ordoesnt have permission)

saber can (to know how)Ella no sabe esquiar. She cant (doesnt know how to) ski.

haber to have (followed by the past participle, to form the perfect tenses)Ella ha dejado su libro en casa. She has left her book at home.

tener to have (possession)Tiene un perro feo. She has an ugly dog.

ponerse to become (generally followed by an adjective indicating a temporary change)Susana se puso nerviosa. Susan became nervous.

llegar a ser to become (followed by a noun, indicating effort toward a goal)Lleg a ser mdico. He became a physician.

tomar to takeElla tom el tranva. She took the streetcar.Miguel tom la pluma. Mike took the pen.

llevar take (from one place to another)Llev su perro a la escuela. She took her dog to school.Me llev al centro. He took me downtown.

pas country (nation)Espaa es un pas variado. Spain in a varied country.

campo country (rural area)Me gusta pasar tiempo en el campo. I like to spend time in the country.

pequeo little (size)Luisa es una nia pequea. Luisa is a little girl.

poco little (quantity)Tengo poco dinero. I have little money.

hora time (hour of the day)Qu hora es? What time is it?Es hora de salir. It is time to leave.

tiempo time (duration of time)Pasa mucho tiempo en mi casa. He spends a lot of time at my house.


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vez time (in a sequence) First time, last time, many timesTe lo digo por ltima vez. Im telling you for the last time!La segunda vez que la vi.. The second time I saw her.

pero butEs guapo pero malo. Hes good-looking but evil.

sino but (on the contrary..)

No es divertido sino aburrido. Hes not fun but (on the contrary)boring.


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VOCAB & EXPRESSIONS

While any word/expression covered this year could potentially be on the final exam, the test will focus on twoor three of the following areas presented in the textsAs se dicesections:

Expressing inters / indiferencia / aversin (disgusto) (p. 9)

Describing yourself and others (involvesservs. estar) (p. 17, but mainly vocab. hand-out)

Talking about responsibilities (p. 73) Talking about how food tastes (p. 89)

Expressing qualified agreement & disagreement (p. 117)

Talking about hopes and wishes (p. 125)

Saying what needs to be done (i.e., impersonals with subjunctive) (p. 144)

Giving and suggestions and recommendations, esp. with the subjunctive (p. 150 but only Te aconsejoque, Recomiendo que, Sugiero que, andEs mejor que)

Be absolutely surethat you know basic vocab, expressions and rules such as:

the MEANINGS of all the irregular verb forms you have to memorize!!

ir+ a+ infinitive (if you have to ask what this means, you have some studying to do!!)

the special verb hay: hay = there is / there are (present indicative)haya = there is / there are (present subjunctive)haba = there was / there were (imperfect indicative)habr = there will be (future indicative)

OBJECT pronouns go BEFORE conjugated verbs (Yo te veo, NOTYo veo t)

two-verb constructions (conjugate 1st, infinitive for 2nd)

nosotros(we), nos([to] us / [to] ourselves) and nuestro/a/os/as(our) are NOT interchangeable!

The pronounsseand leare NOTinterchangeable, althoughsesometimes has to stand in for le.

The meanings, conjugations and basic differences betweenserand estar see p. R47 of text. A quick andsemi-accurate way to distinguish their uses is to recall that the acronym HELP (health, emotions, locationand progressive tenses) applies to estar, whileseris used for just about everything else i.e., to identify anddefine people/things, describe appearance and personality, express time and date, etc.

Bienand bueno/a/os/asare NOTinterchangeable, nor are maland malo/a/os/as.

Adjectives MUST agree in number and gender with the nouns they modify.

Verbs MUST agree in person and number with their subjects (t hablas, ellos hablan)

The phrase tener un buen tiempo is a monstruous literal translation; usepasarlo bien.

The phrase tuvimos divertido is an ungrammatical, nonsensical, hideous abomination; use nos divertimos.

The verbgustardoes NOTmean to like, it means to be pleasing to which means the Spanish syntax isbackwards compared to English, and you have to use IDOPs.

Literal translations of English phrasal verbs involving get (get up, get home, get out, get well, etc.) areexecrable atrocities that are doomed to failure. Think of a verb you know in Spanish, and use that one (e.g.,llegar a casafor to get home).

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