IB Guide Subject Summaries for 2016 examinations

8/17/2019 IB Guide Subject Summaries for 2016 examinations

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MI N\MGL[ [\OOBYML[(Lxbomdbtm`d 9526)

]lss`hm

[\IJLKW[:

Ldnhmsa Hbdnubnl bdg Hmtlrbturl (AH)

Nlrobd [[[W O`talr t`dnul ([H)

Amst`ry (AH) Im`h`ny ([H)

Obtalobtmkbh [tugmls ([H)


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(Buta`r”s k`ooldt: Uhlbsl d`tl tabt tams suoobry `f tal mi numgls `dhy mdkhugls wabt M stugmlg. F`r lxbophlmd Amst`ry talrl brl obdy o`rl t`pmks, iut M `dhy bgglg tal `dls M stugmlg!!)

Wbihl `f K`dtldts

HBDN\BNL BDG HMWLYBW\YL (AH) """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #

BMO[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #

B[[L[[OLDW @IJLKWMVL[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" $

[]HHBI\[ @\WHMDL """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" %

AH UBULY 2: K@OUBYBWMVL BDBH][M[ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" %

UBULY 9: L[[B] """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" &

[[[W O@WALY W@DN\L: NLYOBD ([H) """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" '

BMO[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" '

B[[L[[OLDW @IJLKWMVL[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ' B[[L[[OLDW @IJLKWMVL[ MD UYBKWMKL """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ()

UBULY 2: N\MGLG HMWLYBY] BDBH][M[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" (*

UBULY 9: L[[B] """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" (+

#$%&' () *+%(%,# -.-'+ " ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 52

AM[W@Y] (AH) """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" (%

BMO[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" (%

B[[L[[OLDW @IJLKWMVL[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" (&

Y @\WL 9 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" (&

MDWY@G\KWM@D W@ Y@\WL 9 W@UMK[ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ('

W@UMK ;: @YMNMD[ BDG GLVLH@UOLDW @F B\WA@YMWBYMBD BDG [MDNHL-UBYW] [WBWL[ ////////////// 59

W@UMK 7: DBWM@DBHM[W BDG MDGLULDGLDKL O@VLOLDW[ MD BFYMKB BDG B[MB BDG U@[W-2=7


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IM@H@N] ([H) """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *,

BMO[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *,

B[[L[[OLDW @IJLKWMVL[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *'

OBWALOBWMKBH YLR\MYLOLDW[ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *'

[]HHBI\[ @\WHMDL """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" +)

W@UMK 2: KLHH IM@H@N] """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" +( W@UMK 9: O@HLK\HBY IM@H@N] """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" +#

W@UMK ;: NLDLWMK[ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #)

W@UMK 7: LK@H@N] """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #+

W@UMK


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Hbdnubnl bdg Hmtlrbturl (AH)

Bmos

•

glvlh`p md stugldts bd udglrstbdgmdn `f a`w hbdnubnl, kuhturl bdg k`dtlxt gltlromdl tal wbys mdwamka olbdmdn ms k`dstruktlg md tlxts

• ldk`urbnl stugldts t` tamdc krmtmkbhhy bi`ut tal gmfflrldt mdtlrbktm`ds iltwlld tlxt, bugmldkl bdg

purp`sl


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Bsslssoldt @ijlktmvls

2. Cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn

• Glo`dstrbtl cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn `f b rbdnl `f tlxts

• Glo`dstrbtl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal usl `f hbdnubnl, strukturl, tlkadmqul bdg styhl

• Glo`dstrbtl b krmtmkbh udglrstbdgmdn `f tal vbrmùs wbys md wamka tal rlbglr k`dstrukts olbdmdn

bdg `f a`w k`dtlxt mdfhuldkls tams k`dstruktlg olbdmdn• Glo`dstrbtl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f a`w gmfflrldt plrsplktmvls mdfhuldkl tal rlbgmdn `f b tlxt

9. Bpphmkbtm`d bdg bdbhysms

• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` ka``sl b tlxt typl bppr`prmbtl t` tal purp`sl rlqumrlg

• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` usl tlromd`h`ny rlhlvbdt t` tal vbrmùs tlxt typls stugmlg

• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` bdbhysl tal lfflkts `f hbdnubnl, strukturl, tlkadmqul bdg styhl `d tal

rlbglr

• Glo`dstrbtl bd bwbrldlss `f tal wbys md wamka tal pr`guktm`ds bdg rlklptm`d `f tlxts k`dtrmiutl t`

talmr olbdmdns

• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` suistbdtmbtl bdg justmfy mglbs wmta rlhlvbdt lxbophls

;. [ydtalsms bdg lvbhubtm`d

• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` kòpbrl bdg k`dtrbst tal f`robh lhloldts, k`dtldt bdg k`dtlxt `f tlxts

• Gmskuss tal gmfflrldt wbys md wamka hbdnubnl bdg mobnl oby il uslg md b rbdnl `f tlxts

• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` lvbhubtl k`dfhmktmdn vmlwp`mdts wmtamd bdg biùt b tlxt

• AH: Ur`gukl b krmtmkbh rlsp`dsl lvbhubtmdn sòl bsplkts `f tlxt, k`dtlxt bdg olbdmdn

7. [lhlktm`d bdg usl `f bppr`prmbtl prlsldtbtm`d bdg hbdnubnl scmhhs •

Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` lxprlss mglbs khlbrhy bdg wmta fhuldky md i`ta wrmttld bdg `rbh

kòoudmkbtm`d • Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` usl tal `rbh bdg wrmttld f`ros `f tal hbdnubnl, md b rbdnl `f styhls,

rlnmstlrs bdg smtubtm`ds • Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` gmskuss bdg bdbhysl tlxts md b f`kuslg bdg h`nmkbh obddlr • AH: Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` wrmtl b ibhbdklg, kòpbrbtmvl bdbhysms


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[yhhbius ùthmdl

AH Ubplr 2: Kòpbrbtmvl bdbhysmsGurbtm`d: 9 aùrs

^lmnatmdn: 9


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• Lxtrbkt frò b skrlldphby

• Lxtrbkt frò b d`vlh `r sa`rt st`ry

• Urlss pa`t`nrbpa

• [btmrmkbh kbrt``d

[tugldts brl rlqumrlg t` bdbhysl, kòpbrl bdg kòoldt `d tal tlxts md tal hmnat `f talmr udglrstbdgmdn `f

bugmldkl bdg purp`sl. Md `rglr t` bkamlvl tams, stugldts dllg t` bdbhysl strukturl, hbdnubnl bdg styhl mdbggmtm`d t` bsplkts suka bs tlxt typl, k`dtlxt, imbs, bdg/`r mgl`h`nmkbh p`smtm`d.

Wal kòpbrbtmvl bdbhysms saùhg il k`dtmduùs bdg strukturls, mdkhugl rlhlvbdt lxbophls frò tal tlxts

bdg il ibhbdklg md mts kòoldts `d tal smomhbrmtmls bdg gmfflrldkls iltwlld tal tlxts. Ybtalr tabd smophy

hmstmdn f`robh bsplkts, stugldts saùhg f`kus `d a`w suka bsplkts brl uslg t` krlbtl pbrtmkuhbr lfflkts.

Krmtlrm`d B: \dglrstbdgmdn bdg kòpbrms`d `f tal tlxts

• W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal bdbhysms sa`w tal smomhbrmtmls bdg gmfflrldkls iltwlld tal tlxts0

• W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal bdbhysms sa`w bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal tlxts, talmr typl bdg purp`sl, bdg talmr

p`ssmihl k`dtlxts (f`r lxbophl, kuhturbh, tlop`rbh, rlhbtm`d t` bugmldkl)0

• Brl tal kòoldts supp`rtlg iy wlhh-ka`sld rlflrldkls t` tal tlxts0

Krmtlrm`d I: \dglrstbdgmdn `f tal usl bdg lfflkts `f styhmstmk flbturls

• W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal kòpbrbtmvl bdbhysms sa`w bwbrldlss `f a`w styhmstmk flbturls `f tal tlxts,

suka bs hbdnubnl, strukturl, t`dl, tlkadmqul bdg styhl, brl uslg t` k`dstrukt olbdmdn0

• W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal kòpbrbtmvl bdbhysms sa`w bpprlkmbtm`d `f tal lfflkts `f styhmstmk flbturls

(mdkhugmdn tal flbturls `f vmsubh tlxts) `d tal rlbglr0

Krmtlrm`d K: @rnbdmzbtm`d bdg glvlh`poldt

• A`w wlhh `rnbdmzlg bdg kàlrldt ms tal kòpbrbtmvl bdbhysms0

• A`w ibhbdklg ms tal kòpbrbtmvl bdbhysms0 (‘Ibhbdkl‟ alrl olbds lqubh trlbtoldt `f tal tw` tlxts.)

Krmtlrm`d G: Hbdnubnl

• A`w khlbr, vbrmlg bdg bkkurbtl ms tal hbdnubnl0

• A`w bppr`prmbtl ms tal ka`mkl `f rlnmstlr, styhl bdg tlromd`h`ny0 (‘Ylnmstlr‟ rlflrs, md tams k`dtlxt, t`

tal stugldt”s usl `f lhloldts suka bs v`kbiuhbry, t`dl, sldtldkl strukturl bdg tlromd`h`ny bppr`prmbtl

t` tal tbsc.)

Ubplr 9: LssbyGurbtm`d: 9 aùrs

^lmnatmdn: 9


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[tugldts wmhh il lxplktlg t` rlsp`dg t` qulstm`ds md b wby tabt sa`ws talmr udglrstbdgmdn `f tal hlbrdmdn

ùtkòls globdglg md pbrt ; `f tal kùrsl. Waly brl lxplktlg t` rlflr t` bt hlbst tw` `f tal tlxts taly abvl

stugmlg md khbss, bdbhyzmdn tal w`rcs md tal hmnat `f tal wby md wamka tal k`dtlxts `f pr`guktm`d bdg rlklptm`d

bfflkt talmr olbdmdn. Wal f`hh`wmdn lxbophls pmdp`mdt sòl brlbs `f gmskussm`d tabt stugldts dllg t` k`dsmglr

md talmr khbssw`rc wamhl prlpbrmdn f`r tal bsslssoldt.

• âmka s`kmbh nrùps brl òmttlg frò tal tlxt, bdg wabt omnat tams rlfhlkt biùt mts pr`guktm`d0

•

âbt g` yù tamdc `f tal bsslrtm`d tabt tal olbdmdn `f b tlxt ms fmxlg bdg g`ls d`t kabdnl `vlr tmol0

• A`w g`ls b pbrtmkuhbr tlro `f k`dklpt, suka bs kamhga``g, kabdnl md tal wby mt ms rlprlsldtlg md tal

tlxts yù abvl stugmlg0

• A`w g`ls ùr krmtmkbh plrsplktmvl bfflktlg iy kuhturbh prbktmkls0

• W` wabt purp`sl g` buta`rs sòltmols ka``sl d`t t` f`hh`w b kar`d`h`nmkbh slquldkl `f lvldts md talmr

hmtlrbry w`rcs0

• A`w vbhmg ms tal bsslrtm`d tabt hmtlrbturl ms b v`mkl f`r tal `pprlsslg0

• W` wabt lxtldt ms tal krmtmkbh bppr`bka tbcld t` tal bdbhysms `f b tlxt mtslhf mdfhuldkls iy splkmfmk

kuhturbh prbktmkls0

Krmtlrm`d B: Cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn

• A`w ouka cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn `f tal pbrt ; w`rcs bdg talmr k`dtlxt abs tal stugldt

glo`dstrbtlg md rlhbtm`d t` tal qulstm`d bdswlrlg0

Krmtlrm`d I: Ylsp`dsl t` tal qulstm`d

• W` wabt lxtldt ms bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal lxplktbtm`ds `f tal qulstm`d sa`wd0

• A`w rlhlvbdt ms tal rlsp`dsl t` talsl lxplktbtm`ds, bdg a`w fbr g`ls mt sa`w krmtmkbh bdbhysms0

Krmtlrm`d K: \dglrstbdgmdn `f tal usl bdg lfflkts `f styhmstmk flbturls

• W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal lssby sa`w bwbrldlss `f a`w tal wrmtlr”s ka`mkls `f tal styhmstmk flbturls md

tal tlxts (f`r lxbophl, kabrbktlrmzbtm`d, slttmdn, talol, dbrrbtmvl p`mdt `f vmlw, strukturl, styhl bdg

tlkadmqul) brl uslg t` k`dstrukt olbdmdn0

• W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal lssby sa`w udglrstbdgmdn `f tal lfflkts `f styhmstmk flbturls0

Krmtlrm`d G: @rnbdmzbtm`d bdg glvlh`poldt

• A`w h`nmkbh bdg glvlh`plg ms tal brnuoldt `f tal lssby0

• A`w kàlrldt bdg lfflktmvl ms tal f`robh strukturl `f tal lssby0

Krmtlrm`d L: Hbdnubnl




t` tal tbsc.)


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[[[W O`talr t`dnul: Nlrobd ([H)

Bmos

• Glvlh`p md stugldts bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal tlkadmquls mdv`hvlg md hmtlrbry krmtmkmso

• Glvlh`p tal stugldts” bimhmty t` f`ro mdglpldgldt hmtlrbry jugnoldts bdg t` supp`rt ta`sl mglbs

Bsslssoldt `ijlktmvls2. Cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn

• Glo`dstrbtl cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn `f mdgmvmgubh hmtlrbry w`rcs bs rlprlsldtbtmvls `f talmr

nldrl bdg plrm`g, bdg tal rlhbtm`dsamps iltwlld talo• Glo`dstrbtl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal wbys md wamka kuhturbh vbhuls brl lxprlsslg md hmtlrbturl

• Glo`dstrbtl bwbrldlss `f tal smndmfmkbdkl `f tal k`dtlxt md wamka b w`rc ms wrmttld bdg rlklmvlg

• [uistbdtmbtl bdg justmfy mglbs wmta rlhlvbdt lxbophls

9. Bdbhysms, sydtalsms bdg lvbhubtm`d

• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` bdbhysl hbdnubnl, strukturl, tlkadmqul bdg styhl, bdg lvbhubtl talmr lfflkts

`d tal rlbglr


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• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` ldnbnl md mdglpldgldt hmtlrbry krmtmkmso `d i`ta fbomhmbr bdg udfbomhmbr

hmtlrbry tlxts

;. [lhlktm`d bdg usl `f bppr`prmbtl prlsldtbtm`d bdg hbdnubnl scmhhs

• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` lxprlss mglbs khlbrhy bdg fhuldthy md i`ta wrmttld bdg `rbh kòoudmkbtm`d,

wmta bd lfflktmvl ka`mkl `f rlnmstlr bdg styhl

• Glo`dstrbtl b kòoldg `f tlromd`h`ny bdg k`dklpts bppr`prmbtl t` tal stugy `f hmtlrbturl

•

Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` lxprlss wlhh-`rnbdmzlg `rbh bdg wrmttld brnuoldts

Bsslssoldt ìjlktmvls md prbktmkl


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Ubplr 2: Numglg hmtlrbry bdbhysmsGurbtm`d: 2 aùr ;5 omdutls

^lmnatmdn: 95%

Ubplr 2 k`dtbmds tw` prlvmùshy udslld pbssbnls bdg stugldts brl mdstruktlg t` wrmtl b numglg hmtlrbry bdbhysms

`d `dl `f talsl pbssbnls. B numglg hmtlrbry bdbhysms md tams k`dtlxt rlflrs t` bd mdtlrprltbtm`d `f tal pbssbnl

supp`rtlg iy tw` numgmdn qulstm`ds. @dl pbssbnl wmhh il p`ltry3 tal `talr pbssbnl wmta il tbcld frò w`rcs

suka bs:• B d`vlh `r sa`rt st`ry

• Bd lssby

• B im`nrbpay

• B jùrdbhmstmk pmlkl `f wrmtmdn `f hmtlrbry olrmt

• B phby

Wal pbssbnls f`r bdbhysms oby il lmtalr b kòphltl pmlkl `f wrmtmdn `r bd lxtrbkt frò b h`dnlr pmlkl, bdg

walrlvlr p`ssmihl taly wmhh d`t abvl illd wrmttld iy buta`rs hmstlg `d tal UHB d`r il tbcld frò w`rcs hmclhy

t` abvl stugmlg md khbss.

Ww` numgmdn qulstm`ds brl pr`vmglg ‛ `dl `d udglrstbdgmdn bdg mdtlrprltbtm`d, bdg tal `talr `d styhl. [tugldts

brl rlqumrlg t` bggrlss i`ta qulstm`ds md talmr bdswlr. A`wlvlr, mt ms bdtmkmpbtlg tabt stugldts oby bhs` lxph`rl

`talr rlhlvbdt bsplkts ily`dg tal numgmdn qulstm`ds md `rglr t` bkamlvl tal amnalr obrcs. Bttldtm`d saùhg il

pbmg t` bkkurbky `f lxprlssm`d bdg kàlrldkl `f mglbs.

Krmtlrm`d B: \dglrstbdgmdn bdg mdtlrprltbtm`d

• A`w wlhh g`ls tal stugldt”s mdtlrprltbtm`d rlvlbh udglrstbdgmdn `f tal taùnat bdg fllhmdn `f tal

pbssbnl0

• A`w wlhh brl mglbs supp`rtlg iy rlflrldkls t` tal pbssbnl0

Krmtlrm`d I: Bpprlkmbtm`d `f tal wrmtlr”s ka`mkls

•

W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal bdbhysms sa`w bpprlkmbtm`d `f a`w tal wrmtlr”s ka`mkls `f hbdnubnl, strukturl,tlkadmqul bdg styhl sabpl olbdmdn0

Krmtlrm`d K: @rnbdmzbtm`d

• A`w wlhh `rnbdmzlg bdg kàlrldt ms tal prlsldtbtm`d `f mglbs0

Krmtlrm`d G: Hbdnubnl



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t` tal tbsc.)

Ubplr 9: LssbyGurbtm`d: 2 a`ur ;5 omdutls

^lmnatmdn: 9


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"#$%& '( )*$'$+, -./&* 5 (attps://mipuihmsamdn.mi`.`rn/slrvlr9/rlst/bpp/tso.xqh0g`k?gP2PssstxPtsoP2725P9Pl&pbrt?;&kabptlr?>)

• [``d bftlr yùr pbplr 2 lxbo, yù”hh tbcl tal pbplr 9 lxbo‗tal fmdbh bsslssoldt md tams kùrsl.Ubplr 9 ms b =5-omdutl lxbo wamka mdv`hvls wrmtmdn bd lssby md wamka yù kòpbrl tw` w`rcs `f tal

sbol nldrl iy gmfflrldt buta`rs tabt yù stugmlg md pbrt ;.

• ]ù”hh il prlsldtlg wmta b slt `f qulstm`ds tabt brl gmvmglg bkk`rgmdn t` tal nldrls hmstlg `d yùr

hbdnubnl”s UHB3 talrl wmhh il tarll qulstm`ds hmstlg udglr lbka nldrl kbtln`ry. Lbka qulstm`d ms nldrl-splkmfmk3 md `talr w`rgs, mt ms glsmndlg t` tamdc biùt wbys i`ta w`rcs lxamimt `r rlprlsldt tal qubhmtmls

`r k`dvldtm`ds `f tal nldrl.

• ]ù dllg t` k`dklrd yùrslhf `dhy wmta tal tarll qulstm`ds tabt plrtbmd t` tal nldrl rlprlsldtlg iy yùrtarll w`rcs md pbrt ;3 yù kbd mnd`rl tal `talr qulstm`ds.

• Bsc yùr suplrvms`r t` nmvl yù bs obdy pbst [H pbplr 9 lxlophbrs md yùr o`talr t`dnul bs p`ssmihl.

Wams wmhh nmvl yù b sldsl `f tal wbys tabt qulstm`ds brl parbslg md tal hbdnubnl. Mt ms mop`rtbdt t`d`tl, a`wlvlr, tabt mf yù usl b pbst [H pbplr 9 lxbo frò 9552 t` 9529 (tabt ms, tal plrm`g `f

hbdnubnl B2, tal prlglklss`r kùrsl t` hbdnubnl B: hmtlrbturl), talrl brl tw` gmfflrldkls t` k`dsmglr:` lbka nldrl md tal dlw lxbos (952; bdg ily`dg) wmhh flbturl tarll qulstm`ds rbtalr tabd tw`

` md tal dlw lxbos (952; bdg ily`dg) talrl wmhh il d` ‘nldlrbh qulstm`ds‟, s` yù saùhg mnd`rl

talsl.• Umkc `dl `f tal tarll qulstm`ds bs tal ibsms f`r yùr lssby rlsp`dsl‗md `talr w`rgs, pmkc tal qulstm`d

tabt ilst sumts tal pbrt ; w`rcs yù abvl ka`sld bdg tabt yù kbd rlsp`dg t` md wrmtmdn iy rloloilrmdnbdg mdtlrprltmdn splkmfmk gltbmhs (lvmgldkl) frò lbka w`rc.

• Mt ms mop`rtbdt t` d`tl tabt yù kbdd`t irmdn yùr pbrt ; w`rcs mdt` tal lxbo, s` yù dllg t` rlvmsltalsl w`rcs kbrlfuhhy3 md `talr w`rgs, yù saùhg cd`w tal kabrbktlrs, talols, k`dfhmkts, lpms`gls, clymobnls, strukturl, bdg mop`rtbdt qu`tls md lbka w`rc vlry wlhh ilf`rl tal gby `f tal lxbo.

Urbktmsmdn f`r tams lxbo

• Alrl ms b rlkòoldglg skalol f`r prbktmsmdn f`r tams lxbo, wamka kùdts f`r 9


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5<

kòpbrbtmvl talsms stbtloldt bdg pr`kllg wmta yùr bdbhysms `f rlhlvbdt lvmgldkl md yùr i`gy pbrbnrbpas.

I`gy pbrbnrbpas

` \sl b t`pmk sldtldkl t` f`kus lbka pbrbnrbpa”s brnuoldt. ` Mdtr`gukl lvmgldkl tabt supp`rts tal t`pmk sldtldkl.

` Mdtlnrbtl lvmgldkl. ` Mdtlrprlt tams lvmgldkl.

`

Grbw bstutl mophmkbtm`ds `f tams lvmgldkl‗a`w abvl yù bdswlrlg tal qulstm`d0 ` Md lbka pbrbnrbpa, mdtlrprlt yùr lvmgldkl md tlros `f tal ka`mkls tal wrmtlr abs obgl md

prlsldtmdn tal lvmgldkl md tal wby al/sal abs bdg kòoldt `d tal lfflktmvldlss `f talslka`mkls.

K`dkhusm`d

` Ybtalr tabd rlmtlrbtmdn yùr brnuoldt, try t` k`dsmglr b ir`bglr plrsplktmvl: wabt, md yùr `wd`pmdm`d, ms tal rlhlvbdkl `f tal mop`rtbdkl `f talsl tw` w`rcs bs rlprlsldtbtm`ds `f talmr nldrl

bdg bs rlfhlktm`ds `f auobd dbturl0 âbt abvl talsl w`rcs ldbihlg yù t` sll, cd`w, `rlxplrmldkl gmfflrldthy0


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56

Amst`ry (AH)

BmosWal bmos `f tal amst`ry kùrsl bt [H bdg AH brl t`:

• prò`tl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f amst`ry bs b gmskmphmdl, mdkhugmdn tal dbturl bdg gmvlrsmty `f mts sùrkls,

olta`gs bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds

•

ldkùrbnl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal prlsldt tarùna krmtmkbh rlfhlktm`d up`d tal pbst

• ldkùrbnl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal mopbkt `f amst`rmkbh glvlh`poldts bt dbtm`dbh, rlnm`dbh bdg

mdtlrdbtm`dbh hlvlhs

• glvlh`p bd bwbrldlss `f `dl”s `wd amst`rmkbh mgldtmty tarùna tal stugy `f tal amst`rmkbh lxplrmldkls `f

gmfflrldt kuhturls.


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5>

Bsslssoldt @ijlktmvls

2. Cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn

• Ylkbhh bdg slhlkt rlhlvbdt amst`rmkbh cd`whlgnl

• Glo`dstrbtl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f amst`rmkbh k`dtlxt

• Glo`dstrbtl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f amst`rmkbh pr`klssls: kbusl bdg lfflkt3 k`dtmdumty bdg kabdnl

•

\dglrstbdg amst`rmkbh sùrkls ([H pbplr 2 bdg AH pbplr 2)• Glph`y gltbmhlg, md-glpta cd`whlgnl (AH pbplr ;)

• Glo`dstrbtl cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn `f b splkmfmk amst`rmkbh t`pmk (MB)

9. Bpphmkbtm`d bdg mdtlrprltbtm`d

• Bpphy amst`rmkbh cd`whlgnl bs lvmgldkl

• [a`w bwbrldlss `f gmfflrldt bppr`bkals t`, bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds `f, amst`rmkbh mssuls bdg lvldts

• Kòpbrl bdg k`dtrbst amst`rmkbh sùrkls bs lvmgldkl ([H pbplr 2 bdg AH pbplr 2)

• Lxphbmd tal mop`rtbdkl `f amst`rmkbh sùrkls (AH pbplr 2)

•

Urlsldt b suoobry `f lvmgldkl (MB)

;. [ydtalsms bdg lvbhubtm`d

• Lvbhubtl gmfflrldt bppr`bkals t`, bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds `f, amst`rmkbh mssuls bdg lvldts

• Lvbhubtl amst`rmkbh sùrkls bs lvmgldkl ([H pbplr 2, AH pbplr 2 bdg MB)

• Lvbhubtl bdg sydtalsmzl lvmgldkl frò i`ta amst`rmkbh sùrkls bdg ibkcnrùdg cd`whlgnl ([H

pbplr 2 bdg AH pbplr 2)

• Glvlh`p krmtmkbh kòoldtbry usmdn tal lvmgldkl ibsl ([H/AH pbplr 9 bdg AH pbplr ;)

• [ydtalsmzl iy mdtlnrbtmdn lvmgldkl bdg krmtmkbh kòoldtbry (AH pbplr ;)

•

Urlsldt bd bdbhysms `f b suoobry `f lvmgldkl (MB)

7. \sl `f amst`rmkbh scmhhs

• Glo`dstrbtl tal bimhmty t` strukturl bd lssby bdswlr, usmdn lvmgldkl t` supp`rt rlhlvbdt, ibhbdklg

bdg f`kuslg amst`rmkbh brnuoldts ([H/AH pbplr 9 bdg AH pbplr ;)

Glo`dstrbtl lvmgldkl `f rlslbrka scmhhs, `rnbdmzbtm`d bdg rlflrldkmdn (MB)

Yùtl 92. Wal nbtalrmdn bdg s`rtmdn `f amst`rmkbh lvmgldkl

• [cmhhs mdkhugl:

` glvlh`pmdn rlslbrka scmhhs `f h`kbtmdn bdg slhlktmdn rlhlvbdt bdg bppr`prmbtl lvmgldkl, frò

i``cs, brtmkhls, wlismtls bdg bugm`-vmsubh rlsùrkls

` rlk`ndmzmdn tal gmstmdktm`ds iltwlld gmfflrldt cmdgs `f lvmgldkl: prmobry bdg slk`dgbry,

tlxtubh, bugm`-vmsubh, `rbh, nrbpamk, tbiuhbr.

B stugldt”s pr`nrlss saùhg il kabrbktlrmzlg iy mdkrlbsmdn k`dfmgldkl bdg mdglpldgldkl md h`kbtmdn bdg usmdn

b vbrmlty `f amst`rmkbh sùrkls.


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51

9. Wal lvbhubtm`d `f amst`rmkbh lvmgldkl

• [cmhhs mdkhugl:

` rlk`ndmzmdn tal suijlktmvl dbturl `f tal amst`rmkbh lvmgldkl

` lxbomdmdn sùrkls f`r mdf`robtm`d bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds, bdg f`r kbsls walrl taly k`rrì`rbtl,

kòphloldt `r k`dtrbgmkt lbka `talr

` rlk`ndmzmdn tal vbhul bdg usls `f sùrkls, bdg rlbs`ds t` usl talo kbutmùshy

` rlk`ndmzmdn bdg bpprlkmbtmdn way bdg a`w `pmdm`ds bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds gmfflr.

B stugldt”s pr`nrlss saùhg il kabrbktlrmzlg iy mdkrlbsmdn bwbrldlss bdg bkcd`whlgnoldt `f amst`rmkbh

`pmdm`ds bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds.

;. Ylk`ndmzmdn bdg udglrstbdgmdn amst`rmkbh pr`klssls bdg talmr rlhbtm`dsamps t` auobd lxplrmldkl,

bktmvmty bdg o`tmvbtm`d

• [cmhhs mdkhugl:

` rlk`ndmzmdn, lxphbmdmdn bdg bdbhysmdn kbusls bdg k`dslquldkls

` rlk`ndmzmdn, lxphbmdmdn bdg bdbhysmdn k`dtmdumty, kabdnl bdg glvlh`poldt `vlr tmol

` rlk`ndmzmdn, lxphbmdmdn bdg bdbhysmdn smomhbrmty bdg gmfflrldkl

` rlhbtmdn auobd bktmvmtmls, lxplrmldkls bdg o`tmvbtm`ds md amst`ry t` b rbdnl `f kuhturbh bdg

s`kmbh gmoldsm`ds

` sydtalsmzmdn obtlrmbh stugmlg bkr`ss tmol bdg spbkl.

B stugldt”s pr`nrlss saùhg il kabrbktlrmzlg iy b obturmdn bpprlkmbtm`d `f tal dbturl `f auobd lxplrmldkl md b

rbdnl `f k`dtlxts.

7. @rnbdmzmdn bdg lxprlssmdn amst`rmkbh mglbs bdg mdf`robtm`d

• [cmhhs mdkhugl:

`

p`smdn qulstm`ds bdg ayp`talsls bdg bdswlrmdn `r tlstmdn talo` abdghmdn bdg sydtalsmzmdn slvlrbh sùrkls f`r `dl mdqumry

` slhlktmdn bdg glph`ymdn mdf`robtm`d bdg mglbs

` k`dstruktmdn dbrrbtmvls, wmta mglbs, bdbhysms bdg rlhlvbdt suistbdtmbtm`d

` suoobrmzmdn bdg brrmvmdn bt k`dkhusm`ds.

B stugldt”s pr`nrlss saùhg il kabrbktlrmzlg iy mdkrlbsmdnhy s`pamstmkbtlg bdg lfflktmvl scmhhs `f `rbh bdg

wrmttld kòoudmkbtm`d.

Urlskrmilg suijlkt ;: Kòoudmso md krmsms 2=>6- 1= Wams prlskrmilg suijlkt bggrlssls tal obj`r kabhhldnls‗s`kmbh, p`hmtmkbh bdg lk`dòmk‗fbkmdn tal

rlnmols md tal hlbgmdn s`kmbhmst (Kòoudmst) stbtls frò 2=>6 t` 2=1= bdg tal dbturl `f tal rlsp`dsl

`f talsl rlnmols. Md sòl kbsls kabhhldnls, waltalr mdtlrdbh `r lxtlrdbh md `rmnmd, pr`guklg rlsp`dsls

tabt mdbunurbtlg b rlf`ro pr`klss k`dtrmiutmdn smndmfmkbdthy t` tal ldg `f tal \[[Y bdg tal sbtlhhmtl

stbtls md Kldtrbh bdg Lbstlrd Lur`pl. Md `talr kbsls rlprlssmvl olbsurls obdbnlg t` k`dtbmd tal

kabhhldnl bdg tal rlnmol obmdtbmdlg p`wlr md tal plrm`g.


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59

Brlbs `d wamka tal sùrkl-ibslg qulstm`ds wmhh f`kus brl:

•

tal strunnhl f`r p`wlr f`hh`wmdn tal glbta `f Ob` Zlg`dn (Ob` Wsl-tudn), Aub Nu`fldn (Aub

Cu`- fldn), tal rl-lolrnldkl `f Gldn Qmb`pmdn (Wldn Asmb`-p”mdn) bdg tal glflbt `f tal Nbdn

`f Fùr

•

Kamdb udglr Gldn Qmb`pmdn: lk`dòmk p`hmkmls bdg tal Fùr O`glrdmzbtm`ds

•

Kamdb udglr Gldn Qmb`pmdn: p`hmtmkbh kabdnls, bdg talmr hmomts, kuhomdbtmdn md Wmbdbdold

[qubrl (2=1=)

•

gòlstmk bdg f`rlmnd prìhlos `f tal Irlzadlv lrb: lk`dòmk bdg p`hmtmkbh stbndbtm`d3

Bfnabdmstbd

•

N`ribkalv bdg ams bmos/p`hmkmls (nhbsd`st bdg plrlstr`mcb) bdg k`dslquldkls f`r tal [`vmlt

stbtl

•

k`dslquldkls `f N`ribkalv”s p`hmkmls f`r Lbstlrd Lur`plbd3 rlf`ro o`vloldts: U`hbdg‗tal

r`hl `f [`hmgbrmty3 Kzlka`sh`vbcmb‗tal Vlhvlt Ylv`hutm`d3 fbhh `f tal Ilrhmd ^bhh.

Mdtr`guktm`d t` rùtl 9 t`pmks

W`pmks stugmlg (W`pmks 7 bdg


20/65

";

` F`ro `f n`vlrdoldt, (hlft- bdg rmnat-wmdn) mgl`h`ny

` Dbturl, lxtldt bdg trlbtoldt `f `pp`smtm`d

• Gòlstmk p`hmkmls bdg mopbkt

` [trukturl bdg `rnbdmzbtm`d `f n`vlrdoldt bdg bgomdmstrbtm`d

` U`hmtmkbh, lk`dòmk, s`kmbh bdg rlhmnmùs p`hmkmls

` Y`hl `f lgukbtm`d, tal brts, tal olgmb, pr`pbnbdgb

Obtlrmbh f`r gltbmhlg stugy

• Bfrmkb: Cldyb ‛ Cldybttb3 Wbdzbdmb ‛ Dylrlrl

• Bolrmkbs: Brnldtmdb ‛ Ulrûd3 Kuib ‛ Kbstr`

• Bsmb bdg @klbdmb: Kamdb ‛ Ob`3 Mdg`dlsmb ‛ [ucbrd`

• Lur`pl bdg tal Omgghl Lbst: Nlrobdy ‛ Amthlr3 \[[Y ‛ [tbhmd3 Lnypt ‛ Dbsslr

W`pmk 7: Dbtm`dbhmst bdg mdglpldgldkl o`vloldts md Bfrmkb bdg Bsmb bdg p`st-2=7<

Kldtrbh bdg Lbstlrd Lur`plbd stbtls

Bd mop`rtbdt glvlh`poldt `f tal 95ta

kldtury, lsplkmbhhy md tal p`st-[lk`dg ^`rhg ^br plrm`g, wbs tal

glkhmdl `f moplrmbh ruhl bdg tal lolrnldkl `f dlw stbtls. Wams t`pmk k`vlrs glk`h`dmzbtm`d md Bfrmkb bdg Bsmb.Mt bhs` k`vlrs tabt irlbc-up [`vmlt k`dtr`h md Lbstlrd Lur`pl, bs wlhh bs tal lolrnldkl `f dlw stbtls lhslwalrl

md Lur`pl. Lopabsms saùhg il phbklg `d tal `rmnmds bdg glvlh`poldt `f tal dbtm`dbhmst bdg mdglpldgldkl

o`vloldts, tal f`robtm`d `f p`st-k`h`dmbh n`vlrdoldts/dlw stbtls, tal prìhlos fbkmdn dlw n`vlrdoldts

(i`ta mdtlrdbh bdg lxtlrdbh prlssurls) bdg bttlopts t` s`hvl talo.

Uhlbsl d`tl tabt stugldts wmhh d`t il bsclg t` kòpbrl bdg k`dtrbst tal dbtm`dbhmst bdg mdglpldgldkl

o`vloldts md Bfrmkb bdg Bsmb wmta tal dlw stbtls md Lur`pl p`st-2=7


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"5

• F`robtm`d `f, bdg kabhhldnls t`, p`st-k`h`dmbh n`vlrdoldts/dlw stbtls

` K`h`dmbh hlnbky, dl`-k`h`dmbhmso bdg K`hg ^br

` K`dfhmkt wmta dlmnai`rs

` Hbkc `f p`hmtmkbh lxplrmldkl

` Lk`d`omk mssuls

` [`kmbh, rlhmnm`us bdg kuhturbh mssuls

` Ltadmk, rbkmbh bdg slpbrbtmst o`vloldts


• Dbtm`dbhmst bdg mdglpldgldkl o`vloldts md Bfrmkb bdg Bsmb

` O`vloldts: Bfrmkb ‛ Bhnlrmb, Bdn`hb, Ilhnmbd K`dn`/Zbmrl, Nabdb, Ya`glsmb/Zmoibiwl3 Bsmb

‛ Mdgmb bdg Ubcmstbd, Mdg`kamdb

` Hlbglrs: Ild Ilhhb (Bhnlrmb), A` Kam Omda (Vmltdbo), Jmddba (Ubcmstbd), Nbdgam (Mdgmb),

Ounbil (Zmoibiwl), Dcruoba (Nabdb)

• U`st-2=7< dbtm`dbhmst bdg mdglpldgldkl o`vloldts md Kldtrbh bdg Lbstlrd Lur`pl

` O`vloldts: Kzlka`sh`vbcmb, Audnbry, U`hbdg, ]un`shbvmb bdg mts gmss`hutm`d bdg sukklss`r

stbtls` Hlbglrs: ^bhlsb (U`hbdg), Abvlh (Kzlka`sh`vbcmb)

W`pmk


22/65

""

• Ldg `f tal K`hg ^br

` Irlbc-up `f [`vmlt \dm`d: Mdtlrdbh pr`ihlos bdg lxtlrdbh prlssurls

` Irlbcg`wd `f [`vmlt k`dtr`h `vlr Kldtrbh bdg Lbstlrd Lur`pl


•

^brtmol k`dflrldkls: ]bhtb bdg U`tsgbo

• \[ p`hmkmls bdg glvlh`poldts md Lur`pl: Wruobd G`ktrmdl, Obrsabhh Uhbd, DBW@

• [`vmlt p`hmkmls, [`vmltmzbtm`d `f Lbstlrd bdg Kldtrbh Lur`pl, K@OLK@D, ^brsbw Ubkt

• [md`-[`vmlt rlhbtm`ds

• \[-Kamdlsl rlhbtm`ds

• Nlrobdy (lsplkmbhhy Ilrhmd (2=7=-11), C`rlb, Kuib,

Vmltdbo, Omgghl Lbst

• Kbstr`, N`ribkalv, Clddlgy, Ob`, Ylbnbd, [tbhmd, Wruobd

AH `ptm`ds

6: Mdgmb, Bfnabdmstbd bdg Iurob (2>


23/65

"7

25: Dbtm`dbhmso bdg mdglpldgldkl md Mdgmb (2=2=‛2=67)

Wams slktm`d f`kusls `d dbtm`dbhmso md Mdgmb, frò tal ldg `f tal Fmrst ^`rhg ^br t` tal bkamlvloldt `f Mdgmbd mdglpldgldkl bdg tal

glvlh`poldt `f Mdgmb t` 2=67. Wal smndmfmkbdkl `f cly nrùps bdg mdgmvmgubhs saùhg il bsslsslg, bs saùhg tal fbkt`rs tabt hlg t` tal

pbrtmtm`d `f tal [ùta Bsmbd suik`dtmdldt bdg tal suislquldt gòlstmk p`hmkmls tabt k`ds`hmgbtlg tal p`wlr `f tal Mdgmbd stbtl.

• Mopbkt `f tal Fmrst ^`rhg ^br: globdgs f`r Aòl Yuhl

• [mndmfmkbdkl `f cly p`hmtmkbh glvlh`poldts, mdkhugmdn Bormtsbr obssbkrl (2=2=)3 N`vlrdoldt `f Mdgmb Bkt 2=2=3 [mo`d

Kòomssm`d (2=91)3 Yùdg Wbihl K`dflrldkls (2=;5‛2=;9)3 rlsp`dsl t` N`vlrdoldt `f Mdgmb Bkt 2=;<

•

Y`hl bdg mop`rtbdkl `f cly nrùps bdg mdgmvmgubhs: Mdgmbd Dbtm`dbh K`dnrlss bdg tal Bhh Mdgmb Oushmo Hlbnul3 Nbdgam3Jbwbabrhbh Dlaru3 Jmddba

• [trunnhl f`r mdglpldgldkl3 d`d-k``plrbtm`d o`vloldt3 kmvmh gmsìlgmldkl kbopbmnds3 [bht Obrka (2=;5)3 Rumt Mdgmb

kbopbmnd (2=79)

• Nr`wta `f Oushmo slpbrbtmso3 ‘Ww`-Dbtm`d‟ tal`ry3 Hba`rl Yls`hutm`d (2=75)

• U`st-mdglpldgldkl Mdgmb: ltadmk bdg rlhmnmùs k`dfhmkts3 prmdklhy stbtls3 Cbsaomr3 sukklssls bdg fbmhurls `f Dlaru”s gòlstmk

p`hmkmls

29: Kamdb bdg C`rlb (2=25‛2=)3

]bd”bd3 Jmbdnxm [`vmlt3 H`dn Obrka3 Ob` Zlg`dn

• Mopbkt `f Jbpbdlsl ruhl `f C`rlb: s`kmbh, p`hmtmkbh bdg lk`dòmk lfflkts `f bddlxbtm`d (2=25)3 mopbkt `f tal [md`-Jbpbdlsl

^br `d C`rlb: Jbpbdlsl usl `f f`rklg hbiùr, k`dskrmptm`d bdg kòf`rt wòld3 gmvmsm`d `f C`rlb bt ;1ta pbrbhhlh (2=7


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"2

27: Wal Ul`phl”s Ylpuihmk `f Kamdb (2=7=‛9556‛2==>)3 lk`dòmk glvlh`poldts3 Fùr O`glrdmzbtm`ds3 p`hmtmkbh glvlh`poldts3 kbusls

bdg lfflkts `f Wmbdbdold [qubrl (2=1=)3 Jmbdn Zlomd

2‛2==2: dbtm`d iumhgmdn3 s`kmbh, p`hmtmkbh bdg lk`dòmk glvlh`poldts bdg kabhhldnls3 frmktm`d iltwlld Lbst bdg

^lst Ubcmstbd3 kuhturbh bdg hmdnumstmk gmfflrldkls3 k`dstmtutm`dbh rlflrldguo (2==2)3 Jmddba

2>: Glvlh`poldts md @klbdmb bftlr tal [lk`dg ^`rhg ^br (2=7


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"<

21: [`kmbh, kuhturbh bdg lk`d`omk glvlh`poldts md Bsmb (lxkhugmdn Kamdb, Jbpbd bdg Mdgmb) (2=15‛955


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"6

Ubplr 9Gurbtm`d: 2 a`ur ;5 omdutls

^lmnatmdn: 9


27/65

">

Obrcibdgs f`r pbplr 9Walsl brl tal sbol obrcibdgs bs f`r [H.

Obrcibdgs f`r pbplr ;Bsslssoldt ìjlktmvls f`r pbplr ; AH brl sa`wd md tal rmnat-abdg k`huod `f tal obrcibdgs kabrt.

Obrcs Hlvlh glskrmpt`r Bsslssoldt ìjlktmvls bdg obrc rbdnl21-95 Bdswlrs brl khlbrhy f`kuslg rlsp`dsls, sa`wmdn b amna

glnrll `f bwbrldlss `f tal globdgs `f tal qulstm`d.

âlrl bppr`prmbtl, bdswlrs oby kabhhldnl tal

qulstm`d sukklssfuhhy.

Md-glpta bdg bkkurbtl amst`rmkbh cd`whlgnl ms bpphmlg

k`dsmstldthy bdg k`dvmdkmdnhy t` supp`rt krmtmkbh

kòoldtbry. Md bggmtm`d, bdswlrs oby rlvlbh b amna

hlvlh `f k`dklptubh bimhmty.

Lvldts brl phbklg md talmr amst`rmkbh k`dtlxt. Walrl ms b

khlbr udglrstbdgmdn `f amst`rmkbh pr`klssls bdg (walrl

bppr`prmbtl) kòpbrms`d bdg k`dtrbst.

Walrl oby il lvbhubtm`d `f gmfflrldt bppr`bkals t`,

bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds `f, amst`rmkbh mssuls bdg lvldts. Wams

lvbhubtm`d ms mdtlnrbtlg lfflktmvlhy mdt` tal bdswlr t`

supp`rt bdg supphloldt tal brnuoldt.

Md bggmtm`d, bd bwbrldlss `f tal rlbs`ds f`rkmrkuostbdkls tabt pr`guklg gmfflrmdn bdg `ftld

k`dfhmktmdn amst`rmkbh mdtlrprltbtm`ds ms prlsldt .

Bdswlrs brl wlhh strukturlg bdg khlbrhy lxprlsslg,

usmdn lvmgldkl t` supp`rt rlhlvbdt, ibhbdklg bdg wlhh-

f`kuslg brnuoldts. [ydtalsms ms amnahy glvlh`plg, wmta

cd`whlgnl bdg krmtmkbh kòoldtbry fuhhy bdg

lfflktmvlhy mdtlnrbtlg.

\pplr obrc rbdnl:

Md bggmtm`d t` tal bi`vl ìjlktmvls tams

hlvlh bhs` rlbkals tal f`hh`wmdn

ìjlktmvls.

Bsslssoldt ìjlktmvl ;: [ydtalsms bdg

lvbhubtm`d

•

Lvbhubtl gmfflrldt bppr`bkals t`,bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds `f, amst`rmkbh

mssuls bdg lvldts

• Glvlh`p krmtmkbh kòoldtbry

usmdn tal lvmgldkl ibsl

• [ydtalsmzl iy mdtlnrbtmdn

lvmgldkl bdg krmtmkbh kòoldtbry

Bsslssoldt ìjlktmvl 7: \sl `f

amst`rmkbh scmhhs

• Glo`dstrbtl tal bimhmty t` strukturl

bd lssby bdswlr, usmdn lvmgldkl t`

supp`rt rlhlvbdt, ibhbdklg bdg f`kuslg

amst`rmkbh brnuoldts


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Im`h`ny ([H)

BmosWarùna stugymdn im`h`ny, kalomstry `r paysmks, stugldts saùhg ilkòl bwbrl `f a`w skmldtmsts w`rc bdg

kòoudmkbtl wmta lbka `talr. âmhl tal skmldtmfmk olta`g oby tbcl `d b wmgl vbrmlty `f f`ros, mt ms tal

lopabsms `d b prbktmkbh bppr`bka tarùna lxplrmoldtbh w`rc tabt kabrbktlrmzls talsl suijlkts.

Wal bmos ldbihl stugldts, tarùna tal `vlrbrkamdn talol `f tal Dbturl `f skmldkl, t`:

2. bpprlkmbtl skmldtmfmk stugy bdg krlbtmvmty wmtamd b nhìbh k`dtlxt tarùna stmouhbtmdn bdg kabhhldnmdn

`pp`rtudmtmls

9. bkqumrl b i`gy `f cd`whlgnl, olta`gs bdg tlkadmquls tabt kabrbktlrmzl skmldkl bdg tlkad`h`ny

;. bpphy bdg usl b i`gy `f cd`whlgnl, olta`gs bdg tlkadmquls tabt kabrbktlrmzl skmldkl bdg tlkad`h`ny

7. glvlh`p bd bimhmty t` bdbhysl, lvbhubtl bdg sydtalsmzl skmldtmfmk mdf`robtm`d

. glvlh`p bdg bpphy 92st kldtury kòoudmkbtm`d scmhhs md tal stugy `f skmldkl

1. ilkòl krmtmkbhhy bwbrl, bs nhìbh kmtmzlds, `f tal ltamkbh mophmkbtm`ds `f usmdn skmldkl bdg tlkad`h`ny

=. glvlh`p bd bpprlkmbtm`d `f tal p`ssmimhmtmls bdg hmomtbtm`ds `f skmldkl bdg tlkad`h`ny

25. glvlh`p bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal rlhbtm`dsamps iltwlld skmldtmfmk gmskmphmdls bdg talmr mdfhuldkl `d

`talr brlbs `f cd`whlgnl.


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"9

Bsslssoldt @ijlktmvls2. Glo`dstrbtl cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn `f

• fbkts, k`dklpts bdg tlromd`h`ny

• olta`g`h`nmls bdg tlkadmquls

• kòoudmkbtmdn skmldtmfmk mdf`robtm`d.

9.

Bpphy• fbkts, k`dklpts bdg tlromd`h`ny


• olta`gs `f kòoudmkbtmdn skmldtmfmk mdf`robtm`d.

;. F`rouhbtl, bdbhysl bdg lvbhubtl

• ayp`talsls, rlslbrka qulstm`ds bdg prlgmktm`ds


• prmobry bdg slk`dgbry gbtb

•

skmldtmfmk lxphbdbtm`ds.

7. Glo`dstrbtl tal bppr`prmbtl rlslbrka, lxplrmoldtbh, bdg plrs`dbh scmhhs dlklssbry t` kbrry ùt

mdsmnatfuh bdg ltamkbh mdvlstmnbtm`ds.

Obtalobtmkbh rlqumrloldtsBhh Gmphòb Ur`nrbool im`h`ny stugldts saùhg il bihl t`:

• plrf`ro tal ibsmk brmtaoltmk fudktm`ds: bggmtm`d, suitrbktm`d, ouhtmphmkbtm`d bdg gmvmsm`d

•

kbrry ùt kbhkuhbtm`ds mdv`hvmdn olbds, glkmobhs, frbktm`ds, plrkldtbnls bdg rbtm`s• rlprlsldt bdg mdtlrprlt frlquldky gbtb md tal f`ro `f ibr kabrts, nrbpas bdg amst`nrbos, mdkhugmdn

gmrlkt bdg mdvlrsl pr`p`rtm`d

• ph`t nrbpas (wmta sumtbihl skbhls bdg bxls) mdv`hvmdn tw` vbrmbihls tabt sa`w hmdlbr `r d`d-hmdlbr

rlhbtm`dsamps

• ph`t bdg mdtlrprlt skbttlrnrbpas t` mgldtmfy b k`rrlhbtm`d iltwlld tw` vbrmbihls, bdg bpprlkmbtl tabt

tal lxmstldkl `f b k`rrlhbtm`d g`ls d`t lstbihmsa b kbusbh rlhbtm`dsamp

• gltlromdl tal o`gl bdg olgmbd `f b slt `f gbtb, kbhkuhbtl bdg bdbhysl stbdgbrg glvmbtm`d

• slhlkt stbtmstmkbh tlsts bppr`prmbtl f`r tal bdbhysms `f pbrtmkuhbr gbtb bdg mdtlrprlt tal rlsuhts.


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[yhhbius @uthmdl

W`pmk 2: Klhh im`h`ny

` 2.2 Mdtr`guktm`d t` klhhs

`

2.9 \htrbstrukturl `f klhhs

` 2.; Oloirbdl strukturl

`

2.7 Oloirbdl trbdsp`rt

` 2.< Wal `rmnmd `f klhhs

`

2.6 Klhh gmvmsm`d

W`pmk 9: O`hlkuhbr im`h`ny

` 9.2 O`hlkuhls t` oltbi`hmso

` 9.9 ^btlr

`

9.; Kbriàygrbtls bdg hmpmgs

`

9.7 Ur`tlmds 9.< Ldzyols`

9.6 [trukturl `f GDB bdg

YDB

` 9.> GDB rlphmkbtm`d,

trbdskrmptm`d bdg trbdshbtm`d

`

9.1 Klhh rlspmrbtm`d

`

9.= Ua`t`sydtalsms

W`pmk ;: Nldltmks

` ;.2 Nldls

`

;.9 Karò`sòls

`

;.; Olm`sms

`

;.7 Mdalrmtbdkl

` ;.< Nldltmk o`gmfmkbtm`d bdg

im`tlkad`h`ny

W`pmk 7: Lk`h`ny

` 7.2 [plkmls, kòoudmtmls bdg

lk`systlos

` 7.9 Ldlrny fh`w

`

7.; Kbri`d kykhmdn` 7.7 Khmobtl kabdnl

W`pmk


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W`pmk 2: Klhh Im`h`ny

2.2 \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Bkk`rgmdn t` tal klhh tal`ry, hmvmdn `rnbdmsos brl kòp`slg `f klhhs.

• @rnbdmsos k`dsmstmdn `f `dhy `dl klhh kbrry ùt bhh fudktm`ds `f hmfl md tabt klhh.

• [urfbkl brlb t` v`huol rbtm` ms mop`rtbdt md tal hmomtbtm`d `f klhh smzl.

•

Ouhtmklhhuhbr `rnbdmsos abvl pr`plrtmls tabt lolrnl frò tal mdtlrbktm`d `f talmr klhhuhbr kòp`dldts.

• [plkmbhmzlg tmssuls kbd glvlh`p iy klhh gmfflrldtmbtm`d md ouhtmklhhuhbr `rnbdmsos.

• Gmfflrldtmbtm`d mdv`hvls tal lxprlssm`d `f sòl nldls bdg d`t `talrs md b klhh”s nldòl.

• Wal kbpbkmty `f stlo klhhs t` gmvmgl bdg gmfflrldtmbtl bh`dn gmfflrldt pbtawbys ms dlklssbry md

loiry`dmk glvlh`poldt bdg bhs` obcls stlo klhhs sumtbihl f`r talrbplutmk usls.

2.2 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Rulstm`dmdn tal klhh tal`ry usmdn btypmkbh lxbophls, mdkhugmdn strmbtlg ouskhl, nmbdt

bhnbl bdg bslptbtl fudnbh aypabl.• Bpphmkbtm`d: Mdvlstmnbtm`d `f fudktm`ds `f hmfl md Ubrbolkmuo bdg `dl dbolg pa`t`sydtaltmk

udmklhhuhbr `rnbdmso.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f stlo klhhs t` trlbt [tbrnbrgt”s gmslbsl bdg `dl `talr dbolg k`dgmtm`d.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ltamks `f tal talrbplutmk usl `f stlo klhhs frò splkmbhhy krlbtlg loiry`s, frò tal

uoimhmkbh k`rg ih``g `f b dlw-i`rd ibiy bdg frò bd bguht”s `wd tmssuls.

• [cmhh: \sl `f b hmnat omkr`sk`pl t` mdvlstmnbtl tal strukturl `f klhhs bdg tmssuls, wmta grbwmdn `f klhhs.

Kbhkuhbtm`d `f tal obndmfmkbtm`d `f grbwmdns bdg tal bktubh smzl `f strukturls bdg uhtrbstrukturls

sa`wd md grbwmdns `r omkr`nrbpas. (Urbktmkbh 2)

2.2 Numgbdkl:

• [tugldts brl lxplktlg t` il bihl t` dbol bdg irmlfhy lxphbmd talsl fudktm`ds `f hmfl: dutrmtm`d,

oltbi`hmso, nr`wta, rlsp`dsl, lxkrltm`d, aòl`stbsms bdg rlpr`guktm`d.

• Kah`rlhhb `r [kldlglsous brl sumtbihl pa`t`sydtaltmk udmklhhs, iut Lunhldb saùhg il bv`mglg bs mt kbd

fllg altlr`tr`pamkbhhy.

• [kbhl ibrs brl uslfuh bs b wby `f mdgmkbtmdn bktubh smzls md grbwmdns bdg omkr`nrbpas.

2.9 \dglrstbdgmdns: Mdtlrdbtm`dbh-omdglgdlss:

• Ur`cbry`tls abvl b smophl klhh strukturl wmtaùt kòpbrtoldtbhmzbtm`d.

• Lucbry`tls abvl b kòpbrtoldtbhmzlg klhh strukturl.

• Lhlktr`d omkr`sk`pls abvl b ouka amnalr rls`hutm`d tabd hmnat omkr`sk`pls.


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• Bpphmkbtm`d: [trukturl bdg fudktm`d `f `rnbdlhhls wmtamd lx`krmdl nhbdg klhhs `f tal pbdkrlbs bdg

wmtamd pbhmsbgl ols`payhh klhhs `f tal hlbf.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ur`cbry`tls gmvmgl iy imdbry fmssm`d.

• [cmhh: Grbwmdn `f tal uhtrbstrukturl `f pr`cbry`tmk klhhs ibslg `d lhlktr`d omkr`nrbpas.

• [cmhh: Mdtlrprltbtm`d `f lhlktr`d omkr`nrbpas t` mgldtmfy `rnbdlhhls bdg glgukl tal fudktm`d `f

splkmbhmzlg klhhs.

2.9 Numgbdkl:

• Grbwmdns `f pr`cbry`tmk klhhs saùhg sa`w tal klhh wbhh, pmhm bdg fhbnlhhb, bdg phbsob oloirbdl

ldkh`smdn kyt`phbso tabt k`dtbmds >5[ rmi`sòls bdg b dukhl`mg wmta dbclg GDB.

• Grbwmdns `f lucbry`tmk klhhs saùhg sa`w b phbsob oloirbdl ldkh`smdn kyt`phbso tabt k`dtbmds 15[

rmi`sòls bdg b dukhlus, omt`ka`dgrmb bdg `talr oloirbdl-iùdg `rnbdlhhls brl prlsldt md tal

kyt`phbso. [òl lucbry`tmk klhhs abvl b klhh wbhh.

2.; \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Ua`spa`hmpmgs f`ro imhbylrs md wbtlr gul t` tal bopampbtamk pr`plrtmls `f pa`spa`hmpmg o`hlkuhls.

• Oloirbdl pr`tlmds brl gmvlrsl md tlros `f strukturl, p`smtm`d md tal oloirbdl bdg fudktm`d.

• Ka`hlstlr`h ms b kòp`dldt `f bdmobh klhh oloirbdls.

2.; Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ka`hlstlr`h md oboobhmbd oloirbdls rlgukls oloirbdl fhumgmty bdg plrolbimhmty t`

sòl s`hutls.

• [cmhh: Grbwmdn `f tal fhumg o`sbmk o`glh.

• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f lvmgldkl frò lhlktr`d omkr`sk`py tabt hlg t` tal pr`p`sbh `f tal Gbvs`d-Gbdmlhhm

o`glh.

• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f tal fbhsmfmkbtm`d `f tal Gbvs`d-Gbdmlhhm o`glh tabt hlg t` tal [mdnlr-Dmk`hs`d o`glh

2.; Numgbdkl:

• Bopampbtamk pa`spa`hmpmgs abvl aygr`pamhmk bdg aygr`paìmk pr`plrtmls.

• Grbwmdns `f tal fhumg o`sbmk o`glh `f oloirbdl strukturl kbd il tw` gmoldsm`dbh rbtalr tabd tarll

gmoldsm`dbh. Mdgmvmgubh pa`spa`hmpmg o`hlkuhls saùhg il sa`wd usmdn tal syoi`h `f b kmrkhl wmtatw` pbrbhhlh hmdls bttbkalg. B rbdnl `f oloirbdl pr`tlmds saùhg il sa`wd mdkhugmdn nhyk`pr`tlmds.


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2.7 \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Ubrtmkhls o`vl bkr`ss oloirbdls iy smophl gmffusm`d, fbkmhmtbtlg gmffusm`d, `so`sms & bktmvl

trbdsp`rt.

• Wal fhumgmty `f oloirbdls bhh`ws obtlrmbhs t` il tbcld mdt` klhhs iy ldg`kyt`sms `r rlhlbslg iy

lx`kyt`sms. Vlsmkhls o`vl obtlrmbhs wmtamd klhhs.


• Bpphmkbtm`d: [trukturl bdg fudktm`d `f s`gmuo‛p`tbssmuo puops f`r bktmvl trbdsp`rt & p`tbssmuo

kabddlhs f`r fbkmhmtbtlg gmffusm`d md bx`ds.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Wmssuls `r `rnbds t` il uslg md olgmkbh pr`klgurls oust il ibtalg md b s`hutm`d wmta tal

sbol `so`hbrmty bs tal kyt`phbso t` prlvldt `so`sms.

• [cmhhs: Lstmobtm`d `f `so`hbrmty md tmssuls iy ibtamdn sbophls md ayp`t`dmk bdg ayplrt`dmk s`hutm`ds.

(prbktmkbh 9)

2.7 Numgbdkl:

• @so`sms lxplrmoldts brl b uslfuh `pp`rtudmty t` strlss tal dllg f`r bkkurbtl obss bdg v`huol

olbsurloldts md skmldtmfmk lxplrmoldts.

2.< \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Klhhs kbd `dhy il f`rolg iy gmvmsm`d `f prl-lxmstmdn klhhs.

• Wal fmrst klhhs oust abvl brmsld frò d`d-hmvmdn obtlrmbh.

• Wal `rmnmd `f lucbry`tmk klhhs kbd il lxphbmdlg iy tal ldg`syoim`tmk tal`ry.

2.< Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Lvmgldkl frò Ubstlur”s lxplrmoldts tabt sp`dtbdlùs nldlrbtm`d `f klhhs & `rnbdmsos

g`ls d`t d`w `kkur `d Lbrta.

2.< Numgbdkl:

• Lvmgldkl f`r tal ldg`syoim`tmk tal`ry ms lxplktlg. Wal `rmnmd `f lucbry`tl kmhmb bdg fhbnlhhb g`ls d`t

dllg t` il mdkhuglg.

• [tugldts saùhg il bwbrl tabt tal 67 k`g`ds md tal nldltmk k`gl abvl

tal sbol olbdmdns md dlbrhy bhh `rnbdmsos, iut tabt talrl brl sòl omd`r vbrmbtm`ds tabt brl hmclhy t`

abvl bkkrulg smdkl tal kòo`d `rmnmd `f hmfl `d Lbrta.

2.6 \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Omt`sms ms gmvmsm`d `f tal dukhlus mdt` tw` nldltmkbhhy mgldtmkbh gbunatlr dukhlm.

• Karò`sòls k`dgldsl iy suplrk`mhmdn gurmdn omt`sms.

• Kyt`cmdlsms `kkurs bftlr omt`sms bdg ms gmfflrldt md phbdt bdg bdmobh klhhs.


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• Mdtlrpabsl ms b vlry bktmvl pabsl `f tal klhh kykhl wmta obdy pr`klssls `kkurrmdn md tal dukhlus bdg

kyt`phbso.

• B duoilr `f skmldtmfmk gmsk`vlrmls brl khbmolg t` il mdkmgldtbh `r slrldgmpmtùs. W` wabt lxtldt omnat

sòl `f talsl skmldtmfmk gmsk`vlrmls il tal rlsuht `f mdtumtm`d rbtalr tabd hukc0

• Kykhmds brl mdv`hvlg md tal k`dtr`h `f tal klhh kykhl.

• Outbnlds, `dk`nldls & oltbstbsms brl mdv`hvlg md tal glvlh`poldt `f prmobry & slk`dgbry tuoùrs.


• Bpphmkbtm`d: Wal k`rrlhbtm`d iltwlld so`cmdn bdg mdkmgldkl `f kbdklrs.

• [cmhh: Mgldtmfmkbtm`d `f pabsls `f omt`sms md klhhs vmlwlg wmta b omkr`sk`pl `r md b omkr`nrbpa.

•

[cmhh: Gltlromdbtm`d `f b omt`tmk mdglx frò b omkr`nrbpa.

2.6 Numgbdkl:

• Wal slquldkl `f lvldts md tal fùr pabsls `f omt`sms saùhg il cd`wd.

• Urlpbrbtm`d `f tlop`rbry oùdts `f r``t squbsals ms rlkòoldglg iut pabsls md omt`sms kbd bhs` il

vmlwlg usmdn plrobdldt shmgls.

• W` bv`mg k`dfusm`d md tlromd`h`ny, tlbkalrs brl ldkùrbnlg t` rlflr t` tal tw` pbrts `f b karò`sòl

bs smstlr karòbtmgs, wamhl taly brl bttbkalg t` lbka `talr iy b kldtròlrl md tal lbrhy stbnls `f

omt`sms. Frò bdbpabsl `dwbrgs, wald smstlr karòbtmgs abvl slpbrbtlg t` f`ro mdgmvmgubh strukturls,

taly saùhg il rlflrrlg t` bs karò`sòls.

W`pmk 9: O`hlkuhbr im`h`ny

9.2 \dglrstbdgmdns:

• O`hlkuhbr im`h`ny lxphbmds hmvmdn pr`klssls md tlros `f tal kalomkbh suistbdkls mdv`hvlg.

• Kbri`d btòs kbd f`ro fùr k`vbhldt i`dgs bhh`wmdn b gmvlrsmty `f stbihl kòpùdgs t` lxmst.

• Hmfl ms ibslg `d kbri`d kòpùdgs mdkhugmdn kbriàygrbtls, hmpmgs, pr`tlmds bdg dukhlmk bkmgs.

• Oltbi`hmso ms tal wli `f bhh tal ldzyol-kbtbhyslg rlbktm`ds md b klhh `r `rnbdmso.

• Bdbi`hmso ms tal sydtalsms `f kòphlx o`hlkuhls frò smophlr o`hlkuhls mdkhugmdn tal f`robtm`d `f

obkrò`hlkuhls frò o`dòlrs iy k`dgldsbtm`d rlbktm`ds.

• Kbtbi`hmso ms tal irlbcg`wd `f kòphlx o`hlkuhls mdt` smophlr o`hlkuhls mdkhugmdn tal aygr`hysms `f

obkrò`hlkuhls mdt` o`dòlrs.


• Bpphmkbtm`d: \rlb bs bd lxbophl `f b kòpùdg tabt ms pr`guklg iy hmvmdn `rnbdmsos iut kbd bhs` il

brtmfmkmbhhy sydtalsmzlg.

• [cmhh: Grbwmdn o`hlkuhbr gmbnrbos `f nhuk`sl, rmi`sl, b sbturbtlg fbtty bkmg bdg b nldlrbhmzlg bomd`

bkmg.

• [cmhh: Mgldtmfmkbtm`d `f im`kalomkbhs suka bs sunbrs, hmpmgs `r bomd` bkmgs frò o`hlkuhbr gmbnrbos.


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9.2 Numgbdkl:

• @dhy tal rmdn f`ros `f G-rmi`sl, bhpab‛G-nhuk`sl bdg iltb-G-nhuk`sl brl lxplktlg md grbwmdns.

• [unbrs mdkhugl o`d`sbkkabrmgls bdg gmsbkkabrmgls.

• @dhy `dl sbturbtlg fbt ms lxplktlg bdg mts splkmfmk dbol ms d`t dlklssbry.

• Wal vbrmbihl rbgmkbh `f bomd` bkmgs kbd il sa`wd bs Y. Wal strukturl `f mdgmvmgubh Y-nrùps g`ls d`t

dllg t` il olo`rmzlg.

•

[tugldts saùhg il bihl t` rlk`ndmzl frò o`hlkuhbr gmbnrbos tabt trmnhyklrmgls, pa`spa`hmpmgs bdg

stlr`mgs brl hmpmgs. Grbwmdns `f stlr`mgs brl d`t lxplktlg.

• Ur`tlmds `r pbrts `f p`hyplptmgls saùhg il rlk`ndmzlg frò o`hlkuhbr gmbnrbos sa`wmdn bomd` bkmgs

hmdclg iy plptmgl i`dgs.

9.9 \dglrstbdgmdns: Mdtlrdbtm`dbh-omdglgdlss:

• ^btlr o`hlkuhls brl p`hbr bdg aygr`nld i`dgs f`ro iltwlld talo.

• Walrl brl kabhhldnls f`r tal mdkrlbsmdn auobd p`puhbtm`d md sabrmdn wbtlr rlsùrkls lqumtbihy f`r

grmdcmdn bdg mrrmnbtm`d, lhlktrmkmty nldlrbtm`d bdg b rbdnl `f mdgustrmbh bdg gòlstmk pr`klssls.

• Aygr`nld i`dgmdn bdg gmp`hbrmty lxphbmd tal kàlsmvl, bgalsmvl, talrobh bdg s`hvldt pr`plrtmls `f

wbtlr.

• [uistbdkls kbd il aygr`pamhmk `r aygr`paìmk.


• Bpphmkbtm`d: Kòpbrms`d `f tal talrobh pr`plrtmls `f wbtlr wmta ta`sl `f oltabdl.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f wbtlr bs b k``hbdt md swlbt.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: O`gls `f trbdsp`rt `f nhuk`sl, bomd` bkmgs, ka`hlstlr`h, fbts, `xynld bdg s`gmuo kah`rmgl

md ih``g md rlhbtm`d t` talmr s`huimhmty md wbtlr.

9.9 Numgbdkl:

• [tugldts saùhg cd`w bt hlbst `dl lxbophl `f b ildlfmt t` hmvmdn `rnbdmsos `f lbka pr`plrty `f wbtlr.

• Wrbdspbrldky `f wbtlr bdg obxmouo gldsmty bt 7µK g` d`t dllg t` il mdkhuglg.

• Kòpbrms`d `f tal talrobh pr`plrtmls `f wbtlr bdg oltabdl bssmsts md tal udglrstbdgmdn `f tal

smndmfmkbdkl `f aygr`nld i`dgmdn md wbtlr.

9.; \dglrstbdgmdns:

• O`d`sbkkabrmgl o`dòlrs brl hmdclg t`nltalr iy k`dgldsbtm`d rlbktm`ds t`

• Fbtty bkmgs kbd il sbturbtlg, o`dùdsbturbtlg `r p`hyudsbturbtlg.

• \dsbturbtlg fbtty bkmgs kbd il kms `r trbds msòlrs.

• Wrmnhyklrmgls brl f`rolg iy k`dgldsbtm`d frò tarll fbtty bkmgs bdg `dl nhyklr`h.


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• Bpphmkbtm`d: [trukturl bdg fudktm`d `f klhhuh`sl bdg stbrka md phbdts bdg nhyk`nld md auobds.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: [kmldtmfmk lvmgldkl f`r albhta rmscs `f trbds fbts bdg sbturbtlg fbtty bkmgs.

• U`tbt`ls abvl illd nldltmkbhhy o`gmfmlg t` rlgukl tal hlvlh `f boyh`sl t` pr`gukl b o`rl lfflktmvl

bgalsmvl.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Hmpmgs brl o`rl sumtbihl f`r h`dn-tlro ldlrny st`rbnl md auobds tabd kbriàygrbtls.

•

Bpphmkbtm`d: Lvbhubtm`d `f lvmgldkl bdg tal olta`gs uslg t` ìtbmd tal lvmgldkl f`r albhta khbmos

obgl biùt hmpmgs.

• [cmhh: \sl `f o`hlkuhbr vmsubhmzbtm`d s`ftwbrl t` kòpbrl klhhuh`sl, stbrka bdg nhyk`nld.

• [cmhh: Gltlromdbtm`d `f i`gy obss mdglx iy kbhkuhbtm`d `r usl `f b dò`nrbo.

9.; Numgbdkl:

• Wal strukturl `f stbrka saùhg mdkhugl boyh`sl bdg boyh`plktmd.

• Dbolg lxbophls `f fbtty bkmgs brl d`t rlqumrlg.

•

[ukr`sl, hbkt`sl bdg obht`sl saùhg il mdkhuglg bs lxbophls `f gmsbkkabrmgls pr`guklg iy kòimdmdno`d`sbkkabrmgls.

9.7 \dglrstbdgmdns: \tmhmzbtm`d:

• Bomd` bkmgs brl hmdclg t`nltalr iy k`dgldsbtm`d t` f`ro p`hyplptmgls.

• Ur`tlòmks bdg tal pr`guktm`d `f pr`tlmds iy klhhs kuhturlg md flroldtlrs `fflr obdy `pp`rtudmtmls f`r

tal f``g, pabrobklutmkbh bdg `talr mdgustrmls.

• Walrl brl 95 gmfflrldt bomd` bkmgs md p`hyplptmgls sydtalsmzlg `d rmi`sòls.

• Bomd` bkmgs kbd il hmdclg t`nltalr md bdy slquldkl nmvmdn b aunl rbdnl `f p`ssmihl p`hyplptmgls.

•

B pr`tlmd oby k`dsmst `f b smdnhl p`hyplptmgl `r o`rl tabd `dl p`hyplptmgl hmdclg t`nltalr.• Wal bomd` bkmg slquldkl gltlromdls tal tarll-gmoldsm`dbh k`df`robtm`d `f b pr`tlmd.

• Hmvmdn `rnbdmsos sydtalsmzl obdy gmfflrldt pr`tlmds wmta b wmgl rbdnl `f fudktm`ds.

• Lvlry mdgmvmgubh abs b udmqul pr`tlòl.


• Bpphmkbtm`d: Yuimsk`, mdsuhmd, mooud`nhìuhmds, ra`g`psmd, k`hhbnld bdg spmglr smhc bs lxbophls `f

tal rbdnl `f pr`tlmd fudktm`ds.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Gldbturbtm`d `f pr`tlmds iy albt `r iy glvmbtm`d `f pA frò tal `ptmouo.

• [cmhh: Grbwmdn o`hlkuhbr gmbnrbos t` sa`w tal f`robtm`d `f b plptmgl i`dg.

9.7 Numgbdkl:

• Wal gltbmhlg strukturl `f tal smx pr`tlmds slhlktlg t` mhhustrbtl tal fudktm`ds `f pr`tlmds ms d`t dllglg.

• Lnn wamtl `r bhiuomd s`hutm`ds kbd il uslg md gldbturbtm`d lxplrmoldts.

• [tugldts saùhg cd`w tabt o`st `rnbdmsos usl tal sbol 95 bomd` bkmgs md tal sbol nldltmk k`gl

bhtaùna talrl brl sòl lxklptm`ds. [plkmfmk lxbophls kùhg il uslg f`r mhhustrbtm`d.


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9.< \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Ldzyols abvl bd bktmvl smtl t` wamka splkmfmk suistrbtls imdg.

• Ldzyol kbtbhysms mdv`hvls o`hlkuhbr o`tm`d bdg tal k`hhmsm`d `f suistrbtls wmta tal bktmvl smtl.

• Wloplrbturl, pA bdg suistrbtl k`dkldtrbtm`d bfflkt tal rbtl `f bktmvmty `f ldzyols.

• Ldzyols kbd il gldbturlg.

• Mooìmhmzlg ldzyols brl wmglhy uslg md mdgustry.

9.< Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Olta`gs `f pr`guktm`d `f hbkt`sl-frll omhc bdg mts bgvbdtbnls.

• [cmhh: Glsmnd `f lxplrmoldts t` tlst tal lfflkt `f tloplrbturl, pA bdg suistrbtl k`dkldtrbtm`d `d tal

bktmvmty `f ldzyols.

• [cmhh: Lxplrmoldtbh mdvlstmnbtm`d `f b fbkt`r bfflktmdn ldzyol bktmvmty. (Urbktmkbh ;)

9.< Numgbdkl:

•

Hbktbsl kbd il mooìmhmzlg md bhnmdbtl ilbgs bdg lxplrmoldts kbd tald il kbrrmlg ùt md wamka tal

hbkt`sl md omhc ms aygr`hyslg.

• [tugldts saùhg il bihl t` scltka nrbpas t` sa`w tal lxplktlg lfflkts `f tloplrbturl, pA bdg suistrbtl

k`dkldtrbtm`d `d tal bktmvmty `f ldzyols. Waly saùhg il bihl t` lxphbmd tal pbttlrds `r trldgs

bppbrldt md talsl nrbpas.

9.6 \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Wal dukhlmk bkmgs GDB bdg YDB brl p`hyolrs `f dukhl`tmgls.

•

GDB gmfflrs frò YDB md tal duoilr `f strbdgs prlsldt, tal ibsl kòp`smtm`d bdg tal typl `f pldt`sl.

• GDB ms b gùihl alhmx obgl `f tw` bdtmpbrbhhlh strbdgs `f dukhl`tmgls hmdclg iy aygr`nld i`dgmdn

iltwlld kòphloldtbry ibsl pbmrs.


• Bpphmkbtm`d: Krmkc bdg ^bts`d”s lhukmgbtm`d `f tal strukturl `f GDB usmdn o`glh obcmdn.

• [cmhh: Grbwmdn smophl gmbnrbos `f tal strukturl `f smdnhl dukhl`tmgls `f GDB bdg YDB, usmdn kmrkhls,

pldtbn`ds bdg rlktbdnhls t` rlprlsldt pa`spabtls, pldt`sls bdg ibsls.

9.6 Numgbdkl:

• Md gmbnrbos `f GDB strukturl, tal alhmkbh sabpl g`ls d`t dllg t` il sa`wd, iut tal tw` strbdgs saùhg

il sa`wd bdtmpbrbhhlh. Bgldmdl saùhg il sa`wd pbmrlg wmta tayomdl bdg nubdmdl wmta kyt`smdl, iut

tal rlhbtmvl hldntas `f tal purmdl bdg pyrmomgmdl ibsls g` d`t dllg t` il rlkbhhlg, d`r tal duoilrs `f

aygr`nld i`dgs iltwlld tal ibsl pbmrs.


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9.> \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Wal rlphmkbtm`d `f GDB ms slom-k`dslrvbtmvl bdg glpldgs `d kòphloldtbry ibsl pbmrmdn.

• Alhmkbsl udwmdgs tal gùihl alhmx bdg slpbrbtls tal tw` strbdgs iy irlbcmdn aygr`nld i`dgs.

• GDB p`hyolrbsl hmdcs dukhl`tmgls t`nltalr t` f`ro b dlw strbdg, usmdn tal prl-lxmstmdn strbdg bs b

tlophbtl.

• Wrbdskrmptm`d ms tal sydtalsms `f oYDB k`pmlg frò tal GDB ibsl slquldkls iy YDB p`hyolrbsl.

•

Wrbdshbtm`d ms tal sydtalsms `f p`hyplptmgls `d rmi`sòls.

• Wal bomd` bkmg slquldkl `f p`hyplptmgls ms gltlromdlg iy oYDB bkk`rgmdn t` tal nldltmk k`gl.

• K`g`ds `f tarll ibsls `d oYDB k`rrlsp`dg t` `dl bomd` bkmg md b p`hyplptmgl.

• Wrbdshbtm`d glpldgs `d kòphloldtbry ibsl pbmrmdn iltwlld k`g`ds `d oYDB bdg bdtmk`g`ds `d

tYDB.

9.> Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:

• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f Wbq GDB p`hyolrbsl t` pr`gukl ouhtmphl k`pmls `f GDB rbpmghy iy tal

p`hyolrbsl kabmd rlbktm`d (UKY).• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ur`guktm`d `f auobd mdsuhmd md ibktlrmb bs bd lxbophl `f tal udmvlrsbhmty `f tal nldltmk

k`gl bhh`wmdn nldl trbdsflr iltwlld splkmls.

• [cmhh: \sl b tbihl `f tal nldltmk k`gl t` glgukl wamka k`g`d(s) k`rrlsp`dgs t` wamka bomd` bkmg.

• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f Olslhs`d bdg [tbah”s rlsuhts t` ìtbmd supp`rt f`r tal tal`ry `f slom-k`dslrvbtmvl

rlphmkbtm`d `f GDB.

• [cmhh: \sl b tbihl `f oYDB k`g`ds bdg talmr k`rrlsp`dgmdn bomd` bkmgs t` glgukl tal slquldkl `f

bomd` bkmgs k`glg iy b sa`rt oYDB strbdg `f cd`wd ibsl slquldkl.

• [cmhh: Glgukmdn tal GDB ibsl slquldkl f`r tal oYDB strbdg.

9.>

Numgbdkl:

• Wal gmfflrldt typls `f GDB p`hyolrbsl g` d`t dllg t` il gmstmdnumsalg.

9.1 \dglrstbdgmdns: Bmos:

• Klhh rlspmrbtm`d ms tal k`dtr`hhlg rlhlbsl `f ldlrny frò `rnbdmk kòpùdgs • t` pr`gukl BWU.

• BWU frò klhh rlspmrbtm`d ms moolgmbtlhy bvbmhbihl bs b sùrkl `f ldlrny md tal klhh.

• Bdblrìmk klhh rlspmrbtm`d nmvls b sobhh ymlhg `f BWU frò nhuk`sl.

• Blrìmk klhh rlspmrbtm`d rlqumrls `xynld bdg nmvls b hbrnl ymlhg `f BWU frò nhuk`sl.


• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f bdblrìmk klhh rlspmrbtm`d md ylbsts t` pr`gukl ltabd`h bdg kbri`d gm`xmgl md

ibcmdn.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Hbktbtl pr`guktm`d md auobds wald bdblrìmk rlspmrbtm`d ms uslg t` obxmomzl tal p`wlr

`f ouskhl k`dtrbktm`ds.


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• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f rlsuhts frò lxplrmoldts mdv`hvmdn olbsurloldt `f rlspmrbtm`d rbtls md nlromdbtmdn

sllgs `r mdvlrtlirbtls usmdn b rlspmròltlr.

9.1 Numgbdkl:

• Gltbmhs `f tal oltbi`hmk pbtawbys `f klhh rlspmrbtm`d brl d`t dllglg iut tal suistrbtls bdg fmdbh wbstl

pr`gukts saùhg il cd`wd.

•

Walrl brl obdy smophl rlspmròltlrs wamka kùhg il uslg. [tugldts brl lxplktlg t` cd`w tabt bdbhcbhm ms uslg t` bis`ri K@, s` rlguktm`ds md v`huol brl gul t` `xynld usl. Wloplrbturl saùhg il

clpt k`dstbdt t` bv`mg v`huol kabdnls gul t` tloplrbturl fhuktubtm`ds.

9.= \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Ua`t`sydtalsms ms tal pr`guktm`d `f kbri`d kòpùdgs md klhhs usmdn hmnat ldlrny.

• Vmsmihl hmnat abs b rbdnl `f wbvlhldntas wmta vm`hlt tal sa`rtlst wbvlhldnta bdg rlg tal h`dnlst.

• Kah`r`payhh bis`ris rlg bdg ihul hmnat o`st lfflktmvlhy bdg rlfhlkts nrlld hmnat o`rl tabd `talr

k`hùrs.

•

@xynld ms pr`guklg md pa`t`sydtalsms frò tal pa`t`hysms `f wbtlr.

• Ldlrny ms dllglg t` pr`gukl kbriàygrbtls bdg `talr kbri`d kòpùdgs frò kbri`d gm`xmgl.

• Wloplrbturl, hmnat mdtldsmty bdg kbri`d gm`xmgl k`dkldtrbtm`d brl p`ssmihl hmomtmdn fbkt`rs `d tal rbtl

`f pa`t`sydtalsms.

9.= Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Kabdnls t` tal Lbrta”s bto`spalrl, `klbds bdg r`kc glp`smtm`d gul t` pa`t`sydtalsms.

• [cmhh: Grbwmdn bd bis`rptm`d splktruo f`r kah`r`payhh bdg bd bktm`d splktruo f`r pa`t`sydtalsms.

•

[cmhh: Glsmnd `f lxplrmoldts t` mdvlstmnbtl tal lfflkt `f hmomtmdn fbkt`rs `d pa`t`sydtalsms.• [cmhh: [lpbrbtm`d `f pa`t`sydtaltmk pmnoldts iy karòbt`nrbpa. (Urbktmkbh 7)

9.= Numgbdkl:

• [tugldts saùhg cd`w tabt vmsmihl hmnat abs wbvlhldntas iltwlld 755 bdg >55 dbdòltrls, iut taly

brl d`t lxplktlg t` rlkbhh tal wbvlhldntas `f splkmfmk k`hùrs `f hmnat.

• ^btlr frll `f gmss`hvlg kbri`d gm`xmgl f`r pa`t`sydtalsms lxplrmoldts kbd il pr`guklg iy i`mhmdn bdg

k``hmdn wbtlr.


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W`pmk ;: Nldltmks

;.2 \dglrstbdgmdns: Mdtlrdbtm`dbh-omdglgdlss:

• B nldl ms b alrmtbihl fbkt`r tabt k`dsmsts `f b hldnta `f GDB bdg mdfhuldkls b splkmfmk kabrbktlrmstmk.

• B nldl `kkupmls b splkmfmk p`smtm`d `d b karò`sòl.

• Wal vbrmùs splkmfmk f`ros `f b nldl brl bhhlhls.

•

Bhhlhls gmfflr frò lbka `talr iy `dl `r `dhy b flw ibsls.

• Dlw bhhlhls brl f`rolg iy outbtm`d.

• Wal nldòl ms tal wa`hl `f tal nldltmk mdf`robtm`d `f bd `rnbdmso.

• Wal ldtmrl ibsl slquldkl `f auobd nldls wbs slquldklg md tal Auobd Nldòl Ur`jlkt.

;.2 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Wal kbusls `f smkchl klhh bdlomb, mdkhugmdn b ibsl suistmtutm`d outbtm`d, b kabdnl t` tal

ibsl slquldkl `f oYDB trbdskrmilg frò mt bdg b kabdnl t` tal slquldkl `f b p`hyplptmgl md

alo`nhìmd.• Bpphmkbtm`d: Kòpbrms`d `f tal duoilr `f nldls md auobds wmta `talr splkmls.

• [cmhh: \sl `f b gbtbibsl t` gltlromdl gmfflrldkls md tal ibsl slquldkl `f b nldl md tw` splkmls.

;.2 Numgbdkl:

• [tugldts saùhg il bihl t` rlkbhh `dl splkmfmk ibsl suistmtutm`d tabt kbusls nhutbomk bkmg t` il

suistmtutlg iy vbhmdl bs tal smxta bomd` bkmg md tal alo`nhìmd p`hyplptmgl.

• Wal duoilr `f nldls md b splkmls saùhg d`t il rlflrrlg t` bs nldòl smzl bs tams tlro ms uslg f`r tal

t`tbh boùdt `f GDB. Bt hlbst `dl phbdt bdg `dl ibktlrmuo saùhg il mdkhuglg md tal kòpbrms`d bdg

bt hlbst `dl splkmls wmta o`rl nldls bdg `dl wmta flwlr nldls tabd b auobd.

• Wal Nldibdc® gbtbibsl kbd il uslg t` slbrka f`r GDB ibsl slquldkls. Wal kyt`karòl K nldl

slquldkl ms bvbmhbihl f`r obdy gmfflrldt `rnbdmsos bdg ms `f pbrtmkuhbr mdtlrlst ilkbusl `f mts usl md

rlkhbssmfymdn `rnbdmsos mdt` tarll gòbmds.

• Glhltm`ds, mdslrtm`ds bdg frbol samft outbtm`ds g` d`t dllg t` il mdkhuglg.

;.9 \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Ur`cbry`tls abvl `dl karò`sòl k`dsmstmdn `f b kmrkuhbr GDB o`hlkuhl.

• [òl pr`cbry`tls bhs` abvl phbsomgs iut lucbry`tls g` d`t.

• Lucbry`tl karò`sòls brl hmdlbr GDB o`hlkuhls bss`kmbtlg wmta amst`dl pr`tlmds.

• Md b lucbry`tl splkmls talrl brl gmfflrldt karò`sòls tabt kbrry gmfflrldt nldls.

• Aò`h`nùs karò`sòls kbrry tal sbol slquldkl `f nldls iut d`t dlklssbrmhy tal sbol bhhlhls `f

ta`sl nldls.

• Gmph`mg dukhlm abvl pbmrs `f aò`h`nùs karò`sòls.

• Abph`mg dukhlm abvl `dl karò`sòl `f lbka pbmr.

• Wal duoilr `f karò`sòls ms b kabrbktlrmstmk flbturl `f oloilrs `f b splkmls.


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• B cbry`nrbo sa`ws tal karò`sòls `f bd `rnbdmso md aò`h`nùs pbmrs `f glkrlbsmdn hldnta.

• [lx ms gltlromdlg iy slx karò`sòls bdg but`sòls brl karò`sòls tabt g` d`t gltlromdl slx.


• Bpphmkbtm`d: Kbmrds” tlkadmqul f`r olbsurmdn tal hldnta `f GDB o`hlkuhls iy but`rbgm`nrbpay.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Kòpbrms`d `f nldòl smzl md W9 pabnl, Lskalrmkamb k`hm, Gr`s`pamhb olhbd`nbstlr ,

Aò` sbpmlds bdg Ubrms jbp`dmkb.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Kòpbrms`d `f gmph`mg karò`sòl duoilrs `f Aò` sbpmlds, Ubd tr`nh`gytls, Kbdms

fbomhmbrms, @ryzb sbtmvb, Ubrbskbrms lqu`ruo.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f cbry`nrbos t` glgukl slx bdg gmbnd`sl G`wd sydgròl md auobds.

•

[cmhh: \sl `f gbtbibsls t` mgldtmfy tal h`kus `f b auobd nldl bdg mts p`hyplptmgl pr`gukt.

;.9 Numgbdkl:

• Wal tlros cbry`typl bdg cbry`nrbo abvl gmfflrldt olbdmdns. Cbry`typl ms b pr`plrty `f b klhh‗tal

duoilr bdg typl `f karò`sòls prlsldt md tal dukhlus, d`t b pa`t`nrbpa `r gmbnrbo `f talo.

• Nldòl smzl ms tal t`tbh hldnta `f GDB md bd `rnbdmso. Wal lxbophls `f nldòl bdg karò`sòl

duoilr abvl illd slhlktlg t` bhh`w p`mdts `f mdtlrlst t` il rbmslg.

• Wal tw` GDB o`hlkuhls f`rolg iy GDB rlphmkbtm`d prm`r t` klhh gmvmsm`d brl k`dsmglrlg t` il smstlr

karòbtmgs udtmh tal sphmttmdn `f tal kldtròlrl bt tal stbrt `f bdbpabsl. Bftlr tams, taly brl mdgmvmgubh

karò`sòls.

;.; \dglrstbdgmdns:

• @dl gmph`mg dukhlus gmvmgls iy olm`sms t` pr`gukl fùr abph`mg dukhlm.

•

Wal abhvmdn `f tal karò`sòl duoilr bhh`ws b slxubh hmfl kykhl wmta fusm`d `f nboltls.• GDB ms rlphmkbtlg ilf`rl olm`sms s` tabt bhh karò`sòls k`dsmst `f tw` smstlr karòbtmgs.

• Wal lbrhy stbnls `f olm`sms mdv`hvl pbmrmdn `f aò`h`nùs karò`sòls bdg kr`ssmdn `vlr f`hh`wlg

iy k`dgldsbtm`d.

• @rmldtbtm`d `f pbmrs `f aò`h`nùs karò`sòls prm`r t` slpbrbtm`d ms rbdgò.

• [lpbrbtm`d `f pbmrs `f aò`h`nùs karò`sòls md tal fmrst gmvmsm`d `f olm`sms abhvls tal

karò`sòl duoilr.

• Kr`ssmdn `vlr bdg rbdgò `rmldtbtm`d prò`tls nldltmk vbrmbtm`d.

• Fusm`d `f nboltls frò gmfflrldt pbrldts prò`tls nldltmk vbrmbtm`d.

;.; Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:

• Bpphmkbtm`d: D`d-gmsjudktm`d kbd kbusl G`wd sydgròl bdg `talr karò`sòl bid`robhmtmls.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: [tugmls sa`wmdn bnl `f pbrldts mdfhuldkls kabdkls `f d`d- gmsjudktm`d.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Glskrmptm`d `f olta`gs uslg t` ìtbmd klhhs f`r cbry`typl bdbhysms l.n. ka`rm`dmk vmhhus

sbophmdn bdg bodm`kldtlsms bdg tal bss`kmbtlg rmscs.

• [cmhh: Grbwmdn gmbnrbos t` sa`w tal stbnls `f olm`sms rlsuhtmdn md tal f`robtm`d `f fùr abph`mg klhhs.


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;.; Numgbdkl:

• Urlpbrbtm`d `f omkr`sk`pl shmgls sa`wmdn olm`sms ms kabhhldnmdn bdg plrobdldt shmgls saùhg il

bvbmhbihl md kbsl d` klhhs md olm`sms brl vmsmihl md tlop`rbry oùdts.

• Grbwmdns `f tal stbnls `f olm`sms g` d`t dllg t` mdkhugl kambsobtb.

• Wal pr`klss `f kambsobtb f`robtm`d dllg d`t il lxphbmdlg.

;.7 \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Oldglh gmsk`vlrlg tal prmdkmphls `f mdalrmtbdkl wmta lxplrmoldts md wamka hbrnl duoilrs `f plb

phbdts wlrl kr`sslg.

• Nboltls brl abph`mg s` k`dtbmd `dhy `dl bhhlhl `f lbka nldl.

• Wal tw` bhhlhls `f lbka nldl slpbrbtl mdt` gmfflrldt abph`mg gbunatlr dukhlm gurmdn olm`sms.

• Fusm`d `f nboltls rlsuhts md gmph`mg zyn`tls wmta tw` bhhlhls `f lbka nldl tabt oby il tal sbol bhhlhl

`r gmfflrldt bhhlhls.

• Gòmdbdt bhhlhls obsc tal lfflkts `f rlklssmvl bhhlhls iut k`-gòmdbdt bhhlhls abvl j`mdt lfflkts.

•

Obdy nldltmk gmslbsls md auobds brl gul t` rlklssmvl bhhlhls `f but`sòbh nldls, bhtaùna sòlnldltmk gmslbsls brl gul t` gòmdbdt `r k`-gòmdbdt bhhlhls.

• [òl nldltmk gmslbsls brl slx-hmdclg. Wal pbttlrd `f mdalrmtbdkl ms gmfflrldt wmta slx-hmdclg nldls gul

t` talmr h`kbtm`d `d slx karò`sòls.

• Obdy nldltmk gmslbsls abvl illd mgldtmfmlg md auobds iut o`st brl vlry rbrl.

• Ybgmbtm`d bdg outbnldmk kalomkbhs mdkrlbsl tal outbtm`d rbtl bdg kbd kbusl nldltmk gmslbsls bdg

kbdklr.


•

Bpphmkbtm`d: Mdalrmtbdkl `f BI@ ih``g nrùps.• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ylg-nrlld k`hùr ihmdgdlss bdg alo`pamhmb bs lxbophls `f slx- hmdclg mdalrmtbdkl.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Mdalrmtbdkl `f kystmk fmir`sms bdg Audtmdnt`d”s gmslbsl.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: K`dslquldkls `f rbgmbtm`d bftlr dukhlbr iòimdn `f Amr`samob bdg bkkmgldt bt

Kalrdìyh.

• [cmhh: K`dstruktm`d `f Uuddltt nrmgs f`r prlgmktmdn tal ùtkòls `f o`dàyirmg nldltmk kr`ssls.

• [cmhh: Kòpbrms`d `f prlgmktlg bdg bktubh ùtkòls `f nldltmk kr`ssls usmdn rlbh gbtb.

• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f plgmnrll kabrts t` glgukl tal pbttlrd `f mdalrmtbdkl `f nldltmk gmslbsls.

;.7 Numgbdkl:

• Bhhlhls kbrrmlg `d Q karò`sòls saùhg il sa`wd bs suplrskrmpt hlttlrs `d bd upplr kbsl Q, suka bs

Q.

• Wal lxplktlg d`tbtm`d f`r BI@ ih``g nrùp bhhlhls ms:


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;.< \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Nlh lhlktr`pa`rlsms ms uslg t` slpbrbtl pr`tlmds `r frbnoldts `f GDB bkk`rgmdn t` smzl.

• UKY kbd il uslg t` bophmfy sobhh boùdts `f GDB.

• GDB pr`fmhmdn mdv`hvls kòpbrms`d `f GDB.

• Nldltmk o`gmfmkbtm`d ms kbrrmlg ùt iy nldl trbdsflr iltwlld splkmls.

• Kh`dls brl nrùps `f nldltmkbhhy mgldtmkbh `rnbdmsos, glrmvlg frò b smdnhl `rmnmdbh pbrldt klhh.

•

Obdy phbdt splkmls bdg sòl bdmobh splkmls abvl dbturbh olta`gs `f kh`dmdn.

• Bdmobhs kbd il kh`dlg bt tal loiry` stbnl iy irlbcmdn up tal loiry` mdt` o`rl tabd `dl nrùp `f

klhhs.

• Olta`gs abvl illd glvlh`plg f`r kh`dmdn bguht bdmobhs usmdn gmfflrldtmbtlg klhhs.

;.< Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:

• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f GDB pr`fmhmdn md pbtlrdmty bdg f`rldsmk mdvlstmnbtm`ds.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Nldl trbdsflr t` ibktlrmb usmdn phbsomgs obcls usl `f rlstrmktm`d ldg`dukhlbsls bdg GDB

hmnbsl.• Bpphmkbtm`d: Bsslssoldt `f tal p`tldtmbh rmscs bdg ildlfmts bss`kmbtlg wmta nldltmk o`gmfmkbtm`d `f

kr`ps.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ur`guktm`d `f kh`dlg loiry`s pr`guklg iy sòbtmk-klhh dukhlbr trbdsflr.

• [cmhh: Glsmnd `f bd lxplrmoldt t` bsslss `dl fbkt`r bfflktmdn tal r``tmdn `f stlo-kuttmdns.

• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f lxbophls `f GDB pr`fmhls.

• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f gbtb `d rmscs t` o`dbrka iuttlrfhmls `f It kr`ps.

;.< Numgbdkl:

•

[tugldts saùhg il bihl t` glgukl waltalr `r d`t b obd kùhg il tal fbtalr `f b kamhg frò tal pbttlrd

`f ibdgs `d b GDB pr`fmhl.

• G`hhy kbd il uslg bs bd lxbophl `f sòbtmk-klhh trbdsflr.

• B phbdt splkmls saùhg il ka`sld f`r r``tmdn lxplrmoldts tabt f`ros r``ts rlbgmhy md wbtlr `r b s`hmg

olgmuo.

W`pmk 7: Lk`h`ny

7.2 \dglrstbdgmdns:

• [plkmls brl nrùps `f `rnbdmsos tabt kbd p`tldtmbhhy mdtlrirllg t` pr`gukl flrtmhl `ffsprmdn.

• Wal dllg f`r sustbmdbimhmty md auobd bktmvmtmls kùhg il gmskusslg bdg tal olta`gs dllglg t` prò`tl

tams.

• Oloilrs `f b splkmls oby il rlpr`guktmvlhy ms`hbtlg md slpbrbtl p`puhbtm`ds.

• [plkmls abvl lmtalr bd but`tr`pamk `r altlr`tr`pamk olta`g `f dutrmtm`d (b flw splkmls abvl i`ta

olta`gs).

• K`dsuolrs brl altlr`tr`pas tabt fllg `d hmvmdn `rnbdmsos iy mdnlstm`d.


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• Gltrmtmv`rls brl altlr`tr`pas tabt ìtbmd `rnbdmk dutrmldts frò gltrmtus iy mdtlrdbh gmnlstm`d.

• [bpr`tr`pas brl altlr`tr`pas tabt ìtbmd `rnbdmk dutrmldts frò glbg `rnbdmsos iy lxtlrdbh gmnlstm`d.

• B kòoudmty ms f`rolg iy p`puhbtm`ds `f gmfflrldt splkmls hmvmdn t`nltalr bdg mdtlrbktmdn wmta lbka

`talr.

• B kòoudmty f`ros bd lk`systlo iy mts mdtlrbktm`ds wmta tal bim`tmk ldvmr`doldt.

•

But`tr`pas ìtbmd md`rnbdmk dutrmldts frò tal bim`tmk ldvmr`doldt.

• Wal supphy `f md`rnbdmk dutrmldts ms obmdtbmdlg iy dutrmldt kykhmdn.

•

Lk`systlos abvl tal p`tldtmbh t` il sustbmdbihl `vlr h`dn plrm`gs `f tmol.


• [cmhh: Khbssmfymdn splkmls bs but`tr`pas, k`dsuolrs, gltrmtmv`rls `r sbpr`tr`pas frò b cd`whlgnl `f

talmr o`gl `f dutrmtm`d.

• [cmhh: [lttmdn up slbhlg ols`k`sos t` try t` lstbihmsa sustbmdbimhmty. (Urbktmkbh


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7.9 Numgbdkl:

• Uyrbomgs `f duoilr bdg imòbss brl d`t rlqumrlg. [tugldts saùhg il khlbr tabt imòbss md tlrrlstrmbh

lk`systlos gmomdmsals wmta ldlrny bh`dn f``g kabmds gul t` h`ss `f kbri`d gm`xmgl, wbtlr bdg `talr

wbstl pr`gukts, suka bs urlb.

• Uyrbomgs `f ldlrny saùhg il grbwd t` skbhl bdg saùhg il stlpplg, d`t trmbdnuhbr. Wal tlros

pr`guklr, fmrst k`dsuolr bdg slk`dg k`dsuolr bdg s` `d saùhg il uslg, rbtalr tabd fmrst tr`pamk hlvlh

slk`dg tr`pamk hlvlh bdg s` `d.

• Wal gmstmdktm`d iltwlld ldlrny fh`w md lk`systlos bdg kykhmdn `f md`rnbdmk dutrmldts saùhg il

strlsslg. [tugldts saùhg udglrstbdg tabt talrl ms b k`dtmduùs iut vbrmbihl supphy `f ldlrny md tal

f`ro `f sudhmnat iut tabt tal supphy `f dutrmldts md bd lk`systlo ms fmdmtl bdg hmomtlg.

7.; \dglrstbdgmdns:

• But`tr`pas k`dvlrt kbri`d gm`xmgl mdt` kbriàygrbtls bdg `talr kbri`d kòpùdgs.

• Md bqubtmk lk`systlos kbri`d ms prlsldt bs gmss`hvlg kbri`d gm`xmgl & aygr`nld kbri`dbtl m`d

• Kbri`d gm`xmgl gmffusls frò tal bto`spalrl `r wbtlr mdt` but`tr`pas.

• Kbri`d gm`xmgl ms pr`guklg iy rlspmrbtm`d & gmffusls ùt `f `rnbdmsos mdt` wbtlr `r tal bto`spalrl.

• Oltabdl ms pr`guklg frò `rnbdmk obttlr md bdblrìmk k`dgmtm`ds iy oltabd`nldmk brkablbds bdg

sòl gmffusls mdt` tal bto`spalrl `r bkkuouhbtls md tal nrùdg.

• Oltabdl ms `xmgmzlg t` kbri`d gm`xmgl bdg wbtlr md tal bto`spalrl.

• Ulbt f`ros wald `rnbdmk obttlr ms d`t fuhhy glkòp`slg ilkbusl `f bkmgmk bdg/`r bdblrìmk k`dgmtm`ds

md wbtlrh`nnlg s`mhs.

• Ubrtmbhhy glkòp`slg `rnbdmk obttlr frò pbst nl`h`nmkbh lrbs wbs k`dvlrtlg lmtalr mdt` k`bh `r mdt`

`mh bdg nbs tabt bkkuouhbtl md p`rùs r`kcs.

• Kbri`d gm`xmgl ms pr`guklg iy tal kòiustm`d `f imòbss bdg f`ssmhmzlg `rnbdmk obttlr.

•

Bdmobhs suka bs rllf-iumhgmdn k`rbhs bdg o`hhuskb abvl abrg pbrts tabt brl kòp`slg `f kbhkmuo

kbri`dbtl bdg kbd ilkòl f`ssmhmzlg md hmolst`dl.


• Bpphmkbtm`d: Lstmobtm`d `f kbri`d fhuxls gul t` pr`klssls md tal kbri`d kykhl.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Bdbhysms `f gbtb frò bmr o`dmt`rmdn stbtm`ds t` lxphbmd bddubh fhuktubtm`ds.

• [cmhh: K`dstrukt b gmbnrbo `f tal kbri`d kykhl.

7.; Numgbdkl:

• Kbri`d fhuxls saùhg il olbsurlg md nmnbt`ddls.

7.7 \dglrstbdgmdns:

• Kbri`d gm`xmgl bdg wbtlr vbpùr brl tal o`st smndmfmkbdt nrlldaùsl nbsls.

• @talr nbsls mdkhugmdn oltabdl bdg dmtr`nld `xmgls abvl hlss mopbkt.


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• Wal mopbkt `f b nbs glpldgs `d mts bimhmty t` bis`ri h`dn wbvl rbgmbtm`d bs wlhh bs `d mts k`dkldtrbtm`d

md tal bto`spalrl.

• Wal wbrolg Lbrta lomts h`dnlr wbvlhldnta rbgmbtm`d (albt).

• H`dnlr wbvl rbgmbtm`d ms bis`rilg iy nrlldaùsl nbsls tabt rltbmd tal albt md tal bto`spalrl.

• Nhìbh tloplrbturls bdg khmobtl pbttlrds brl mdfhuldklg iy k`dkldtrbtm`ds `f nrlldaùsl nbsls.

•

Walrl ms b k`rrlhbtm`d iltwlld rmsmdn bto`spalrmk k`dkldtrbtm`ds `f kbri`d gm`xmgl smdkl tal stbrt `f

tal mdgustrmbh rlv`hutm`d 955 ylbrs bn` bdg bvlrbnl nhìbh tloplrbturls.

•

Ylkldt mdkrlbsls md bto`spalrmk kbri`d gm`xmgl brl hbrnlhy gul t` mdkrlbsls md tal kòiustm`d `f

f`ssmhmzlg `rnbdmk obttlr.


• Bpphmkbtm`d: Warlbts t` k`rbh rllfs frò mdkrlbsmdn k`dkldtrbtm`ds `f gmss`hvlg kbri`d gm`xmgl.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: K`rrlhbtm`ds iltwlld nhìbh tloplrbturls bdg kbri`d gm`xmgl k`dkldtrbtm`ds `d Lbrta.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Lvbhubtmdn khbmos tabt auobd bktmvmtmls brl d`t kbusmdn khmobtl kabdnl.

7.7 Numgbdkl:

• Kbri`d gm`xmgl, oltabdl bdg wbtlr vbpùr saùhg il mdkhuglg md gmskussm`ds.

• Wal abrofuh k`dslquldkls `f `z`dl glphltm`d g` d`t dllg t` il gmskusslg bdg mt saùhg il obgl khlbr

tabt `z`dl glphltm`d ms d`t tal kbusl `f tal ldabdklg nrlldaùsl lfflkt.

W`pmk


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• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ylk`ndmtm`d `f flbturls `f imrgs, oboobhs, bopamimbds, rlptmhls bdg fmsa.

• [cmhh: K`dstruktm`d `f gmka`t`o`us clys f`r usl md mgldtmfymdn splkmolds.


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• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ur`klssls `kkurrmdn md tal sobhh mdtlstmdl tabt rlsuht md tal gmnlstm`d `f stbrka bdg

trbdsp`rt `f tal pr`gukts `f gmnlstm`d t` tal hmvlr.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f gmbhysms tuimdn t` o`glh bis`rptm`d `f gmnlstlg f``g md tal mdtlstmdl.

• [cmhh: Ur`guktm`d `f bd bdd`tbtlg gmbnrbo `f tal gmnlstmvl systlo.

• [cmhh: Mgldtmfmkbtm`d `f tmssul hbylrs md trbdsvlrsl slktm`ds `f tal sobhh mdtlstmdl vmlwlg wmta b

omkr`sk`pl `r md b omkr`nrbpa.

6.2 Numgbdkl:

• [tugldts saùhg cd`w tabt boyhbsl, hmpbsl bdg bd ldg`plptmgbsl brl slkrltlg iy tal pbdkrlbs. Wal

dbol trypsmd bdg tal olta`g uslg t` bktmvbtl mt brl d`t rlqumrlg.

• [tugldts saùhg cd`w tabt stbrka, nhyk`nld, hmpmgs bdg dukhlmk bkmgs brl gmnlstlg mdt` o`dòlrs bdg

tabt klhhuh`sl rlobmds udgmnlstlg.

• Wmssul hbylrs saùhg mdkhugl h`dnmtugmdbh bdg kmrkuhbr ouskhls, ouk`sb bdg lpmtalhmuo.

6.9

\dglrstbdgmdns:

• Brtlrmls k`dvly ih``g bt amna prlssurl frò tal vldtrmkhls t` tal tmssuls `f tal i`gy.

• Brtlrmls abvl ouskhl klhhs bdg lhbstmk fmirls md talmr wbhhs.

• Wal ouskhl bdg lhbstmk fmirls bssmst md obmdtbmdmdn ih``g prlssurl iltwlld puop kykhls.

• Ih``g fh`ws tarùna tmssuls md kbpmhhbrmls. Kbpmhhbrmls abvl plrolbihl wbhhs tabt bhh`w lxkabdnl `f

obtlrmbhs iltwlld klhhs md tal tmssul bdg tal ih``g md tal kbpmhhbry.

• Vlmds k`hhlkt ih``g bt h`w prlssurl frò tal tmssuls `f tal i`gy bdg rlturd mt t` tal btrmb `f tal albrt.

• Vbhvls md vlmds bdg tal albrt ldsurl kmrkuhbtm`d `f ih``g iy prlvldtmdn ibkcfh`w.

•

Walrl ms b slpbrbtl kmrkuhbtm`d f`r tal hudns.• Wal albrt ilbt ms mdmtmbtlg iy b nrùp `f splkmbhmzlg ouskhl klhhs md tal rmnat btrmuo kbhhlg tal smd`btrmbh

d`gl.

• Wal smd`btrmbh d`gl bkts bs b pbklobclr.

• Wal smd`btrmbh d`gl sldgs ùt bd lhlktrmkbh smndbh tabt stmouhbtls k`dtrbktm`d bs mt ms pr`pbnbtlg tarùna

tal wbhhs `f tal btrmb bdg tald tal wbhhs `f tal vldtrmkhls.

• Wal albrt rbtl kbd il mdkrlbslg `r glkrlbslg iy mopuhsls irùnat t` tal albrt tarùna tw` dlrvls frò

tal olguhhb `f tal irbmd.

• Lpmdlparmdl mdkrlbsls tal albrt rbtl t` prlpbrl f`r vmn`rùs paysmkbh bktmvmty.


• Bpphmkbtm`d: ^mhhmbo Abrvly”s gmsk`vlry `f tal kmrkuhbtm`d `f tal ih``g wmta tal albrt bktmdn bs tal

puop.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Urlssurl kabdnls md tal hlft btrmuo, hlft vldtrmkhl bdg b`rtb gurmdn tal kbrgmbk kykhl.

• Bpphmkbtm`d: Kbusls bdg k`dslquldkls `f `kkhusm`d `f tal k`r`dbry brtlrmls.

• [cmhh: Mgldtmfmkbtm`d `f ih``g vlsslhs bs brtlrmls, kbpmhhbrmls `r vlmds frò tal strukturl `f talmr wbhhs.


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:9>638?=9>491

• +=:388? 4=8=:0 3EB I4= 0K=GL FENA8=BM= NJ C30K=C30G:38 J3:04? :NE:=H04 3EB 0=:KEGOI=4 GE 3

D3LG=0@ NJ J3CG8G3L 3EB IEJ3CG8G3L :NE0=U04/

03;E


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W`pmk 2: Duoilr bdg bhnlirbW`pmk K`dtldt Furtalr numgbdkl

2.2 Dbturbh duoilrs,

!! !"#$%$&'!!! !"#$%&"' !"#$%&'!!! !"#

!"#$ !"#$%&'!!!

D`t rlqumrlg:

Ur``f `f mrrbtm`dbhmty, f`r lxbophl, `f!

Hmdc wmta gòbmd bdg rbdnl 6.2.

2.9 Bppr`xmobtm`d: glkmobh phbkls, smndmfmkbdt

fmnurls.

Ulrkldtbnl lrr`rs.

Lstmobtm`d.

[tugldts saùhg il bwbrl `f tal lrr`rs tabt kbd

rlsuht frò prlobturl rùdgmdn.

[tugldts saùhg il bihl t` rlk`ndmzl waltalr

tal rlsuhts `f kbhkuhbtm`ds brl rlbs`dbihl,

mdkhugmdn rlbs`dbihl vbhuls `f, f`r lxbophl,

hldntas, bdnhls bdg brlbs.

F`r lxbophl, hldntas kbdd`t il dlnbtmvl.

2.; Lxprlssmdn duoilrs md tal f`ro ! ! !"!,

walrl 2! ! ! !" !"# ! !" !" !"#$%$&!

@plrbtm`ds wmta duoilrs md tams f`ro.

[tugldts saùhg il bihl t` usl skmldtmfmk o`gl

`d tal NGK.

Kbhkuhbt`r d`tbtm`d ms d`t bkklptbihl.

2.7 [M ([ystáol Mdtlrdbtm`dbh ) bdg `talr ibsmk

udmts `f olbsurloldt: f`r lxbophl, cmh`nrbo

(cn), oltrl (o), slk`dg (s), hmtrl (h), oltrl plr

slk`dg (o s-2

), Klhsmus skbhl.

[tugldts saùhg il bihl t` k`dvlrt iltwlld

gmfflrldt udmts.

Hmdc wmta tal f`ro `f tal d`tbtm`d md 2.;, f`r

lxbophl, < co ?


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6;

;.<

;.6

;.>

Ibsmk k`dklpts `f slt tal`ry: lhloldts

! ! !! !"#!$%! ! ! !! !"#$%&$'#!(" ! ! !!

\dm`d ! ! !3 kòphloldt B”.

Vldd gmbnrbos bdg smophl bpphmkbtm`ds.

D`t rlqumrlg:

Cd`whlgnl `f tal O`rnbd”s hbws.

[bophl spbkl3 lvldt B3 kòphloldtbry lvldt B”.

Urìbimhmty `f kòimdlg lvldt.

Urìbimhmty `f b kòphloldtbry lvldt.

Lxplktlg vbhul.

Urìbimhmty `f kòimdlg lvldts, outubhhy

lxkhusmvl lvldts, mdglpldgldt lvldts.

\sl `f trll gmbnrbos, Vldd gmbnrbos, sbophl

spbkl gmbnrbos bdg tbihls `f ùtkòls.

Urìbimhmty usmdn ‘wmta rlphbkloldt‟ bdg

‘wmtaùt rlphbkloldt‟.

K`dgmtm`dbh prìbimhmty.

Md lxbomdbtm`ds, tal udmvlrsbh slt \ wmhh

mdkhugl d` o`rl tabd tarll suislts.

Wal lopty slt ms gld`tlg iy !!

[tugldts saùhg il ldkùrbnlg t` usl tal

o`st bppr`prmbtl olta`g md s`hvmdn

mdgmvmgubh qulstm`ds.

Urìbimhmty qulstm`ds wmhh il phbklg md

k`dtlxt bdg wmhh obcl usl `f gmbnrboobtmk

rlprlsldtbtm`ds.

Md lxbomdbtm`ds, qulstm`ds rlqumrmdn tal

lxkhusmvl usl `f tal f`rouhb md slktm`d ;.>

`f tal f`rouhb i``chlt wmhh d`t il slt.

W`pmk 7: [tbtmstmkbh bpphmkbtm`dsW`pmk K`dtldt Furtalr numgbdkl

7.2 Wal d`robh gmstrmiutm`d.

Wal k`dklpt `f b rbdgò vbrmbihl3 `f tal

pbrboltlrs ! bdg !3 `f tal ilhh sabpl3 tal

syooltry biùt ! ! !.

Gmbnrboobtmk rlprlsldtbtm`d.

D`robh prìbimhmty kbhkuhbtm`ds.

Lxplktlg vbhul.

Mdvlrsl d`robh kbhkuhbtm`ds.

D`t rlqumrlg:

Wrbdsf`robtm`d `f bdy d`robh vbrmbihl t` tal

stbdgbrgmzlg d`robh.

[tugldts saùhg il bwbrl tabt

bppr`xmobtlhy 61% `f tal gbtb hmls iltwlld

! ! !, =


61/65

65

7.9 Imvbrmbtl gbtb: tal k`dklpt `f k`rrlhbtm`d.

[kbttlr gmbnrbos3 hmdl `f ilst fmt, iy lyl, pbssmdn

tarùna tal olbd p`mdt.

Ulbrs`d”s pr`gukt-oòldt k`rrlhbtm`d

k`lffmkmldt, !.

Mdtlrprltbtm`d `f p`smtmvl, zlr` bdg dlnbtmvl,

str`dn `r wlbc k`rrlhbtm`ds.

[tugldts saùhg il bihl t` obcl tal

gmstmdktm`d iltwlld k`rrlhbtm`d bdg

kbusbtm`d.

Abdg kbhkuhbtm`ds `f ! oby ldabdkl

udglrstbdgmdn.

Md lxbomdbtm`ds, stugldts wmhh il lxplktlg

t` usl b NGK t` kbhkuhbtl !.

7.; Wal rlnrlssm`d hmdl ! `d !.

\sl `f tal rlnrlssm`d hmdl f`r prlgmktm`d purp`sls.

Abdg kbhkuhbtm`ds `f tal rlnrlssm`d hmdl oby

ldabdkl udglrstbdgmdn.

Md lxbomdbtm`ds, stugldts wmhh il lxplktlg

t` usl b NGK t` fmdg tal rlnrlssm`d hmdl.

[tugldts saùhg il bwbrl `f tal gbdnlrs `f

lxtrbp`hbtm`d.

7.7 Wal !9 tlst f`r mdglpldgldkl: f`rouhbtm`d `f duhh

bdg bhtlrdbtmvl ayp`talsms3 smndmfmkbdkl hlvlhs3

k`dtmdnldky tbihls3 lxplktlg frlquldkmls3

glnrlls `f frllgò3 !-vbhuls.

Md lxbomdbtm`ds:

• Wal obxmouo duoilr `f r`ws `r

k`huods md b k`dtmdnldky tbihl wmhh

il 7

• Wal glnrlls `f frllgò wmhh bhwbys

il nrlbtlr tabd `dl

• Wal !9 krmtmkbh vbhul wmhh bhwbys il

nmvld

•

@dhy qulstm`ds `d upplr tbmh tlsts

wmta kòo`dhy uslg smndmfmkbdkl

hlvlhs (2%,


62/65

6"

W`pmk


63/65

67

W`pmk 6: Obtalobtmkbh o`glhsW`pmk K`dtldt Furtalr numgbdkl

6.2 K`dklpt `f b fudktm`d, gòbmd, rbdnl bdg nrbpa

Fudktm`d d`tbtm`d, ln ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

K`dklpt `f b fudktm`d bs b obtalobtmkbh o`glh.

Md lxbomdbtm`ds:

• Wal gòbmd ms tal slt `f bhh rlbh duoilrs

udhlss `talrwmsl stbtlg

• Obppmdn d`tbtm`d !! !! ! wmhh d`t il

uslg.6.9

6.;

Hmdlbr o`glhs.

Hmdlbr fudktm`ds bdg talmr nrbpas, ! ! ! !" !

!.

Rubgrbtmk o`glhs.

Rubgrbtmk fudktm`ds bdg talmr nrbpas (pbrbi`hbs):

! ! ! !"! ! !" ! !!! ! !

Ur`plrtmls `f b pbrbi`hb: syooltry3 vlrtlx3

mdtlrklpts `d tal x-bxms bdg y-bxms.

Lqubtm`d `f tal bxms `f syooltry, ! ! ! !

!!!

Hmdc wmta lqubtm`d `f b hmdl md \sl `f b NGK t` s`hvl lqubtm`ds mdv`hvmdn

kòimdbtm`ds `f tal fudktm`ds bi`vl.

Lxbophls: ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !! !! ! !!.

@talr fudktm`ds kbd il u

IB Guide Subject Summaries for 2016 examinations

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