Titration between strong acid(flask) with strong base(burette) HCI + NaOH → NaCI + H 2 O Titration curves Strong Acid with Strong Base Click here titration simulation NaOH M = 0.1M V = 0 ml HCI M = 0.1M V = 25ml 7 HCI + NaOH → NaCI + H 2 O M = 0.1M M = 0.1M V = 25ml V = 25ml 2.7 11.3 • Rapid jump in pH (2.7 – 11.3) • Rapid change at equivalence point • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 7 • Neutral salt, NaCI - neutral 1 HCI M = 0.1M V = 25ml NaOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml HCI left → 25.0ml, 0.1M Conc H + = 0.1M pH = -lg[0.1] pH = 1 HCI M = 0.1M V = 1ml left NaOH M = 0.1M V = 24 ml added HCI left → 1ml, 0.1M Moles H + = (0.1 x 1)/1000 = 0.0001mol Conc H + = Moles/Vol = 0.0001/0.049 = 0.002M pH = -lgH + = -lg(0.002) pH = 2.7 NaOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml added HCI M = 0.1M V = 0ml left Neutral Salt, NaCI Conc H + = 1 x 10 -7 M (dissociation of water) pH = -lg[1 x 10 -7 ] pH = 7 NaOH M = 0.1M V = 26ml added NaOH left → 1ml left, 0.1M Moles OH - = (0.1 x 1)/1000 = 0.0001mol Conc OH - = Moles/Vol = 0.0001/0.051 = 0.002M pOH = -lgOH - = -lg(0.002) pOH = 2.7 pH = 14 - 2.7 pH = 11.3 NaOH V = 1ml left Total = 24 + 25 Vol = 49ml Total = 25 + 26 Vol = 51ml 11.3 2.7 Neutralization Mole ratio – 1: 1
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IB Chemistry on Titration Curves, Acid Base Titration and Buffer Regions
IB Chemistry on Titration Curves, Acid Base Titration and Buffer Regions
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Titration between strong acid(flask) with strong base(burette) HCI + NaOH → NaCI + H2O
Titration curves Strong Acid with Strong Base
Click here titration simulation
NaOH M = 0.1M V = 0 ml
HCI M = 0.1M V = 25ml
7
HCI + NaOH → NaCI + H2O
M = 0.1M M = 0.1M
V = 25ml V = 25ml
2.7
11.3
• Rapid jump in pH (2.7 – 11.3) • Rapid change at equivalence point • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 7 • Neutral salt, NaCI - neutral
Titration between strong acid(flask) with weak base(burette) HCI + NH4OH → NH4CI + H2O
Titration curves Strong Acid with Weak Base
NH4OH M = 0.1M V = 0 ml
HCI M = 0.1M V = 25ml
5.3
HCI + NH4OH → NH4CI + H2O
M = 0.1M M = 0.1M
V = 25ml V = 25ml
2.7
7.8
• Rapid jump in pH (2.7 – 7.8) • Rapid change at equivalence point • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 5.3 • Acidic salt, NH4CI – pH = 5.3
Titration between weak acid (flask) with strong base(burette) CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Titration curves Weak Acid with Strong Base
NaOH M = 0.1M V = 0 ml
NaOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
9
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
M = 0.1M M = 0.1M
V = 25ml V = 25ml
11.3
6.11
• Rapid jump in pH (6.11 – 11.3 ) • Rapid change at equivalence point • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 9 • Basic salt, CH3COONa = pH 9
2.87
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
CH3COOH left → 25.0ml, 0.1M CH3COOH ↔ (CH3COO- )(H+) Ka = (CH3COO-) (H+) CH3COOH
(H+) = √Ka x CH3COOH (H+) = 1.34 x 10-3
pH = -lg(1.34 x 10-3) pH = 2.87
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 1ml left
NaOH M = 0.1M V = 24 ml added
NaOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml add
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 0ml left
Basic Salt (CH3COONa) CH3COO- hydrolysis produce OH-
pH = 9
NaOH M = 0.1M V = 26ml add
NaOH V = 1ml left
Total = 24 + 25
Vol = 49ml
Total = 25 + 26
Vol = 51ml
Click here titration simulation
CH3COOH left → 1ml, 0.1M Mole CH3COOH = (MV)/1000 = (1 x 0.1)/1000 = 0.0001mol Conc CH3COOH = Moles/Vol = 0.0001/0.049 = 2.04 x 10-3
Conc CH3COONa = Moles/Vol = 2.4 x 10-3/0.049 = 0.048M Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
Titration between strong acid(flask) with strong base(burette) HCI + NaOH → NaCI + H2O
Titration between weak acid (flask) with strong base(burette) CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Titration curves Acid with Base
Titration between strong acid(flask) with weak base(burette) HCI + NH4OH → NH4CI + H2O
11.3
2.7
Titration between weak acid(flask) with weak base(burette) CH3COOH + NH4OH → CH3COONH4 + H2O
NaOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
HCI M = 0.1M V = 25ml
6.11
11.3 NaOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
2.87
1
Vs
•Start at pH = 1 → End at 11.3 • Rapid change at equivalence point • Rapid jump in pH (2.7 – 11.3) • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 7 • Neutral salt, NaCI - neutral
•Start at pH = 2.87 → End at 11.3 • Rapid change at equivalence point • Rapid jump in pH (6.11 – 11.3) • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 9 • Basic salt, CH3COONa - basic
9
7
Vs
•Start at pH = 1 → End at 7.8 • Rapid change at equivalence point • Rapid jump in pH (2.7 – 7.8) • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 5.3 • Acidic salt, NH4CI - acidic
1
2.7
5.3
7.8
2.87
NH4OH M = 0.1M V = 25 ml
HCI M = 0.1M V = 25ml
NH4OH M = 0.1M V = 25 ml
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
•Start at pH = 2.87 → End at 7.8 • pH changes gradually over a range • No sharp rise in pH • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 7 • Neutral salt, CH3COONH4 - neutral
6.11
7
7.8
pH buffer region
salt and weak base
pH buffer region
salt and weak acid
Buffer region form • Slow gradual increase pH due to buffering effect
Buffer region form • Slow gradual increase pH due to buffering effect
Titration curves Strong Acid with Strong Base
HCI M = 0.1M V = 0 ml
HCI M = 0.1M V = 25ml
7
HCI + NaOH → NaCI + H2O
M = 0.1M M = 0.1M
V = 25ml V = 25ml
2.7
11.3
• Rapid drop in pH (11.3– 2.7 ) • Rapid change at equivalence point • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 7 • Neutral salt, NaCI - neutral
• Rapid drop in pH ( 11.3 - 6.13) • Rapid change at equivalence point • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 9 • Basic salt, CH3COONa = pH 9
13
NaOH M = 0.1M V = 25.0ml
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
NaOH M = 0.1M V = 1ml left
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 24 ml added
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml add
NaOH M = 0.1M V = 0ml left
Basic Salt (CH3COONa) CH3COO- hydrolysis to produce OH-
• Rapid drop in pH (7.8 – 2.7) • Rapid change at equivalence point • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 5.3 • Acidic salt, NH4CI – pH = 5.3
Titration between strong base(flask) with strong acid(burette) HCI + NaOH → NaCI + H2O
Titration between strong base(flask) with weak acid(burette) CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Titration curves Acid with Base
Titration between weak base(flask) with strong acid(burette) HCI + NH4OH → NH4CI + H2O
11.3
2.7
Titration between weak base(flask) with weak acid(burette) CH3COOH + NH4OH → CH3COONH4 + H2O
NaOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
HCI M = 0.1M V = 25ml
6.13
11.3
NaOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
2.87
13
Vs
•Start at pH = 1 3 → End at 2.7 • Rapid change at equivalence point • Rapid drop in pH (11.3 – 2.7) • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 7 • Neutral salt, NaCI - neutral
•Start at pH = 13 → End at 6.13 • Rapid change at equivalence point • Rapid drop in pH (11.3 – 6.13) • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 9 • Basic salt, CH3COONa - basic
9
7
Vs
•Start at pH = 11.1 → End at 2.7 • Rapid change at equivalence point • Rapid drop in pH (7.8 – 2.7) • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 5.3 • Acidic salt, NH4CI - acidic
11.1
2.7
5.3
7.8 11.1
NH4OH M = 0.1M V = 25 ml
HCI M = 0.1M V = 25ml
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
•Start at pH = 11.1 → End at 6.11 • pH changes gradually over a range • No sharp drop in pH • Equivalence point → amt acid = amt base • pH at equivalence point = 7 • Neutral salt, CH3COONH4 - neutral
6.11
7
7.8
13
NH4OH M = 0.1M V = 25 ml
Buffer region form • Slow gradual drop pH due to buffering effect
Buffer region form • Slow gradual drop pH due to buffering effect
pH buffer region
salt and weak acid
pH buffer region
salt and weak base
Acidic Buffer Region CH3COOH (acid)/ CH3COO-(salt)
Titration bet weak acid + strong base CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Click here buffer simulation
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Initial 0.0025 mol 0.00125mol added 0
Change (0.0025-0.00125)mol 0 mol 0.00125mol form
Final 0.00125mol left 0 mol 0.00125mol form
At half equivalence point : • Amt acid = Amt salt : ( 0.00125 = 0.00125) • pH = pKa -lg [acid] → pH = pKa → 4.74 = 4.74
[salt] Buffer at pH = 4.74 form when half amt of acid neutralise by base or at half equivalence point when amt acid = amt salt
At half equivalence point : • Amt base = Amt salt : (0.00125 = 0.00125) • pOH = pKb - lg [base] → pOH = pKb → 4.74 = 4.74 [salt] Buffer at pOH = 4.74 form when half amt of base neutralise by acid or at half equivalence point when amt base = amt salt
Prepare Buffer pH = 9.26 /pOH = 4.74 • Choose pKb base closest to pOH = 4.74 • pKb = 4.74 (NH3) chosen • pOH = pKb -lg [base] [salt] • 4.74 = 4.74 – lg [base] [salt] • [base] = 1.00 (amt base = amt salt) [salt]
NH4OH + HCI → NH4CI + H2O
M = 0.1M M = 0.1M
V = 25ml V = 25ml
Titration bet weak base + strong acid NH4OH + HCI → NH4CI + H2O
Click here buffer simulation
Buffer region at half equivalence point
Amt acid = Amt salt
Weak base 25ml, 0.1M
(0.0025 mol)
Titration between weak base (flask) with strong acid(burette) NH4OH + HCI → NH4CI + H2O
Buffer region at half equivalence point
Amt acid = Amt salt
At equivalence point (Neutralization)
Amt acid = Amt base
At half equivalence point : • Vol base = 12.5ml • pH = pKb • Most effective buffering capacity
At equivalence point: • vol base = 25ml • Amt acid = amt base •(Neutralization) • Salt and water result
Mole ratio – 1: 1
HCI M = 0.1M V = 25 ml added
HCI M = 0.1M V = 12.5 ml added
NH4OH M = 0.1M V = 12.5ml left
NH4OH M = 0.1M V = 0ml left
Strong acid
12.5ml , 0.1M added
(0.00125mol)
pH buffer calculation
pH buffer region
salt and weak acid
Titration curve can be use to find pKb or Kb for weak base
CH3COOH + NH4OH → CH3COONH4 + H2O M = 0.1M M = 0.1M
V = 25ml V = ? ml
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O M = 0.1M M = 0.1M
V = 25ml V = ? ml
Weak base with Strong acid Weak base with Weak acid
NaOH M = 0.1M V = ? ml
HCI M = 0.1M V = 25ml
NH4OH M = 0.1M V = ? ml
Mole ratio – 1: 1
Mole ratio – 1: 1
HCI + NH4OH → NH4CI + H2O M = 0.1M M = 0.1M
V = 25ml V = ? ml Mole ratio – 1: 1
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
HCI M = 0.1M V = 25ml
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml
Will volume used the same ?
Will volume used the same ?
Yes
25ml
Yes
25ml
Regardless whether strong or weak acid/base • stoichiometric mole ratio is followed for neutralization • 1 mole of weak/strong acid will neutralize 1 mole of weak/strong base
HNO3
M = 0.1M V = 25ml
NaOH M = 0.1M V = ? ml
Student perform a titration between • Strong base NaOH with Strong acid HNO3. • Determine the volume of base needed to neutralize acid.
Student perform a titration between • Strong base NaOH with Weak acid CH3COOH. • Determine the volume of base needed to neutralize acid.
HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO3 + H2O M = 0.1M M = 0.1M
V = 25ml V = ?ml Mole ratio – 1: 1
Moles of Acid = MV = (0.1 x 0.025) = 2.5 x 10-3 Mole ratio ( 1 : 1) • 1 mole acid neutralize 1 mole base • 2.5 x 10-3 acid neutralize 2.5 x 10-3 base Moles of Base = MV =0.1 x V o,.1 x V = 2.5 x 10-3
V = 25ml
M aVa = 1 Mb Vb 1 0.1 x 25 =1 0.1 x Vb 1
V b = 25ml
CH3COOH M = 0.1M V = 25ml Acid of same volume and Conc
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O M = 0.1M M = 0.1M
V = 25ml V = ?ml Mole ratio – 1: 1
Using mole ratio Using formula
Will volume used the same ?
Yes
Moles of Acid = MV = (0.1 x 0.025) = 2.5 x 10-3 Mole ratio ( 1 : 1) • 1 mole acid neutralize 1 mole base • 2.5 x 10-3 acid neutralize 2.5 x 10-3 base Moles of Base = MV =0.1 x V o,.1 x V = 2.5 x 10-3
V = 25ml
M aVa = 1 Mb Vb 1 0.1 x 25 =1 0.1 x Vb 1
V b = 25ml
Using formula Using mole ratio
Sample Titration Calculation
Regardless whether strong or weak acid/base • stoichiometric mole ratio is followed for neutralization • 1 mole of weak/strong acid will neutralize 1 mole of weak/strong base
Calculation Calculation
25ml weak acid, HA is titrated with 0.155M NaOH and graph is shown below a) Determine the pH at equivalence point b) Explain using eqn, why the equivalence point is not at pH = 7 c) Calculate the conc of weak acid before the addition of any NaOH d) Estimate, using data from the graph, the dissociation constant Ka of weak acid
Sample IB Question on Acid Base Titration
a) pH is = 9 At equivalence point Amt acid = Amt base
HA M = ? M V = 25.0ml
NaOH M = 0.155M V = 22 ml
c) HA + NaOH → NaA + H2O Moles of Base = MV = (0.155 x 0.022) = 3.41 x 10-3 Mole ratio ( 1 : 1) • 1 mole base neutralize 1 mole acid • 3.41 x 10-3 base neutralize 3.41 x 10-3 acid Moles of Acid = MV = M x 0.025 M x 0.025 = 3.41 x 10-3
M = 0.136M
d) pH = 5.3 At half equivalence point: • vol base 11ml • amt acid = amt salt pH = pKa - lg [acid] [salt] pH = pKa = 5.3 pKa = -lg Ka
5.3 = -lgKa
Ka = 5 x 10-6
b) Neutralization bet strong base with weak acid HA + NaOH → A- + H2O A- is a strong conjugate base A- + H2O → HA + OH- (basic salt)
3.41 x 10-3 base added
Example Buffer Calculation
Find pH buffer prepared by titration by adding 18ml, 0.10M HCI to 32ml, 0.10M NH3 pKb = 4.75
1 Titration bet strong acid with weak base NH3 + HCI → NH4CI + H2O
Strong acid HCI 1.8 x 10-3 mol
Weak base NH3 3.2 x 10-3 mol
Buffer region Weak base + salt
NH3 + HCI → NH4CI + H2O
Initial 3.2 x 10-3 mol 1.8 x 10-3 mol added 0. 0
Change (3.2 – 1.8) x 10-3mol 0 mol 1.8 x 10-3 mol form
Final 1.4 x 10-3 mol 0 mol 1.8 x 10-3 mol form
Change moles to Conc → Moles ÷ total volume
Conc (1.4 x 10-3)/ 0.05 (1.8 x 10-3)/ 0.05
Conc 2.8 x 10-2 M 3.6 x 10-2 M
(base) (salt) • pOH = pKb - lg [base] [salt] • pOH = 4.75 – lg [2.8 x 10-2]/[3.6 x 10-2] • pOH = 4.86 pH + pOH = 14 pH = 9.14
Click here buffer simulation
Strong acid 18ml, 0.1M HCI added
Weak base
32ml, 0.1M NH3
Number = (M x V) = 18 x 0.1 moles 1000 1000
Number = (M x V) = 32 x 0.1 moles 1000 1000
Total vol = 50ml or 0.05dm3
NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH-
Kb = (NH4+) (OH-)
(NH3) 1.77 x 10-5 = 3.6 x 10-2 x OH- 2.8 x 10-2 OH- = 2.8 x 10-2 x 1.77 x 10-5 3.6 x 10-2 OH- = 1.37 x 10-5