Reactivity Series • Metal arranged according to their ability to lose electron - form +ve ions • Measure tendency of metals in losing electrons (Undergo oxidation) • Metals – lose electrons – form electropositive ions – Oxidation Process Reactivity series Metals with water, acids, oxygen Reactivity series Non metal, Hydrogen and Carbon Displacement rxn (H atom from H 2 O/HCI) Reactive metal displace H atom from water 2K + 2H 2 O → 2KOH + H 2 Ca + 2H 2 O → Ca(OH) 2 + H 2 Less reactive metal displace H atom from acid Mg + 2HCI → MgCI 2 + H 2 Zn + H 2 SO 4 → ZnSO 4 + H 2 Unreactive metal – No rxn with water/acid Au + HCI → Displacement rxn (REDOX rxn) - reactive metal displace less reactive metal from its sol Reducing agent ↓ Oxidation Oxidizing agent ↓ Reduction 2K + 2H 2 O → 2KOH + H 2 (0) K oxi – ON ↑ (+1) (+1) H red – ON ↓ (0) Reducing agent ↓ Oxidation Oxidizing agent ↓ Reduction (0) Mg oxi – ON ↑ (+2) (+1) H red – ON ↓ (0) Reactivity series Non metal, Hydrogen and Carbon Mg + 2HCI → MgCI 2 + H 2 Displacement rxn (O atom from less reactive) Reactive metal displace O from less reactive metal 2Al + Fe 2 O 3 → Al 2 O 3 + 2Fe Zn + PbO → ZnO + Pb Displacement rxn (O atom from less reactive) Reactive non metal displace O from less reactive metal 3C + 2Fe 2 O 3 → 3CO 2 + 4Fe H 2 + CuO→ H 2 O + Cu Displacement rxn (less reactive ions) Reactive metal displace less reactive ions from its salt Zn + CuSO 4 → ZnSO 4 + Cu 2Al + 3CuCI 2 → 2AlCI 3 + 3Cu Reactive metals Strong reducing agent Reducing agent ↓ Oxidation (0) Ai oxi – ON ↑ (+3) 2Al + 2Fe 2 O 3 → AI 2 O 3 + 2Fe (+3) Fe red – ON ↓ (0) Oxidizing agent ↓ Reduction Zn + CuSO 4 → ZnSO 4 + Cu Reducing agent ↓ Oxidation Oxidizing agent ↓ Reduction (0) Zn oxi – ON ↑ (+2) (+2) Cu red – ON ↓ (0)
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IB Chemistry on Redox, Reactivity Series and Displacement reaction
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Reactivity Series
• Metal arranged according to their ability to lose electron - form +ve ions • Measure tendency of metals in losing electrons (Undergo oxidation) • Metals – lose electrons – form electropositive ions – Oxidation Process
Reactivity series Metals with water, acids, oxygen
Reactivity series Non metal, Hydrogen and Carbon
Displacement rxn (H atom from H2O/HCI) Reactive metal displace H atom from water 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2
Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
Less reactive metal displace H atom from acid
Mg + 2HCI → MgCI2 + H2
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
Unreactive metal – No rxn with water/acid Au + HCI →
Displacement rxn (REDOX rxn) - reactive metal displace less reactive metal from its sol
Reducing agent
↓
Oxidation
Oxidizing agent
↓
Reduction
2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2
(0) K oxi – ON ↑ (+1)
(+1) H red – ON ↓ (0)
Reducing agent
↓
Oxidation
Oxidizing agent
↓
Reduction
(0) Mg oxi – ON ↑ (+2)
(+1) H red – ON ↓ (0)
Reactivity series Non metal, Hydrogen and Carbon
Mg + 2HCI → MgCI2 + H2
Displacement rxn (O atom from less reactive) Reactive metal displace O from less reactive metal 2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe
Zn + PbO → ZnO + Pb
Displacement rxn (O atom from less reactive) Reactive non metal displace O from less reactive metal
3C + 2Fe2O3→ 3CO2 + 4Fe
H2 + CuO→ H2O + Cu
Displacement rxn (less reactive ions) Reactive metal displace less reactive ions from its salt Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu 2Al + 3CuCI2 → 2AlCI3 + 3Cu
Reactive metals Strong reducing agent
Reducing agent
↓
Oxidation
(0) Ai oxi – ON ↑ (+3)
2Al + 2Fe2O3 → AI2O3 + 2Fe
(+3) Fe red – ON ↓ (0)
Oxidizing agent
↓
Reduction
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
Reducing agent
↓
Oxidation
Oxidizing agent
↓
Reduction
(0) Zn oxi – ON ↑ (+2)
(+2) Cu red – ON ↓ (0)
Reactivity Series
Reactivity series Metals with water, acids, oxygen
Reactivity series Non metal, Hydrogen and Carbon
Displacement rxn (H atom from H2O/HCI) Reactive metal displace H atom from water 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2
Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
Less reactive metal displace H atom from acid
Mg + 2HCI → MgCI2 + H2
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
Unreactive metal – No rxn with water /acid Au + HCI →
Displacement rxn (REDOX reaction) - reactive metal displace less reactive metal from its sol
Reactivity series Non metal, Hydrogen and Carbon
Displacement rxn (O atom from less reactive) Reactive metal displace O from less reactive metal 2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe
Zn + PbO → ZnO + Pb
Displacement rxn (O atom from less reactive) Reactive non metal displace O from less reactive metal
C + 2Fe2O3→ 3CO2 + 4Fe
H2 + CuO→ H2O + Cu
Displacement rxn (less reactive ions) Reactive metal displace less reactive ions from its salt Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu 2Al + 3CuCI2 → 2AlCI3 + 3Cu
Reactive metals Strong reducing agent
Click here AI/CuCI3 displacement
Click here to view Flinn Scientific
Click here Iron extraction (Thermite)
• Metal arranged according to their ability to lose electron - form +ve ions • Measure tendency of metals in losing electrons (Undergo oxidation) • Metals – lose electrons – form electropositive ions – Oxidation Process
• Metals arranged according to their ability to lose electron - form +ve ions • Measure tendency of metals in losing electrons (Undergo oxidation) • Metals – lose electrons – form electropositive ions – Oxidation Process
• Metals arranged according to their ability to lose electron - form +ve ions • Measure tendency of metals in losing electrons (Undergo oxidation) • Metals – lose electrons – form electropositive ions – Oxidation Process
Reactive metals Strong reducing agent
K ↔ K+ + e
Na ↔ Na+ + e
Ca ↔ Ca2+ + 2e
Mg ↔ Mg2+ + 2e
Al ↔ Al3+ + 3e
Zn ↔ Zn2+ + 2e
Sn ↔ Sn2+ + 2e
Pb ↔ Pb2+ + 2e
Cu ↔ Cu2+ + 2e
Ag ↔ Ag+ + e
Au ↔ Au+ + e
Potassium metal, K • Strong Reducing Agent • High ↑ Tendency lose e
Gold metal Au • Weak Reducing Agent • Low ↓ Tendency to lose e
Potassium ion K+
• Weak Oxidising Agent • Low ↓ Tendency gain e
Gold ion Au+ • Strong Oxidising Agent • High ↑ Tendency gain e
Strong Reducing Agent
Strong Oxidising Agent
Displacement rxn (REDOX rxn) - Reactive metal displace less reactive metal from its sol
• Add Zn, Mg, Cu, Pb into spotting tile • Make observation if rxn happen • Reactive metal displace less reactive metal from it solution • Arrange metal in order of reactivity
Mg Zn Pb Cu
Magnesium
nitrate
Zinc
nitrate
Lead
nitrate
Copper
nitrate
Click here displacement expt
Solution/ Metal
Mg Zn Pb Cu
Magnesium nitrate
Zinc nitrate
Lead nitrate
Copper nitrate
Result
Zn → Zn 2+ + 2e (oxidized) Cu2+ + 2e → Cu (reduced) Zn displaces Cu from its sol
• Metal arranged according to their ability to lose electron - form +ve ions • Measure tendency of metals in losing electrons (Undergo oxidation) • Metal – lose electrons – form electropositive ions – Oxidation Process
Reactive metals Strong reducing agent
Displacement rxn (REDOX rxn) - Reactive metal displace less reactive metal from its sol
• Add Zn, Mg, Cu, Pb into spotting tile • Make observation if rxn happen • Reactive metal displace less reactive metal from it solution • Arrange metal in order of reactivity
Mg Zn Pb Cu
Magnesium
nitrate
Zinc
nitrate
Lead
nitrate
Copper
nitrate
Click here displacement expt
Solution/ Metal
Mg Zn Pb Cu
Magnesium nitrate
Zinc nitrate
Lead nitrate
Copper nitrate
Result
Zn → Zn 2+ + 2e (oxidized) Cu2+ + 2e → Cu (reduced) Zn displaces Cu from its sol
Zn + Cu(NO3)2 → Zn(NO3)2 + Cu
Most reactive
Least
reactive
Zn more reactive
О
О
Cu less reactive
Add Zn into copper nitrate Displacement rxn – Brown Cu ppt deposited Blue sol fades away (Cu2+ conc decrease)
• Metal arranged according to their ability to lose electron - form +ve ions • Measure tendency of metals in losing electrons (Undergo oxidation) • Metal – lose electrons – form electropositive ions – Oxidation Process
Reactive metals Strong reducing agent
Displacement rxn (REDOX rxn) - Reactive metal displace less reactive metal from its sol
• Add Mg, Zn, Pb, Cu to spotting tile with AgNO3
• Make observation if rxn happen • Reactive metal displace less reactive metal from it solution • Arrange metal in order of reactivity
Silver
nitrate
Click here displacement expt
Metal/ Solution
Mg Zn Pb Cu
Silver nitrate
Result
Cu → Cu2+ + 2e (oxidized) Ag+ + e → Ag (reduced)
Cu displaces Ag+ from its sol
Cu + AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
Less reactive
О
О
Cu more reactive
Add Cu into silver nitrate Displacement rxn – Grey Ag ppt deposited Blue sol forms (Cu2+ conc increases)
• Metal arranged according to their ability to lose electron - form +ve ions • Measure tendency of metals in losing electrons (Undergo oxidation) • Metal – lose electrons – form electropositive ions – Oxidation Process
Reactive metals Strong reducing agent
Displacement rxn (REDOX rxn) - Reactive metal displace less reactive metal from its sol
• Add Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu to spotting tile with HCI • Make observation if rxn happen • Reactive metal displace less reactive metal from it solution • Arrange metal in order of reactivity
HCI
Click here displacement expt
Result
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e (oxidized) 2H+ + 2e → H2 (reduced)
Zn displaces H+ from its sol
Zn + 2HCI → ZnCI2 + H2
Less reactive
О
О
Zn more reactive Add Zn into Hydrochloric acid Displacement rxn – Effervescence H2 gas seen
Reducing agent
↓
Oxidation
Oxidizing agent
↓
Reduction
(0) Zn oxi – ON ↑ (+2)
(+1) H red – ON ↓ (0)
Observation
Zn + HCI → ZnCI2 + H2
Mg > Zn > H > Fe > Cu
Mg Zn Fe Cu
H2 production
Metal above Zn able to displace H from acid – H2 gas О
• Metal arranged according to their ability to lose electron - form +ve ions • Measure tendency of metals in losing electrons (Undergo oxidation) • Metal – lose electrons – form electropositive ions – Oxidation Process
Reactive metals Strong reducing agent
Displacement rxn (REDOX rxn) - Reactive metal displace less reactive metal from its oxide/ores
• Add Metal oxide into crucible with Carbon
• Make observation if rxn happen • Reactive metal displace less reactive metal from it ores • Arrange metal in order of reactivity
C
Click here displacement expt
Result
C → C2+ + 2e (oxidized) Fe3+ + 3e → Fe (reduced)
C displace Fe3+ from its oxide
3C + Fe2O3 → 3CO + 2Fe
Less reactive
О
C more reactive
Add Carbon into iron oxide, Fe2O3
Displacement rxn – Effervescence CO gas seen Brown iron produced
• Metal arranged according to their ability to lose electron - form +ve ions • Measure tendency of metals in losing electrons (Undergo oxidation) • Metal – lose electrons – form electropositive ions – Oxidation Process
Reactive metals Strong reducing agent
Displacement rxn (REDOX rxn) - Reactive metal displace less reactive metal from its oxide/ores
• Add carbon and aluminium to crucible with Fe2O3
• Make observation if rxn happen • Reactive metal displace less reactive metal from it ores • Arrange metal in order of reactivity
Result
C → C2+ + 2e (oxidized) Fe3+ + 3e → Fe (reduced)
C displace Fe3+ from its oxide
3C + Fe2O3 → 3CO + 2Fe
Less reactive
О
О
AI/C more reactive
Add Carbon/Aluminium to iron oxide, Fe2O3
Displacement rxn – Effervescence seen CO gas produced Brown iron produced
Reducing agent
↓
Oxidation
Oxidizing agent
↓
Reduction
(0) C oxi – ON ↑ (+2)
(+3) Fe red – ON ↓ (0)
Observation
AI > C > Fe
Iron extraction
3C + Fe2O3 → 3CO + 2Fe
Metal above Pb able to displace Fe from its oxide
2AI + Fe2O3 → AI2O3 + 2Fe
Thermite welding
AI → AI3+ + 3e (oxidized) Fe3+ + 3e → Fe (reduced)
Al displace Fe3+ from its oxide
О
(0) AI oxi – ON ↑ (+3)
(+3) Fe red – ON ↓ (0)
Reducing agent
↓
Oxidation
Oxidizing agent
↓
Reduction
2AI + Fe2O3 → AI2O3 + 2Fe
F
CI
Br
I
Reactivity Series
• Non metal arranged according to their ability to gain electron - form -ve ion • Measure tendency of non metal in gaining electron (Undergo reduction) • Non Metal – gain electron – form electronegative ion – Reduction Process
Reactive non metals (Halogens, Gp 7) Strong oxidizing agent
Displacement rxn (REDOX rxn) - Reactive halogen displace less reactive halide from its solution
• Add CI2, Br2, I2 into tubes . • Make observation if rxn happen • Reactive halogen displace less reactive halogen from its solution • Arrange halogen in order of reactivity
Result
2Br- → Br2 + 2e (oxidized)
CI + e → CI- (reduced) CI displace Br- from its solution
CI2 + 2NaBr → 2NaCI + Br2
Br less reactive О О
CI more reactive
Add CI2 into NaBr
Displacement rxn – reddish brown solution
Reducing agent
↓
Oxidation
Oxidizing agent
↓
Reduction
(-1) Br oxi – ON ↑ (0)
(0) CI red – ON ↓ (-1)
Observation
F > CI > Br > I
О
Halogen/ Halide
CI2 Br2 I2
Sodium chloride
Sodium bromide
Sodium iodide
Click here video displacement rxn
CI2 + 2NaBr -> 2NaCI + Br2 ✓
CI2 + 2NaI -> 2NaCI + I2 ✓
Br2 + NaCI -> ✗ Br2 + 2NaI -> 2NaBr + I2 ✓
I2 + NaCI -> ✗ I2 + NaBr -> ✗
Reactive halogen displace less reactive halogen from its halide solution
Lithium – move slowly surface water – red flame Sodium – move fast, hissing sound – yellow flame Potassium – move fast, ignite - lilac flame Turn red litmus blue- produce hydrogen gas Solution of metal hydroxide/alkaline produced
Click here video sodium in water
Similar chemical property but diff reactivity Lithium –burn slowly , red flame Sodium – burn brightly, yellow flame Potassium –burn very brightly, lilac flame
Kept in paraffin oil
Strong reducing agent Reduce H+ ion to H2 gas (losing e to H+)