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Introduction to Aerospace Engineering

Octavian Thor Pleter, PhD, PhD, MBA (MBS)

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This presentation draws on ideas from Dr. Pleter’s articles, books, and unpublished manuscripts. No part of this

publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means or in any form - electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise - without written consent from Octavian Thor Pleter or the

Brainbond consultancy firm, www.brainbond.ro Version 1.1 dated 21 October 2010 © O. T. Pleter and Brainbond

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Course Outlines

1. Introduction. Why Aerospace Engineering?

2. Flight Principles. Classification of Aircraft and Spacecraft.3. Airplane. Aircraft Structure and Systems. Flight Control.

4. Aircraft Classes and Categories. Aircraft Materials.

5. Airplane Flight. Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag. Airfoils.

6. Axes. Controls, Stability. Load Factor. Stall.

7. Helicopters. Controls, Stability. Lighter than Air Aircraft.8. Airspeed, Mach Number. Flight Instruments: Pitot, Gyro, Magnetic.

9. Aero Engines and the Fuel System. Piston Engine. Jet Engine.

Instruments.

10.Aerodrome Operations. Air Traffic Management, Airspace. VFR, IFR.

11.Spacecraft Propulsion, Control and Stability.12.Navigation. Air Navigation Systems. Automatic Flight Control. FMS.

13.Air Transport Engineering. Aviation Business. Regulators. Chicago

Convention.

14.Conclusions.

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• Fixed-Wing Aircraft

• Aerodynes

(Aerodynamic Lift)

• Powered Aircraft

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Airplanes

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Wing

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Wing

Airfoil

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Types of Wings

Rectangular

High Wing

braced with

Wing Struts

Monoplane

DHC-3 Turbine

Otter

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Types of Wings

Swept-back

Trapezoidal

High Wing

Cantilevered

Monoplane

Antonov

An-225 Mirya

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Types of Wings

Swept-back

Trapezoidal

Low Wing

Monoplane

Boeing

737-300

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Types of Wings

Swept-back

Trapezoidal

Low Wing

Monoplane

Airbus

A321

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High Wing

+ stability

+ visibility from

the cabin

+ engine

position high

above therunway

- long landing

gear or under

the engines

DHC Dash-8

Q400

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Low Wing

+ short landing gear

+ ground effect

- low position of

engine intakes (if

anchored under thewings)

Cessna Citation

560 XL

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Types of Wings

Elliptical

Low Wing

Monoplane

Hawker

Hurricane

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Types of Wings

Swept-forward

Trapezoidal

Low Wing

Monoplane

Saab 2000

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Types of Wings

Rectangular

Biplane braced

with Wing

Struts

Antonov

An-2

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Types of Wings

Rectangular

Triplane

braced with

Wing Struts

Fokker Dr.I

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Types of Wings

Gothic-Delta

Low Wing

Monoplane

BAE-

Aerospatiale

Concorde

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Types of Wings

Delta Mid

Wing

Monoplane

Saab Grippen

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Empennage Parts

Elevator Trim Tab

Embraer

ERJ-145

Elevator

Stabilizer

Rudder Trim Tab

Rudder

Fin (Vert. Stabilizer)

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Types of Empennage

Tail Section:

Fin +

Stabilizer

IAR-80

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Types of Empennage

T-Tail

ROMBAC 1-11

+ allows a rear-engine

configuration

- risk of deep stall

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Types of Empennage

V-Tail

RQ-1 Predator

+ minimizes the control

surfaces

- complex flight control

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Types of Empennage

Canard

Saab Grippen

+ adds maneuverability

- low balance margin

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Propulsion System Parts

Propeller

Piper PA-34 Seneca

Engine

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Types of Engines

Piston

Zlin 726

+ inexpensive

- low thrust

- low speed

- low altitude

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Types of Engines

Turboprop

ATR 42

+ low consumption

- speed lower than

jet engine

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Types of Engines

Turbojet Engine

Aerospatiale

Sud Caravelle

+ high speed

+ high altitude

- high fuel

consumption

- very noisy

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Number of Engines and Mounting Solutions

Single Engine in Front (Pull)

Cessna 182 Skylane

+ inexpensive

+ easy to pilot

- safety

- asymmetrical

momentum

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Single Engine Aft (Push)

LN-3 Seagull light amphibian

+ inexpensive

+ easy to fly

+ perfect visibility

- safety

- intake flow not laminar- stability issues

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Two Engines in Front (Pull)

Beech Super King Air 200

+ redundancy (safety)

+ symmetrical

momentum

- engine-out piloting

technique

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Two Engines Aft (Push)

+ redundancy (safety)+ symmetrical

momentum

+ perfect visibility

- engine-out piloting

technique

- intake flow issues

Piaggio P-180 Avanti

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Two Engines Aft

+ redundancy (safety)+ symmetrical

momentum

+ reduced cabin noise

+ better engine-out

handling

- long fuel lines

McDonnell Douglas MD-80

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Three Engines Aft

++ redundancy (safety)+ no ETOPS restrictions

+ reduced cabin noise

+ better engine-out

handling

-long fuel lines

- higher fuel consumption

Boeing 727-200

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Three Engines Wings + Aft

++ redundancy (safety)+ no ETOPS restrictions

- higher fuel consumption

McDonnell Douglas MD-11F

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Four Engines Aft

+++ redundancy (safety)+ no ETOPS restrictions

+ better engine-out

handling

+ reduce cabin noise

-- higher fuel consumption

- long fuel lines

Ilyushin IL-62M

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Six Engines Wings

+++ redundancy (safety)+ no ETOPS restrictions

--- very low fuel efficiency

Antonov An-225 Miriya

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Types of Landing Gear

Douglas DC-3

Aft Wheel Tricycle

+ angle of attack

+ steer usingdifferential brake

- visibility

- comfort when on

ground

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Types of Landing Gear

BAC 1-11

Front Wheel Tricycle

+ visibility

+ comfort when onground

+ easy to steer

- needs rotation at

liftoff

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Describe this aircraft

BAC 1-11

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BAC 1-11

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BAC 1-11

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