i;a iuqÿr - mepa.gov.lk · PDF fileiafjda;aidyfhkau isÿ lrk ,oaod jQ úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK j, m%;sM, wmg fy

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i;a iuqÿr

i;a iuqÿrtla is;aj - tlai;aj /l.ksuq" uy ihqr

iuqøSh mßir wdrCIK wêldÍhmßir yd mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s wud;HdxYh

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ixialdrlf.ka '''''''''

ks,ajka c,;,hla orñka mDÓú mDIaGfhka fndfyda m%udKhla jid me;sr mj;skakd jQ uy ihqr"

ffcùh iy wffcùh iïm;aj, f;da;ekakla ù we;'

;efkl wêl YS; jQ c,Odrd o ;efkl WKqiqï jQ c, Odrd o ixirK lrñka f,djla tla lrk

uyd id.rfha m;=, ±ä YS; w÷rl .e,S mj;S' tkuqÿ f.dvìu wdY%fha§ uqyqÿ m;a, ysre t<sfha

myi ú¢ñka yß; Ydl j,g m%dKh foñka úúO j¾K jQ Ydl - i;a;aj f,dalhlg mK fmdjhs'

ysre lsrfKa we;s wdf,dalh tla;eka lr ish¿ i;=kaf.a Yla;s wjYH;djh jgyd .ksñka Yla;s

.,khg uq, mqrd,ñkao" f.dvìñka iy wyiska .,d tk ys;lr - wys;lr oE ord .ksñka o fyda

y`v kojñka ksrka;r r< fmK ms`vq úisrñka f,dju iqkaor lrjhs'

fuf,i lshQ fkdlshQ id.rfha wre; u|la Tíng f.k hñka fujr i;a iuqÿr idr ix.%yh Tng

f.kyer ±lafjkafka foia - úfoia úfYaI{hskaf.a yrj;a ,sms fm<l tl;=jla f,isks'

id.rh ms<sn|j úfYaI{ ±kqu we;af;da wm rfÜ úr<h' Tjqka w;=ßka ;u ±kqu f,djg lshd

mEug wjldY orkafkda o úr<h' kuqÿ fujr iÕrdfõ úfYaI;ajh kï úr< jQ úIh m:hla

orkakka w;=ßka iqúfYaIs; jQfjda i;a iuqÿr fidhd ú;a ,sms tla lsÍuhs'

bÈka ks,a ihqßka ks,a wd¾Ólhlg uxfm; fy<s lrñka o" mßir moaO;s iy foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdifha

úmdl" f.d,Sh WKqiqïlrKfha wkssis n,mEï o ieflúka f.kyer olajñka iy úoaj;=kaf.a

iafjda;aidyfhkau isÿ lrk ,oaod jQ úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK j, m%;sM, wmg fy<s lrñka o fujr

i;a iuqÿr l< t<s olS'

zztlais;aj tlai;aj /l .ksuq uy ihqrZZ hk f;audfjys wre; ukdj tla;eka lrñka idrj;a

w¾:j;a ,sms fm<l tl;=jla Tn w;g m;a lrkafka i;a iuqÿr fmdaIKh l< úoaj;a l;=jrekayg

yomsß ;=;s mqo lrñks'

2014 cQks 08 Èkg fhfok c.;a id.r Èkfha§ iuqøSh mßir wdrlaIK wêldßfha wmf.a fï

werhqu wkd.; mrmqrg iqmsßisÿ uy ihqrla odhdo lsÍfï wruqK fmr±ßj tlais;aj tlai;aj

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ixialdrl uKav,h

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iuqøSh mßir wdrlaIK wêldßh tï' ta' il=ks iqÑ;%dx.s fukúh l<uKdlrk iyldr

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mDÓú ffcj f.da,fhys we;s úYd,;u mßir moaO;sh id.rhhs' th f,dalfha we;s

úYd,u wdydr ksIamdokd.drh o fjhs' id.rh u;=msg jik CIqø Ôú Ydl ca,jdx."

m%Ndixiaf,aIKfhka ksmojk wdydr u.ska l=vd i;a;aj ma,jdx. hefmk w;r" t;eka

isg wdrïN jk wdydrodu úYd, ixLHdjla uÕska id.rfha jik ish¿u Ôúkag wjYH wdydr

,efí' tmuKla fkdj f.dvìu jik ñksidf.a wdydr odu o fuu wdydrodu iuÕ noaO ù

;sfí' iajNdj O¾ufha fuu wmQ¾j odhdoh j;auka mrmqr fjkqfjka fukau fyg ojfia iqNisoaêh

fjkqfjka o wdrlaId lsÍu ish¿ YS% ,dxlslhkaf.a j.lSuhs'

ud;D N+ñh fuka wg.=Khlska úYd, ihqre iïm;lg Wreulï lshkq ,enQj;a tu jákdlu

ms<sn|j ±kqu we;af;da w,amh' tu ksid u;aiH" fldr,a yd lfvd,dk wd§ iïm;aj,ska wkQk jQ

id.r mßir moaO;sh ¥IKfhka f;drj mj;ajd .ekSug yd th ñksidf.a ukig iqjfok fidÿre

mßir moaO;shla f,i /l .ekSug ñksid ±kqj;a ùug W;af;ackhla wjYHh' ta i|yd cQks 08

Èkg fhfok zzc.;a id.rZZ Èkh ixfla;j;a lrñka ±kqï iïNdrhlska wkQk zzi;a iuqÿrZZ

iÕrdj t<s ±laùu ms<sn|j iuqøSh mßir wdrlaIK wêldßfha iNdm;s;=ud m%uqL ld¾h uKav,h

fj; udf.a iqNdYsxIK mqo lrñ'

w;s.re ckdêm;s uyskao rdcmlaI ue;s;=udf.a uyskao Ñka;k bÈß ±laug wkqj wdYap¾hu;a YS%

,xldjla f.dvkÕk fufyhqfï woaú;Sh ia:dkhla id.r mßirh fj;o fhduqfõ' fmr wmr foÈ.

hd lrk kdjql ud¾.fha iqúfYaIS uOHia:dkhl msysgd we;s YS% ,xldj" kdúl flakaøia:dkhla

f,i ixj¾Okh lsÍfï§ ¥IKfhka f;dr id.r mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï jeo.;alu ñksidf.a

ukig ldjeoa§u w;HdjYHh'

mßirhg ydks fkdjk f,i iuqøSh mßirh wdrlaId lr .ksñka iuqøfha iïm;a Ndú;d lrkafka

flfiao hkak ms<sn|j f;dr;=re" ±kqu yd w;a±lSï iudc .; lsÍfï ls%hdj,shl iuqøSh mßir

wdrlaIK wêldßh ish j.lSfuka Tíng hñka lem fjñka isà' ffcj úúO;ajfhka wkQk jQ id.r

iïm;a /ila ord isák iuqø mßirh tlais;aj tlai;aj iq/lSug tla jk f,i mßir ys;ldñ

ish¨ ,lajeishkag ud werhqï lrñ'

ta' ã' iqis,a fm%auchka;mßir yd mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s wud;H

mßir yd mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s wud;H .re iqis,a fm%auchka; ue;s;=udf.a mKsúvh

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kaor je,s iys; fjr< ;Sr" fldr,amr" uqyqÿ ;DK" lfvd,dk" l,mq" fudah iy ,jK iys;

j.=re ìï hkdÈfhka o LKsc ksê" fmdis, bkaOk jeks iajNdúl iïm;a iy wêl ffcj

úúO;ajhlska yd iajNdúl jrdhkaf.ka iukaú; jq iqkaor id.r mßirhla iajNdjfhkau

wm rgg Wreu lr § we;' tf,iu úfkdaodiajdoh i|yd ifoda iqÿ r< fok rka jka fjr< o

ukig iqj f.k foa'

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j¾;udk f,dalh ld¾ñlrKh;a iuÕ ñksid úiska isÿlrkq ,nk úúO jQ ls%hdldrlï ksid we;sjk

yß;d.dr wdprKh yd f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh by< hdu jeks fya;=ka ksid id.r mßir moaO;shg

isÿjk wys;lr m%;sM, je<elaùug läkï l%ufõohka ilia lr .ekSug wm iefjdu tlaúh hq;=

ld,h t<ö we;'

zztla is;aj tlai;aj /l .ksuq uy ihqrZZ hk f;audj wkqj" w¾:j;a ,sms fm<la wmyg mqo lrk

c.;a id.r Èkfha§ t<s olsk zzi;a iuqÿrZZ idr ix.%yfha ldf,daÑ; f;audfõ wre; uekúka

f.kyer ±laùu Wfoid ish,af,dau wem lem fjuq'

î' tï' hQ' ã' niakdhlf,alïmßir yd mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s wud;HdxYh

mßir yd mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s wud;dHxYfha f,alï;=udf.a mKsjqvh

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mDÓúúh u;= msg c, ;,fhka 20] la jid isák f,dj f;jeks úYd, id.rh jk bkaÈhka

id.rfhka YS% ,xldj jg ù we;' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a id.r kS;s m%{ma;shg wkqj ie<lsh

hq;= id.r m%foaYhl whs;sh wm rg i;=h'

ñksid úiska iDcqj fyda jl%dldrj iuqø mßirhg fkdfhla wmøjH tla lsÍu ksid id.r Ôúka g

fukau udkj fi!LHhg ydkslr fukau" ëjr l¾udka;h jeks id.rh yd iïnkaO ls%hdldrlï

j,g ndOdldÍ jQo" uqyqÿ c,fha .=Kd;aul nj yd id.rfha iqkaor nj ySk ùu o Èfkka Èk by<

hhs' tmuKla fkdj id.rfha isÿjk yÈis f;,a úisÍï jeks ;;aj fya;=fjka o id.r mßirhg

isÿjk n,mEï wêlh'

¥m;a jdis rdcHhla jYfhka iuqøfha n,mEï jvd;a ;Sj% ùu;a iu. iuqø iïm;a wdrlaId lr

.ekSu yd ¥IKfhka j<lajd .ekSfï wruqK uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSfï yd ta yd ne÷Kq kS;s Í;Ska jvd;a

Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd m%fõYhla f,i 2008 wxl 35 orK iuqø ¥IKh je<elaùfï ixfYdaê; mk;

u.ska ia:dms; iuqøSh mßir wdrlaIK wêldßh ;=,ska ls%hd;aul ld¾h Ndr ie<lsfï§ yÈis f;,a

úissßul§ iuqøhg isÿjk ydksh wju lsÍu i|yd yÈis f;,aúisÍul§ ls%hd;aul cd;sl ie<eiau

(NOSCOP) ls%hdjg kexùu" id.rhg wmøjH uqod yeÍu iSud lsÍu i|yd id.rhg wmøjH uqod

yeÍfï n,m;% y÷kajd§ï" jrdhka wdYs%;j cKkh jk wmøjH l%uj;aj neyer lsÍu i|yd

wmøjH m%;s.%yK myiqlï ie,iSu yd id.rh mßirh ms<sn| wod< md¾Yj ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd

jevigyka meje;aùu wdÈh m%Odk fldg ±laúh yelsh'

iuqø ¥IKfha j. W;a;rlrejd jkafka ñksid neúka th iSud lsÍug yelshdj we;af;a o ñksidguh'

tfyhska wo ojfia iuqø ¥IKh je<elaùu i|yd odhl ù wkd.; mrmqr fjkqfjka Tfí j.lSu

bgq lsÍug mud fkdùug c.;a id.r Èkh fhfok cQks 08 jk wo Èk wms iefjdu ;rfha wÈgka

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à' tka' úfÊ.=Kj¾OkiNdm;siuqøSh mßir wdrlaIK wëldßh

iuqøSh mßir wdrlaIK wêldßfha iNdm;s;=udf.a mKsjqvh

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ixialdrl igyk ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3

ixialdrl uKav,h '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''5

mßir yd mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s wud;H

.re iqis,a fm%auchka; ue;s;=udf.a mKsúvh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''7

mßir yd mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s wud;dHxYfha f,alï;=udf.a mKsjqvh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''9

iuqøSh mßir wdrlaIK wêldßfha iNdm;s;=udf.a mKsjqvh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''11

f.da,Sh WKqiqu iy YS% ,dxlSh iuqø mßirh ixrlaIKh" wNsfhda. yd wjia:d '''''''''''''''15-20

GREENING thE BLUE OCEaNS ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''21-27

iuqø mßir moaO;sh iy foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 28-30

NatURaL PROdUCtS fROm SRI LaNkaN maRINE aLGaE aNd thEIR fUtURE PROSPECtS'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''31-34

maRINE POLLUtION aNd RELatEd LEGISLatIONS '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''35-37

ks,a c, ;,fhka u;= jk YS% ,xldfõ ks,a wd¾Ólh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 38-43

ShRImPS IN watERS aROUNd JaffNa PENNINSULa ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 44-47

thE CONCaRNEaU maRINE BIOLOGy LaBORatORy '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 48-52

kj fj<|fmd<la lrd m%cd n,.ekaùï ;=,ska l=vd mßudK uÜá ëjrh kÕd isgjuq' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 53-63

08th June - World Oceans Day '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 64

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ye¢kaùu

YS% ,xldj bkaÈhka id.rfha msysgd we;s

m%udKfhka j¾. lsf,daógr 65610 muK jQ

l=vd Èjhskls' m%udKfhka l=vd jQj;a msysàu

fukau iajNdúl iïm;a yd tys wmQre úúO;ajh

ksidu fï l=vd Èjhsk f,dal jdiSkaf.a fkdu|

f.!rjdorhg md;% ù we;' bkaÈhka id.rfha

uq;= wegh f,i f,dal jdiSka wukaodkkaohg

m;al< wfma rg fmrÈ. ñKslsre<" firkaäí

f,i o wìfiia ,nñka ck f.!rjdorhg md;%j

;sìKs' 1978 § YS% ,xldfõ wkkH wd¾Ól l,dmh

m%ldYhg m;aúh' ta wkqj j¾. lsf,daógr

534"000 l iuqø mßirhlg Wreulï lshkakg

wmg wjia:dj Wodúh ^anon 1995" l=,;=x.

2012&'

uOH l÷lrh rfÜ yoj; nÿ úh' bka .,d

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;Srh lvf;d¿ùu ksid wmQre fjr<nv mßir

moaO;s /ilg odhl ù we;' l,mq yd .x

fudah" lfvd,dk" ,jK ye,a" je,s l÷" ndOl

fjr< ;Sre" fldr,amr yd uqyqÿ ;K ìï ta

w;r jeo.;a ia:dkhl ,d ie,fla' fï f;;aìï

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m%j¾Okh i|yd o tlfia jeo.;afõ' rgjgd

we;s fjr< ;Srh fukau fjr<dikak uqyqfoa

we;s u;aiH iïm;o wmg jeo.;a fõ' rfÜ

ck;djf.a i;aj fm%daàk wjYH;djfhka 54]la

imhd .kq ,nkafka u;aiH iïmf;ks' u;aiH yd

u;aiH fldgia wmkhkfhka jd¾Islj remsh,a

ñ,shk 19"000 la muK úfoaYSh úksuh Wmhk

w;r 250"000 l muK Y%u n,ldhla ëjr

l¾udka;h yd ta wdYs%; /lshdj, ksr;j isá

(anon, 2007; kulatunga 2012).

YS% ,xldfõ ls%hd;aul mßmd,k tall j,ska

22] fjr< udhsï lr msysgd we;' YS% ,dxlSh

ck.ykfhka 32] lao kd.ßl m%foaYj,ska 65]

f.da,Sh WKqiqu iy YS% ,dxlSh iuqø mßirh ixrlaIKh" wNsfhda. yd wjia:d

la o ixpdrl jHdmdrh wdYs%; fydag,a iuQyfhka 80] lao fjr< l,dmh ;=, msysgd we;' YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; wdYs%; ksIamdokj,ska 75] la o fjr< l,dmh wdYS%;j msysgd we;s l¾udka;Yd,dj,ska ksmofõ' fjr<nv mßmd,k tall j¾. lsf,daógr 64"000 ìïlvla ;=< ia:dk.;ù we;' th ,xldfõ uq¿ ìï m%udKfhka 95]ls (Senaviratne, 2005).

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uqyqÿ uÜgu by< hEu

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.eg¿ yd wNsfhda.

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êjr l¾udka;h wdYs%; há;, myiqlï

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18

fjr<nv ixpdrl l¾udka;h

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lfvd,dk Ydl fldr,amr

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19

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lrj, ksIamdokh

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wdpd¾h ta' ta' l=,;=x.fkd' 537$5,sfhda mdr" isxydruq,a,"le<Ksh'

21

i;a iuqÿr

table 1: Importance of the Ocean as a Life-Support System for human SocietiesIMPORTANCE / ISSUES

territories &Settlements

more than 40% of the world’s population lives within 100 kilometers of the coast. Nearly 700 million people live in low lying coastal areas less than ten meters above sea level. By 2050, adverse effects associated with global climate change will result in the displacement of between 50 and 200 million people globally.

Small Islanddeveloping States(SIdS)

SIdS are among the most vulnerable nations to changing climate and ocean and coastal degradation. activities within the ocean and coastal sector in SIdS are important sources of income and foreign exchange. International airports, roads and capital cities in the small islands of the Indian and Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean are sited along the coast, or on tiny coral islands. The tsunami of 2004 in the Indian Ocean for example caused massive loss of life, severe damages to the physical infrastructure of many small islands.

Economic activities Poverty alleviation Eradicating poverty is the greatest global challenge facing the world today and an indispensable

requirement for sustainable development, particularly for developing countries. Because each country has the primary responsibility for its own sustainable development and poverty eradication, the role of national policies and development strategies cannot be over-emphasized. Coasts and the ocean provide multiple opportunities for addressing poverty, through a range of economic sectors.

fisheries& aquaculture

Almost 80% of world fish production is destined for human consumption and provided about 4.2 billion people with more than 15% of their average per capita intake of animal protein. aquaculture provides 47% of global fish used for human consumption and has been the fastest growing food sector for many years. Employment in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors has grown faster than the traditional agriculture.

tourism While the growth of tourism has been accompanied by significant challenges in terms of Greenhouse Gas (GhG) emissions, water consumption, discharge of untreated water, waste generation, damage to local terrestrial and marine biodiversity, and threats to the survival of local cultures and traditions, tourists are driving the greening of the sector, as seen by the recent 20% annual growth rate in ecotourism; about six times the industry- wide rate of growth.

Ports &Infrastructure/maritimetransport

International shipping transports more than 90% of global trade and is therefore a crucial underpinning of sustainable development. Short-sea-shipping, which encompass the movement of cargo and passengers mainly by sea, without directly crossing an ocean, could play a vital role in developing countries’ future transport systems by creating low carbon supply chains and Green Economy jobs. the development of short-sea-shipping can help to reduce the growth of road transport, establish a balance between modes of transport, bypass bottlenecks and contribute to green transports as well as improved safety and have general positive effects on human health and local ecosystems. the contribution of shipping to GhG emissions is only 2.7% at present.

the world’s oceans play a key role for life on Earth and absolutely essential component of human lives, livelihoods and the environment that sustains us. they are the lungs of our planet, providing most of the oxygen we breathe. the oceans, once thought to be a vast resilient area, nevertheless we find the ocean in peril. Problems include that very little of the world’s ocean is monitored or protected; coastal habitats continue to be lost or degraded; ocean productivity is decreasing due to increasing ocean stratification and limiting the mixing of nutrients; the majority of global fish stocks are under pressure; invasive

species are expanding; hypoxic (low oxygen) zones are increasing; the ocean is acidifying and the sea level is rising.

maintaining the quality of life that the ocean has provided to humankind and sustaining the integrity of ocean ecosystems requires changes in how we view, manage, govern and use ocean resources. Ocean and coastal areas provide many benefits to sustainable development, including both human (social and economic) and environmental (ecosystem services).

GREENING THE BLUE OCEANS

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Key issues affecting the ocean sustainability

i) Unsustainable Fishingthere are many inter-related issues affecting the sustainability of fisheries, including overcapacity in fishing fleets and a related increase in illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing, a failure to take into consideration ecosystem effects of fishing into management plans (e.g. bycatch, discards, destructive fishing practices), lack of incentives-based management, weak monitoring, control and surveillance capacity and inability and/or unwillingness to accept short-term costs for long-term benefits. The continuing contribution of fisheries to sustainable development depends on the health of productive ecosystems and on their optimal utilization.

Coastal fish farming is increasing and will continue to increase and expand in the marine environment as the demand for food fish increases and as freshwater becomes more limited. mariculture with fed species, if not managed properly, could impact on biodiversity and ecosystem functions through the release of nutrients beyond the recycling capacity of ecosystems and through the release of farmed species, diseases and chemicals.

Blue Carbon Several key coastal habitats, such as sea grasses and mangroves fix carbon at a much higher rate than land based systems and present an important opportunity for ecosystem-based climate mitigation (known as ‘blue carbon’) which also preserves the essential ecosystem services of these habitats. In the case of blue carbon, given the value of oceans in the context of restoring/ protecting the carbon sequestration capacities of physical coastal habitat there is a viable market that could be created for carbon trading much like it does on land, although significant efforts are required to develop this into reality. Blue carbon could be traded and handled in a similar way to green carbon (such as forest carbon under the UN collaborative initiative on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, UN-REDD) and entered into emission and climate mitigation protocols along with other carbon-binding ecosystems.

the improvement of green technologies for mariculture together with adoption of an ecosystem approach to aquaculture can ensure sustainable increase in fish production from the seas.

ii) ClimatechangeandoceanacidificationCoastal populations are often disproportionately vulnerable to ocean-related natural disasters

Energy In 2009, offshore fields accounted for 32% of worldwide crude oil production. It should rise to 34% in 2025. there are 14,000 deep water wells (> 1000 ft) drilled around the world. Oil spills from oil tankers operating at sea world-wide account for only 7.7% of oil entering the marine environment. marine energy technologies which exploit the energy of the tides, waves and currents of the sea, as well as temperature and salinity gradients, for the generation of electricity is an emerging source of renewable energy that in principle, exists in all the world’s regions.

Ecosystem ServicesBiologicalServices

marine phytoplankton produces half of the oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere and organic matter that determines the carrying capacity of the ecosystem which sustains the food web up to fish and marine mammals, and ultimately human.

Regulatingservices

57% of atmospheric carbon is captured by marine organisms, and of this between 50 and 71% is captured by the ocean’s vegetated habitats including mangroves, salt marshes, sea grasses and seaweed, so-called blue forests, which cover less than 0.5% of the seabed. Currently the ocean absorbs more than 26% of the carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere from human activities, resulting in increased acidity of the ocean. with climate change, a warmer ocean would tend to evaporate more water into the air and to warm the atmosphere, increasing air temperature gradients and consequently winds. In turn, winds push horizontally against the sea surface and, in combination with the Coriolis effect due to the earth’s rotation, drive ocean surface current and upwelling patterns. In parallel, differences in the density of surface waters (driven by the balance between precipitation, run-off, and evaporation) drive the vertical or ‘thermohaline’ circulation of the deeper oceans. through this ocean circulatory system, the oceans and atmosphere distribute heat and regulate global climate.

Cultural andaestheticservices

Coastal areas and marine resources are of substantial cultural and historic significance to the communities that inhabit and use them. The aesthetic benefit of coastal areas and marine resources provides corresponding tourism benefit in many cases, and although difficult to value in economic terms, is the basis upon which some tourism is founded.

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including tsunamis, floods, and tropical cyclones. Rising sea levels could make entire areas, even nations, uninhabitable or much more vulnerable.

the ocean currently absorbs approximately 26% of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere resulting in increasing acidity of the ocean at a rate that may not have been seen for the last 30 million years or more. This emerging issue is widely acknowledged by scientists but little known by the public and policy makers.

Unlike climate change with its inherent modeling uncertainties, the science on ocean acidification and future ocean acidity scenarios is obvious. Ocean acidification is known to have significant impacts on reduced ability of many key marine organisms, including calcareous phytoplankton to build their shells and skeletal structures; increased physiological stress, reduced growth and survival of early life stages of some species. Ocean acidification will also reduce carbon accretion in coral reef building organisms and, if current trends continue, will lead to net decreases in global coral reef coverage with declines in abundance of associated fish species. Many marine mollusc species, important in capture fisheries and mariculture, will also be negatively impacted.

iii) Pollution and wastemarine pollution from land based sources such as agricultural run-off, untreated sewage, and discharge of nutrients and pesticides from land has long been a serious problem in coastal areas, despite long standing international agreement on cause and effect, and options for mitigation. the management of non point source pollution is as much an institutional issue as it is an industry issue – governments have historically been unwilling or unable to enact and/or enforce the regulations needed to reduce or remove the problem. Improving technological capacity, coupled with increased volatility of secure oil supplies mean there is likely to be more deep water drilling for oil and gas, as well as increased exploration and exploitation of rare minerals as security of land-based supplies is limited and volatile and posing pollution risk.

the disposal of waste is also a serious constraint to sustainable development. agricultural practices,

coastal tourism, port and harbour developments, damming of rivers, urban development and construction, mining, fisheries, aquaculture, and manufacturing, among others, are all sources of marine pollution threatening coastal and marine habitats. the occurrence of marine hypoxic areas (dead zones) has been increasing at a massive rate in recent years. these are result from a roughly three-fold increase in global loads of the nutrients: nitrogen and phosphorus to the oceans from agricultural run-off and poorly or untreated sewage. this results in coastal eutrophication characterized by excessive plankton growth, consumption of oxygen by decaying plankton, and low oxygen/hypoxic conditions with associated impacts on ecosystems. Based on a business as usual model of nitrogen input to the world’s Large marine Ecosystems (LmEs), it is estimated that fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to the oceans will increase by an additional 50% by 2050.

the shortage of land area and resources available for safe disposal of solid and liquid wastes makes the management of waste an especially critical issue for SIdS. Since long-term waste disposal options in SIdS are limited, there is a need to look for ways of minimising and/or converting wastes such as sewage into a resource (e.g. fertiliser for agriculture).

In addition, plastic materials and other litter are widespread in the ocean and can become concentrated in certain areas such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, the North Atlantic Gyre as a result of marine pollution gathered by oceanic currents. Once discarded, plastics are weathered and eroded into very small fragments known as micro-plastics. these together with plastic pellets are already found in most beaches around the world. the impacts they have on the marine environment and on the marine food web are still poorly studied and understood.

iv) Loss of Habitats and Biodiversity, Invasive Species

the loss of marine biodiversity is increasingly impairing the ocean's capacity to provide food and other market and non-market services, and the trend of biodiversity loss is accelerating on a global scale. Coastal habitats are under pressure,

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with approximately 20% of the world’s coral reefs lost and another 20% degraded. mangroves have been reduced between 30 to 50% of their historical cover, impacting biodiversity, habitat for inshore fisheries, and carbon sequestration potential. 29% of seagrass habitats are estimated to have disappeared since the late eighteen hundreds. Over 80% of the world’s 232 marine eco-regions reported the presence of invasive species which is the second most significant cause of biodiversity loss on a global scale and the marine bio-invasion rates have been reported as high as up to one invasion every nine weeks. as with non-point source pollution, the challenge is as much institutional inertia as it is scientific consensus in terms of dealing with loss of biodiversity and habitat, and increasing both protection and restoration efforts.

Towards a BLUE-GREEN economy – key to a sustainable future?

the concept has emerged in recent years as a widely accepted shift from traditional thinking about environmental protection and management being separate from economic development. the future economic development is inextricably linked with both environmental and social considerations. this concept is arguably more important in coastal and ocean areas as the interlinkages among economic sectors (such as fisheries and aquaculture, water and waste management, renewable ocean based energy, and tourism) and all aspects of environmental health are challenging to manage. States can derive optimal economic and social benefits from a healthy ocean whilst protecting the environment for the long term by adopting the dimensions of a Green Economy and changing institutional frameworks accordingly.

The resilience of ecosystems is crucial to their functioning, persistence and viability. Degraded ecosystems (i.e., those that have lost biodiversity, ecological functions or structural integrity) are less resilient, and, therefore, have less capacity to withstand the additional stresses. Ecosystem resilience is negatively impacted by a wide array of factors including overfishing, biodiversity loss, invasive species, excessive nutrient loading, other pollution and habitat loss due to industrialization, population growth and urbanization, adverse effects of climate change and poorly planned, managed and regulated development.

Greening the blue economy–the main contributing sectors

Global ocean economic activities include a wide range of industries essential to both current and future economic development, such as offshore oil and gas, shipping, ports, tourism, fisheries, aquaculture, renewable energy, recreation, desalination, etc. The economic benefit from ocean activities is expected to grow substantially in the future through expansion of existing sectors, and the creation of new opportunities.

a major change for future green economy will include partnerships among industry, governments at all levels, and communities. the recognition of the fundamental role the private sector and public-private partnerships will play in changing current behaviors and technologies, and accepting that short term economic impact will be superseded by long term economic gain, is essential. Some nations, for example China, have already begun to embrace this philosophy and are therefore in prime position to take advantage of the transition to a Green Economy.

i) The Role of the Private Sector

Private sector use of the ocean is expanding rapidly with increasing impacts on the marine environment at a global scale. as the primary user of the ocean, industry is well placed to develop and implement solutions in response to society’s increasing demands that marine ecosystem use is sustainable and impacts are reduced.

Ocean industries have numerous serious impacts on the marine environment and most of them (like pollution or habitat loss) are multi-sectoral. yet, ocean industries also have a huge potential to collect oceanographic and atmospheric data that contribute to better modeling and predicting ocean conditions, extreme weather events and

Blue - Green Economy

In Order to mitiate the continued degradation of the ocean and restore and sustain its critical market and ecosystem services. Key Sectors and governments mast begin a transitio towards a green Economy, Creating a viable socio - economic fromework that generates jobs assists in poveity alleviation adapts to and mitigates climate change and other existing and emerging challenges, and embrances into grated environmental management.

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climate change that impact economies and livelihoods.

ii) Fisheries and Aquaculturefuture green practices in the ocean will see major changes in the nature, location and intensity of fishing and aquaculture. This will likely include the development of off-shore large scale aquaculture and the better management of

fisheries, including foreign fishing activities in domestic waters, through improved monitoring, control and surveillance and the realization of a greater share of net benefits from fishery resources. Green practices in aquaculture should promote the growth of extractive species (sea weeds and filter feeding shellfish) and lower trophic level farming which convert food to fish protein more efficiently than carnivorous species.

Green practice changes in the ocean include the consideration of institutional responses such as fishing capacity and effort reduction where required, adoption of responsible governance of tenure of fisheries, greater enforcement of existing regulations including use of technologies to assist enforcement, greater collaboration between regional and national fisheries bodies, capacity building, and the protection and restoration of key habitats and species that provide the basis for the fisheries value chain.

iii) Drinking water

fresh drinking water is increasingly derived from marine waters in many parts of the world. the arabian Gulf has about half of the world’s desalination capacity. Some countries are especially dependent on desalination, e.g. 90% of kuwait’s potable water comes from the sea. as desalination technology becomes more affordable and available to developing nations and SIdS, expect to see its adoption increased around the world, thereby decreasing fresh water shortages and increasing the need to ensure marine waters are clean. at the same time, saline residues from desalination can have negative impacts on marine ecosystems and proper management regimes need to be put in place to minimize these effects. desalination also tends to be very energy intensive underscoring the need for nations that depend on desalination to also aggressively pursues low carbon energy strategies.

iv) Shipping & Transportmodern industry has become sensitive to sustainability and environmental protection and its global regulator, IMO, has introduced significant reforms and new measures through international treaty instruments, which address many forms of ship source pollution of the seas and the atmosphere. ImO has also adopted (July 2011) energy efficiency measures for ships, constituting the first ever mandatory GHG-reduction regime for an international industry sector, which has been fully embraced by shipping.

Other measures have yet to come into force internationally, including prevention of the spread of invasive species through ballast water and hulls, and safe and environmentally sound ship recycling. It is essential that international maritime trade is allowed to continue to flourish, as it provides significant income for coastal communities and enables global access to low priced consumer goods. With significant reductions in ship source pollution over the last three decades, technological developments towards improved hull design, alternative sources of ships’ fuel, increasing fuel efficiency, and enhanced concern for environmental matters, maritime transport will be a core element of the Green Economy.

v) Tourism

tourism is one of the most important forms of

The key dimensions in the blue-green economy Protection and restoration of ocean ecosystems

and biodiversity, including beyond national jurisdiction;

Development of blue carbon markets; Active sea-floor management (including oil

and gas, mining, and cables) both withing and outside national jurisdictions;

Change in fisheries and aquaculture manage-ment regimes at regional and national levels toward, equitable, non subsidised, and sustain-able practices; Adaptation to sea level rise and Climate Change

Integrated coastal management; Increasing sustainable use of bioresources, in-

cluding biotechnology; Recognition and adoption of ocean/coastal

carbon sinks and the creation of a market for trading (‘blue carbon’)

Dramatically enhanced recycling of major ocean pollutants such as nutrients through market mechanisms

Greater adoption of renewable energy from the ocean (a move away from land based focus)

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revenue for coastal communities and much of this tourism derives from coastal amenities, which require healthy marine ecosystems – boating, scuba diving, fishing, swimming, etc. many island nations rely extremely heavily on tourism for income, and any threat to the long-term viability of the tourism sector would have a massive effect on their economies. for tourism, greening the Blue Economy implies that switching from nonsustainable tourism to eco-tourism and other sustainable tourism practices goes along with the generation of other forms of revenues. the greening of the tourism sector, within an integrated coastal development context, is expected to reinforce the employment potential of the sector with increased local hiring and sourcing. In greening the tourism sector, increasing the involvement of local communities, especially the poor, in the ocean and coastal tourism value chain is essential to develop the local economy and reduc poverty.

vi) Marine energy and mineralsIn the energy sector, 30% of global oil and gas supplies are from offshore production. technological advances are allowing deeper oil and gas exploration and drilling. the impact on climate change from the fossil fuel energy sector will put increasing pressure on the sector to invest in alternative renewable technologies in the future. there will also be an expectation from governments and the public alike that technology improvements will be required to avoid loss of oil and gas – both from extraction and transportation.

Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in the ocean to generate electricity from wind. Better wind speeds are available offshore compared to land, so offshore wind power potential contribution in terms of electricity supplied is higher. additional ocean renewable energy technologies, such as tidal power, are now becoming viable but have relatively little uptake, due to a combination of prohibitive cost and lack of access to technologies. Proper pricing of carbon emitted by fossil fuels are essential to level the playing field and make many marine renewable energy technologies more economically competitive with fossil fuels.

New exploration and emerging technologies are increasing the viability of deep-sea mining of

minerals such as phosphate, manganese nodules and crusts, hydrothermal sulphide deposits and metals. through the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, a regime is in place to manage deep sea mining through the International Seabed authority (ISa).

vii) Genetic Resources & Biotechnologymarine biotechnology including the protection of intellectual property rights will be an important part of the future Green Economy, with greater protection of biodiversity (including biodiversity beyond national jurisdictions) alongside increases in investment in scientific research and commercialization of new and existing opportunities in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, food production, and aquaculture all being important. differences remain regarding whether marine genetic resources are covered under the seabed mining provisions of UNCLOS. marine species and thus genetic diversity can be extraordinary. the deep sea is also a major hot spot for high levels of ocean biodiversity. yet, for all the promise they contain, there are vast ocean regions that remain almost entirely unexplored. there is growing concern that we are losing many of the oceans’ untold resources before we even fully understand them.

viii) Pollution-Generating Activitiesa diverse range of land and ocean-based sectors generate pollution that impacts the marine environment, including shipping, agriculture, wastewater, mining, coastal development, fisheries and aquaculture, manufacturing, etc. Two of the most significant and largely unaddressed pollutants are the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorous whose export to the coastal zone has increased three-fold or more since preindustrial times leading to rapid increas in coastal eutrophication and hypoxic zones. the expectations of the international community regarding pollution-generating activities are that there should be an overall reduction in the impact and quantity of such activities in the future.

a combination of technological advances through clean technologies, aligned with much greater institutional willingness to deal with difficult issues, and the application of state-of-the-art policy, regulatory and economic instruments,

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should provide a basis for reducing the impact of excess nutrients in the marine environment. In addition, the increasingly global nature of pollutants such as nitrogen underscores the urgency of implementing strategies which ‘internalize’ the nutrient externality (i.e. make the entity responsible for the pollution pay for the cost of preventing or mitigating environmental degradation) through regulatory, policy and economic instruments to transform the nutrient economy from a linear to much more cyclic management paradigm. Policy and regulatory instruments could include more strict regulation of nutrient removal from wastewater, mandatory

nutrient management plans in agriculture, enhanced regulation of manure, and others. Economic instruments could include taxes on fertilizer and/or agricultural and wastewater emissions, cap and trade frameworks on nutrient emissions and/or fertilizer production, and subsidies that encourage nutrient recycling. Core to the global implementation will be capacity building, technology transfer, and funding of new technologies.

R R M K P Ranatunga PhD (JCU, Australia)Course Coordinator (MSc in Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management)Department of Zoology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura

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18 jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha§ ì%;dkHfha we;sjk ld¾ñl úma,jh uQ,sl lr .ksñka f,dj mqrd úisr me;sr hk kj ;dlaIKsl hq.h úYajfha wkd.;h ;SrKh lrk m%n, idOlhla f,i tl, lsisfjla fkdis;kakg we;' jvd hym;a Ôjk uÜgula ,nd .ekSu Wfoid ñksid ;=, jQ .fõIKd;aul Wkkaÿfjys m%;sM,hla f,i oi oyia .Kkla jQ kj ksIamdok fj<|fmd,g msúiqKs' r: jdyk" hka;% iQ;%" úÿ,s WmlrK" we÷ï me,÷ï f.dvke.s,s øjH fï w;ßka m%Odk úh'

kuq;a tu isoaêoduh yd foaY.=Kh w;r iïnkaO;djhla ;sfío@ we;af;kau th uekúka úuid ne,sh hq;= lreKla njg m;aj we;' ld¾ñl úma,h wdrïN jQ 18 jk ishjfia isg 21 jk ishji olajd ld,h ;=, úúO ksIamdok ls%hdj,ska i|yd wjYH Yla;Ska ckkh lsÍu;a ck.yk j¾Ok fõ.hg wkqj tu ls%hdj,sfha j¾Okh;a iDcqju ñys;,h u; Ôjfha meje;aug ;¾ckhla jk whqßka n,md we;'

óg m%Odk;u idOlh jYfhka n,md we;af;a yß;d.dr wdprKh hk ixisoaêhhs' we;af;kau fuh ñys;,h u; isÿjk iajdNdúl ls%hdj,shls ldnkavfhdlaihsâ" óf;aka iy c,jdIam jeks jdhqka" iQ¾hhdf.a isg meñK mDÓú mDIaGh u; jeÈ mrdj¾;kh jk wfOdarla; ;rx. Yla;sh Wrd .kS' tys m%;sM,hla f,i mDÓú jdhqf.da, WIaK;ajh by< hhs' we;af;kau ñys;,h u; Ôjfha meje;aug fuh w;HjYH ls%hdj,shls' ukao th ñys;,h u; WIaK;ajh hdukh flfrk tla m%Odk idOlhla ùuhs' kuq;a jdhqf.da,Sh yß;d.dr jdhq idkaøKhka iajdNdúl ;=,s; uÜgug jvd jeä jQ úg tajd jeämqr iQ¾h Yla;sh .nvd lr .kS' tys wjika m%;sM,h jkafka mDÓú jdhqf.da,Sh WIaK;ajh iS.%fhka by< hduhs'

r:jdyk Odjkfha§" l¾udka; Yd,dj, ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha§ iy CfC jdhq iys; YS;lrK

iuqø mßir moaO;sh iy foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi

Ndú;h" wêfõ.S hdkd Ndú;h jeks fkdfhla fya;=ka ksid mßirhg uqod yefrk yß;d.dr jdhQka" jdhqf.da,h ;=, tajdfha mej;sh hq;= idkaøKhkays ;=,s; uÜgu miq fldg jeä ù we;'

ó<Õ .eg¿j jkafka f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh by< hdu iy iuqøSh mßir moaO;s w;r iïnkaO;djhhs' ñka m%Odk jkafka f,dj mqrd id.r WKqiqï ùuhs' by, hk jdhQf.da,Sh WIaK;ajfhka 80] id.r c,h Wrd.kakd njg úoHd{hhska úiska fidhd f.k we;' flfia fj;;a id.r c,fha WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYlhlska by< .sho tys m%;sM, w;sYhska oreKq úh yel' j¾;udkfha mß.Kl wdYs%; uDÿldx. yd jevigyka u.ska úoHd{hska fidhd .;a lreKq j,g wkqj bÈß jir we;=,; f,dj mqrd id.r u;=msg WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl 2 lska muK by< hdfï yelshdjla mj;S'

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ñys;,h WKqiqï ùu;a iuÕ O%eúh whsia jeiau Èhù hdu ó<Õ .eg¿jhs' iajdNdúlj .S%Iau iD;=j,§ whsia Èhùfuka mDÓú WIaK;ajh hdukh jQj;a ñksid ueÈy;a ùfuka isÿlrk WIaK;aj by, hdï yuqfõ O%eúh whsia ;Ügq Èhùfï YS>%;djh jeä ù we;' tys iDcq m%;sM,h jkafka id.r c, ixirK ls%hdj,ska wl%uj;a ùuhs' u;=msáka fkdfmkqk;a id.r c,h WKqiqï yd YS; Èhje,a f,i ksYaÑ; .uka ud¾. Tiafia f,dj mqrd id.r tlsfkl yd iïnkaO fjñka ixirKh fõ' ñka kef.kysr weußldkq uqyqÿ iSudfjka W;a;r O%jeh foig .uka lrk .,a*a WKqiqï Èhje,a ol=Kq weußldfõ ngysr uqyqfoa we;s fmarE Èhje," wekagdlaála mßO%djl Èhje, jeks tajd m%Odk fõ' iulh wdikakfha id.r u;=msg we;sjk WKqiqï" ,jK;djfhka wêl c,h O%ej foig .uka lrk w;r O%eúh isis,a id.r c,h iulh foig .,d ths' tuÕska mDÓú WIaK;ajh hdukh ùula isÿfõ'

flfia jQj;a O%eùh whsia ;Ügq Èhùu u.ska id.rhg tlajk ñßÈh c,h m%udKh by< .sh úg id.rhkays ,jK;djh fjkia ù fuu Èhje,ays idudkH rgdj fjkia fõ' óg fyd|u WodyrKh jkafka .S%ka,ka;fha whsia ;Ügq Èhùfuka wlsS%h fjñka mj;sk W;=re w;a,dka;sla Èhje,a moaO;shhs'

O%eùh whsia Èhù hdu n,mdkq ,nkafka Èhje,a j,g muKla fkdfõ' th id.r c, uÜgu by< hdug;a iDcqj n,mdhs' whsia Èhùfuka we;sfjk

wu;r ñßÈh c,h fukau WKqiqï Èhje,a wlS%h ùfuka we;sfjk ksYap, c,ialkaOhkays m%idrKh fï i|yd fya;= fõ' Bg wu;rj iuia: id.rfha WIaK;ajh by, hdu ksid we;sjk c, m%idrKho n,mdhs' by; n,mEï ish,a, u.ska jir 2200 § uqyqÿ uÜgfï by, hdu óg¾ 03la muK jk nj weußldfõ fld,rdfvda iy weßfidakd úYaj úoHd,hkays úoHd{hska msßila l, mÍlaIKhlska fy<s ù we;' tu.ska ud,Èjhska yd ms,smSk ¥m;a /ila id.rhg ì,súh yels njg Tjqka fmkajd § we;'

id.r wdï,slrKh" tkï id.r c,fha ph w.h wvqùu ;j;a .eg¿jla yd jdhQf.da,Sh yß;d.dr jdhQka j, idkaøK wêl jk úg tajd id.r c,fha myiqfjka Èhfõ' fuys§ m%Odk jkafka ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqjhs' th id.r c,fha Èhùfuka ldfndalai,sla wï,h h2CO3 ksmojk w;r tu.ska id.r c,fha ph w.h my< ouhs'

by; ±lajQ foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdih ksid id.r j, isÿjk fN!;sl yd ridhksl úp,khka" tys Ôj;ajk Ôúkag iy mßir moaO;Skag n,mdkafka flfia±hs úuid n,uq'

id.r c,h WKqiqï ùu ksid iuqøSh mßir moaO;sj, isák ixfõ§ Ôùka fndfydauhla úkdY ù hdfï ;¾ckhg ,laj we;' iuqøSh Ôúkaf.a j¾Okh yd úldYkh" ,sx.sl mßK;sh yd ire nj" m%ckk ld, iSudjka" iy meje;au WIaK;ajh iuÕ iDcqj ne£ mj;S h'

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tu ksid id.r WIaK;ajh fjkiaùï tu Ôùkaf.a by; idOl ish,a, fjkia lsÍug iu;a fõ' ;jo WKqiqï c, ;Ügq ksid .eUqf¾ mj;sk id.r c,h iy u;=msg c,h ñY% ùu wju jk w;r id.r ia:ßNjkhg ,lafõ' fï fya;=fjka ca,jdx. j¾Okhg w;HjYH uQ,øjH u;=msg c,fha ysÕ jk w;r m%d:ñl ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh wvmK ù wdydr odu iy wdydr cd, ì| jefÜ'

O%eùh whsia ;Ügq id.r j, fmdfydr .nvd f,i ls%hd lrhs' tajd Èhùfï§ id.r c,hg tlajk fmdaIl fldgia wdOdrfhka we,a.S j¾Okh isÿjk w;r th §¾> yd ixlS¾K wdydr cd,hkays wdrïNhhs' tfia fyhska j¾;udkfha O%eùh whsia iS>%fhka Èhùu ksid wkd.;fha m%d:ñl ksIamdokhg wjYH fmdaIl fkd,eî hdfï wjOdkula mj;S' iS,a" fn¨.d ;,a uiqka iy ysu j,iqka jeks i;a;aj .ykhkaf.a iS>% wvqùulag th u. mdohs' whsia jeiqu u; Ôj;a jk iS,a" fjd,aria" ysu j,iqka" fmka.=hska" jeks i;a;aj úfYaI i|yd jk jdiN+ñ wju ùu fya;=fjka Tjqka j|ùfï ;¾ckhg ,laúh yel'

uqyqÿ uÜgu by< hdu ksid fldr,a mr" lfvd,dk Ydl" iy uqyqÿ ;DK jeks wvq .eUqrla wjYH mßir moaO;ska myiqfjka úkdY ù hdfï iïNdú;djla mj;S' leianEjka ì;a;r ouk fjr< ;Srhka jeks b;d jeo.;a iuqøSh mßir moaO;s myiqfjka úkdY úh yels w;r f,dal ck.ykfhka 10] la muK jk fjr<dYs%; Ôj;a jk ckhdf.a ckdjdio ;¾ckhg ,lajkq we;'

id.r c,h wdï,sllrKh ùu ksid le,aishï ldnfkag ljp iys; fud,ialdjka jeks i;=kaf.a tu ljp Èhù hdfï m%jK;djhla we;s w;r" fldr,a mr Èhù hdu" ldnfkag ljp iys; ca,jdx. úkdY ùu" jeks ls%hdj,Skao isÿfõ' ca,jdx. j|ù hdu iuia: mßir moaO;sfha wdydr cd,hka i|yd n,mdk w;r" fldr,a mr jeks w;s úfYaI mßir moaO;s úkdY ùfuka ta wdYs%; ish¨ Ôùka ;¾ckhg ,lafõ' wjika

m%;sM,h jkafka wiïmQ¾K Ôjk pl% fya;=fjka fndfydauhla iuqøSh Ôùka ñys;,fhka ioygu j|ù hduhs'

foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihka iuqøSh mßir moaO;shg fukau ñksidf.a bÈß meje;aug;a ;¾ckhlaj mj;S' ëjr l¾udka;h wvmK ùu" iuqø Ldokh by< hdu ksid fjr<dYs%; f.dvke.s,s úkdY ùu' ud,Èjhsk" lsßnd;s jeks Èjhska iïmQ¾Kfhka c,fhka hgùu" fndfyda l¾udka; i|yd wuqøjH f,i Ndú;d lrk iuqøsh Ôj iïm;a laIh ùu" j¾Idm;k yd l,dmSh foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï jeks ldrKd ta i|yd WodyrK fõ'

ñys;,h WKqiqï ùu jeks mdßißl .eg¿ y÷kdf.k ta i|yd f,dal m%cdjf.a wjOdkh ,nd .ksñka thska w;añ§ug yd úi÷ï fiùug ld,h ±ka t<U we;' mdßißl ;sridrNdjh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;sh" yß;d.dr wdjrKh ms<sn| jQ úúO iïuq;Ska u.ska f.da,Sh WKqiqï yd foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr we;;a th iïuq;Skag muKla iSud fkdù m%dfhda.sl h:d¾:hla lr .ekSug iefjdu tlaúh hq;=h' ld¾hlaIu" mßir ys;ldó úl,am n,Yla;s m%Ndjhka y÷kd .ekSu jeks m%dfhda.sl ls%hdud¾. ;=,ska iuqøsh mßir moaO;s fukau ñysu; ñksidf.a bÈß meje;auo jvd fyd¢ka ;yjqre jkq we;'

Reference:-

hu, a., meehi G.a., washington, w.m., dai, a., 2004, Response of the atlantic thermohaline circulation to increased atmospheric

CO2 in a could model J. Clim. 17,4267-4279

Paper on Conservation international, 2011, Crystal drive

iÑ;%d wudßka fyÜáwdrÉÑëjr iy úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGhreyqKq úYaj úoHd,h

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How marine ecosystem is important for humansthe ocean is the huge saline water body which covers two third of the planet of earth. It is considered as the largest ecological system in the world. the marine ecosystem represents a vast and dynamic array of bio-resources attributed with its huge diversity and considered as potential untapped reservoirs for the development of functional foods for future health markets. Over the last decades of the last century, the ocean has been identified as a sustained source for the requirements of human beings.

as we believed that the origination of life of the earth has begun from the ocean. the oldest fossil evidences showed that rise of environment oxygen by oxygen producing eukaryotes and cyanobacteria appeared over 2.45-2.32 billion years ago. afterwards, many of organisms or evolutionary forms have been evolved from that primitive age to contemporary state by having extraordinary structural variations. On the other hand, abiotic factors such as light intensity, temperature, nutrients and salinity levels make much influence for their biological functions. Furthermore, extreme fluctuations of climate according to seasons have been given a major outbreak through the variations and to be survived in the competitive environmental conditions. however, the evolution of the diverging forms with respect to their biochemical and morphological traits are still being place with the adaptive establishments in the ocean. In that case, marine bacteria, fungi, sponges, algae (macro or micro), crustaceans, mollusks, fish and small vertebrates have been identified as the major classes that comprise the diversity of marine biomass. as a consequence, biochemically and ecologically significant differences have brought the vast marine biomass diversity and

NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM SRI LANKAN MARINE ALGAE AND THEIR FUTURE PROSPECTS

have been associated with a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites. these bio-molecules can be synthesized biologically to overcome extreme environment condition and which are limited to the species and quite specific and demanded for the defense against predation, infections, parasitism and homeostasis. In particular, utilization of new bioactive natural products from marine bio-resources have described as a promising aspects. However, the significant gains are continually being improved due to the exploration of novel secondary metabolites from the ocean. therefore, it is logical to consider that mining of natural products and functional ingredients from the marine biomasses would be a productive commencement in the view point of pharmacology.

marine bio-resources can be utilized to obtain different health benefits for humans, directly or after processing. most of the bio-molecular components, including secondary metabolites and functional ingredients can be extracted from these marine bio-resources in large scale using the modern and advanced biotechnological approaches, are in one hand suitable drug candidates for the pharmaceutical industry, on the other hand functional food materials for the food industry.

thus, the marine environment has an enormous biodiversity and is the source with huge potential for the recent scientific applications particularly with respect to the biotechnology and pharmacology. Globally, the marine living sources have been undertaken for numerous research works and accomplished their importance for the mankind and other prospective organisms. Especially, the functional ingredients for nutritional, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical, industries along with the production of energy sources are described as the major prospective applications.

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Natural Products from Sri Lankan Marine algaeSri Lanka is an island located in the northern Indian Ocean. The drop like island is 435 km long and 225 km wide, covered the total area 65610 km2 with coastline of approximately 1700 km. despite the small island, Sri Lanka enriches with marine fauna and flora along the coastline. among them, marine algae have identified as the most frequent form of marine organisms. macroalgae or “seaweeds,” which are multicellular organisms with a great diversity of forms and sizes, and can be classified into three broad groups based on their pigmentation, such as brown seaweed (Phaeophyceae), red seaweed (Rhodophyceae) and green seaweed (Chlorophyceae) (fig. 1). In contrast

to macroalgae, microalgae are microscopic organisms and classified into blue-green algae (Cyanobateria), diatoms (Bacillariophyta) and dinoflagellates (dinophyceae). Moreover, these fascinating species are commonly identified as phytoplankton in the ocean water. marine algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic marine organisms that have adapted to survive in highly complex and competitive environments. Interestingly, marine algae play a major role by being primary producers in the ocean, since other marine organisms might be relying on algae to

acquire their energy requirements along the food web.

In the case of Sri Lankan marine algae, earliest marine algae collections have been reported in early 19th century by Barton (1903). However, Baldwin (1991) has reported about 440 taxa of marine algae, belonging to 148 genera. more recently, a comprehensive study of marine seaweeds of Sri Lanka has been carried out by a group of scientist in year 2009. among the Sri Lankan seaweeds, Sargassum species (brown algae) are the most abundant type of algae found in the coastal area. In addition, Laminaria, fucus, ascophyllum and tubinaria species are also found in the Sri Lankan water.

there has been existed long tradition of consuming seafood as a delicacy along with the human diet for many centuries. In particular, consumption of seaweed has been reported in Puttalam Lagoon area. Especially, Gracilaria species are the popular item of the domestic food among the fishermen and they believed that it has health promoting effects. having the experience from other South Asian and Asia Pacific countries for the consumption of seaweeds also implicated that the steady enhancement of life expectancy and long term health effects, quality and care could be rendered by the marine functional ingredients. moreover, consumption of marine algae is considered as a preventive strategy against lifestyle diseases and fruitful solution for the prospective health challenges. moreover, substantial

scientific evidences have been shown that direct consumption of algae or food supplements may contribute for the health promoting effect (fig. 2). however, medicinal value and effective pharmacological benefits after the consumption of Sri Lanka seaweeds have not been evaluated so far. In addition, biological activities of the Sri Lanka seaweeds have not been studied extensively and only a few reports have found in the literature survey. among them, the isolation of natural products and screening on pharmacological aspects has been demanded. In

fig. 1

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fact, anti-hypertensive activity has investigated from a marine red algae Gracilaria sp. extracts on rats as one of the earliest reports. furthermore, the post-coital contraceptive mechanism of the crude extract of Sri Lankan marine red algae, Gelidiella acerosa using rat model also evaluated. the same groups of researchers have identified the gastro-protective effects from the crude extracts of Jania sp. on ethanol induced gastric lessons in rats. moreover, in another study, the extracts from macro algae collected from different coastal line of Northern Sri Lanka have been tested for antibacterial activity and identified some phytochemicals including alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides. Moreover, a sphingosine derivative was isolated with the non-steroidal anti progesterone contragestative activity from red algae, Gelidella. In addition, human sperm mortality stimulation activity was reported by the isolated a sulfono glycolipid from G. acerosa. In a very recent study, three species of red algae (Chondrophycus ceylanicus, Gelidiella acerosa, Gracilaria corticata), two species of green algae (Chaetomorpha crassa, Caulerpa racemosa) and three species of brown algae (Sargassum cassifolium, Sargassum sp. a, Sargassum sp. B and Padina commersonii)

scavenging activity using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy were carried out for all the samples. In addition, sample cytotoxicity against vero cells and anti-inflammatory activity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced Raw macrophages were also determined. In fact, anticancer effect was evaluated against different cancer cell lines including human promyelocytic leukemia (hL-60), a human lung carcinoma (a549) and a mouse melanoma (B16f10). according to the results, all sample extracts showed the significant high activity for at least one or more bioassays. In particular, a significant cancer cell growth inhibitory effect was showed by C. racemosa methanol extract against hL-60 cells and it was observed the highest anticancer effects compared to the other extracts. hence, apoptotic body formation in hL-60 cells and accumulation of dNa in sub-G1 phase was determined by C. racemosa extract in a dose-dependent manner. taken together, in this study, we demonstrated the first report of Sri Lankan seaweeds with the potentiality for pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity and further studied can be employed to isolate bioactive secondary metabolites.

Future prospective for Sri Lankan marine algae

there is an increasing trend towards the nutrition

polysaccharides

Natural bioactive compounds Proteins

üüüüüüVitamins

Anti-oxidants

Anti-tumor

Anti-hypertensive

Anti-inflammatory

Other biological activities

Marine algae

Lipids

were collected from Beruwela sample site in Sri Lanka and evaluated for bioactivity in vitro and in vivo assays. for this bioactivity evaluations, total phenol content (tPC) and free radical

fig. 2

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and health effects due to the advancement of marine bio-resources technology. Emerging prospects and outstanding scientific research strategies would be encouraged for harvesting the marine algae functional materials for targeting the development of pharmacological and biotechnological products. therefore, the current trend on the marine biomasses will not be changed for next few decades and would be expecting to serve for the future sustainability. moreover, it is believed to be implemented a novel strategy for the functional foods in the marine biotechnology. Over the many years, a vast array of structural and biochemical diversity in terms of the various marine organisms might have targeted for the screening projects. although the effective way of screening, bio-mining and advancing of bioactive natural products using appropriate techniques, in order to commercialize the respective products are highly concerned matters in the modern field of marine biotechnology. furthermore, the development of functional materials for the functional foods and identification of possible extraction methods are performed with the respective parameters

such as heat resistance, solubility, molecular weights, expected bioassay and desired activities to the available functional ingredients of the compounds. In addition, the advancement of pharmacological and medicinal prospects and their applications can be employed from the marine algae. hence, the rapid growth of marine bio-resources, significant expansions of marine biotechnological aspects is expected within the next few decades. as a consequence, in order to meet the requirements of better understanding with the infrastructures of the Sri Lankan scientific communities, integrations are needed to fulfill through the collaborative researches. Collectively, capitalizing the knowledge and experience of the marine biotechnologists and strengthening the awareness of interdisciplinary expertise can secure the sustainability of marine bio-resources in Sri Lanka.

Dr. Kalpa W. Samarakoon (PhD)Research ScientistHerbal Technology SectionIndustrial Technology Institute Email: [email protected]

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the real lung of the earths are oceans, though forests provide major role in maintaining oxygen and carbon dioxide balance, that is relatively small amount compare to the oxygen released by marine photosynthetic algae and phytoplanktons as oceans covers about 71% of the earth’s surface. It is estimated that marine plants produced about 70-80% of oxygen in the atmosphere while absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. It has been found that destruction of marine photosynthetic algae and phytoplanktons may lead to a considerable affect on global warming and subsequent climatic changes. In addition, oxygen is depleted or dead zones have already been notified in several parts of the ocean and this is further expanding due to the rice in the oceanic temperature and loss of phytoplanktons due to pollution. In general, cold water could hold more oxygen than warm water. Cold surface water has typical oxygen concentration of 300 to 400 micromoles per kilogram but recently researchers found that concentrations in some parts of the eastern Pacific and northern Indian oceans were as low as 10 micromoles per kilogram and there are large regions below 150 micromoles per kilogram this is certainly lower than the minimum threshold range of 60 to 120 micromoles per kilogram and the current rate of oxygen depletion in such areas is 0.09 to 0.34 micromoles kilogram per year. thus, it is the high time to find the reasons behind.

major sources of marine pollution are particles, hazardous chemicals, industrial, agricultural, residual wastes, urban runoff and discharges, noise and invasive species.

It has now being realized that many of the ocean surface waters are polluted by plastics, oil or other organic wastes which are dumped from various human activities. Plastic islands were found on the surface waters of pacific and closed

to industrialized cities such as bay of tokyo Japan. there sources of entry into the oceans are mostly with the dumped effluents, rivers, beaches of urban areas, and ships. Plastic pellets, nylon fishing nets, fiberglass parts of the boats, lures, baits and polythene bags may last for about 5 to 10 years and their particles may take 50 years or even beyond. due to their buoyancy they travel long distances and cover the ocean surface. many marine animals and sea birds are died each year due to the intake of plastic such as sea gulfs and sea turtles; this is also one of the reasons for the depletion of endangered sea turtle population. PVC, plasticides, furans, dioxins, phenols and PCB are directly toxic to marine fauna while others block their alimentary canal or injuring the soft body parts such as eyes, gills or delicate eggs and young ones.

Oil spills covers the ocean surfaces and reducing the dissolving oxygen into surface waters, in addition, it penetrates the plumage of birds and fur of mammals and reducing their insulating ability, making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and less buoyant, causing the loss of ability to fly, ingested in to their preen coating, irritation to the digestive tract, liver malfunction, kidney damage and diminishing their foraging capacity, dehydration and metabolic imbalance and they become more susceptible to predators. main sources of the oil spills are tanker ships and accidental leakage, ship cleaning works and from industrial effluents.

heavy metals are another hazardous waste mainly from metal mining activities such as copper, Nickel, chromium from tanning industries, mercury from paper pulping mills, lead and selenium from rubber factory, zinc from galvanization, arsenic from pesticides and electronic wastes. heavy metals could cause bioaccumulation and under go biological magnification which may

MARINE POLLUTION AND RELATED LEGISLATIONS

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affect in top level carnivores in the food chain such as in Japan minamata disease occurred in 1950 among the coastal communities those who consume fish from affected areas. Itai-itai disease from cadmium, ddt like chemicals biologically magnified in each tropic level as they remain in the fatty tissue of the organism causing thinning of shell thickness in birds. deep sea disposal of radio active materials is another serious problem which can be exposed by natural disasters such as underwater earth quake; their effects are deleterious and some cases they may appear with sea food and causes cancer.

Agricultural effluents, sewage, and stream runoff with high nitrate and phosphate content may leads to eutrophication this may hyper accelerates the aquatic life growth, which leads to their dead due to excessive competition and depleted resources. During the decay of dead bodies of aquatic flora and fauna oxygen is used up resulting hypoxia (low oxygen), and eventually anoxia (depleted oxygen with toxic chemical byproducts) mass aquatic death results in great loss of oxygen. this further causes loss of biodiversity and the generation of oceanic dead zones. during 2008 about 415 such dead zones were identified worldwide by NaSa. Some consequences of eutrophication are sea food become poisonous to our bodies causing either weakness, blurred vision, burning muscles, difficulty in breathing, memory loss, organ damage, and even death, red tides due to increased colonies of flagellates, increased biomass causes rise in Biological Oxygen demand (BOd), increased algal blooms causing decrease in the transparence of water, this leads to loss of underwater plants due to the unavailability of light for photosynthesis, this eventually leads to anoxic environment and causing the death of underwater life. anaerobic bacteria flourish. Anaerobic bacteria often produce foul smelling compounds such as hydrogen sulphide, thioalcohols and ammonia. all ends up with loss of habitats such as sea grass beds.

hot water discharge from coolers of factory machines and ship engines lead to increased BOd. this is due to reduction in the dissolved oxygen as the water temperature increases. this may also cause bleaching of coral reefs, thus, eventually alter the pattern of distribution of biodiversity as well.

Sediments from deep sea mining during the retrieval of minerals from ocean floor, the floating particles increase the turbidity or cloudiness, of the water, clogging the apparatus of filter feeders of benthic organisms, plumes could affect the zooplanktons and light penetration may adversely affect the entire food web of mining area similar effect can be brought up by the release of coloured dies from textile industries which also lowers the light penetration.

Acidification is another major problem in marine ecosystem. Oceans are the natural sinks of carbon as absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide also affect the ocean waters as causing acidity. thus, corals and shells of the mollusks made up of calcium carbonate become vulnerable to dissolution.

furthermore, methane clathrate reservoirs found under sediments of ocean floor consists huge amount of greenhouse gas methane, which ocean warming has the potential to release these gases to the atmosphere.

key legislations about marine pollution are Convention on the Prevention of marine Pollution by dumping of wastes and Other matter, 1972 which is also known as the London Protocol, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the protocol of 1978 relating thereto referred as MARPOL 73/78 and the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation 1990 (OPRC).

maRPOL convention has two protocols coping respectively with reports on incidents involving harmful substances and arbitration and six annexes which contain regulations for the prevention of various forms of pollution, pollution by oil (EIf 2/10/83), pollution by noxious liquid substances carried in bulk (EIf 06/04/87), pollution by harmful substances carried in packages, portable tanks, freight containers, or road or rail tank wagons, etc. (EIf 01/07/92), pollution by sewage from ships (EIf not yet), pollution by garbage from ships (EIF 31/12/98t) and Air pollution by ships.

Convention on the prevention of marine pollution

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by dumping of wastes and other matter, 1972 (known as the London Protocol) which is an inter-governmental conference on the convention on the dumping of wastes at sea 1996 protocol restricts all kinds of dumping except for a permitted list of wastes.

article 4 states that contracting parties "shall prohibit the dumping of any wastes or other matter with the exception of those listed in annex 1.", the permitted substances are dredged material, sewage sludge, fish waste, or material resulting from industrial fish processing operations, vessels and platforms or other man-made structures at sea, inert, inorganic geological material, organic material of natural origin, bulky items primarily comprising iron, steel, concrete and similar harmless materials for which the main concern is physical impact and limited to those circumstances, where such wastes are generated at locations, such as small islands with isolated communities, having no practicable access to disposal options other than dumping. CO2 streams from CO2 capture processes, which were added under the amendments adopted in 2006, which entered into force in 2007.

In July 1989, a conference of leading industrial nations in Paris called upon ImO to develop further measures to prevent pollution from ships. this call was endorsed by the ImO assembly in November of the same year and work began on a draft convention aimed at providing a global framework for international co-operation in combating major incidents or threats of marine pollution.

Parties to the international convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC) are required to establish measures for dealing with pollution incidents, either nationally or in co-operation with other countries.

Ships are required to carry a shipboard oil

pollution emergency plan. Operators of offshore units under the jurisdiction of parties are also required to have oil pollution emergency plans or similar arrangements which must be co-ordinated with national systems for responding quickly and effectively to oil pollution incidents. Ships are required to report incidents of pollution to coastal authorities and the convention details the actions that are then to be taken. the convention calls for the establishment of stockpiles of oil spill combating equipment, the holding of oil spill combating exercises and the development of detailed plans for dealing with pollution incidents. Parties to the convention are required to provide assistance to others in the event of a pollution emergency and provision is made for the reimbursement of any given assistance. the convention provides for ImO to play an important coordinating role. a Protocol to the OPRC relating to hazardous and noxious substances (OPRC-hNS Protocol) was adopted in 2000.

addition to these there are many other internationally accepted laws and protocols currently active, in addition some internal laws are prevailing according to the needs for a particular maritime environment and governed by states and governments.

On the whole, it is our responsibility keep the marine environment across the borders of our country clean and secure, mean time implementation of legislation and observation should be more stabilized, flexibility on the implementation of such laws or giving excuses for ships and local parties for such violation of maritime legislations may leads to major irreplaceable impacts on the environment and living beings.

S. SivaramananEnvironmentalOfficer,Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) unit,Central Environmental Authority, 104, Denzil Kobbekaduwa Mawatha, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka.

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ks,ajka uy ihqf¾ iqfoda iqÿ r< ksrka;rfhka y~ kxjñka ksrka;rfhka fjr< ism .ksñka f,djg yvd lshk id.r mKsjqvh lsu±hs Tng lsj yelso@

uq¿ ÿßka wdikakj ls'ñ' 1700 lg Wreulï lshk YS% ,xldfõ id.rh b;d iqkaor ukrï jQ fjr< ;Srhlskao" b;d w.kd mßir moaO;Skaf.ka wkQk jQo" YS% ,xldjg muKla Wreulï lshk úúO jQ i;=ka iy Ydl úfYaIhkaf.ka iukaú; jQ o jákd iïm;ls' Ôjhg Wm; ÿkafka uyd id.rh nj wms l=vd l< isgu bf.k .;af;uq' jir fldaá .Kkdjla mqrd fkdfhl=;a ridhksl ls%hdj,Skag f;da;ekakla fjñka Ôjhg Wm; ÿka fm%daàk ks¾udKh lf<a uyd id.rhhs' id.rh fkdue;s kï f,dj fu;rï iqkaor ia:dkhla fkdjk nj ta wkqj meyeÈ,sh'

bkaÈhka id.rh ;=, fidndoyu úiska fidhd.;a iqúfYaIS ia:dkhl woaù;sh f,i ia:dk.;j ¥m;la f,i wm olsk YS% ,xldfõ uq¿ N+ñ m%udKfhaka úYd, fldgila uyd c, ;,hlska hgù we;' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a id.r kS;s ms<sn| m%{mao;shg wkqj 1976 iuqø l,dm kS;sfhka f.dvìu fuka 08 .=Khla úYd, id.r l,dmhla wm rgg ysñ ù we;s w;r tu l,dmh wkkH wd¾Ól l,dmh iy ¥IKfhka f;drj mj;ajd .; hq;= l,dmhla f,i o m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' ta wkqj tu l,dmh YS% ,xld ud;D N+ñfhau fldgila jk w;r uqyqÿ m;=f,a ish¿ iïm;a c, l|g by,ska we;s wjldYh;a YS% ,xldfõu fldgils' fï wkqj YS% ,xldj .;a l, 12]la f.dvìu f,i;a 88] c,fhka hg ù we;s f,i;a w¾: l:kh l< yelsh' kuq;a tys we;s jákdlu fuf;l=hs lsj fkdyel'

uyd id.rfha ^b;d l=vd& wksúlaIsh Ôúka" fkd.sKsh yels m%udKhla Ôj;afjk nj wms oksuq' yß; we,a.djka" ks, yß; we,a.djka" vhgu jeks weig fkdfmfkk Ôúka fukau fkd.eUqre id.r m;af,a uqyqÿ ;DK iy wfkl=;a uqyqÿ me<Eá b;d úYd, f,i me;sß

ks,a c, ;,fhka u;= jk YS% ,xldfõ ks,a wd¾Ólh

we;' Ydl >khg wh;a jk by; i|ykal, ish¿u Ôúka ;=, yß;m%o f,i y÷kajkq ,nk m%Ndixiaf,aIKh i|ydu iajNdjfhka ieliS we;s iqúfYaIs yelshdj we;s bkaøhsld orhs' fï fya;=j ksidu jdhq f.da,hg iajNdjfhkau tlajk Tlaiscka jdhqj ^O2& 80] la tla lrkq ,nkafka id.rh ;=, Ôj;a jkakdjQ fuu Ydl u.skah' jdhqf.d,Sh CO2 m%;sY;h hdukhg ksrka;rfhka Wrfokafka fuu uyd id.rh nj ta wkqj meyeÈ,sh' fuu fya;=j ksidu uyd id.rh ldnka vfhdlaihsâ hduk ia:dkhla (Sink) f,i kï lr we;'

id.rfha jeo.;alu i<lk l< th úúO whqßka wmg úoyd ±laúh yel'

wm wjg mj;sk uyd id.rh iïm;a j,ska wkQk jQ f;da;ekakls'

ffcùh iïm;a ie<l= l< u;aiH iïm; wmg m%Odk jYfhka ie<lsh yel' YS% ,xldj .;a l< ëjr l¾udka;h wm rfÜ wd¾Ólh flfrys úYd, f,i Wrfok l¾udka;hls' th rfÜ o< foaYSh wdodhfuka 1'2] ls' tfukau YS% ,xldfõ ck;djf.a u;aiH fm%daàk wjHY;djfhka 70] la muKu tla lrkafka lrÈh ëjr l¾udka;h wdYS%;jh' YS% ,xld ck;djf.a tÈfkod lEu fõ,g u;aiH fm%daàk tla fkdlrk ksjila we;akï ta b;d l,d;=rlsks' t;rï id.r u;aiHh iïm;a YS% ,xld ck;djf.a Ôjk rgd flf¾ ne£ mj;S tfukau /lshd W;amdok fCIa;%hla f,i o ëjr l¾udka;h ie<fla'

id.rfha Ôúka iïm; .ek l;d lsÍfï§ u;aiH iïm;g muKla th iSud fkdfõ' uE;la jk;=re ffcj iïm;a .ek l;d l< o ±ka th fjkia l< hq;= ld,h t<U ;sfí' ta yd iudk jákdlulska hq;= uqyqÿ me<eá úfYaI .Kkdjla uqyqÿ m;af,a irejg jefâ' ukaohla id.r c, u;= msg isg wä 100la muK .eUqrla olajd jQ id.r m;a,g ysre t<sh fyd¢ka ,efnk neúka c,c Ydl j¾Okh i|yd b;d fyd| mßirhla tys we;' ta

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ksidu uqyqÿ ;DK iy fjk;a uqyqÿ Ydl idrj;a f,i j¾Okh fõ' kuq;a YS% ,xldfõ fuu uqyqÿ me<eá t;rï ckms%h fkdjqk o f,dj mqrd rgj, tkï" cmdkh" ;dhs,ka;h iy fldßhdj jeks w.aks È. wdishdkq rgj, wdydrhg uqyqÿ me<Eá tla lr.kq ,efí' tfiau tu rgj,aj, uqyqÿ me,Eáj, m;%" wdydr ojgk f,i fhdod .ksñka tu m;% ojgk wdydrhgu tla lr .efka' tfukau uqyqÿ me<Eá iïm; fkdue;s rgj,a tajd wêl ñ< .Kka f.jd wdkhkh lr .kq ,efí' fïjd b;d ñ, wêl uqyqÿ me,Eá jk w;r fvd,¾ ñ,shk .Kkla Wmhd .; yels l¾udka;hls' fuh wm rfÜ o l¾udka;hla f,i fhdod .ekSug ck;dj fm<Uùula l< yelskï th ck;djg wdodhï ud¾.hla tla l< yels fiau /lshd m%Yakhg úi÷ï ,nd §fï tla mshjrla bÈßhg ;eîula f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' tfukau th rfÜ wd¾Ólh kexùug o odhl jkq we;'

wm i;= id.r l,dmfha wfkl=k;a jeo.;au lreK f,i ie<lsh yelafla YS% ,xldj iajNdúlj f,dalfha wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k jYfhka Wmdh ud¾.sl ia:dkhl msysàuhs' wm lõre;a wid we;s mßÈ YS% ,xldj fmrÈ. fiao udj; wdikakfhau msysgd ;sfí'

f,dal fj<|dfï§ NdKav m%jdykfhka 90] lau isÿ flfrkafka kdúl m%jdyKh wdY%fhks' fuys§ YS% ,xldjg jeo.;a lreKla f,i fmkajd Èh yelafla Èklg fk!ld 300-350la w;r m%udKhla fuu wka;¾cd;sl fk!ld ud¾.h Tiafia YS% ,xldjg ;odikakj .uka .ekSuhs' tu fk!ld i|yd NdKav yqjudre lsÍfï yd fiajd iemhSfï myiqlï imhkafkl= f,i YS% ,xldfõ yïnkaf;dg jrdhg lghq;= l< yelskï wmf.a wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd uy;a msgqjy,la jkq we;' tfukau ;s%l=Kdu,fha msysgd we;s iajNdúl jrdh o fï i|yd odhl lr.; yels fõ'

wd¾Ól iïm;a jYfhka ie<l= l< jvd;a jeo.;a id.ßl Lksc ,jK ksê YS% ,dldj wdYs%; uqyqfoa y÷kdf.k we;' úfYaIfhkau fldm¾" ksl,a" fldfnda,aÜ" uex.ksia" iskala hk Lksc ,jK uqyqÿ m;=f,a mj;S' fïjd y÷kd f.k iïm;a f,i wd¾Ólhg odhl lr.; yelskï ixj¾Okfha .uk jvd fõ.fhka bÈßhg f.k hd yels nj úYajdih' tfukau uqyqÿ m;=f,a we;s yhsfv%dldnka ^bkaOk& ksê ±kgku;a

^ukakdru fødaKsfha& y÷kdf.k we;s w;r LKsc f;,a iy iajdNdúl .Eia fidhd .ekSfï yd leKSfï lghq;= ±kgu;a wdrïN fldg we;' rfÜ wd¾Ól j¾Okh lsÍfï ls%hdj,sfha § th iqNodhl lreKls'

tmuKla fkdj YS% ,xld uqyqÿ ;Srfha wd¾Ól jákdlu ;j;a wdldrhlg y÷kd .efkkafka ta wdY%fhka n,Yla;sh ksmoùfï we;s yelshdjhs' fjk;a jpkhlska lsjfyd;a Èjhsk jgd msysá fjr< ;Srh n,Yla;s m%Njhla f,i fhdod .; yelsh' uqyqÿ rf<ys we;s úYd, jQ Yla;sh n,Yla;sh njg mßj¾:kh lr .; yelskï" mßir ys;ldñ m%Njhla f,i th n,Yla;s w¾nqohg ukd úi÷ula f.k fokq we;' fuh fjk;a rgj, ±kg;a ls%hdjg kxjd we;s w;r jvÈh ndÈh ;=< we;s Yla;sh iy ihqr foiska weÈ tk iq<fÕa ^uqyqÿ iq<x& Yla;sh o wmg ,nd.; yelsh' th ;sridr Yla;s m%Njhls'

uqyqÿ fjr< ;rï iqkaor jQ ia:dkhla fidnd oyfuka f,djg odhdo l< ;j;a ia:dkhla ke;s nj lsjfyd;a th i;Hhls' uqyqÿ fjr<g f.dia jeä fõ,djla .;jkakg fmr flkl=f.a .;g is;g ±fkk iqjh ñ, l< fkdyelsh' flfkl=f.a udkisl wd;;sh wvqlr .eg¿ j,g úi÷ï ,nd foñka kj Ñka;k Odrd we;s lsÍug;a kj ixl,am ,nd foñka ldjHuh woyia yd l,dj m%.=K lsÍug;a uqyqÿ fjr< f;da;ekakls' tfukau ñksia is;g myka ixfõ. we;s lr,Su ;=<ska iudÔh .eg¿ úi£fï yelshdj fï ;=,ska we;s flfrk m%n,u fiajdjls' tfukau uqyqÿ lS%vd iy fjr< lS%vd i|yd o uqyqÿ fjr<;a fkd.eUqre uqyqo;a f;da;ekakls' tfukau fjr<nv wdYS%;j wdh;k $ ld¾hd, fndfydafihska msysgd we;' uq¿ ck.yKfhka 40] la muK Ôj;a jkafka wdh;k$ld¾hd, fndfydafihska msysgd we;' uq¿ ck.yKfhka 40] la muK Ôj;a jkafka fjr<nv wdYS%;jh' fjr<nvg idkaø.;jQ ck;djf.a Ôjfkdamdhhka w;ßka uqyqo wdYS%; m%foaY j,g .e,fmk whqßka Tjqka ;ukaf.a Ôjk rgd j,g yev .eiS isáhs'

jir 2020 jk úg fuu fjr<nv ck.yKh idkaø .; ùu 60] la olajd by< hdfï m%jK;djhla we;' uq¿ f,dalfhau ck.yKh idkaø.;ùu i<ld ne¨jfyd;a th fjr<nv b,lal .; fldg f.k isÿ jk nj fmfka' tfia kuqÿ fudjqkag uy ihqfrka fyda uqyqÿ fjrf<ka

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40

Tjqkaf.a Ôjk rgdjg" udkisl iqjhg" myka ixfõ.h yd l,djg isÿjk fiajdjka ms<sn|j ie<lsh hq;= ksis wjfndaOhla fkdue;'

Èjhskla jQ YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;hg tys wd¾Ólfha ysñjk úfYaI ia:dkh wu;l l< fkdyelsh' wmf.a uqyqÿ fjr< o úfoaYslhkaf.a is;a ukdfia we| .ekSug iu;ah' ixpdrlhkaf.a wdl¾Ykh ixpdrl l¾udka;h ;=<ska rgg úfoaY úksuh f.k §ug odhl fõ' fuys j¾Okh i|yd uqyqÿ i*dÍ" ial=nd lsñÿï fiajd" Èh kEu i|yd wdrlaIs; l%ufõo iy uqyqÿ lS%vd yd úfkdao lghq;= ixpdrlhka w;r m%p,s; lsÍug wjYH mqyqKq lsÍfï yd fiajd iemhSu j¾Okh l< hq;=h'

YS% ,xldfõ mdi,a wOHdmkh i<ld ne,Sfï§ YS% ,xldj fuka wg .=Khla ;rï jQ id.rh ms<sn|j mdif,a wOHdmkh ;=< m%udKj;a bvla fjka lr ke;' tys§ lfvd,dk mßirh ms<sn|j ixCIsma;hla i|yd ,nd § we;s bv o iSud lr we;' wfkl=;a jákd fldr,a" uqyqÿ ;DK" uv iys; j.=re ìï" je,s l÷ jeks mßir moaO;Ska ms<sn| olajd ke;' tmuKla fkdj wmf.a ud;D N+óh f,i ie<flkafka YS% ,xld is;shfï we;s f.dvìï fldgi muKS' kuq;a YS% ,xldfõ is;shu hkq is;shfï olajd we;s mßÈ N+ó m%foaYh;a" id.ßl m%foaYh;a tlaj nj l=vd l< isgu <ud ukig tla l< hq;= nj fmfka'

YS% ,xld ck;dj ;=< id.rh ms<sn|j we;s ±kqu b;d w,amh' fjr< wdYS%; ck;dj ;=< fukau rg wNHka;rfha o ck;dj rg jgd msysá" rgl ck;djf.a meje;aug ksrka;rfhka odhl jk id.r mßirh ms<sn|j ukd f,i ±kqj;a l< hq;= w;r" id.r mßirfha we;s wmQ¾j ks¾udK" tkï fldr,a mßir moaO;sh" lfvd,dk mßir moaO;s" je,s l÷ wdYs%; mßirh" ,jK iys; j.=re ìï" je,s iys; fjr< wdYs%; mßirh iy fudah jeks b;d jeo.;a mßirh ms<sn|j fjka fjka jYfhka b;d mq¿,a wjfndaOhla mdi,a wOHdmkfha isg YS% ,xld ck;dj ;=< we;s l< hq;=h' túg id.rfhka ,nd fok fiajdj iy jeo.;alu ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla we;s jk neúka id.rh ms<sn|j wdorhla is;a ;=< cks; jkakdla fukau id.r mßirhg wmøjH uqod yeÍu o hï;dla ÿrg fyda wju lr .ekSug ck;dj fm<fUkq we;'

Ôjfha Wm; we;s id.rfha jákdlu ms<sn|j we;sjk wdorh uj ;u orejdg we¿ï lrkakd fia úh hq;=h' tjeks ne£ula ñksid iy id.rh ;=< we;s fõ kï ihqr wdrlaId lsÍug ñksid ks;e;skau fm<fUkq we;'

;j;a lreKla kï jkdka;r" .x.d" we< fod< jeks f.dvìu mßirh .ek l;d ny lrk fndfyda fokd" wdh;k fukau ish¨ ck;dj is;Sug;a /lSug;a is;kafka f.dvìu mj;sk mßirh ms<sn| muKs' úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh ;=<;a mdi,a wOHdmkh ;=<;a mYapd;a Wmdë mdGud,d ;=<;a we;=<;alr we;s iajNdúl iïm;a l<uKdlrKh ^mßir úoHdj& hk ish¨ úIh Odrd ilid we;af;a f.dvìu mßirh /l .ekSu yd l<uKdlrKh Wfoid muKls' YS% ,xldfõ úYaj úoHd, 15la ;=,ska úúO mdGud,d 90 la rfgys isiqkg ,nd fohs kuq;a fuu mdGud,d w;=ßka 85lg wdikak m%udKhla ks¾udKh lr we;af;a 12]la we;s f.dvìu wdYS%; ±kqu ,nd §u i|ydh' kuq;a 88]la we;s id.rh ms<sn| bf.kSug we;s id.r úoHdj ms<sn|j Èh;a jkafka mdGud,d 05lg wvq ixLHdjla muKla ùu fÄokSh ;;ajhls' fuh jvd;a mq¿,a f,i" id.r mßir úoHdj flf¾ jeä keUqrejla § úIh Odrd ilia l< hq;= ld,h t<ö we;' fuys§

41

i;a iuqÿr

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh iy úYajúoHd, hk wdh;k uQ,sl ù fuu mdGud,d ilia lrkafka kï th uy ihqr /l .ekSug flfrk uyÕ= msgqjy,la jkq we;'

<ud mrmqf¾ olakg ,efnk c,hg iy msyskSu flf¾ we;s ìh ÿr,d wdrlaIs; l%u wkqidrfhka uqyqfoa msyskSu lsñ§u jeks lghq;= m%.=K lsÍu ;=<ska bÈßfha§ fkdfhl=;a wxY j,ska id.r m¾fhaIK isÿ l< yels jkq we;' mdi,a wOHdmkfha mgkau Èh hg kerôh yels iíueÍka hd;%d Ndú;d fldg isiqkayg id.r m;af,a we;s ukrï o¾Yk fmkaùu ;=<ska o Snorkeling jeks ls%hd m%.=K lsÍu ;=<ska o úfkdaoh fukau kj fidhd .ekSï j,g;a wkd.; mrmqr fm<fUkq we;' úÿy,am;sjreka iy .=rejreka o ;u wdl,amh fjkialr id.r mßirhg isiqkaf.a we;s ìh ke;slr,Su i|yd fjr< yd uqyqÿ$fldr,a keröug;a isiqka mqreÿ mqyqKq l< hq;=h'

uqyqÈka iSudjla fkdjq ´iaá%hdj" iaúiag¾,ka;h yd ,laiïn¾.a jeks f.dvìñka jgjQ" uqyqola wi<lj;a fkdue;s rgj, fndfyda fofkl=yg msyskSfï yelshdj we;' kuq;a YS% ,xldj jgd wdikakj ls' ó' 1700l fjr< ;Srhla ;snqKo msysKSfï yelshdj we;af;a w;f,diailg muKs' fuu fya;=j ksidu jirlg jákd Ôú; 1200la muK rgg wysñ fõ' fuu lreK rfÜ ixLHd f,aLk j,ska fvx.= frda.fhka jirlg ñhhk m%udKh ms<sn|j m%pdrhla yd m%isoaêhla ,nd fokakdla fia yqjd ±lajQfha kï YS% ,dxlslhka o ±kg jvd msysKsfï yelshdj ÈhqKq lr .ekSug keUqre jkjd we;' 2004 iqkdñ we;s jQ wjia:dfõ§ fndfyda fofkl=g Ôú; wysñ jQfha msysKSfï yelshdj fkdue;s fyhsks' fuh b;du;a

fÄokSh ;;a;ajhla jk w;r tu ;;a;ajh

uÕyer .ekSu jeäysáhkaf.a o hq;=luls'

tfiau c,hg flfkl= neiSfï§ Tyqf.a isrer

N+.; (Earth) fõ' tysÈ udkisl wd;;Sh ke;sùu

;=<ska YÍr fi!LHh o hym;a fõ'

id.r mßirh úkdYh lrd ''''''

miq.sh jir 30 ld,hla uq¿,af,a meje;s oreKq

hqoaOh fya;=jka wfma rfÜ ixj¾Okh wvd,

jQj;a wfkl=;a rgj,a ixj¾Okh lrd myiqfjka

fhduqúh' kuq;a 2009 jifrka miqj l%ufhka

YS% ,xldj;a ixj¾Okh lrd fhduq fjñka hï

hï bÈß ls%hd ud¾. .kq ,nk nj fmfka' ta

wkqj f,dj m%Odk kdúl flakaøia:dkh ng YS%

,xldj m;a lsÍu;a Bg iu.dñ f,i n,Yla;s

yd jdKsc fCIa;% o wd¾Ólfha flakaøia:dk f,i

j¾Okh lsÍfï b,lalhka rch fï jk úg

ls%hd;aul lrñka mj;S' fï ish,af,ysu moku

uyd id.rhhs tys we;s wï, jákdlu ms<sn|

ixCIsma;hla wm by; idlÉPd fldg we;'

tkï uyd id.rh YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh flfrys

jv jvd;a fhduq.; lsÍfuka th fõ.j;a yd

;sridr ixj¾Okh lrd wefokq we;'

id.rh wmú;% ùu m%Odk jYfhkau isÿjkafka

f.dvìu § ñksid úiska ÿrÈ. fkdn,d isÿlrk

ls%hdldrlï fya;=fjks' jk úkdYh .ek l;d

l<fyd;a bka isÿjk m%n,u ydksh isÿjkafka

uyd id.rhgh' tkï jk úkdYh ksid mi

fidaodhdu;a" tu wj,ïî; øjH .x.d Èf.a

l%ufhka .,d f.dia uqyqÿ m;=f,a;a fldr,amr

u;= msg;a uqyqÿ ;DK wdYs%;j;a tfukau l,mq

j,;a ;ekam;a ùfuka tu mßir moaO;Ska ish,a,

ì| jefÜ'

tfukau msßmyÿ fkdlrk wm c,h f.dvìu

wdYs%; .x.d we, fod< fj; uqod yßhs' tfukau

lDIs kdYl" j,a me<Eá kdYl iy frday,a j,

wmøjH ksis l%ufõohka wkq.ukh fkdlr uqod

yeÍu ;=<ska ish,a, .x.d u.ska tla /ia jkafka

uyd id.rh ;=<h' ñksid id.rh i<lkafka

wmøjH tla/ia flfrk uOHia:dkhla f,i nj

ta wkqj meyeÈ,Sh'

tfukau ÈhqKq rgj,a úlsrKYS,s øjH neyer,k

ia:dkh f,i;a mrudKql ks¾udK w;ayod

ne,Su;a uy ihqr fhdod f.k isÿlrkq ,nhs'

fuu ls%hd fya;=fjka ta wjg isák uiqka yd

i;a iuqÿr

42

wfkl=;a uqyqÿ Ôúka muKla fkdj lsf,da óg¾ oyia .Kka wE;ska Ôj;a jk ;,auiqka" fvd,a*ska jeks CISrmdhS i;=kag ydkslr nj fkdis;d lghq;= lsÍuo je<elaúh hq;=h'

;j;a úYd, f,i u;aiHhskaf.a rgdj jeg lfvd¨ n¢k ñksia ls%hdldrhlula jkafka bottom trawling iy vhskuhsÜ Ndú;h jeks ;ykï l%u Ndú;h ;=<ska isÿ lrk ëjr l¾udka;hhs' jeä u;aiHh weiajekakla i|yd isÿlrk fuu kS;s úfrdaê ls%hdjla je<elaúhuo isÿl< hq;= w;r idlÉPdjkag muKla fuu lreKq iSud ùuo fÄokSh ;;a;ajhls'

tfukau fjr< iy id.r mßirh úkdY jk ;j;a tla jeo.;au lreKla jkafka fjr<dYS%; wl%uj;a bÈlsÍïh' ta ;=<ska fjrf<a ia:dhS;djh ìf|k w;r" fjr< Ldokhg uQ,sl fya;=j f,i th ±laúh yelsh' WodyrKhla f,i ksis bxðfkare ;dlaIK l%ufõo fkdfhdod bÈ l< ëjr jrdhka lsysmhla YS% ,xld fjrf<a y÷kd .ekSug yelsh' fïjd bÈ lsÍfï§ c, úoHdj iy id.r úoHdj ms<sn| wjfndaOhla iys;j fïjd bÈlf<a kï we;s jQ .eg¿;a tajd kv;a;=j i|yd jeh jkakd jQ úhou;a wju lr .; yels fõ'

ks,a wd¾Ólhla lrd ''''''

uy ihqr wdY%fhka ks,a iuqø wd¾Ólhla lrd .uka l< hq;= ld,h t<eU ;sfí'

m%:ufhka foaYShj b;d wdl¾YkSh /lshd

wjia:d we;s l< yels wxY lsysmhla ±kg

y÷kd.; yel'

fuu ,smsfha uq,§ i|yka lr we;s mßÈ ëjr

mjq,a wdYs%;j ëjrhska /lshdj i|yd uqyqog

hdfï§ ksjfia ;ksjk ldka;djka uqyqÿ me<Eá

iy uqyqÿ ;DK j.dj i|yd fhduq l< yel'

fjk;a rgj, fuka uyd mßudKfhka uqyqÿ

;DK j.djka isÿ lsÍug YS% ,xlSh ldka;djka

fhduq lsÍu ;=<ska wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .; yelsh'

fuu Ydl uqyqÿ wdydr ieliSug iy fkdfhl=;a

fjk;a l¾udka; i|yd fhdod .ekSug yels jk

w;r ta i|yd fj<| fmd<la y÷kd .ekSu o

l< hq;= w;r fuu lghq;= ld¾hlaIu whqßka

l%uj;aj isÿ l< hq;= jev ms<sfj<ls' fuu jev

ms<sfj, uÕska .Dy fiajh i|yd msgrg hjk

jks;djka yg tf;r fkdf.dia ,xldfõ§u b;d

fyd| wdodhï u¾.hla ,Õd lr .; yelsh'

tfukau uqyqÿ m;af,a o¾YkSh ia:dk keröu iy

uqyqÿ lS%vd isÿ lsÍu i|yd wdrlaIs; fjr< lS%vd

ia:dk bÈ lsÍu iy ksis fiajd iemhSu ;=<ska

ixpdrl l¾udka;h m%j¾Okh l< yelsh' thska

jeä jYFhka foaYSh iy úfoaYSh ixpdrlhka

wdl¾Ykh lr .; yelsh'

tfukau wdrlaIs; l%ufõo by< kxjd uqyqÿ

lS%vd y÷kajd §u;a fkd.eUqre uqyqÿ Èfha msysKqï

;gdl bÈ lsÍu;a ;=<ska úfkdaoh fukau /lshd

wjia:d o we;s l< yelsh' ixpdrlhskag f.dvìu

o¾YkSh ia:dk tkï iS.sßh" fmdf<dkakrej"

Èh we<s iy jkdka;r keröug wjia:dj i,id

we;=jla fukau iíueÍka fhdod f.k Èh hg

we;s w;s iqkaor ia:dk fmkaùug o wjia:d we;'

ta ;=<ska wd¾Ólfha wdodhï by< kexùug;a

mßirh moaO;sh iu. iyfhda.YS<Sj isÿlrk

wd¾Ól lghq;= ;=<ska ks,a wd¾Ólhla lrd

.uka l< yelsh' tfukau ±kg mßirhg ydks

odhl f,i isÿ lrk ùÿre m;=,a iys; fndaÜgq

fhdodf.k isÿlrk fldr,a keröu fjkqjg

mßir ys;dldñ l%ufõo ;=<ska fuh isÿ lsÍug

ck;dj fm<Uúh hq;=h'

id.r úYajúoHd,h" id.rh ;=< msysgd we;s

id.rhla ;rï jQ OkialkaOh rfÜ wd¾Ól

ixj¾Okh fjkqfjka Wmfhdack h i|yd ilia

l< jevms<sfjf<a§ úYd,u iïm;a odhlhd

fjhs' id.r úYaj úoHd,h Tiafia ±kgu;a

43

i;a iuqÿr

foaYSh yd úfoaYSh isiqkag êjr yd iuqø úoHd" kdúl" bxðfkare yd kdúl jdia;= úoHd" kdúl m%jdyk yd md,kh jeks Wmdê mdGud,d ,nd fok w;r Èh hg meiaiQï tall" uqyqÿ c,fhka mdkSh c,h ksiaidrKh lsÍu" uqyqÿ j;=f¾ Èfhjk inka Èhrhla ksmoùu" iuqøSh ls%vd yd Èhhg ixpdr i|yd iíueÍka hd;%d y÷kajd§u" fkd.eUqre Èfha cx.u msysKqï ;gdl yd .eUqre uqyqfoa cx.u msyskqï ;gdl wd§ úúO fiajdjka yqrelrñka mj;S'

fï wkqj id.r úYajúoHd,h ,xldjg kj wd¾Ólhla hgf;a kj hq.hla WodlsÍug fjrorñka isà'

YS% ,xldjg fi!Nd.Hh Wod lr,Sug kï id.r iïm;a j, wñ, ffcùh" fN!;sl" ridhksl" wOHd;añl jYfhka jeo.;a id.r iïm;a j,ska fyhska th idOkSh whqßka l<uKdlrKh lrkjdo" tajd Wmfhdackh lrkjdo hk lreKq wkqjh' fuu iïm;a l<uKdlrKh iy Wmfhdackhg wjYH udkj iïm;a W;amdokh

l< hq;=hs' ta i|yd úúO wxY i|yd fyd¢ka mqyqKq úfYaI{ ±kque;s lKavdhï ìys l< hq;=h'

rg jgd id.rh ;snqK o" thska M, fk,d .ekSfï {dkh rglg fkdue;skï tu id.rh fl;rï úYd, iïm;a j,ska iukaú; jQj;a bka M,la ke;'

cQks 08 Èkh fhfok c.;a id.r Èkfha§ id.rh ms<sn| ±kqj;a iudchla f.dvke.Su (Building on Ocean literate society) hk wruqKg <Õd ùug lghq;= weröh hq;=h' tfukau fuu mKsúvh úfYaIfhkau m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lrk rdcH wdh;k iy tajdfha m%OdkSka iy wOHdmk fõ§ka ie,ls,a,g .;hq;=h' YS% ,xldj ks,a wd¾Ólhla lrd <Õdùug wjYH ls%hdj,ska tlsfkl ls%hdjg kexùug wêIaGdk lrkafka kï th rgg;a f,djg;a jevodhl jkq we;'

uydpd¾h rxð;a fiakdr;akiNdm;s" id.r úYajúoHd,hWm iNdm;s" úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñIka iNdjysgmq Wm l=<m;s" reyqKq úYajúoHd,h

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44

Crustaceans are a group of hard-bodied animals that are members of the phylum arthropoda that they share with such other organisms as spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, insects, and horseshoe crabs. arthropods are characterized by having an exoskeleton and segmented appendages.

Crustaceans are a sub-group of arthropods that are segmented, primarily aquatic, and use gills to breath.

the marine Crustaceans are highly diverse group of invertebrates and consist primarily of marine and brackish water aquatic forms. Crustaceans comprise of numerous edible species of shrimps,crabs and lobsters ,they are classified under the Order Decapoda, the species of crustaceans that are important for aquaculture.

Shrimps are considered a luxury food commodity in international trade. they supply the increasing population with animal proteins and provide significant earnings of foreign exchange. Shrimps are one of the major groups of invertebrates, found in various types of aquatic habitats. Shell fish provide a valuable source of animal protein and essential micronutrients to the human life. world wide, people obtain about 25% of their animal protein from fish and shell fish. They play important roles in the food chain and are important food sources for larger animals from fish to whales.

Shrimps are widely distributed in the Indian Ocean and surrounding areas. these are the most valuable of the crustaceans in waters around Sri Lanka, India, malaysia and many other regions. In Sri Lanka, this resource is very important as it is a very good foreign exchange earner. among marine products exported from the country, frozen shrimps are a major item.

Sri Lankan marine environment contain a diverse array of habitats that range from coastal shallow, deep oceanic and pelagic regions. these habitats are house of diverse assemblage of marine crustacean fauna. Indian shores contain about 3500 species for Crustaceans. But the provisional checklist of marine crustaceans of Sri Lanka(2012) includes 742 species. Based on the probabilities of occurance, it is estimated that the total Sri Lankan crustaceans fauna would comprise of approximately 1500 species.

Shrimp resources in Sri LankaSri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean southeast of the Indian sub-continent. the coastline of Sri Lanka is about 1770 km long and is characterized by several bays and shallow inlets. though Sri Lanka has sovereign rights over around 500,000 km2 of the sea, the major fishing activities are restricted to the relatively narrow continental shelf of 30,000 km2 and on 25 km width in everage.

Shrimps form the most economically important constituent in the marine fish landings. It is rich in protein and is preferred by majority due to its specific taste. Shrimp of Sri Lanka collected from brackish water resources, estuaries and sea are also an important commercial fishery resource.

thirty two species of shrimps have been recorded from Sri Lanka (Jayasinghe, 2001). five species contribute significantly to the commercial catches; Penaeus indicus, P.monodon, P.meruguiensus, P.semisulcatus and Metapenaeus dobsoni. the shrimp culture industry now contribute significantly to the total production and concentrates on one species P. monodon. five species Penaeus indicus, P.monodon, P.latisulcatus, P.semisulcatus, and Metapenaeus monoceros were recorded by Chitravadivelu and Arudpragasam (1983) from Jaffna lagoon.

SHRIMPS IN WATERS AROUND JAFFNA PENNINSULA

45

i;a iuqÿr

Shrimp diversity in JaffnaShrimps are a commercially important and highly diverse group in the world. Jaffna peninsula is situated in the Northern part of Sri Lanka between latitudes 90 N to 100 N and longitudes 790 E to 800 E. The fishing grounds around Jaffna district and brackish waters in the district are resourceful when compared to other parts of the country. Jaffna estuary is a shallow coastal water body located on the Northern coast of Sri Lanka with vital economic importance. fish harvested from the Jaffna estuary plays an important role in the livelihood economy of fisher folk and also in meeting protein requirement in the diet of most non vegetarian people of Jaffna.

Shrimp diversity in the Jaffna Estuary has been assuming commercial importance in recent years. there is no recent record on shrimp diversity in Jaffna Estuary. an investigation was carried out on the shrimp diversity to identify and update the shrimp species from waters around Jaffna, Northern part of Sri Lanka. Based on the present study, eight penaeid species were recorded, namely Penaeus indicus (H.MilneEdwards,1837), Penaeus monodon (fabricus,1798), Penaeus latisulcatus (kishinouye,1896), Penaeus semisulcatus (de haan,1884), Penaeus japonicus (Bate, 1888), Metapenaeus monoceros (fabricus,1798miers,1878), Metapenaeus dobsoni (miers,1878) and Metapenaeus affinis

Penaeus indicus (H.Milne-Edwards, 1837)white Shrimp

fig : Penaeus indicus

Penaeus monodon (Fabricus,1798)Giant tiger prawn.

fig : Penaeus monodon

Penaeus latisulcatus ( Kishinouye,1896)western king prawn .

fig : Penaeus latisulcatus

Penaeus semisulcatus (De Haan,1884)Green tiger prawn or flower prawn.

fig : Penaeus semisulcatus

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46

(H.Milne Edwards,1837). Among them, P. japonicus, M. dobsoni and M. affinis were recorded for the first time. These three species are new record to the waters around Jaffna, Northern part of Sri Lanka. Only a few individuals of P. japonicus, M. dobsoni and M. affinis were observed during this study period.

Table 1: Comparision of morphological characters in the identified species

Species Rostral teeth subapical spines on telson fifth pereiopodsPenaeus indicus (h.milne-Edwards, 1837)

dorsally(7-9) ventrally (4-6)

no spines (Unarmed) with exopod

Penaeus monodon (fabricus,1798)

dorsally (7-8) ventrally (3-4)

Unarmed without exopod

Penaeus latisulcatus (kishinouye, 1896)

dorsally (9-12) ventrally (1)

Armed with 3 pairs of small movable spines.

with exopod

Penaeus semisulcatus (de haan,1884)

dorsally (5-8) ventrally (2-4)

Unarmed with Exopod

Penaeus japonicus (Bate, 1888)kuruma prawn.

fig : Penaeus japonicus

Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricus, 1798)Speckled shrimp .

fig : Metapenaeus monoceros

Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers,1878)kadal shrimp.

fig : Metapenaeus dobsoni

Metapenaeus affinis (H.MilneEdwards,1837)Jinga shrimp.

fig : Metapenaeus affinis

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Penaeus japonicus (Bate, 1888)

dorsally (10) ventrally (1)

armed with movable lateral spines

with Exopod

Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricus,)

dorsally (9-12) no ventral teeth

armed only with spicules.

without exopod.

Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers,1878)

dorsally (7-9) no ventral teeth

armed only with spicules.

without exopod

further ecological and biological studies on shrimp are necessary to investigate the factors influence this pattern of distribution and to implement appropriate conservation strategies to the existing species.

REfERENCES

Carpenter, k.E. and Niem, V.h. (1998). faO species identification guide for fishery purposes. the living marine resources of the western Central Pacific. Cephalopods, crustaceans,

holothurians and sharks. Rome, faO. Volume 2. pp 687-1396.

Chitravadivelu, k and arudpragasam, k.d (1983)Studies on the prawn fishery in the Jaffna lagoon.

Chitravadivelu, K. (1993). Shrimp culture. University of Jaffna publication. mahatma printing works, Eralalai, Jaffna, Sri Lanka.

George, h.P and Russell, B.C. (1994). faO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The marine fishery resources of Sri Lanka. faO. Rome,Italy.

Jeyas inghe.J .m.P.k.(2001) .Background information for preparation of National Physical planning policy report No:8. Coastal and Oceanic Resources, pp 1-8.

Ms. Piratheepa SivakumarUniversity of Jaffna

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Within the strong thrust of scientific activity in the 19th century, the development of marine biology was a general phenomenon throughout Europe and the americas, and in which france played a key part. (1)

Not that “scientists” showed no interest in marine life prior to that. Long before painters and tourists, naturalists went to discover the sea. they covered long distances by stagecoach, made contact with fishermen, and set up very basic facilities: “… all that we have found here are the four walls of three rooms in a dingy thatched cabin…” (Jean-Victor audouin at Chausey in 1828). their ventures sometimes took them to disreputable inns where the same table was often used for their dissections and for the evening meal. at Saint-Quay, the landlady, frightened by Lacaze-duthiers’ microscope, believed he was “a sorcerer who prevented the buckwheat pancakes, that were the main component of her menu from going off.”

It is at that time that the oldest marine station still operating was founded at Concarneau, at the extreme west of france, by Victor Coste.The Concarneau “fishpool-laboratory”, later to become the Concarneau marine Biology Station or Laboratory, was officially created in 1859 and is considered as the oldest marine research institute in the world.

Originally Victor Coste, a renowned scholar, Professor at the Collège de france, medical doctor, and close to the ruling elite of the Second Empire, combined basic and applied research. Charged by the Emperor Napoleon III with the mission of obtaining information on fishing and fish breeding on the coasts of France and Italy, with a view to improving techniques, he visited various areas and planned to set up fishpools

for studying the development, physiology and behaviour of marine animals, for breeding purposes. Today we would call this fish farming. after several trials, especially in breeding oysters, Coste formed a partnership with the captain of the port of Concarneau, who was to become a trader and consultant. as General Inspector of fishing, personal physician of Empress Eugénie, and friend of the ruling elite, Coste easily obtained large grants and commissioned the construction of the pools that are still there today. The fishpool-laboratory was operational in 1862.

The Coste fishpool-laboratory, with public funds and despite criticism (from rivals?), quickly became a centre of attraction for researchers from the museum of Natural history and the faculties of Lille and Paris. Its creation was followed closely by that of Roscoff (1871), Banyuls (1880), and the Russian zoological station of Villefranche, among others. Lacaze-duthiers, founder of the Roscoff and Banyuls stations, claimed that the “two laboratories [his own?] suffice, whereas they’re building them all over”.

the multiplicity and diversity of marine stations nevertheless continued to meet a scientific need, for long after the spate of new stations set up in the late 19th century (Plymouth, dove, woods hole, etc.), others were still being founded throughout the world.

Marine research and applicationsSeveral personalities stand out amongst the host of renowned researchers who worked at Concarneau. In the 1880s strong impetus was given to the station by Georges Pouchet, professor of comparative anatomy at the museum, and author of a large number of publications on the vision of cirriped crustaceans, the mimicry of the cuttlefish, the histology of the amphioxus –

THE CONCARNEAU MARINE BIOLOGy LABORATORy

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the first link with vertebrates –, the biology of the sardine – a crucial subject for fishing and the economic life of Brittany’s ports –, and on plankton. Pouchet was the first to describe and identify dinoflagellate species like Dinophysis, responsible for the production of toxins and the contamination of molluscs.

But Pouchet’s presence at Concarneau is also interesting in another respect, for under his direction and that of his teacher Robin, Concarneau exerted an influence on French positivist thinking. It was Robin and Pouchet who obtained the material for michelet’s book on the sea. In 1875 flaubert staid at Concarneau, where he took advantage of the tranquillity to write, and observed his friend Pouchet (Pécuchet) dissecting marine animals[6].

Coste’s laboratory was at least partly an applied research station, with the constant dream of becoming a substitute for nature, where marine animals could be bred.

after capturing oyster spat, the base of current oyster farming, he launched lobster and crayfish breeding, but less successfully. Lobsters and crayfish are predators that have to be fed and have complex stages of development. It is essential to be thoroughly familiar with their biology, their feeding behaviours, and so on. In short, one has to start with basic marine biology.

In the 1880s fabre-domergue and his colleague Bietrix achieved a remarkable technical feat by breeding sole. However, as for crayfish and many marine species, the complexity of the processes to implement was considerable, due to the conditions of development of the larvae (drastic alterations of their morphology with the migration of the eye) and their feeding habits. for each period in a sole’s life there are very specific types of food, consisting mainly of live prey. the difficulties are such that, even today, it is more rational to directly manage the natural stocks of these species.

From physiology to biochemistryMany scholars have marked the scientific history of Concarneau: among others, Pouchet, mentioned above, Laguesse, whose work laid

the foundations for the discovery of insulin, and arsonval, who studied the electric organ of the stingray and whose model is still used in neurobiology. But it is probably Laurent Chabry who earned Concarneau its renown in the international scientific community. This young director of the marine station wanted to understand why, in nature, some embryos harvested in the plankton of the Concarneau Bay showed signs of abnormal development. with admirable patience and veritable experimental genius, he created the first tools of micromanipulation. These enabled him to establish, for the first time, the nature of the potential to evolve that the eggs of various different marine invertebrates have. Chabry showed that in ascidians (organisms that on the evolutionary scale can be situated between the Echinodermata and vertebrates), the destruction of a cell at an early stage can lead to the disappearance or deformation of whole organs. But Chabry’s scientific genius was primarily evidenced when he pointed out that what is true for ascidians is not necessarily so for all animals. In other organisms, so-called “mosaic” development implies a gradual rearrangement, up to a certain point of information necessary for the development of the embryo. Chabry’s thesis (3), in 1887, is considered as a founding element of experimental embryology. his name nevertheless remains relatively unknown in france. yet when I introduced myself to a researcher at the large marine biology centre of woods hole in the US, during a visit in around 1990, he immediately replied: “Concarneau, Chabry’s laboratory!”

for many years Concarneau was a reference in the fields of comparative and marine biochemistry and biochemists invested in the Concarneau station from the 1930s, in particular Maurice Nicloux, who developed methods for gas assays in biologial fluids, later to be used in medical biology, and Jean Roche, whose work on iodine in marine organisms led him to identify the active thyroid hormone (T3 triiodothyronine) in 1952.

It was with the Belgian biochemist marcel florkin( 4) and then his colleagues Ng. Van thoai and yvonne Robin that Roche developed comparative biochemistry and identified structural differences in molecules that perform identical functions in different organisms: haemoglobin

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and phosphagens. this work spawned a view of evolution based no longer only on forms but on molecules. Biochemical evolution thus opened onto another domain: biochemical ecology.

for 150 years, under different supervisory authorities – the Collège de france, the National museum of Natural history – the researchers at the station have explored the marine world from various original and often innovative angles: development biology, dynamics of marine species, and evolution of species. as a station for basic research, its activities have thus been increasingly relevant to economic activity: fishing, aquaculture, and biotechnologies.

today, the Concarneau marine biology station is a higher education and research institution. It has 50 permanent lecturer- researchers, researchers, engineers and technicians, and over 40 french, European and foreign researchers, Phd students and under-graduate students participate annually in its activity.

Several of its researchers have been distinguished by awards from the academy of Sciences. Phds trained at Concarneau ‘export’ their skills abroad, for example to the US, the Uk, Portugal, … Sri Lanka, etc.

New approachesSome 160 years later, at the marine Station of Concarneau, the study of marine life and subsequent applications benefit from the last advances in biological techniques: molecular identification of species, biotechnological upgrading of marine products, not to forget more classical approaches in the domain of environmental management.

marine biological diversity is assessed through characterization of organisms at their different stages of development (e.g. molluscs, echinoderms, fish); the knowledge of their morpho-functional adaptations based on environmental conditions (biotic and abiotic); and the establishment of the interactions among these organizations and between the different compartments (benthos/pelagos, micro/macro, phyto/zoo).

In recent years, the station of Concarneau

has implemented an approach to integrative taxonomy (morphology, barcoding, ontogeny and physiology) in different phylogenetic groups: micro-algae, fish and benthic invertebrates. Thus, fish (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) are the subject of taxonomic expertise based on the molecular barcoding, embodied by the ICCaNam project developed at the station. Similarly, the study of carbonate biomineralisations is booming currently due to the promising applications of these research in areas as diverse as biomaterials, composites, reconstructive bone surgery, pearl farming and aquaculture. Biological models are a snail of the family of abalone, Haliotis tuberculata, a local species of ecological and economic interest and crinoids (Echinodermata). these studies provide also keys for the understanding of ecological processes and conservation.

In addition to the research mission, the station also meets other tasks of the National museum of Natural history with a very strong commitment in marine ecology expertise with the identification of ecological indicators allowing to evaluate changes in rocky subtidal communities in response to environmental pressures (natural or anthropogenic) of atlantic and Channel coasts. Benthic communities are studied by diving survey at the marine biology laboratory of Concarneau for more than 40 years within the framework of ecological, faunal and floral value inventories. These protocols fulfill particularly European directives requirements and satisfy the needs of marine environmental consulting firms in charge of impact studies (wind farms, aquaculture farms…).

Concarneau:Scientificcultureandeducationthe marine Station of Concarneau is also fully involved in education with many training courses, in taking care of historical collections and the building of recent reference collections for the atlantic seaboard.

Scientific culture is fully part of citizens’ general knowledge. In this respect, both the National museum of Natural history and the Collège de france offer lectures and talks open to all. The Museum also fulfils this mission through its exhibitions and museums. at Concarneau,

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the marinarium is the main vehicle of this dissemination of knowledge, in addition to the organization of lectures for all types of public, in partnership with local institutions.

the marinarium, the laboratory’s showcase since 1972, invites visitors to immerse themselves in marine life and to discover the importance of the oceans and their extraordinary biodiversity, the universe of plankton, the immense richness of the littoral, and the protection and management

of marine resources. Its aquariums of local flora and fauna are ample illustrations. through the numerous events offered, it plays an important educational role for both school children and the general public, to make them aware of the importance of respecting the natural environment.

the results of research carried out at the Concarneau marine biology station are directly applied in the local and European economic contexts. Situated upstream from industrial

fig 1. the Concarneau marine Station today

fig. 2. the Concarneau marine station ( 1860 ?)

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innovation, the stations’ research is at the centre of European technology transfer networks. technological collaboration underway with several firms in Brittany, especially in the fields of heath, nutraceutics and cosmetics, bears witness to industry’s recognition of the station’s know-how.

ConclusionConsidering the relatively long history of the marine Station of Concarneau and its continuous presence on front fields in embryology, physiology, biochemisty, one can estimate that the modest size of the institution has been perhaps a real asset which has facilitated creativity, blending of skills and techniques and scientific production. During the last decades, its teams have initiated the creation of international networks , namely in marine biotechnology. In several sectors, this marine station is an international reference and it goes without saying that it is open to scientists from all countries.

this text is adapted from the Letter of the Collège de france, Collège de france, Paris, juin 2009, p. 51-54.

Fig 3 The ponds ( 1870)

yves Le Gal honorary deputy director of the Collège de france marine Biology Laboratory affiliated to the National Museum of Natural history, Concarneau marine Biology StationReferences1. Paul harry w., from knowledge to power

– the rise of the science power in france - 1860-1939, London, Cambridge University Press, 1985.

2. flaubert G., Correspondance, Vol. III (1864-1876), Librairie de france, Paris, 1924.

3. Chabry L., Embryologie normale et tératologique des ascidies, Paris, félix alcan, 1887.

4. florkin m., L’évolution biochimique, Liège, desoer, 1950.

yves Le GalHonorary deputy Director Collège de FranceFormer Director of the Marine Biology Station of Concarneau France

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kj fj<|fmd< ch.ksuq'

f.dvìu fuka 08 .=Khl úYd,;ajhlska hq;= idrhlg ysñlï lshkq ,nk YS% ,xldfõ cd;sl" iudÔh yd wd¾Óluh ixj¾Okh flfrys id.rh uÕska iDcq n,mEula we;s lrkq ,nhs' YS% ,xldj wd¾Ól j¾Okhg by< w.hlska odhl;ajhla olajkq ,nk ëjr l¾udka;h uÕska rfÜ ckhdf.a fm%daàk wjYH;djh imqrd,Su i|yd o uyÕ= rel=<la ,efí'

kuq;a by< hk ck.yKhg wkqj wjYH jk fm%daàk wjYH;djh imqrd,Su i|yd êjr l¾udka;h ;=, kj uxfm; fidhd .uka l, hq;= ld,h t<U ;sfí' uE;la jk ;=re;a ldf.a;a wjOdkhg ,la fkdjQ ku f,dalfha nyq, jYfhka ms<s.kq ,nk uÜá ëjr l¾udka;h flfrys wjOdkh fhduqjkafka tu ysvei mqrjd,Sfï uq,drïNhla jYfhks'

idïm%odhsl (artisanal) l=vd mßudK ëjr l¾udka;hka j;auka f,dal wjOdkhg fnfyúka n÷ka jkqfha f,dal êjr wiajekafkka 56] o iuia: ëjr /lshd j,ska 96] la imqrk neúks' YS% ,xldfjys o iuia: u;aiH ksIamdokfhka 40] l wiajekak m%udKhla ,nd fokqfha fjr<dikakfhys ëjr /lshdfõ kshq;= l=vd mßudK ëjr m%cdj úisks' Èfkka Èk ySk ù hk j.d l< yels lDIsld¾ñl ìï yuqfõ" YS% ,dxlsl ck.yK j¾Okhg iu.dój by< hk iuia: i;a;aj fm%daàk b,a¨u imqrd,Sug yelsjkqfha iSñ; jQ ëjr iïm;a ksjerÈ l%fudamdhkag wkql+,j ksIamdokh;a" wiajkq fk,d .ekSu;a mßfNdackh;a ;=,sks' fuys,d ;j;a jeo.;a Ñria:dhs bÈß mshjrla jkqfha l=vd mßudKfha êjr /lahdfjys fhfok nyq;rhla jQ È<s÷ ckhdf.a wd¾Ól yd iudÔh Ôjk ;;ajhka k.d isgqùfuys,d f,dal wd¾Ólfhys yd fj<| fmdf<dys we;s kj m%jK;d y÷kdf.k Bg wkqrEmj wkq.; fjñka kj fj<|fmd< úfYaIfhka wka;¾cd;sl fj<|fmd, ch

.ekSug wfma ëjr ckhd ±kqfuka iy ;dlaIK l%u fõohkaf.ka ikakoaO lsÍuhs'

fuf,i wka;¾cd;sl fj<|fmd< ch .ekSfuys,d jeä m%jKd;jhla we;s wm i;= tfy;a fkdj l<uKdldÍ;ajhlska iy ie,iqulska f;drj mßfNdackh jk ffcùh c,c iïm;ls' fud¨iald jxYhg wh;a fn,a,ka" uÜghska (Oysters, mussels Cockles) úúOdldr l=, j,ska iukaú; fõ' fuu ,smsfhys wruqK wfma fndfyda fofkl=g wd.ka;=l jQ uÜghka iy ta wdYS%; ëjr l¾udka;fha j¾;udk ;;ajh ms<sn| újrKhla lsÍu;a kj f,dj wdydr mßfNdack m%jK;d yuqfjys wfma uÜá ëjrhg wka;¾cd;sl fj<|fmd< ch .ekSfuys,d we;s yelshdfjkq;a ta i|yd wjYHjk m%cd odhl;ajh ms,Sn| iudf,dapkhla lsÍuhs'

ljqreo fï uÜáfhda

fn,a,ka wh;a jk (mollusca) jxYh úúO;ajhlska hq;= Chitons (Chain Shells), Grastropods, tusk Shells, Cephalapoda, Clans, Oyster, mussels iy Scallops wh;a jk b;d úYd, jxYhls Clams iy Scallops wh;a jkqfha "Bivalvia" fyda Lamellibrunchia kñka y÷kajk mshka 2lska iukaú; fomshka fn,a,ka wh;a jk j¾.hgh'

fuu le,aisNjkh jQ mshka fudjqkaf.a uDÿ foayhka iïmQ¾Kfhkau fyda w¾Oj wdjrKh lrñka wdrlaIdj ,nd foh' uÜghska hkq YS% ,xldj ;=, nyq,j úúOdldr kduhkaf.ka y÷kajkq ,nk kuqÿ Oyster, mussels hk Scalop j¾.hkag wh;a fkdjk fn,a,ka lKavdhuls'

fï w;=ßka fndfyda uÜghska wh;a jk f.da;%h jkqfha iy uÜghska we;s ilS%h ìï ydrkakka jk w;r w;=ßka Woï l,dmh ish ;rula .eUqre c, m%foaY mqrd me;sr mj;S' f,dj jirlg iajNdúl mrhkaf.ka fk,d .kq ,nk

kj fj<|fmd<la lrd '''''''''m%cd n,.ekaùï ;=,ska l=vd mßudK uÜá ëjrh kÕd isgjuq'

i;a iuqÿr

54

iuia: uÜghka m%udKh fgdka 1"000"000 muK jk w;r f,dj iuia: iajNdúl fn,a,ka wiajekafkka 16] muK fjhs' fuf;la jk ;=re uÜghska Tjqkaf.a iajNdúl mßir j,skau fk,d.;a w;r uÜghska wdydr cd,hkays my<u ia:r ksfhdackh lrñka b;d ld¾hlaIuj m%d:ñl ksIamdok b;d wk¾> ;;ajfhka hq;= fmdaIHodhs" ,dNodhS yd bY, b,a¨ulska hq;= wdydrhla f,i mßj¾:kh lsÍfuys yelshdj fya;=fjka f,dj fndfyda rgj,a uÜghka j.dj flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlrñka mj;skqfha fujeks fmrd nqÈkakka ;=, nerf,daN iy úI øjHhka ;ekam;a ùug we;s yelshdjka .eko ie,ls<su;a fjñks' Èfkka Èk jeäjk f,dj uÜghska b,a¨u yuqfõ fn,a,ka iy Oysters & mussels j.djkag jvd jvd b;d ir, l%u Ökh" bkaÈhdj" cmdkh" bkaÿksishdj" ;dhs,ka;h" úhÜkduh" nx.,dfoaYh" fldßhdj" fkda¾fõ"

ms,smSkh yd m%xYh jeks rgj,a fï jk úg;a uÜghska j.dj i|yd fhdod f.k ;sfí'

kuq;a YS% ,xldfjys uÜá j.dj ;j;u;a isÿ fkdlrk w;r uÜá êjrh o ;ju;a ksjerÈ wjOdkh iy wkq.%yh fhduq fkdfõ' kuq;a wkq;¾cd;sl fj<|fmd< ch .ekSug yelshdjla we;s jeo.;a m%j¾Okhls'

YS% ,xldfjys uÜghska w;=ßka wdydruh yd w¾Óluh jákdlula we;s f.da;%h Veneridae wh;a jk tlu uÜá úfYaIhla jkqfha Mertrix casta h' fuu Mertrix casts YS% ,xldj jfÜu yuqjk w;r mq¿,a yd wêl .yK >k;ajhlska hq;= ìï jYfhka ó.uqj l,mqfõo mq;a;,u l,mqfõo fuu l,mq hd lrñka Èfjk ,kafoais we, (dutch Cannal) ;=, jirlg fuÜá%la fgdka 10000 l muK wiajekakla fk,d .ekSfuys yelshdjla we;s ìï f,i yuqfõ'

YS% ,xldfõ nyq,j yuqjk fn,a,ka j¾. lsysmhla

Oyster Clam mussels

ScallopsCockles

55

i;a iuqÿr

j¾:udk uÜá ëjrh

y,dj; l,mqfjka W;=re foiska ls' ó' 08 la muK §¾> m%foaYhla mqrd úysÿjd jQ' ó' 1'5 g jvd fkd.eUqre ó' 80 la muK mgq c, ;Srhla ;=, uerj, m%foaYh wdYS%;j msysá iajNdúl uÜá ìï j,ska wiajkq fk,d .kakd l=vd mßudKfha ëjrhska miq.sh jir 50 mqrdjgu mej; ths' ±kg m%Odk ëjr m%cd 02 lg wh;a 170 la muK mQ¾Kld,Skj uÜá iïm; u; hefmk ia;S% mqreI fomd¾Yjhgu wh;a ëjr ck iuqyhd fuu uerj, m%foaYfha fjfia' w;S;fha§ uÜá ëjrh m%Odk jYfhkau isÿlrk ,enqfõ uÜákaf.a le,aisNjkh jQ mshka j,ska ksmojkq ,enq yqkq ksIamdokh i|yd jQj;a miq.sh oYl 03 mqrdjgu fydag,a l¾udka;h ixpdrl l¾udka;h iy j.d lrkq ,nk biaikaf.a mßfNdackh i|yd uÜá udxY Ndú;h iS>% f,i by< hdfuka uu uÜá fj<| fmd< úia;drKh lsÍfï yelshdj fmkajhs' ;jo le,aisNjkh jQ fn,s mshka l=l=¿ lEu ksmoùfï§ fhdod .ekSu i|yd iy biaika j.d lrk fmdl=Kq j, (Liming) i|yd Ndú;d fõ' wo jk úg yqKq fmdarKq 02 la muKla uerj, m%foaYfhys ls%hd;aul fõ'

uÜá fj<|fmd< ls%hdldÍlhska

uÜá ëjrhd

iïmQ¾Kfhkau mqreI mlaIh úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk uÜá wiajkq fk,d .ekSu uerj, fjfik m%Odk ëjr m%cdjka 02la u.ska Tjqka úiskau idïm%odhslj Tjqkaf.a whs;shg m;a lr .kq

,enq ìï j,ska isÿ lrkq ,nhs' nyq;rhla jQ uÜá tl;= lrjkakka jhi wjq( 52 la muK miqjkakka jQj;a jhi wjqreÿ 46 isg 53 olajd jQ mqreI m%cdj fï i|yd iyNd.S fõ' fndfydauhla jQ fuu ëjrhska b;d wvq jhiska ;u wOHdmkh w;yer ±uq fndfyda úg 05 jk fYa%Ksh olajd bf.kqu ,enq wh fjhs'

j¾Idj iuÕ l,mq c,fha isÿjk ,jK;djh fjkiaùu ksid uÜàka nyq,j yuqjk ud¾;= isg cQks olajd muKla uÜá ëjr l¾udka;h fyd¢ka mj;sk ksid fudjqka uÜáka tl;= lsÍug wu;rj fudjqka m%Odk jYfhka ùis±,a uia w; iy l,mq ëjr l¾udka;fha mQ¾K ld,Skj kshq;= jk w;r jir 50l muK ld,hl isg uÜá l¾udka;fha o ksr; fõ'

ëjrhska nyq, ld, j,o i;sfha iEu Èklu fm' j' 7 isg m' j' 02 olajd uÜá tl;= lsÍfï kshq;= ëjrhska Ndú;d lrkafka l=vd Trejla wÕ,a 1'5 - 1'75 weia we;s ±,la yd f¾lalhla muKs' Èklg ls' .%E' 15 l muK uÜákaf.ka msß l+v 10la 15la w;r m%udKhla tka ëjrfhl= úiska tl;= lrkq ,nk w;r fuu tla l+vhla re' 100 - 150 la w;r uqo,lg wf,ú lrhs' ;jo ish¿ ëjrhka úiska mQ¾K tlÕ;djhlska hq;=j y÷kd.;a óg¾ 100l muK m<, f.dvìug iudka;rj Èfjk óg¾ 20 - 30 muK m%foaYhla ëjr lghq;= j,g fhdod .kq fkd,nk j¾Idj;a iuÕ laISK ù hk uÜghska kej; m%;sia:dmkh flfrk ùula jYfhks'

uÜá tl;= lrk §jrfhla ëjr wdïmkak iuÕ jrlg fk,d.;a uÜáhska iuÕ Trejla

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56

uÜá udxY iy mshka fjkalr msßisÿ lrkakka

fn,a,ka tl;= lsÍu yereKq fldg uÜá ëjrfhys wks;a iEu ls%hdj,hl§u ldka;d ksfhdackh meyeÈ,j lem fmfkk w;r uÜá udxY j,ska mshka fjkalr msßisÿ lsÍu iïmQ¾Kfhkau isÿlrkq ,nkafka wjq' 34 - 40 jhia ldKavfha ldka;djka úiska jk w;r fudjqka nyq;rhla jhi 41 muK miqfjhs' uÜg ëjrhdg idfmalaIj fudjqka fndfydauhla jir lssysmhla fyda jeäÿr wOHdmkhla ,nd we;s w;r fndfydauhla 08 jk fY%aKsh iu;a wh fj;s'

uÜákaf.a udxY yd mshka fjkalrkq ,nkafk tajd W;=rk c,fhys nyd ;eïîu uÕsks' m%:ufhka .,a je,s iy fjk;a l=vd frdvq j,ska uÜàka f;dard fjkalr .kakd w;r tajd fydag,a úiska lrk ,o wekjqulgkï msßiqÿ j;=frys nyd .Dyia: u;aiH gexls j, we;s jd;k fudagr

uÕska fndfyda fj,djla jd;kh lrkq ,efí' fuu mshjf¾§ uÜghskaf.a udxYj, we;s je,s iy wmú;% øjH c,hg uqodyßk w;r fuys§ wjmeye .ekafjk c,h lsysmjrla bj;a lr kekj; msßisÿ c,h oud jd;kh wLKavj lrkq ,efí' fuu mshjr (depuration) f,i y÷kajhs' bkamiq msßisÿ lr.;a uÜghska W;=rk j;=frys ;ïnd .ksñka udxY fjkalr.kq ,efí' kuq;a biaikaf.a wdydr i|yd fyda uÜá mshka i|yd ,efnk wekkjqulÈ mshjr (depuration) isÿ fkdlrhs' o< jYfhka ls' .%E' 20la muK nf¾§ W;=rjkq ,nk l,afoarula ;=< wvx.= jkqfha ls' .%E' 15la muK jk uÜá mshka jk w;r b;sßh ls' .%E' 4la muK jk c,h;a ls' .%E' 1la muK uÜghskaf.a udxY;a wvx.= fõ' fuu udxY tla lsf,da .%Euhla re' 200la muK o tu.ska ,efnk mshka tla l+vhla re' 80-90la muK ñ,lg wf,ú fjhs' mshka yqKq fmdarKq j,g úl=Kkq ,nhs'

fjf<ka|ka (Retailers)uÜá ëjr l¾udka;fhys m%Odku ls%hdj,sh lrkq ,nkafka fjf<ka|ka (Retailers) úisks' uÜghska tl;= lrk ëjrhskq;a tajd msßisÿ lrk msßi;a fuu fjf<ka|ka hgf;a fiajh lrkafkda fj;s' udrj, fujeks fjf<ka|ka fofofkl= fjfik w;r ish¿u fj<| lghq;= lrkq ,nkafka Tjqka yd iïnkaO m%cd fldÜGdY fol uÕsks' uilg re' 40"000$-l muK wdodhula WMhk fudjqka" uÜá ëjr l¾udka;hg wu;rj fkl=;a ëjr lghq;= jk ll=¿" uia w;= iy êjr l¾udka;hkays o kshq;= fõ' fudjqka úiska tl;= lrkq ,nk uÜghskaf.aka

.kq ,nk udxY biaika l¾udka;hg;a fydag,a l¾udka;hg;a úl=Kkq ,nk w;r idfmalaIj biaika l¾udka;h i|yd jk iemhSu fydag,a l¾udka;hg jvd fo.=Khl muK m%udKhla fõ' biaika l¾udka;hg fokq ,nk udxY j,ska lsf,da .%Euhlg re' 300$-la muK wdodhula o fydag,a i|yd lrk iemhSulska lsf,da .%Euhlg re' 500$-la muK o Wmhd.kq ,efí'

yqKq fmdarKq l¾udka;lrejka

uÜá l¾udka;h wdYS%;j ne÷Kq m%Odku l¾udka;hla jkqfha yqKq fmdarKq l¾udka;hhs' idudkHfhka jrlg l+v 40-50 muK uÜá

uÜá msßisÿ lsÍu i|yd jk ldka;d iyNd.S;ajh msßisÿ lrkq ,enQ uÜáhska ;ïnkq ,nkafka fujeka m%ñ;shlska f;dr fi!LHdrlaIs; fkdjq Ndckhlhs

57

i;a iuqÿr

mshka fmdarKqj ;=< mqÉpkq ,nhs' fï i|yd jrlg fmd,a f,,s 1000la muK o ls' .%E' 40la muK ,S len,s o odyl f,i Wmfhda.s lr.kq ,nhs' idudkHfhka fldamam yeve;s .fvd,ska ksu lrkq ,enQ fuu fmdarKq fyd| oykhla i|yd msg;g újr jQ jd ljq¿ 4lska iukajk fõ' fuu fmdarKqjg my<ska fmd,a f,,s ouk w;r bkamiq l%udKQl+,j uÜá mshka iy fmd,a f,,s iy thg Wäka ,S len,s ouk w;r bkamiq l%udKql+,j uÜá mshka iy fmd,a f,,s iy thg Wäka ,S len,s ouk w;r bkamiq l%udKql+,j uÜá mshka iy fmd,a f,,s iy thg Wäka ,S len,s l%udKql+,j ;Ügq lsysmhla jYfhka w;=rkq ,efí' fuu fmdarKqj my<ska ojkq ,nk w;r fuu ;Ügq jYfhka lrkq ,nk we;=reug

Èkhla muK .;jk w;r Èk 03la oykh i|yd o ;j;a Èk 02la l%udKql+,j ksú hdug o ;j;a Èkhla fmdarKqfjka ksmo jQ yqKq bj;a lr .ekSug o .; fjhs' fuys§ idfmalaIj ;rula úYd, l=l=¿ f.dúm< i|yd o nq,;a úg iu. .kq ,nk yqKq i|yd o msrjqula f,i fhdod .kakd yqKq i|yd o wf,ú fjhs' m%udKfhka b;d l=vd yqKq biaika fmdl=Kq i|yd o úl=Kkq ,nhs' ;jo fuu yqkq ;jÿrg;a c,dY iuÕ ñY% lr we;s iqÿ j¾Kh jeä ÈhqKq lr lsf,da .%Eï 25 melÜgqj re' 250 - 300 w;r ñ,lg ì;a;sj, wdf,amkh lrk yqkq f,i úl=Kkq ,nhs' ;rula úYd, msrjqï øjHhla f,i .kakd yqkq fldÜg 20la iy msßisÿ yqkq fldÜg 05la muK tl yqkq oykhlo ksmoúh yels fjhs'

uÜá fj<|fmd< ls%hdldßlhska yd n÷Kq cd,h

uÜá ëjrhska msßisÿ lrkakka iy fjf<ka|ka uÜá ëjr fj<|fmdf<ys m%Odk;u idudðlfhda fj;s' tla tla idudðlhkaf.a ls%hdldrlï iy ta yd wkqhqla; wfkl=;a ixúOdkh fiajd imhkakka iy jdKsc wdh;k uÜá fj<|fmd< mj;ajd .ekSfuys ,d odhl;ajh ,nd fok wdldrh fig1 u.ska ±lafjhs' ;ju;a iïmQ¾Kfhkau fodr.=¿ úúr ù ke;;a wka;¾cd;sl fj<|fmd< ch .eksug kï ta yd wkqnoaO úh hq;= wfkl=;a wjYH;d iy wdh;k fig1 ^igyk 1& ys lvbß uÕska ksrEmKh fõ'

wka;¾cd;sl fj<|fmd< ch .ekSfï§ jvd;a jeo.;a idOl jkqfha b;d Wiia

;;ajfha .=Kd;aul" ;;ajfhka by< uÜghskaf.ka ksmojkq ,enq wdydr ksIamdokh;a" tajd wLKavj fj<|fmd< b,a¨ug iß,k wdldrfhka iemhSfï yelshdjka fjhs' kuq;a wm uÜghskaf.ka ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk udxYuh wdydr ;ju;a wka;¾cd;sl m%ñ;s ;;ajhkag wdikakj fkdmj;S' tfiau kj wka;¾cd;sl fj<|fmd< ch .ekSug kj f,dj wdydr mßfNdackfha§ mdßfNda.slhka úiska i<lkq ,nk idOl;a kj f,dj m%jK;d ie<lSug f.k Bg wkqrEmj wm ksIamdokhka ksmoùu;a b;d jeo.;a fjhs' fufia i<ld n,k l, wm rfÜ ksIamdÈ; uÜghskaf.a we;s ÿ¾j, ;;ajhka (Poor Quality) u. yrjd jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug;a kj fj<|fmd< kj ixl,amhla jk iajNdúl .ykhkag w.;shla fkdjk whqßka úria:dhs

^w& yqKq l¾udka;h i|yd fhdod.efkk uÜáhkaf.a le,aiSNjkh jQ mshka^wd& ±kg Ndú;fha mj;sk l=vd m%udKfha yqKq fmdarKqjla

i;a iuqÿr

58

y÷kd.;a ndOl fhdað; úl,lam ms<shï

01 uÜá tl;=

lrkakka

iajNdúl mßirfhka fk,d.; yels ffcj

wiajkq m%udKh wvqùu

b;d l=vd mßudKfha uÜá jeä m%udKhla

,efnk úg ta i|yd wvq ñ,la iy Bg

iudkqmd;slj wvq wdodhula ,eîu

iajNdúl uÜá ìï u;u fkdhems uÜá j.dl%u

i|yd fhduqùu

l=vd m%udKfha uÜá fk,Sfuka je<lSu

iy ±kg ls%hd;aul jk uÜá fkdfk,k

100 muK jk iajdrlaIl ;Srej ms<sn| we;s

jeo.;alu ieuf.au ie<ls,a,g n÷ka lrñka

th jvd fyd¢ka mj;ajd .ekSu'

02 b;d wju iy m%Yia; fkdjk myiqlï hg-

f;a uÜá udxY ksIamdokfhys fh§ug isÿùu

msßisÿ jevl, yels ia:dkhla msßiqÿ lsÍfï

lghq;= i|yd idod .ekSu

uÜá mssßisÿ lsÍu i|yd (depuration) b;d

m%d:ñl WmlrK Ndú;h'

b;d wvq há;, myiqlï hgf;a mj;ajdf.k

hdu

by; i|yka fndfyda idOl fya;=fldg fuu

msßisÿ lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh jeä ld,hla .;ùu'

b;d m%d:ñl WmlrK iy l%ufõohka

fhdod.kakd ksid uÜghskaf.a udxY,

;;ajh m%Yia: m%ñ;shlska mj;ajd .ekSug

fkdyelshdj fndfyda wjia:djka j,§

iïmQ¾Kfhka msßiqÿ fkdjq u;aiHh yuqùu'

wju há;, myiqlï ,nd .ekSu fndfyda

m%Yak j,g id¾:l ms<s;=rla nj jgydf.k

;snqK;a tjekakla i|yd wju m%d.aOkhla

imhd .ekSfï fkdyelshdj'

ìu ys| .ksñka lrk uÜá msßisÿlsÍu ksid

È.= ld,Skj ldka;djkag we;sjk fld÷ weg

fm, wdYS%; wdndO

jevmf<a§ iy msßisÿ lsÍfï ls%hdj,shla

iy jvd fyd| m%ñ;shlska hq;a uÜá udxY

ksIamdokh i|yd jk uq,sl ±kqu ;dlaIKh

iy mqyqKqj fuu ldka;d Y%ñlhka i|yd

,nd§u

úfYaIfhka ldka;djkag myiqfjka wkq.;úh

yels kj ;dlaIKsl úê iy WmlrK ÈhqKq

lsÍfï l%u fõohla we;s lsÍu fï i|yd ±kg

bkaÈhdfõ uÜá l¾udka;fha§ Ndú;d jk

msßiÿ lsÍfï Wiajq fï> y÷kajd §u (women friendly technology).

jvd;a ldka;djka b,lal lrk ;dlaIK

y÷kajd §u l=vd m%udKfha jevuq¿ fndfyda

ixLHdjla meje;aùu'

msßisÿ lrk ls%hdj,sh iy tys m%;sM, i|yd

m%ñ;s ;;a;aj f.dvk.d .ekSu'

wjYH jk m%d:ñl m%d.aOkh ,nd .ekSu i|yd

ëjr iñ;s f.dú ixúOdk fyda fjk;a wdh;k

ueoy;a ùfuka jdKsc nexl=j,ska ,nd fok

uQ,Huh Kh fyda Wmldr'

iEu úgu kj ksIamdokhkag we;s bvlv i|yd

w; §u (Product diversification).

È.= ld,Skj we;sjk wdndO wvqlr

.ekSug;a" uÜg udxYhka wêmsßisÿ úh yels

(Contamation) we;s bv lv wju lsÍu;a

ldka;d idudðlhkag ysgf.k msßisÿ lsÍfï

l¾;jHfhkaf.a ksr;úh yels jvd fyd|

msßiqÿ lsÍulg Wmldß jk kj msßisÿ lsÍu

jeks wdOdrl y÷kajd Èu'

wiajkq fk,Sula mj;ajd.kq ,nk ëjrhkag f,dj ms<s.;a "marine Stewardship Council" (mSC) u.ska fokq ,nk mSC iy;slhla ,nd ;sîu fyda tjeks "Ecotabeling" iy;slhla ;sîu wka;¾cd;sl fj<| fmd< i|yd wfkl=;a rgj,ska tk ksIamdok iuÕ isÿlrk ;rÕfha§ b;d jeo.;a jkqfha fndfdya mdßfNda.slhka

;u wdydr f;dard.ekSfï§ fuu iy;slhka ;sîu .ek ie<ls<su;a jk neúks' l%fudamdh jevuq¿ u.ska ,nd .kakd ±kqfuka Tjqkag Tjqkaf.au jev myiq jk kuq;a wfmalaIs; m%ñ; ;;aj j,g wkql+, jQ ksIamdokhka lsÍu i|yd fhdod .ekSug wfmalaId flf¾'

uÜghska m%j¾Okh wdYS%; .eg¿ iy tajdg uqyqK Èhyels fhdað; ms<shï'

59

i;a iuqÿr

03 fjf<kaoka wLKav uÜá iemhqula fkdue;s ùu

l,mqfjys ,jK;djfhys jk fjkia ùï

iïmq¾Kfhkau jdf.a iajNdúl uÜá ìï

udi 2-3 ld,hlg jeiS hdu fndfyda jir

j, ±lsh yelsfjhs

fj<÷ka fj; ,nd fok ksIamdÈ; udxY j,

wvx.= ;rula by< c, m%;sY;h ksid jeäl,a

;nd .ekSug fkdyels ùu'

fjf<ka|ka <Õ ;nd .kakd uÜá udxY-

hka i|yd rch úiska wkqu; l%udKql=<j

ksÍlaIK hdka;%Khla fkdue;sùu

fndfyda wdishd;sl rgj, b;d wvq ;dlaIKhla

Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka lrkq ,nk uÜá c,c

j.dj ,xldj ;=,;a m%p,s; lsÍu'

fuu j.djka i|yd w;yer oukq ,enq biaika

fldgq fyda ta wdYs%; c,fhys ,jK;djh

md,kh l< yels jeiqKq ìu fyda oekg

idïm%odhslj lrkq ,nk c,c j.djka

iïm%odhsl nyq j.djka (Polyculture) f,i isÿ

lsÍu'

kj ;dlaIKsl l%u fõohkaf.ka uÜá udxY

j,g by< ñ,la tla l< yels kj ksIamdok

f,iu fj<|fmd<g y÷kajd §u'

jeä ksIamdÈ;hla we;s ld, j,È jvd

ld¾hlaIu wiqreï ls%hdj,shla f.dv ke.Su

uÕska l,a;nd .ekSfï yelshdj'

ÈhqKql, miq wiajkq ;dlaIKhla

ksIamdÈ;hkaf.a .nvd lsÍfï ld, iSudj jeä

l, yels ;dlaIKhla y÷kajd§u'

YS% ,xldj ;=, uÜá udxY Ndú;h jeä lsÍu

i|yd uÜá udxYfha jeo.;alu fmdaIK .=Kh

ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍfï wOHdmksl jev igyka

meje;aùu'

m%ñ;s iy;slhla" l,a bl=;aùfï Èk" kshñ;

m%ñ;shlska hq;=j ,nd§fï jev ms<sfj<la

iy;sl lsÍu'

04 uÜá mshka-

j,ska lrkq

,nk yqKq

ksIamdokh

;ju;a idïm%odhsl fmdarKq ;=, isÿlrk È.=

ld,hla iy Y%uhla wjYH jk ksIamdok

ls%hdj,sh'

idfmalaIj m%jdyk myiqlï wvqùu iy ta

i|yd by< ñ,la ±Íug isÿùu

ksIamdÈ; yqKq msßisÿ ;ekam;a lr ;eîug

wjYH .nvd myiqlï w,amùu iy

fj<|fmd< úia;drKhl§ fuh jvd;a

n,mEu

jvd ld¾hlaIu yqKq fmdarKq i|yd ;dlaIKh

ÈhqKq lsÍu'

wk¾> ;;ajfha yqKq i|yd jk m%ñ;Ska yd

ks¾Kdhl ieliSu'

fuu yqKq ksIamdokhgu fhduq fkdú uÜá

mshka fl,skau wmkhkh lsÍfï yelshdj iy

ta i|yd jk fj<|fmd<la y÷kd .ekSu'

wjYH jk há;, myiqlï imqrd,Su i|yd

m%cd ixúOdk iyNd.S lr .ksñka l<yels

ie,eiaula y÷kajd§u'

wjYH úg§ nexl= Kh ,nd Èug yelshdj'

fuu fj<| cd,fhys fuu wjia:dfõ§ iuyrla

wjia:dj,È muKla ±lsh yels w;rueÈfhl=f.a

fiajdj yels;dla wju lr.ksñka jvd

ld¾hlaIu yd ,dnodhs fj<|dïlrKhlg

keUqre úh hq;= ùu'

i;a iuqÿr

60

kj f,dj wdydr Ndú; m%jK;d yuqfjys we;s wNsfhda.

ksIamdokhkaf.a .=Kd;aul m%.;sh wm wk;¾cd;sl fj<|fmdf<ys m%Odk;u wjOdkh kï uÜghska fk,d .ekSfï isg wjidkh olajd iuia: ls%hdj,sh mqrdjg by< wjOdkhla iy idOkSh ls%hdj,shla mj;ajd.; hq;= fõ' ,dxlsl ëjrhka wiajkq fk,Sfï§ óg¾ 100 la muK iajdrlaIl l,dmhla b;=re lrñka uÜá fk,Sfuka wm ëjrhka iajNdjO¾uhg we;s ,eÈhdj;a" úria:dhs ëjrh mj;ajd .eksug we;s lemùu;a fmkakqï lrhs ;jo fndfyda uÜá l¾udka;fha fhfok m%cdj fuh w.h lrñka wLKavj mj;ajd .eksu ;=,ska Tjqka mßirhg we;s lemùu fmkakqï flf¾' fujeks wxY i<ld n,k l, wmg wka;¾cd;sl ms<s.ekSula ÚC we;s iy;slhg hdug jeä bv m%ia:djla we;s w;r wjYH jkqfha ta i|yd ksis u. fmkaùula iy foaYmd,ksl wêldßh úiska fyda ëjr wud;HdxYh u.ska uq,Sl;ajh f.k lghq;= lsÍuhs' bkaÈhdfõ uÜghskaf.a m%ñ;s ;;ajh mj;ajd .ekSug Tjqka wm rfgys wkq.ukh lrk l%ufõohg jvd lrkqfha iq¿ idkaø j,ska hq;= laf,daÍka ±óu;a jeä fj,djla msßisÿ lsÍfï lghq;= i|yd i;a;ajhka nyd,d ;sîu;a muKs' f,dj fndfyda uQ,dY%hkag wkqj jvd;au fyd| uÜá msßisÿ lsÍula i|yd l< hq;= jkqfha'

fk,d .kakd ,o uÜá lïì nqreiqjla wdOdrfhka ndysrj we;s uv je,s iy mdis jeks wmøjHhka f;dr ùu i|yd msßisÿ lr .ekSu

fufia msßisÿ lr.;a uÜàka j;=r iys; ner,hl oud meh 24 la ;eîfuka Tjqka ;j;a wdydr fkd,efnk w;r Tjqkaf.a wdydr moaO;sfha wvx.=j ;snq wdydr bj;aùu isÿ fjhs'

ñka miq uÜghska 5ppm idkaøKhlska hq;a laf,daÍka wvx.= ner,hl ;nd ;sîfuka Tjqkaf.a wdydr moaO;s j, b;sßj ;snQ ish¿u øjHhka bj;a fjhs'

bkamiq uÜghska j;=frka msgg f.k b;d fyd¢ka fia§u isÿ flf¾'

fuu uÜghska úkdä 5-10la w;r ld,hla ;=, fyd¢ka W;=rejd .efkk w;r fufia lsÍfï§ Tjqkaf.a uÜá mshka újr lr .ekSu myiq ,efí'

fuys§ wka;¾cd;sl fj<|fmd< mdßfNda.slhkag wjYH mßÈ" tu udxY weisÍu fyda fjka; jákdlulska hq;= ksIamdokhlg mßj¾;khla lr .; yelsh'

óg wu;rj ;j;a ie,lsh hq;= wxYhla jkafka wLKav ksIamdok l,a;nd .; yels wdldrhg ksmoùu i|yd wijkq hdka;%Kh Yla;su;a lsÍuhs' uerj,;a wdrÉÑlÜgqfjka uÜá l¾udka;h YS% ,xldfõ we;s È<s÷" wvq wdodhï we;s" ëjr l¾udka; w;=ßka ldka;d iyNd.S;ajh jeãu l¾udka;hla f,i ie,lsh yels fjhs' úfYaIfhkau uÜá msßisÿ lrkakka ish,a,u mdfya ldka;dfjda fj;s' ;jo miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=, f,dal wjOdkh Èkd.;a ;j;a jeo.;au idOlhla jkqfha fujeks l¾udka; i|yd ldka;d odhl;ajh ,nd .; yels wfkla wdldrhka ms<sn| úu¾Ykhhs' tfia n,k l, f,dal fj<|fmd, ch .ekSfï ukd yelshdjla we;s fuu uÜá ëjrh úia;drKhg wjYHh ;dlaIKh;a" ±kqu;a iy há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍu È,s÷ nj msgq±lSug lrk wdfhdackhlg yd iudkh' uÜá fj<|fmd, úia;drKhg iy m%j¾Okhg fnfyúka n,mdkqfha kj wdrl w.h tl;=lrkq ,enQ (Value added Products) idïm%odhsl fkdjk kj udxY, ksIamdok fj<| fmd<g bÈrm;a lsÍuhs' fï i|yd y÷kd.;a ndOl w;ßka tla m%Odk lreKla jkqfha ldka;d Y%ñlhskaf.a yelshdjka j¾Okhhs' fhdað; l=vd m%udKfha jevuq¿ u.ska úfYaIfhkau ldka;dj ;=, wdl,amuh fjkila iy kj ;dlaIKsl n,.ekaùula we;s lr,Su wfmalaIs; b,lal fjhs' ;jo tl mjq,l idudðlhkaf.a tl;=fjka fuu uÜá l¾udka;h l=vd mßudKfha mjq,a l¾udka;hla f,i j¾Okh lsÍfï ia:dhs mokula jk w;r ta i|yd ndOdjla f,i y÷kd.;a uQ,Huh m%;smdok fyda Kh §fï ls%hdj,shla f.dvke.sh hq;= fjhs' fujeks l=vd mjq,a" l¾udka;hla" jdKscuh l¾udka; iuQyhlg iïnkaO lr ukd jHdmdßl cd,hla f.dv ke.Su" uÜá ëjr l¾udka;fha u;= ÈhqKqjg;a YS% ,xldfjys wmkhk fj<|fmd< ÈhqKqjg;a

61

i;a iuqÿr

úfYaIfhkau fuu l=vd mßudK ëjr m%cdjf.a wd¾Ól iy iudÔh Èú meje;au jvd by< ;,hlg kxjd,Sug;a WmldÍ fjhs'

fï tl tla i|yd .;jk ld,h fig 2 uÕska ksrEmKh fõ'

13

Meat

Shells

INTERNATIONAL

SUPPORT SERVICES

INPUT SUPPLIERS

Fuel

Fishing implements

SUPPORT & REGULATORY AUTHORITY

Ministry of fisheries

Custom

Research mandatory government institutions

Clam collectors

Local consumers

Local traders

Processers

Retailers

Exporters

LOCAL

Local market

Hotels

Shrimp feed industry

Lime Kiln factories

Wholesalers

Retailers

Industries

Transport Service

Financial support - From banks - Community

societies

LOCAL

Poultry industry

Shrimp farm lime

Lime industry

Commerce

Fig:1 uÜá fj<|fmd, ls%hdldßlhska yd ne÷Kq cd,h

i;a iuqÿr

62

14

Fig 1 :

fuz tl tlla i|yd .;jk ld,h fig 2 u.Zska ksrEmKh fjz.

Fig 2: M. casta mattinge production flow

ugzgSkag.ka lrkq ,nk ksIamdok cd,h

ugzgs OSjrhka

msrsis\q lrkakka

fjf<ka|ka (retailer)

foaYSh .eKquzlrejka

foaYSh fj<|fmd< - ugzgs udxY

l=l=tZ f.djsm<

lrAudka;h

biaika j.dj

yqKq lrAudka;h

foaYSh fj<|fmd< - ugzgs mshka

yqkq lrAudka;h

l=l=tZ f.djsm<

lrAudka;h

biaika j.dj

yqKq lrAudka;h

meh 6-7

meh 6-7

meh 6-7

meh 5-6

meh 1-3 osk1-5

osk1-15

Fig:2 M. casta uÜá ksIamdok cd,h

wdpd¾h È,Sm o lDDiafÊHIaG lÓldpd¾hc,c iïm;a yd ëjr wOHkdxYhjhU úYaj úoHd,h

References:

Jayawikrema, E.M. and Wijeyaratne, M.J.S. (2009). Distribution and population dynamics of the edible bivalve species Meretrix casta (Chemnitz) in the Dutch canal of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci.14. p.29-44.

Nilojitha T., M.D.S.T. de Croos and W.M.T.B. Wanninayaka (2013) Comparison of Clam Meretrix casta population in Mearawala lagoon in northwest Sri Lanka: fishery, reproductive biology and market chain. Undergraduate Research Symposium, 12th December 2013. Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka. p10

63

i;a iuqÿr

msßisÿ

lsÍu

i;a iuqÿr

64

08th June - World Oceans Day

In 2008, the United Nations General Assembly decided that, as from 2009, 08th June would be designated by the United Nations as “World Oceans Day” (resolution 63/111, paragraph 171). Many countries have celebrated World Oceans Day following the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, which was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

The Oceans are essential to food security and the health and survival of all life, power our climate and are a critical part of the biosphere. The official designation of World Oceans Day is an opportunity to raise global awareness of the current challenges faced by the international community in connection with the oceans.