ISOTOPES ISOTOPES All atoms of the same element have the same physical and chemical properties But they are not all identical The number of protons of an element must be identical for those atoms to be identified as that element The number of neutrons can be different 1 1 H 2 1 H 3 1 H 1
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ISOTOPESISOTOPES
All atoms of the same element have the same physical and chemical properties
But they are not all identical
The number of protons of an element must be identical for those atoms to be identified as that element
The number of neutrons can be different
11 H 2
1 H 31 H
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Learning Task
Workbook page 1, 2 and 5
3
12 p+12 p+12 n12 n
12 e-
50 p+50 p+68 n68 n
50 e-
Mg Sn
ENERGY LEVEL ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAMSDIAGRAMS
________________________
________________________
________________________
S Cl Mg
16 p+16 n
17 p+18 n
12 p+12 n
682
782
282
• First 3 energy levels, max number of electrons that can be represented are:
• 1st = 2, 2nd = 8, 3rd = 8, 4th? , 5th?
• Electrons in the highest energy level are called valence electrons.
4
COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS
can be separated into simpler substances by chemical but not physical means i.e. heating
Compounds are composed of elements combined together
Salt - NaCl
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IONS - ALL ABOUT STABILITYIONS - ALL ABOUT STABILITY
Happy atoms are stable ions. They do not normally change their structure
Unhappy atoms are unstable. They want to change their structure by:
Giving away an electron or electrons
Taking an electron or electrons
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IONSIONS
Atoms like to have their electrons in full energy levels
Atoms that have a nearly full outer energy level like to take electrons from other atoms
Atoms that have only one or two electrons in their outer energy level like to give away electrons
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ION FORMATION ION FORMATION EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
12 p+12 n
Mg
2e-8e-2e-
12+12-0
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ION FORMATION EXAMPLE – ION FORMATION EXAMPLE – MAGNESIUM ION MAGNESIUM ION
12 p+12 n
Mg2+
2e-8e-
12+10-2+
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FORMATION OF THE CHLORIDE IONFORMATION OF THE CHLORIDE ION
17 p+18 n
Cl
2e-8e-7e-
17+17-0
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FORMATION OF THE CHLORIDE IONFORMATION OF THE CHLORIDE ION
17 p+18 n
Cl-
2e-8e-
17+18-1-
8e-
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DRAWING ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAMS DRAWING ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAMS FOR IONSFOR IONS
Mg
_____________________
Ca
_____________________
_____________________
____________________________
Na F
282
2882
182
72
12p+12n
11p+12n
9p+10n
20p+20n
82
882
82
82
2+ 2+ 1+ 1-
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IONS CONTINUEDIONS CONTINUED
Metals __________ electrons to form __________ ions.
Non-metals __________ electrons to form ___________ ions.
The names of negative ions end in ______
What happens to the names of metallic ions?
give awaypositive
acceptnegative
ide
nothing
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NAMING IONSNAMING IONS
Positive ions - same name as atom
Negative ions - ending is changed to ‘ide’
ie. Fluorine gains an electron and becomes fluoride
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LEARNING ACTIVITIESLEARNING ACTIVITIES
Complete energy level diagrams on pages 3 & 4 of your workbook
Page 6 and 7 on ions!
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SECTION 1.5 – SECTION 1.5 – CLASSIFYING CLASSIFYING COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS
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FORMATION OF IONIC FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS17
COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS
Metals and non-metals combine to form _________ compounds.
If a compound formula begins with a metal or the ion NH4
+ it is an ___________ compound.
ionic
ionic
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NAMING BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDSNAMING BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS
Name the metallic ion first, followed by the non-metallic ion ends in “ide”
Ionic compounds always start with metal or an ammonium ion
Write the symbol and charge for each ion
Compounds are electrically neutral - they have no charge - zero.
Use subscripts to equalize the total number of positive and negative charges
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PREDICTING IONIC PREDICTING IONIC COMPOUND FORMULASCOMPOUND FORMULAS20
(x)Al3+ + (y)O2- =
Na+ Cl-+ = NaCl1+ + 1- = 0
(x)3+ + (y)2- = 0
(x)Al3+ + (y)O2- =
Na+ Cl-+ = NaCl1+ + 1- = 0
(2)3+ + (3)2- = 0
21 PREDICTING IONIC PREDICTING IONIC COMPOUND COMPOUND FORMULASFORMULAS
PREDICTING IONIC COMPOUND PREDICTING IONIC COMPOUND FORMULASFORMULAS
(2)Al3+ + (3)O2- =
Na+ Cl-+ = NaCl1+ + 1- = 0
(2)3+ + (3)2- = 0
Al2O3
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Alternatively – use the Kriss Kross will make you want to jump, jump method!
MULTIVALENT METALSMULTIVALENT METALS
In groups 3 through 12, many metals form more than one type of charged ion.
Naming is done with the Stock system. The charge on the metallic ion with a number indicating the charge on the ion with Roman numerals
To determine the metal ion’s charge Find the charge of the non-metal ion Determine the charge necessary for the compound
to have no charge Name the compound with a roman numeral in
brackets after the metal ion I.e. tin (IV) chloride
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MULTIVALENT METALSMULTIVALENT METALS
Fe2O3
The charge on the O is 2-
There are 3 O so there are 6 negative charges
Therefore there needs to be 6 positive charges
There are 2 iron ions so the charge on each is
3+
The name is iron (III) oxide
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MULTIVALENT METALSMULTIVALENT METALS
PbS
The charge on the sulphide ion is 2-
The charge on the lead ion is then
2+
Lead (II) sulphide
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IONIC COMPOUNDS COMPOSED OF IONIC COMPOUNDS COMPOSED OF THREE ELEMENTSTHREE ELEMENTS These compounds are composed of a metal or the
ammonium ion combined with a polyatomic ion. (a complex ion)
Most of these ions end in ate or ite
The only positively charged polyatomic ion is ammoniumammonium
Two ions end in ‘ide’ - hydroxide and hydrogen sulfide
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COMPLEX IONS COMPLEX IONS (POLYATOMIC IONS)(POLYATOMIC IONS)
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PO53-
perphosphate
PO43-
phosphate
PO33-
phosphite
PO23-
hypophosphite
SO52-
persulfate
SO42-
sulfate
SO32-
sulfite
SO22-
hyposulfite
CO42-
percarbonate
CO32-
carbonate
CO22-
carbonite
CO2-
hypocarbonite
NO4-
pernitrate
NO3-
nitrate
NO2-
nitrite
NO-
hyponitrite
ClO4-
perchlorate
ClO3-
chlorate
ClO2-
chlorite
ClO-
hypochlorite
FORMULAS FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS FORMULAS FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING COMPLEX IONSCONTAINING COMPLEX IONS Write the two ions with their charges
Use subscripts to balance the number of positive and negative charges equal
If a subscript is required for the complex ion put the complex ion in brackets
Examples:
Sodium carbonate
Strotium hydroxide
Tin (IV) sulfite
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NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING COMPLEX IONSCONTAINING COMPLEX IONS Always name the two ions
The first ion is the metal or the ammonium ion
The second ion is the negatively charged complex ion as named on the back of your periodic table.
Examples:
1. FeSO3 (s)
2. Cu2CO3 (s)
3. Cr2(SO4)3 (s)
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LEARNING ACTIVITIES TO BE LEARNING ACTIVITIES TO BE COMPLETED:COMPLETED: Pages 8-12 all on naming Ionic Compounds!
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