I Sem BA Malayalam Core Course Malalyala Kavitha Navothanaghattam 25feb2015

ae-bmf IhnX þ \thm-°m-\-L«w 1

ae-bmf IhnX þ \thm-°m-\-L«w

H¶mw ska-ÌÀ

_n.-F. ae-bmfwtImÀ tImgvkv

(2014 AUvan-j³)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Calicut University P.O. , Malappuram, PIN - 673635

541


UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL

B A MALAYALAM

I Semester - Core COURSE

ae-bmf IhnX þ \thm-°m-\-L«w

Prepared by:Ia-dp-±o³ ]c-̧ nÂ,Akn-Ìâ v s{]m -̂k-À,ae-bmf hn`m-Kw,^mdqJv tImtf-Pv,tImgn-t¡mSv þ 673 632

Edited and scrutinized by :tUm. sI. -Fw. \koÀAtkm. s{]m -̂kÀ,ae-bmf ]T\ hn`mKw^mdqJv tImtf-Pv,tImgn-t¡mSv þ 673 632

Layout:Computer Section, SDE

©Reserved


ca-W³ 5

\c-_-en 15

_p²\pw Rm\pw \cn-bpw 21

KmÔnbpw tKmUvskbpw 24

hnS hm-§Â- 28

\t§-a-¡p«n 30

Icp-W- 37

_Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²³ 49



ca-W³þ N§-¼pg IrjvW-]n-ff

1. hnem-]-Im-hyw (Elegy) FXv Imhy cq] hn`m-K-amWv ?`mh-KoXw

2. hnem-]-Im-hy {]Øm\w F¶ ]T\ {KÙw cNn-̈ Xv ?tUm. Fgp-a-äqÀ cmP-cm-P-hÀ½

3. Ode,Sonnet, Monologue F¶o BwK-teb IhnXm {]Øm-\-§Ä¡v KoXw, KoX-Iw, kz-K-Xm-Jym\w F¶o t]cp-IÄ \ÂIn Ahbv¡v e£-W-§fpw amXr-I-Ifpw \nÀt±in¨ Ihn?

IhnX-neI³]n. i¦c\¼ymÀ4. ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ KoX-I-§Ä am{X-a-S-§nb Hcp IrXn BZ-y-ambn {]kn²s¸-Sp-̄ n-

bXv ?Fw.-]n. A¸³ ( shffn \£-{Xw)

5. “R§Ä ap¶n-te¡pw ]n¶n-te¡pw t\m¡p-¶p CÃm-̄ -Xn\p thn BÀ¯n-s -̧Sp-¶p, R§-fpsS Gähpw kX-y-k-Ô-amb Nncn-bnepw Ipd¨p thZ-\-sb¦nepwIeÀ¶n-«p-v. R§-fpsS Gähpw a[p-c-amb Km\-§Ä Gähpw Zp:-J-]qÀ®-amb Nn´-Isf ]än-bmWv ”þ Imev]-\nI kz-̀ mhw {]I-S-am-Ip¶ Cu {]kvXm-h\ Bcp-tSXv ?

sjÃn (To a skylark)

6. ae-bmf¯nep-mb {][m\ hnem-]-Im-h-y-§Ä GsXÃmw ?Hcp hnem]w þ kp{_-Ò-Wyw t]män. kn. Fkv.{]nbm hnem]w þ cmP-cm-P-hÀ½

Hcp -hn-em]w þ hn. kn. _me-Ir-jvW-̧ -Wn-¡ÀI®p-\oÀXp-ffn þ \me-̧ m«v{]tcm-Z\w þ Ipam-c-\m-im³_[n-c-hn-em]w þ hf-f-t¯mÄca-W³ þ N§-¼pg

7. Imev]-\nI-X-bpsS cwK-{]-thiw hnfw-_cw sNbvXXv ?dqtÊm (I¬ -̂j³kv)

8. ‘F´mWv B[p-\n-IX’ ? F¶ ]T-\-{KÙw cNn-̈ Xv ?Fw. apIp-µ³

9. ae-bm-f-̄ n-ep-mb Bc-Wy hnem-]-Im-hyw (Pastoral Elegy) BWvþþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþca-W³ (N-§¼pg)

10. Imev]-\n-IX F¶ ]T\ {KÙ-̄ nsâ IÀ¯mhv ?s{]m^. _n. lrZ-b-Ip-amcn

11. Htc sR«nÂ hnSÀ¶ ]pjv]-§Ä F¶v hnti-jn-̧ n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv .................CS-̧ -f-fn-¡-hn-Isf


12. CS-̧ -f-fn-¡-hn-IÄ F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ?N§-¼pg IrjvW-̧ n-f-fbpw CS-̧ -ffn cmL-h-̧ n-f-fbpw

13. CS-̧ -ffn cmL-h-̧ n-f-f-bpsS Poh-Xn-Im-ew......30 Pq¬ 1909 þ 4 Pqembv 1936

14. CS-̧ -f-fn-bpsS IrXn-IÄ ?\h-ku-c-̀ w, lrZ-b-kvan-Xw, Xpjm-c-lm-cw, aWn-\m-Zw, Ah-y-à-KoXw

15. ‘‘F´p Rm³ sN¿p-a-Ãm-Xn-t¶mfw hmbn-̈ Xmw{KÙ-sam-¶nepw In-Ãm-\µw ‘aq¶-£cw’ ’’þ BcpsS hcn-IÄ

CS-̧ -f-fn-bpsS16. ‘‘sNdp-¡p-sa³ KXn Nnd-bmte NneÀ

adp-̄ p-t]m-Ip-hm-\-i-à-\mWp Rm³’’þ Cu hcn-IÄ GXp Ihn-X-bnÂ ?

Im«m-dnsâ Ic-̈ nÂ (C-S-̧ -f-fn)17. ‘‘kmaq-ln-I-amb Ak-a-X-z-§fpw hy-àn-]-c-amb [mÀ½n-I-t_m-[hpw X½nÂ s]mcp-

-̄s -̧Sp-¶-XnÂ Ihn ]cm-P-b-s -̧«-Xnsâ Ncn-{X-amWv CS-̧ -f-f-¡-hn-X-bnÂ ImWp-¶Xv ’’ F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv Bcv

Fcp-taen ]c-ta-i-z-c³ ]nff18. ‘sdmamânIv Hu«v sskUÀ’F¶v sI.-]n. A¸³ hnti-jn-̧ n¨ Ihn ?

CS-̧ -f-fnsb19. 1944 Â {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« aWn-\mZw F¶ CS-̧ -ffn IrXn¡v Ah-Xm-cnI X¿m-

dm-¡n-bXv ?tIk-cn, F. _me-I-y-jvW-̧ n-ff

20. ‘‘hcn-I-bm-WnXm Rms\m-c-[: IrX³ Ic-bp-hm-\m-bv¸n-d-s¶mcp Imap-I³’’ þ BcpsS hcn-IÄ ?

CS-̧ -f-fn-bpsS (aWn-\m-Zw)21. ‘‘aWnap-g¡w

acW-Zn-\-̄ nsâ aWn-ap-g¡wa[pcw þ hcp¶ Rm³’’ þ Cu {]ikvX hcn-IÄ Bcp-tSXv ?

CS-̧ -f-fn-bpsS aWn-\mZw22. CS-̧ -ffn Ah-km\w X¿m-dm-¡nb IrXn-bmWv þ

A -́y-k-tµiw23. CS-̧ -f-fn-bpsS ac-Wm-\-́ cw kmln-X-y-̄ nse ‘hnj hr£w’F¶ teJ\w Fgp-

Xn-bXv ?kRvP-b³

24. N§-¼pg P\n-̈ Xv ?1911 HIvtSm-_À 11\v CS-̧ -f-fn-bnÂ

25. N§-¼p-gsb ‘ae-bm-f-̄ nse HmÀ -̂yqkv ’F¶v hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ Xv ?tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn


26. Bß-I-Ym-kv]Àiw IqSp-X-ep-ff N§-¼pg IrXn-bmWv þXpSn-¡p¶ Xmfp-IÄ

27. N§-¼p-g-bpsS {]Ya IrXn ?_mjv]m-©en (1934)

28. N§-¼p-g-bpsS Znh-y-KoXw F¶ ]cn-̀ m-jbv¡v B[mcw ?tkmf-aâ v tkmMv Hm^v tkmMvkv ( Song of songs)

29. DaÀ J¿m-ansâ v ‘dp_m-C-¿m¯v’F¶ IrXn¡v N§-¼pg X¿m-dm-¡nb ]cn-̀ mj?aZ-t\m-Õhw

30. “ hn¹-h-̄ nsâ sh¬a-gp-hmeohn¯-KÀÆ hnj-{Zpaw sh«okÂk-a-Xz k\m-X-t\m-Z-ym\wkÖ-am-¡m³ \a-p¡p-Z-y-an-¡mw.” þ BcpsS hcn-IÄ ?

N§-¼p-g-bpsS 31. “XpjvSn-bmÀ¶o-i-z-c³ X³ {]Xn-cq-]-ambv

krjvSn-̈ -XmWp t]mÂ ap\-j-ys\t\cm-W-sX-¦n-tem \q\-am-ssZ-h-̄ n³t]c-ptI-«mÂ aXn t]Sn-bm-hm³“’’ þ F¶p ]mSn-bXv

N§-¼pg (Hm-W-̧ q-¡Ä) 32. “]mjmW am{Xß kX-z\mw òI-cþ

]mXI aqÀ¯n-bm-ao-½-\p-j-y³ssZh {]Xn-cq-]-am-sW-¦n-e-̄ cwssZh-̄ n-s\-̧ n-s¶-bmÀ¡p-thWw” þ BcpsS hcn-IÄ

N§-¼p-g-bpsS 33. kp[mw-K\ (1937) F¶ kz-X{´ XÀP-abv¡v N§-¼pg B[m-c-am-¡nb IrXn ?

sS¶n-ksâ ‘Cut\m¬’ 34. “I]-S-tem-I-̄ nÂ BXvamÀ°-am-sbmcp

lrZ-b-ap-m-b-Xm-sW³ ]cm-Pbw’’ þ F¶p ]mSn-bXv ?N§-¼pg

35. ca-W³ {]kn-²o-Ir-X-amb hÀjw ?1936

36. N§-¼pg cNn¨ \mS-I-amWv .....tZh-bm\n

37. N§-¼pg cNn¨ \mSIw..........Ifn-t¯mgn

38. N§-¼p-g-bpsS ‘ ca-W³’ F¶ IrXn¡v ‘caWn’ F¶ t]cnÂ IY FgpXnadp]Sn \ÂIn-bXv ?

sI. kc-k-z-Xn-b½ 39. N§-¼p-g-sb-¡p-dn¨v ‘ ]mSp¶ a¬Xcn-IÄ ’ F¶ IhnX Fgp-Xn-bXv

]n. `mkvI-c³


40. N§-¼p-g-bpsS ‘ tamln\n’ ¡v lmk-y-\p-I-c-W-ambn kRvP-b³ cNn¨ IrXn ?tamln-X³

41. “ae-bmf kmln-X-y-̄ nse BZ-ys¯ Imev]-\nI hmZn-bmb A\-y³” F¶v CS-̧ -f-fnsb hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ Xv ?

sI.-]n. A¸³ (a-c-W-̄ nsâ kuµ-c-yw) 42. “bphm-hmbn kmln-X-y-̄ n-e-h-X-cn¨v, bphm-hmbn DÃkn¨v , bphm-hmbn AkvX-

an¨ tZh-{]n-b-\mWv N§-¼pg ” þ BcpsS A`n-{]m-b-amWv ? sshtem-̧ -nffn {io[-c--ta-t\m³ 43. Bß-l-X-ybv¡v sXm«p-ap-¼mbn ac-Ws¯ tI{µ-_n-µp-hm-¡n-sImv CS-̧ -ffn

X¿m-dm-¡nb Ihn-X-IÄaWn-\m-Zw, \mfs¯ {]`mXw

44. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS {]I-S\ ]{XnI F¶p hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv ?thUvkv hÀ¯nsâ v endn-¡Â _me-Uvknsâ v (1798) apJ-hpc

45. Imev]-\nI Ihn-X-bpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ ?hy-àn-tI-{µo-IrX temI ho£Ww, kz-]v\-§Ä¡pw `mh-\-IÄ¡pw

hÃm¯ {]m[m-\-yw, AanX sshIm-cn-I-X. 46. “ PohnXw \ÂIm³ aSn-¡p-¶-sXm-s¡bpw

Pohn-̈ p Pohn-X-t¯mSp Rm³ hm§oSpw’’ þ BcpsS hcn-IÄN§-¼p-g- ( X]vX {]Xn-Ú)

47. “ \o ad-ªmepw Xnc-b-Sn¡pw\oe-¡p-bnte \n³ Km\-sa¶pw’’ þ F¶p ]mSnb Ihn ?

N§-¼pg 48. “ NnX Xn¶ PS-bpsS ]\-tbm-e-s¡-s«ms¡

NnX-bn-te-s¡-dn-bp-hn³ Nps«-cn-¡n³’’ þ F¶v B-l-zm\w sNbvXXv ?N§-¼pg

49. “At±lw (N-§-¼p-g) \nÀ±-b-\n-a-b-̄ nsâ t\À¡-b-¡p¶ shSn-bp--IÄ Ae-dp-I-b-Ã, ]mSp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. At±-l-̄ nsâ v JUvKw JUvK-a-Ã, a[p-hpwaWhpw \ndª ]pjv]-amWv ’’ þ BcpsS A`n-{]m-b-amWv CXv ?

h¡w A_vZpÂ JmZÀ 50. “N§-¼pg \nb-a-̄ nsâ t\À¡v kZm ]pjv]-hrjvSn sNbvXp-sIm-n-cp-s¶-¦nÂ

AXn-¶n-S-bnÂ Aap§n AXv izmkw ap«n¨¯pt]m-tbt\ F¶p am{Xta Rm³CXn-s\-̧ än ]bp-¶q-f-fq.’’ Cu {]kvXm-h\ Bcp-tS-Xv.

tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-̧ n-ff51. “Hcp Ihn F¶ \ne-bnÂ N§-¼pg km[n-̈ -X-[n-Ihpw AÛp-X-I-cma-mbn-cp-¶p.

aäp Ihn-Ifpw \ncq-]-I-·mcpw {]uU hmb-\-¡mcpw t\m¡n-bn-cnt¡ At±lwA -̀ykvX hnZ-y-cpsS ly-Z-b-t¯mSv Ipi-e-{]iv\w sNbvXp. X«n³ ]pd¯v Xmfn-tbm-e-{K-Ù-§-fp-ff apSnª hen-sbmcp Xd-hm-«nÂ P\n-̈ mse Ihn-bm-Iq F¶vN§-¼p-gbv¡v tijw BÀ¡pw ]d-bm³ Ign-bm-Xmbn k¦Â]-Im-́ n-bnÂ,_mjv]m-RvP-en-bnÂ, ca-W-\nÂ F{X A\m-bm-k-amWv ]g-a-bp-am-bp-ff


_\v[s¯ N§-¼pg apdn-s¨-dn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. DZm-̄ -§fpw DtÃ-J-§fpwCÃm¯ Cu Imh-y-k-c-Wn¡v \mw DWÀ¶n-«n-Ãm-̄ -Xn-t\-¡mÄ AKm-[-ambAÀY-ap-v ’’ þ BcpsS hm¡p-IÄ ?

Fw. F³. hnP-b³52. “hÀWw, \ngepw shfn-̈ w, \mZw

hs¶-̄ m-s¯m-cp-X-h-temIwA«n-bn-e-«n-bn-en-cp-fn-cp-fn³ taÂI«-]n-S-n-s¨mcp ]mXmfwCsÃmcp ssXP-k-IoSw IqSn-bpþsaÃm ancp-fm-Wn-cpÄ am{Xw ’’ þ F¶p ]mSn-bXv ?

N§-¼p-g.53. “ thZ\ thZ\ elcn ]nSn¡pw

thZ-\, Rm\-XnÂ apgp-Is«apgp-I-t«, aa Poh-\nÂ \ns¶mcpapcfo arZp-c-h-ap-b-cs«’’ þ BcpsS hcn-IÄ ?

N§-¼pg54. “ Hcp ae-bmf Ihn-bp-sSbpw cN\m {]Øm-\s¯ A\p-I-cn-¡p¶nÃ; Hcp {]tXyI

Nn´m-Kn-Xn¡pw Hcn-¡epw hnt[-b-\m-Ip-¶n-Ã. Hcp Poh-X -X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯nsâbpw \mep-th-en-¡p-f-fnÂ IpSn-§p-¶n-Ã, Hcp \nb-a-s¯bpw hy-h-Ø-sbbpw Iq«m-¡p-¶nÃ; H¶n-s\-̧ -änbpw Ønc-amb Hcp aXn-̧ n-Ã. Xs¶-̧ -än-t¸m-epw; At¸m-g-t¸mÄ FXnÀ¡m³ tXm¶p-¶-Xn-s\-sbms¡ FXnÀ¡p-¶p; ]pW-cm³ tXm¶p-¶-hsb ]pW-cp-¶p ; Hcn-¡Â Nhn-«n-t¯-̈ -Xns\ ]n¶oSp hmÕ -e-y-]qÀÆw hmcn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. BtÇ-jn-̈ -Xns\ hen-s -̈dn-bp-¶p; Ic-̈ nÂ h¶mÂHcp sIm¨p-Ip-ªns\t¸mse Icbpw; Nncn h¶mÂ BÀ¯p-]p-f¨p Nncn-¡pw;cp-ap-m-Im³ \t¶ Npcp-§nb ka-bhpw temIZr-jvSn-bnÂ Gähpw \nÊm-c-amb Imc-Whpw aXn. ]t£, hcm¯ Ic-̈ nepw Nncnbpw hs¶¶p ImWn-¡m³ an\-s¡-Sp-I-bnÃ; Hmtcm Ah-k-c-̄ nepw Df-fnÂ tXm¶-p-sX´pw ISn-ªm-Wn-ÃmsX ]pd¯p ]d-bpw. ]d-bm-\pf Bthiw Xocp-¶-Xp-hsc BhÀ¯n-¨m-hÀ¯n¨p ]d-ªp-sIm-t-bn-cn-¡pw; kw`m-j-W-̄ nsâ emL-h-t¯msS Hgp-¡³ a«nÂ, Npcp-¡n-̧ -d-b-W-sa¶ \nÀ_-Ôta CÃmsX BcpsS IYbpw hÀWn-¨p-tIÄ¸n-¡pw...... A§-s\-sbmcp Ihnsb ae-bmfw ap¼p In-«n-Ã.” GXpIhn-sb Ipdn-̈ mWv {]ikvX \ncp]I\mb F³. IrjvW-]n-ff (ssI-c-fn-bpsSIY) C§s\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶Xv ?

N§-¼p-gsb55. N§-¼pg Ihn-X-I-fpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãm?

kwKoXm-ß-I-X, ̀ mh-]m-chi-yw, arX-yp-]m-k-\: ; hnImc ]c-X, kmUn-Ìvþatkm-¡nÌv {]h-W-X, hyàn \njvS-X, sshcp-²-y-t_m[w sshhn-[yw IpdªBhÀ¯\w, \ne-bv¡m¯ Bt{Im-i-§fpw B{I-µ-\-§fpw HSp-§m¯ ]cn-`hw ]d-̈ nepw Bßm-\p-I-¼bpw Aä-an-Ãm¯ Zp:-Jm-̀ n-cXn.


56. N§-¼pg Ihn-X-Isf anTm-bn-¡-hn-X-IÄ F¶v hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ Xv ?]n. sI. \mcm-b-W-̧ n-ff

57. “ N§-¼p-g-bpsS Imh-y-co-Xn-bsb kzm-[o-\n¨ ]mÝm-Xy Ihn-I-fm-Wv....shÀe-bv³, Ioävkv

58. “ Bß-Lm-X-I-\mb Ihn ” F¶v CS-̧ -f-fnsb hnti-jn-̧ nN hnaÀi-I³Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ

59. “I]-S-tem-I-̄ nÂ F¶psS Im]-SywkI-ecpw Im¬a-Xm-sWsâ ]cm-Pbw” F¶v ]mSn-bXv

Ipªp-®n-am-jv.60. ‘ ca-W³’ F¶ IrXn-bpsS ]Xn-\©mw ]Xn-̧ n\v Ah-Xm-cnI X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ?

tPmk^v ap-tÈcn

II. ctm aqt¶m hmI-y-¯nÂ D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.

1. aZ-\-\nÂ \n¶v ca-W³ ad-̈ p-h¨ cl-kyw F´m-bn-cp¶p ?B«n-S-b-\mb ca-W³ Ipt_cIpam-cn-bmb N{µn-I-bp-ambn {]W-b-̄ n-em-

bn-cn-¡p-¶p F¶ cl-k-y-amWv ad-̈ p-h-bv¡-s¸-«-Xv.2. “ icn Xs¶” þ ]t£, aZ-\, \osb³

]c-amÀ°-h-kvXp-X-tbmÀ¯p-t\m¡qþ F´p ]c-amÀ°-amWv aZ-\-t\mSv ca-W³ HmÀ¡m³ Bh-i-y-s¸-Sp¶XvXm³ \nÀ²-\\pw A]-cn-jvIr-X-\p-amb Hcp B«n-S-b\pw N{µnI k¼-¶bpw

ku`m-K-y-h-Xnbpw BWv. Bb-Xn-\m-bnÂ X§-fpsS {]Wbw \S-¡n-sÃ¶ ]c-amÀ°-amWv aZ-\-t\mSv HmÀ¡m³ Bh-i-y-s¸-S-p¶-Xv.

3. “F-¦nepw N{µntI, \½Ä ImWpwk¦ev] temI-a-Ão-bp-eIw” þ hnh-£-sb´v ?

ca-W-N-{µn-I-amÀ¡v kaqlw Hmtcm \ne-hm-chpw Øm\hpw \evIn-bn-«p-v.AXns\ \ntj-[n¨v {]W-bn-¡m-s\m-cp-s¼-Sp-¶Xv kmlkw BWv. km¦-ev]n-I-tem-I-hp-ambn Npäp-]m-Sns\ IW-¡m-¡p-¶Xv A]-ISw sN¿p-sa¶v ca-W³ N{µn-Isb t_m[-y-s¸-Sp-̄ m³ {ian-¡p-¶p.

4. “sIm¨p IpªmWp \o, \nsâ I®nÂhnizw apgp-h³ shfp-̄ p-Im-Wpw.”

5. “t\m¡psI ´pÖ-ze hmK-zn-emkwtIÄt¡--\n¡o {]kw-K-sa¶pw” ?4, 5 tNmZ-y-§Ä¡v 3 sâ v D¯cw Xs¶

6. “XpÑ\msas¶ \o kzo-I-cn-̈ mþeÑ-\p-a-½-bv¡p-sa´p tXm¶pw” -- -þ kµÀ`w F´v ?

GIbmb Xs¶ hcn-̈ mÂ N{µn-I-bpsS AÑ-\-½-am-cpsS {]Xn-I-cWw F´m-hp-sa¶v ca-W³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. sIm¨p-a-I-fpsS cmK-hm-bv]nÂ AhÀ¡v {]tX-y-In¨v H¶pw tXm¶m-\n-sÃ¶v N{µnI kaÀ°-ambn adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p. ca-W³\á-bmYmÀ°y-§Ä Hmtcm¶p Nqn-¡m-Wn v̈ N{µn-Isb ]nń-cn-̧ n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p.


7. Xsâ Iq«p-Imcn ̀ m\p-a-Xn-tbmSv N{µnI Imap-Is\¡pdn¨v hnh-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?aeÀs¨-p-t]mse am\-k-ap-ff Hcp-¯s\ Xm³ CXp-hsc In-«n-Ã.

Fs´mcp t{]a kw -̀Khpw Fs´mcp BZÀi kuc-̀ -hp-amWv ca-W³. B\n[n t\Sm-\m-bmÂ Xm³ `mK-y-im-en-\n-bm-Wv. kn²nbpw ip²nbpw kXy-k-Ô-Xbpw Ah-\m-Wv. ]Whpw hnZ-ybpw hnZ-y-Xmw-K-\mb ca-W³ thsd thFs¶ms¡bmWv N{µnI Imap-Is\s¨mÃn hmNm-e-bm-Ip-¶-Xv.

8. “aWn ]Xn-s\m¶p Ign-ªp-htÃmaI-sf, \n¡n-¶p-d-¡-antÃ” ? -þ kµÀ -̀taXv ?

D. Xsâ t{]a-s¯bpw Imap-I-s\bpw ]än N{µnI tXmgn Bb `m\p-a-Xn-tbmSp ]d-bp-¶p. CXn-\n-Sn-bnÂ kabw ]Xn-s\m-¶m-sb¶v ho«n-\-I-̄ p-\n¶pAdn-bn-̧ p-e-̀ n-¡p¶p DSs\ cwKw amdp-I-bmWv Ihn-X-bnÂ anI¨ \mS-Io-b-X-tbm-sS-bmWv N§-¼pg caW³ cNn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu Imh-y-̄ nsâ apt¶m-«p-ffIS-¶p-t]m¡v `mK-§fpw cwK-§-fp-ambn {Iao-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

9. “\ns¶-¡p-dn-̈ p-ff Km\-a-ÃmþXn¶o apc-fn-bn-sem-¶p-an-Ã”

þ Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS HuNn-X-y-sa´v ?N{µnI Im\-\-̄ n-te¡v BSp-ta-bv¡m³ hcs« F¶v XmXv]-cyw {]I-Sn-

¸n-̈ -t¸mÄ ca-W³ AXp \ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. HSp-hnÂ Xs¶-¡p-dn¨v HcpKm\w Be-]n-¡m-s\-¦nepw X¿m-dm-I-W-sa¶ Ah-fpsS \nÀ_Ô¯n\v ca-W³\ÂIp¶ adp-]-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv.

10. “AÛp-X-an-sÃ-¶n-¡-ev]hpw \ob-hþ\À¸Ww sNbvX-XnÂ \nsâ Nn¯w ”þ BcpsS hmI-y-am-WnXv ?

N{µn-I-bpsS tXmgn ̀ m\p-a-Xn-bpsS hm¡p-I-fm-Wn-Xv. N{µnI þc-a-W-·m-cpsS{]W-bs¯ Bthmfw t{]mÕm-ln-̧ n-¡p-I-I-bmWv `m\p-a-Xn.

11. “asäm-cmÄs¡s¶ Zm\w sNbvX-h-tc-¡m-fpsaâ v]«S-b-hÀ thKw Iq«p-I-btÃ t`Zw” ? þ kµÀ`w Fgp-Xp-I.

_Ôp-P-\-§Ä asämcp hnhm-l-̄ n\v N{µn-Isb \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-dnª ca-W³ Ah-fpsS \ne-]mSv Adn-bm-\m-{K-ln-¡p-¶p. Xs¶ asäm-cmÄ¡vsImSp-¡p-¶-Xnepw \ÃXv F\n-¡-hÀ ]«S Hcp-¡p-¶-XmWv \ÃXv F¶v N{µnI]d-bp-¶p.

12. “ Cu hniz {]Ir-Xn-X³ ]pW-y-t£-{¯nÂ sh¨p]mh-\amw KmÔÀÆ hnhmlw \S¯o \mw.”

Xsâ DZ-ym-\-̄ n-se-̄ n-tÑÀ¶ ca-Ws\ Hcp apÃ ame AWn-bn¨v N{µnIKmÔÀh hnhm-l-̄ n\p £Wn-¡p-¶p. hnhm-lm-\-́ -cw, Xm³ ca-W\p am{Xwkz-́ -am-bn-¡p-sa¶pw Bsc-́ p-]-d-ªmepw AXnÂ amä-ap-m-hn-sÃ¶pw N{µnIhm¡p \ÂIp-¶p.

13. “ ]Xn-hn-Ãm-Xn-¶n{X t\cs¯ a\:-]qÀÆw l´ Ip¡p-S-ta, \o sbń\p Iqhn-t¸mbn ” ?


N{µn-I-bpsS tKl-̄ nse DZ-ym-\-̄ nÂ {]W-b-k-Ãm-]-̄ nÂ apgp-Inb ca-W³ tImgn-bpsS ]peÀIme IqhÂtI«v t\cw shfp-¡m-\m-sb¶v Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶p. DS³ Xs¶ AhnsS \n¶pw t]mIm³ ca-W³ X¿m-dm-Ip-¶p. At¸mÄN{µnI k¦-S-s¸-Sp-¶-XmWv kµÀ`w.

14. “ F´p Rm³ sN¿pw ? aXn, aXn, \osbsâ Nnt´, hnSq hnSq....-s]m-Åp¶ t]ms«Rm³ ”

AÑ\pw A½bpw _Ôp-P-\-§fpw asämcp hnhm-l-̄ n\p \nÀ_-Ôn-¡th N{µnI ca-Ws\ ssIs¿m-gn-btWm _Ôp-P-\-§-fpsS Xocp-am\wssIs¡m-f-ftWm F¶ [À½ k¦-S-̄ nÂs¸«p-t]m-Ip-¶p.

15. “ ]mcn-en-̄ n-¡-®n-bmbn \n¶m-̧ q¯]mcn-Pm-X-s¯-¡-cn¨p Ifªq Rm³”

_Ôp-P-\-§-fpsS XmXv]-c-ymÀ°w N{µnI ca-Ws\ ]cn-X-y-Pn¨v asämcphnhm-l-̄ n-s\m-cp-§p-¶p.

16. ca-Ws\ Dt]-£n-¡m³ N{µnI Is-̄ p¶ \ym-b-§-sf´v ?AsÃ-¦nÂ

17. “ F´p h¶mepsa\n-¡m-k-z-Zn-¡Wwapń-cn-̈ m-dp-t]m-ep-sf-fm-cn-Öo-hnXw”

Xsâ kpJhpw Pbhpw Bk-zm-Z-\hpw kuIp-am-c-yhpw DÖ-z-e-bu-h-\hpwt{]ahpw a\-kv]-µ-\hpw kz-]v\hpw tamlhpw at\m-·m-Zhpw XpS§n kakvXImc-y-§sf tIhe t{]a-̄ nsâ t]cnÂ \jvS-s¸-Sp-̄ m³ N{µnI Hcp-¡-a-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. F´p h¶mepw PohnXw Bk-z-Zn-¡-W-sa¶p Xs¶ AhÄ XoÀ¨-s¸-Sp-̄ n.

18. “ ]mtS Xnc-Èoe hoWp lm aÂt{]a\mSIw XoÀ¶p þ Pbn-̈ p, Pbn¨p Rm³”

ca-W-\p-am-bp-ff t{]aw Ah-km-\n-̧ n-¡m³ N{µnI Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. t{]a-\m-S-I-̄ nsâ Xnc-Ène hoWn-cn-¡p¶p F¶ N{µn-I-bpsS {]J-ym-]-\w Ah-fpsSt{]a-t¯m-Sp-ff kao-]\w hy-à-am-¡p-¶p.

19. “IjvSw sImXn-bp-p ]mSp-hm³ F³Nn¯ apcfn XIÀ¶p t]mbn ”

Xs¶ Dt]-£n¨v N{µnI asämcp hnhm-l-̄ n\v apXnÀ¶-X-dnªv ca-W³hne-]n-¡p-¶-XmWv kµÀ`w.

III JWvUnI cq]-̄ nÂ D¯-c-sa-gp-XpI (\qdp hm¡nÂ Ihn-b-cp-Xv)1. hnem-]-Im-hy {]Øm\w F¶mÂ F´v ?

B[p-\-I-X-tbmsS Ihn-X-bnÂ {]X-y-£-s¸« Hcp \ho\ coXn-bmWv hnem-]-Im-h-y-§Ä. JWvU-Im-hy imJ-bnÂs¸Sp¶ hnem-Im-h-y-§Ä¡v hnIm-c-¯nsâbpw hnNm-c-̄ nsâbpw ka-RvP-k-amb khn-ti-j-em-h-W-y-amWv Df-fXv.Po-hn-X-̄ n-ep-mb \jvS-s¯-tbmÀ¯v Ic-bp-Ibpw Ic-bn-¡p-Ibpw Imh-y-§-fmWv Ch. ‘hy-àn-]-chpw hnIm-c-]-c-X-tb-¡mÄ Nn´m-]-cX ap¶n«p \nÂ¡p-


¶-Xp-amb `h-KoXw’ F¶ \nÀh-N-\-amWv F³ssk-t¢m-̧ o-Unb {_n«m-\n¡mhnem-]-Im-h-y-̄ n\v \ÂIp-¶-Xv. Elegia F¶ {Ko¡p ]Z-̄ nÂ \n¶mWv(hn-em]w F¶ AÀ°w) Elegy F¶ ]Zw Dm-b-Xv. ‘ Fen-sKbv³’ F¶ {ôPn-b³ [mXp-hnÂ ( AÀYw hne-]n-¡p-I) \n¶mWv (Elegy) Dm-b-sX¶pw ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Xntbm-{In-äkv (_n.-kn. aq¶mw iX-Iw) F¶ Ihn-bmWv hnem-]-Im-h-y-{]-Øm-\-̄ nsâ D]-Úm-Xm-hv. ssXgvkn-kv, lmÀshÌv tlmw XpS-§nbAt±-l-̄ nsâ hnem-]-Im-h-y-§Ä {]i-kvX-§-fmWv _tbm¬(-e-saâ v t^mÀAsUm-Wn-kv) tamkvIkv (e-saâ v t^mÀ_-tbm¬) kvs]³kÀ(-Um^vs\bvUm), anÂ«¬ (en-kn-U-kv), sjÃn (A-sUm-sW-bvkv) sS¶n-k¬ (C³sa-t½m-dn-bw) tXmakv t{K(-{Km-ao-W- iva-im-\w) F¶o hntZi Ihn-Ifpw kn.-F-kv.kp{_-Ò-W-y³ t]män(-Hcp hnem]w 1902) Fw. cmP-cm-P-hÀ½ ({]n-b-mhn-em]w1903), hn.-kn. _me-Ir-jvW-̧ -Wn-¡À (Hcp hnem]w þ 1908), \me-̧ m«v \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³ (I-®p-\oÀ¯p-f-fnþ1924) Ipam-c-\m-im³(-{]-tcm-Z-\wþ1919) N§-¼pgIrjvW-̧ n-ff (c-a-W³) XpS-§-fnb ae-bmf Ihn-Ifpw hnem-]-Im-h-y-{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ {it²-b-amb kw`m-h\ AÀ¸n-̈ -h-cm-Wv. PohXn ac-W-§-fpsS s]mcp-fp-IÄ Nnt´m-±-o]-I-c-ambn tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n-h-bv¡p¶ hnem-]-Im-h-y-§Ä kmln-X-y-im-J-bnse {]m[m-\-y-aÀln-¡p¶ Hcp Imh-y-ta-J-e-bm-Wv.

2. N§-¼pgbpsS {][m\ IrX-n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I.cà ]pjv]-§Ä, kv]µn-¡p¶ AØn-amSw, _mjv]m-RvP-en, HmW-̧ q-

¡Ä, ]mSp¶ ]nim-Nv, bh-\n-I, \nÀÆm-W-a-WvU-ew, Bcm-[-I³, cmK-]-cm-Kw,kz-c-cm-K-kp-[, tZh-KoXw (Ko-X-tKm-hnµw XÀP-a) aZ-t\m-Õhw (dp-_m-bn-bm¯vXÀP-a) ca-W³, Ifn-t¯mgn (t\m-hÂ)

3. ca-W³ F¶ hnem] Imh-y-̄ nÂ {]X-y-£-s¸-Sp¶ KmbI kwLw \nÀÆ-ln-¡p¶ [À½w F´v ?

kqN-\:þ ca-W³ ae-bm-f-̄ nse BZy CS-b-hn-em-]-Km\w þ \mS-Io-b-amb Ah-X-c-Wwþ cwK-§-fm-¡n-̄ n-cn-̈ p-ff IYm-hn-jvImcw þ KmbI kwLwkq{X-[m-csâ thj-̄ nÂ þ ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ Cu ]pXpa ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p þ\S-¡m-\n-cn-¡p¶ kw -̀h-§-fn-te¡v hmb-\-¡m-cs\ £Wn-¡Â þ Cu coXnAtcm-N-I-am-sW¶ Nne hnaÀi-I-cpsS hmZw.

4. aZ-\³ F¶ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ \ncq-]Ww sN¿p-I.kqN-\: ca-Wsâ v Dä-tXm-g³ þ Ccp-sa-¿m-sW-¦nepw ]c-kv]-cw Poh-

s\¶ hni-zmkw þ ca-Wsâ Htcm Ne-\hpw Adn-bp-¶-h³ þt{]aw Xe-¡v ]n-Sn¨-t¸mÄ ZoÀL-Zr-jvSn-tbmsS Imc-y-§sf {]hÀ¯n¨v t\Àhgn \S-̄ m³ {ian-¨-h³. Fń\pw IqsS \n¶-h³ þ {]Wbw ]cm-P-b-am-b-t¸mgpw ca-W³ Bß-X-y-sN-bvX-t¸mgpw kaq-ls¯ tNmZyw NbvX-h³.

5. “ {]mWsâ _Ôhpw Xq¡n-t\m-¡p-¶Xp\mW-b-̄ p-«p-I-fmWp t]mepw]pÃm-sR-\n-¡n-̧ -W, ah³ X³ sIm¨pþ]pÃm-¦p-g-ep-ambv t\m¡nSpt¼mÄ þ hnh£ F´v ?


kqN-\: N{µn-Im-c-W-·m-cpsS {]Wb_Ôs¯ _Ôp-P-\-§Ä FXnÀ¡p¶kabw þ ̀ m\p-aXn N{µnIbpsS Xocp-am-\-a-dn-bm³ {ian-¡p-¶p þ N{µnI \ÂIp¶adp-]-Sn-bm-WnXv þ CXn-eqsS N§-¼p-g-bpsS {]W-b-t_m-[hpw kmaq-l-y-hn-aÀi-\-co-Xnbpw {]I-S-am-Ip-¶p.

6. `m\p-aXn F¶ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ \ncq-]Ww sN¿p-I.kqN-\: N{µn-I-bpsS {]W-bs¯ XpS¡w apXte ]n´p-W-¡p-¶hÄ þ

F¦nepw {]Wbw k -̂e-am-Iptam F¶ kwibw XpS¡w apXte {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶hÄ þ cW-a-þ-N-{µnI {]W-b-I-Y-bnse khn-ti-jhpw kz-̀ m-hn-I-amb km¶n-[-ywþ N{µn-I-bpsS a\Êv {]I-S-am-Ip-¶Xv `m\p-a-Xn-bp-am-bp-ff Nne kw`m-jWkµÀ -̀§-fn-em-Wv.

IV. aq¶qdv hm¡nÂ Ihn-bmsX D]-\-y-kn-¡p-I.

1). Imev]-\In Ihn-X-bpsS e£Ww \nÀ®-bn-¡p-I.2) ae-bm-f-̄ nse hnem]Imhy {]Øm-\s¯ kmam-\-y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I.3). ae-bmf Imhy Ncn-{X-̄ nÂ ca-W³ F¶ IrXn-bpsS Øm\w F´v ?4) ca-W³ kaq-l-̄ n\p ap¶n-ep-bÀ¯p¶ tNmZ-y-§Ä Fs´Ãmw ?5) CSb hnem-]-Im-hy amXrI F¶ \ne-bnÂ ca-W³ F¶ IrXnsb hni-I-e\w

sN¿p-I.6) N{µn-I-bp-am-bp-ff ca-Wsâ {]W-b-̄ nÂ aZ-\sâ \ne-]mSv hni-Z-am-¡p-I.


\c-_-en]n. Ipªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ

1. ]n. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ P\n¨ hÀjwD. 1905 HIvtSm-_À 4 \v ImkÀtImUv PnÃ-bnse Imª-§m«v2. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-cpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw FhnsS \n¶v ?D. shf-fn-t¡m¯v ss{]adn kvIqfnepw ]p¶-tÈcn \¼n-bpsS inj-y-\mbn ]«m¼o

kwkvIrX Iem-e-b-̄ nepw X©m-hqÀ kwkvIrX ]mT-im-e-bn-epw.3. Gähpw henb sdmamânIv Ihn-bmbn ]n.sb hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ Xv ?D. s{]m^. tae¯v N{µ-ti-J-c³ (Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ Ihn-X)4. ]n.-bpsS {][m\ IrXn-IÄ ?D. Ifn-b-Ñ³, Xma-c-t¯m-Wn, hbÂ¡-c-bnÂ , Xma-c-t¯³ ]S-hmÄ, ]qam-e, \nd-

]d, ]mXn-cm-̧ q-hv, HmW-̧ q-hv, IÀ¸q-c-a-g, \ocm-RvP-\w, ]q¡-fw, ctYm-Õ-hw, Nne-s¼m-en, {]]©w (I-hn-X-IÄ)

5. ]n. bpsS Bß-I-Y-IÄ ?D. Fs¶-̄ n-c-bp¶ Rm³, Ihn-bpsS Imev]m-Sp-IÄ, \nX-y-I-\-y-I-sb-t¯Sn6. ]n. bpsS teJ\ kam-lm-c-§Ä ?D. ]£n-Ip-fsS ]cn-j-̄ v, hnNmc hnlmcw7. 1955þÂ aZn-cmin kÀ¡mÀ AhmÀUv t\Snb IrXn ?D. Ifnb-Ñ³8. 1959þÂ tIcf kmln-Xy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUp t\Snb IrXn ?D. Ifn-b-Ñ³9. 1967þÂ tI{µ-km-ln-Xy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv e`n¨ IrXn ?

Xma-c-t¯mWn10. ]n. Ihn-X-IfpsS khn-ti-jX Fs´Ãmw ?

tIc-fob kwkvIm-cnI _nw_m-h-en-I-fpsS km¶n-[-yw, kaq-ly Poh-Xn-X-¯nsâ XIÀ¨-bn-ep-ff thZ-\, ae-bmf `mj-bpsS X\n-a, ùXn-I-þ-̀ u-Xn-tI-X-c-X-e-§-fnÂ [Àt½m-Zvt_m-[-\w.

11. ]n. Ihn-X-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ ?AXn-cp-I-S¶ hmNm-e-X, sshcp-²-ym-i-b-§-fpsS kt½-f-\w, Htc _nw_-§Ä

Xs¶ ]e Ihn-X-I-fnÂ BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv.12. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-cpsS Imh-y-tem-I¯v “kuµ-c-y-̄ n\v \nX-y-Xm-cp-W-y-amW”v

F¶v Nqn-¡m-W¨ hnaÀi-I³ ?sI.-]n. i¦-c³

13. ""DÑ-yw-J-e-amb DZm-cX '' F¶v tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn ]n. Ihn-Xsb hnti-jn-̧ n-¡m³ ImcWw ?.

D. \nb-{´W cln-X-amb `mh-\-bpsS Ic-I-hn-sªm-gp¡v Imc-Ww.


14. ""\½psS Ihn-I-fnÂ '' ]eÀ¡pw CkvXn-cnbn« jÀ«n-\p-aosX Npa-enÂ aS-¡n-bn«Ik-hp-thjvSn am{X-amWv Ihn-X-zw. F¶mÂ Ipªncm-a³ \mbÀ¡v AsXmcp{hXhpw Hcp D]m-k-\bpw Hcp km[-\bpw Hcp PohnX coXnbpw BWv ''. C§s\\nco-£n-̈ -Xmcv ?.

F³. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-bÀ.15. ]n. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbsc ap¶nÂ Iv BäqÀ chn-hÀ½ Fgp-Xnb IhnX?

taL-cq-]³16. ]n. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbsc ]cm-aÀin¨v Un. hn\-b-N-{µ³ Fgp-Xnb IhnX ?

kakvX tIc-fw. ]n.-H.17. ""Iªn-sh-ffw \pW-¡msX

ss]X-§Ä ]nS-bp-s¼mgpws]mcp¯ thX\w Xn¶phoÀ¡pao Rm³ acn-¡-Ww.

]oSn-I-̄ n® hoSm¡nktlm-Zcn ab-§thssIt¡m-g-bmÂ _w¥mhpXoÀ¡pao Rm³ acn-¡Ww '' F¶p ]mSnb Ihn ?

]n. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ18. ""]q«pI thc-säm-cn-¡p-e-hmg {]Z-i-\-im-e-IÄ'' F¶v ]n. hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ Xv Fńs\?

C¶s¯ Imes¯ hnZ-ym-̀ -ymk Øm]-\-§sf19. ""Cu AÊo-Ên-bnse {^m³knkv ssI DbÀ¯n hnfn-̈ mÂ ]d-h-IÄ am{X-aÃ

Nnd-In-Ãm-¯h t]mepw Nndp-I-h¨v ]d¶p hcp¶p '' - ]n. Ipªn-cm-a³\mbsc¡pdn¨v Cu {]kvXm-h\ \S-̄ n-b-Xmcv ?

Fw. eoem-hXn20. ""Xsâ Iuamcw Ifn¨p \S¶ `mc-X-̧ p-gbpw ]cn-k-§fpw ]Tn¨-dnª {]mNo\

`mc-Xob kmln-X-yhpw \S-¶p-I tIc-fob t£{X-§fpw BWv At±-l-̄ nsâam\-k Pohn-X-̄ nsâ aq¶p _nµp-¡Ä. Cu ap¶v _nµp-¡sf tNÀ¯v Hcp{XntIm-W-ap-m-¡n-bmÂ AXn-\Iw At±-l-̄ nsâ km{am-P-y-am-Wv. AhnsSAt±lw FI-Ñ-{Xm-[n-]-Xn-bmbn hmgp¶p ''. ]n. Ihn-X-sb-¡p-dn-̈ pff Cu A`n-{]mbw Bcp-tSXv ?

F³. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-bÀ21. ""D¯pw-K-amb `mh-\bpw sI«p-]n-WªpsaS-ª-t]m-ep-ff Bhn-jvI-c-W-ssi-

enbpw Cui-z-tcm-·p-J-amb DÄ¡m-gvNbpw apdn-thä tZim-̀ n-am-\-̄ nsâ ]ucp-jhpw ]q¯p-e-ªmSn \nÂ¡p¶ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS hne-k-tem-e-p]-amb kuµ-c-yhpw XoP-zm-e-s¡m¸w NqSpw shfn-̈ hpw \ÂIp¶ Imh-y-k-¦-ev]-§fpw FÃmwH¯n-W-§n-b-XmWv ]n. bpsS IhnX ''-þ Cu {]Øm-h\ BcpsS ?

Xmbm«v i¦-c³


22. ""tIcfw ISÂhn-gp-§n-bmepw ae-bmf Ihn-X-Isf apgp-h³ Ime-̄ nsâ NnXÂ¸pävXns¶m-Sp-¡n-bmepw Hcp ae-bm-fn-sb-¦nepw ̀ qap-J-̄ -h-ti-jn-¡pw-hsc Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-cpsS Ihn-Xbpw B Ihn-X-bn-eqsS tIc-f-hpw AXnsâ amZ-I-ku-µ-c-yhpw a[pc a[pc Nn{Xhpw Ah-ti-jn-̧ n-¡pI Xs¶ sN¿pw ''-þ ]n. sb Ipdn-¨p-ff Cu hm¡p-IÄ Bcp-tS¯ ?

kn.-]n. {io[-c³ ( Xma-c-t¯m-Wn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I)23. ""Hmfw \ne¨ lrZ-bþ

amb \oÀs¸m-bvI-Np-änepwhncnª X¦-s¨-́ m-cmbv\nev]q Im«n-semc-¼ew ''þ Im«nse A¼-e-ambn Ihn Iev]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶XvFńs\?

C´-y³ `qan-sb.24. "]qª-bp-ff shf-f-¡mf' F¶v ]n. \c-_-en-bnÂ hnti-jn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv

Fńs\ ?lnam-e-bs¯

25. "\c-_en' F¶ IhnX {]kn-²n-Ir-X-amb hÀjw ?1966

26. ""]«m-f-̄ nÂ t¨À¶p imń þ¡mc\mw aµ-am-cp-X³'' -þ hnh£ F´v ?

imń-¡m-c³ IÀ½w sImv imń \ÂtI--h\pw kzbw imń e`n-t¡--h\pw BWv. ùXn-I-X-bpsS AXn-{]-k-c-̄ nÂ B²ym-ßn-I-Xbv¡v a§-te-än-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn-\mÂ A²-ym-ß-Nn-́ -bpsS tI{µ-§-fmbn Icp-X-s -̧«n-cn¡p¶t£{X-§-tfmSpw tZh-X-I-tfmSpw P\§Ä¡v B`n-ap-Jyw Ipd-bp-¶p. k¼¯pwhmcn hnXdn kpJ-tem-ep-]-X-bpsS Iev]-h--Ãn-bmbn ]c-tZ-hX ]p {iotZ-hn-bmbv sXfn-ªn-cp-¶p. F¶m-en¶v hnZ-y-bpsS Zo]vXn Acp-fn-t¸m-¶n-cp¶ A£-c-cq-]n-Wn-bmb kc-k-zXnbpw amämsâ t]Sn-k-z-]v\-ambv hoc ]ucp-j-t¯msS,hmÄ hoin-bn-cp¶ ZpÀKm-tZ-hnbpw tIhew IÃp-I-fmbn amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.CtXmsS t£{X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v D]-Po-h\w Ign-̈ n-cp-¶-hsc AXv ]e coXn-bnÂ _m[n-̈ p. im´ ioe-\mb imń-¡m-cp-\p-t]mepw ]«m-f-̄ nÂ tNtcAhkvY kwPm-X-am-bn.

27. ""hym-tam-l-̄ n³ hnj-¡m-änÂab§pw aÀ¯-y-]u-cpjwGtXm iwsJs-en-bmÂ sR«n þbpWcpw Nn{X-ap-n-XnÂ''

Cu hcn-IfnÂ sXfn-bp¶ Zri-y-sa´v ?Ipcp-t£-{X-bp-²-̀ q-an-bnÂ XfÀ¶p-hoW AÀPp-\-\³ KotXm-]-tZiw tI«v

bpt²m-Z-yp-à-\m-Ip¶ Zriyw Cu hcn-I-fn-eqsS sXfn-ªp-h-cp-¶p.


28. ""Bª-Sn¡pw lna-¡m-än³XWp-̧ nÂ ¨qfn \nÝewImhÂ¸S-I-fmbvt±hþZmcp-hr-£-§Ä \nev¡-bmbv '' -

þ Cu hcn-I-fnse kqN\ F´v ?D. ImhÂ¸S F¶ {]tbmKw AXnÀ¯n-bnÂ sImSpw ssiX-ys¯ FXn-cn«v ImhÂ

\nÂ¡p¶ hoc-̀ -S-·msc AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp¶ Cu hcn-IÄ.29. ""acn-¡Ww, acn¡pw Rm³

\n\-¡mbv kvt\l hn{KtlA -́cm-ß-Nn-Zm-\-µþIhn-Xm-h\ tZhtX ''- hnh£ F´v ?

D. Ihn-Xsb \nXy I\-y-I-bmb Imap-In-bmbn hcn¨ Ihn-bmWv ]n. Ipªn-cm-a³\mbÀ. Xsâ D]m-k-\m-aqÀ¯n-bmbpw Ihn-Xsb At±lw kzo-I-cn-̈ -Xnsâ {]Jym-]-\-amWv Cu hcn-IÄ. B tZhn-bpsS hc-{]-kmZw t\Sm³ kz-Po-h³ XrPn-¡m\pw k¶-²-\mWv Xms\¶v At±lw BWn-Sp-¶p.

30. C´-y-bpsS AbÂcm-P-y-§-fp-am-bp-ff bp²w {]ta-b-amb {][m\ Ihn-X-IÄGsXÃmw ?

D. \c-_en ( ]n. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ)ASsc-¦nÂ ASÀ ( Pn. i¦-c-¡p-dp-̧ v)aª-¡-S-en-t\mSv (ssh-tem-̧ n-ffn {io[-c-ta-t\m³)hoc-Xm-WvUhw (H.-F³.-hn. Ipdp-̧ v)

31. "\c-_en ' F¶ Ihn-X-tbmSv tNÀ¯p hmbn-¡m-hp¶ ]n. bpsS asämcp Ihn-X-bm-Wv......

amXr-N-c-W-§-fnÂ32. "amXr-N-c-W-§-fnÂ' F¶ Ihn-X-bpsS {]tabw F´v ?

s]ä-½bv¡p sImSp-¡p¶ kvt\lw þ tkh\w þ AXn-¶p-Iqen tNmZn-¡pIþ Ah³ aIt\m a\p-j-yt\m AÃ, atätXm kXzw BWv. ]cn-]qÀ®-amb BXvakaÀ¸-W-amWv th-Xv. AXn-seÃmw AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. CXmWv "amXr-N-c-W-§-fnse {]tabw'

33. ""Xcn-¡nÃ a\w sXÃpw]Ibv¡m cW-̀ q-an-bnÂacn¡pw Rm³ \n\-¡mbn

awK-fm-ZÀitZ-htX ''F¶ [oc-amb {]Xn-Ú-tbmsS Bcw-̀ n-¡p¶ IhnX GXv ?

\c-_-en.34. ""a\w s\m´v, lrZbw X]n¨v càw Xnf¨v kncm-]-S-e-§-fmsI {Xkn¨v , Fgp-Xn-

b-t¸m-b-XmWv \c-_en ''- BcpsS ImgvN-̧ m-SmWv CXv ?kn. ]n. {io[-c³ (Xma-c-t¯m-Wn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I)


35. "Ihn-X-bn-ÃmsX X¯-z-im-kv{Xhpw aXhpw A]qÀ®-amWv ' F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv Bcv ?

amXyq BÀt\mÄUv.36. "\c-_en' bpsS XpS-¡-̄ nÂ Ihn A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿p¶ "awK-fm-ZÀi-tZ-hX'

BcmWv ?A´-cmß NnZm-\-µ-I-hnXm h\-tZ-h-X-bmWv Cu awK-fm-ZÀi-tZ-h-X.

37. ""Pz-en-¡p¶q \cm-Imcw]qsmcm \oe-̀ m-kvI-c³ ''-

þ\oe `mkv¡-c³ F¶ {]tbm-K-̄ nsâ hnh£ F´v ?{iocm-a-s\-bmWv hnh-£n-¡p-¶-Xv.

38. t£{X-̄ nse kzÀ® \nt£-]-̄ nsâ IÃd ( -̀WvUm-cw) amń-s¸m-fn-¡p-¶XvBcmWv ?

t£{Xw `cn-̧ p-Im-cmb s]c-p¨m-gn-¡q-«-§Ä.

39. ""\qdp-§n-s¸m-Sn-bp-t¶mco þbØn IqS-̄ n-tedn \o\r¯ amSn-̈ n-cn-̈ mepwImfn-bn-¡mf cm{Xn-bnÂ '' - kµÀ`w Fgp-Xp-I.

`mc-X-̄ nsâ hÀ -̄am-\m-h-Øbpw amXr-cm-P-y-t¯m-Sp-ff ̀ mc-Xo-b-cpsSI]-S-̀ -ànbpw hnaÀi-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡nb Ihn AXn-s\mcp ]cn-lmcw sImXn-¡p-I-I-bm-Wv. ]Ým-̄ -]-hn-h-i-\mb At±-l-̄ n\v Xsâ amXr-Im-cm-P-y-̄ n\v kz-Po-h³ _en AÀ¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ Ipdªp asämcp Btem-N-\bpw ]cn-lmcamÀK-ambn h¶n-Ã. Imfn-tbmSv ̀ mc-̄ nsâ C¯cw \odp¶ Zpcn-X-§Ä¡p-taÂ \S-\-amSn kt´mjw sImf-fm\pw Xsâ \c-_en kzo-I-cn-¡m\pw Ihn Bh-i-y-s¸-Sp-¶p.

40. ""]p{X-c-àw, ]p{X-amwkw ''aXn; Rm³ tI«p Iev]-\;apäpw I]-S-̀ -àn¡p

in£-tbÂ¡-W-an¶p Rm³'' -Iev]\ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-̈ -Xmcv ? Imc-W-sa´v?

amXr-cm-P-y-¯n\v AÀl-am-b-sXm¶pw AÀ¸n-¡msX I]-S-`-àn-bmÂPohnXw \bn-¡p¶ Iq«-cmbn ]pXn-b-Ime C´-y³ P\X amdn. tIc-fob_nw_-§sf btYm-NnXw kzo-I-cn-¡mt\m a\-Ên-em-¡mt\m XmXv]-c-y-s -̧Sm-sX, Ahsbam\n-¡msX Bfp-IÄ amdp-¶p. CXnÂ t{Im[w Df-hmb tZho Iev]-\-ap-g-¡p-¶p. ]p{X-am-khpw càhpw _en \ÂIn \mSns\ hosp-¡p-I.


D]-\-y-kn-¡p-I.

1. hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-̄ nsâ hnjm-Zhpw Ak-zm-Ø-yhpw Ihn-X-bpsS Bg-̄ nÂ Adn-ª-bm-fmWv "\c-_en' bpsS IÀ¯mhv - hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

2. `mc-Xo-bhpw tIc-fo-b-hp-amb _nw_-§Ä ]n.-I-hn-X-I-fnÂ {]X-y-£-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-§s\ F¶v " \c-_en' ap³ \nÀ¯n ]ntim-[n-¡p-I.

3. "\c-_en' F¶ Ihn-Xbv¡v Hcp Bk-zm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡p-I.4. sdmamânIv Ihn, `à-Ihn XpS-§nb hnti-j-W-§-fmÂ ]n. Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡-s¸-

Sp-¶-Xnsâ km¶n[yw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.5. kz´w lrZ-bs¯ Iodn-ap-dn-¡p¶ hym-tP\ A\-y-cpsS IÀ½hpw [À½hpw

Btem-N\ hnj-b-am-¡m-\p-ff Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡p-I-bmWv "\c-_en' bneqsS ]n.sN¿p-¶Xv - kaÀ°n-¡p-I.

III. JWvUnIm cq]¯n-se-gp-Xp-I.

1) "\c-_en' Â ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp¶ KX-Ime `mcX Nn{X-§Ä Fs´Ãmw ?.kqN\: \£-{X-§Ä \ndª, ac-X-II-Ãp-t]m-ep-ff BÀj kwkvIm-c-t£-

{Xhpw ]cn-k-chpw þ C´-y-bpsS {]IrXn ̀ wKnbpw sshhn-[-y-§fpw þ A\-\-y-X-z-ap-ff ]pcm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-§fpw Ah-cpsS IÀ½-§-fpw.

2) kzm-{X-{´-ym-\-́ c C´-y-bpsS lrZ-b-̄ nÂ ImWp¶ [mÀ½n-Im-[:-]-X\w IhnNn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\ ?

kqN\: ap¼v hgn-t¸m-¡sc ay-jvSm-¶-aq-Snb A{K-im-e-IÄ NnXepw amdm-ebpw aqSn-¡n-S-¡p¶, C¶v. XoÀ° _mjv]w \ndª Nnd-bm-Is«, Xma-c-IÄIcn-ªp-Xp-S-§n, ]S-hp-IÄ CSn-ªp. tIhew sNfn-¡p-m-bn-̄ oÀ¶p. AÔ-X-bpsS sNfn hSn¨p XpS¨p If-tb ssIIÄ hopw hopw AÔ-Im-c-¯nsâ hngp-̧ p-sI-«p-IÄ sImp-h¶v Ae-¡p-¶p. ]q¸v _m[n-̈ v, \ndw-sI«vtimI-aq-I-amb shtÅm«phn-f-¡p-IIÄ ssItamiw h¶ kzÀK-̄ nsâ {]Xo-I-§-fmWv. tZho tZh-·mcpw Ihn-cm-Pm-·mcpw kzIÀ½¯nsâ anI-hnÂ AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm thpw hn[w Xncn-̈ -dn-b-s¸-Sp-Itbm sN¿p-¶n-Ã. `WvUm-c-¯nse kzÀWhpw aäpw t£{X-I-½-än-¡m-cmb s]cp-̈ m-gn-IÄ amń-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p.

3) "\c-_en' F¶ ioÀj-I-̄ nsâ HuNn-Xyw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.kqN\ : kz-cm-P-y-̄ nsâ al-Xzw BZ-yhpw ka-Im-enI P\-X-bpsS I]S

`ànbpw {]I-S-\hpw ]n¶oSpw AXn-s\mcp ]cn-lm-c-amÀK-amb kz-́ s¯ \mSn-\m-bv, Ihn-X-bv¡mbn Xy-Pn-¡m\pw Bh-i-y-s¸-Sp¶ Cu Ihn-Xbv¡v DNn-X-ambioÀj-I-amWv "\c-_en'.


_p²\pw Rm\pw \cn-bpwCS-tÈcn tKmhn-µ³ \mbÀ

1. "CS-tÈcn' F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Ihn--bpsS apgp-h³ t]cv ?CS-tÈcn tKmhn-µ³ \mbÀ

2. CS-tÈcnbpsS PohnX Imew ?1906--þ1974

3. CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS P\\w ?1906 Unkw-_À 23 \v (Rm-b-dm-gvN) ae-̧ pdw PnÃ-bnse Ipän-̧ p-ds¯ Xd-hm-

«p-ho-Smb CS-tÈ-cn-¡-f-̄ nÂ4. CS-tÈcn \nc-y-mX-\m-bXv ?

1974 HIvtSm-_À 16 \v5. CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS IrXn-IÄ

Af-Im-h-en, ]p¯³ Iehpw Acn-hm-fw, X¯-z-imkv-{X-§Ä Dd-§p-t¼mÄ,Imhnse ]m«v,Ip¦p-a-{]-̀ m-Xw, Idp¯ sN«n-̈ n-IÄ, Hcp ]Sn-Sn-s\-Ãn-¡, ]qX-̧ m-«v.

6. CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS BZy Ihn-X-bm-Wv........Al-ey (1928)

7. CS-tÈcn {]i-kvX-amb \mSIw ?Iq«p-Irjn

8. 1970 Â tI{µ-km-ln-Xy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUp t\Snb CS-tÈcn IrXn ?Imhn-se-]m«v

9. 1968 Â tIcf kmln-Xy A¡m-[an AhmÀUp t\Snb IrXn?Hcp ]nSn s\Ãn-¡.

10. kz´w cN-\-I-fpsS ]Wn-̧ p-csb \m«n³ ]pd-̄ p-Im-c-\mb Icp-hmsâ BetbmSvXmc-X-a-y-s¸-Sp-̄ nb Ihn ?

CS-tÈ-cn.11. ""PohX hr¯n-bpsS ]ÂN-{I-§Ä amwk-̄ nÂ Bn-d-§n-sImv ap³t]m«p

Xncn-bp-\-t¼mÄ Gsd t\cw [ym-\-\n-X-c-\m-bn-cn-¡m³ h¿. Znh-y-tX-P-Êns\km£m-XvIcn¡m³ DÄ¯Sw \nÝ-e-am-¡p¶ hgn-¡p-f-̄ n\p hogp-̧ p-sI-«p-ambnhcp¶ Ae-¡p-Im-cs\ hne-¡m³ A[n-Im-c-an-Ã.'' þ BcpsS ImgvN-̧ m-SmWv CXv?

CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS12. CS-tÈ-cn-¡-hn-X-I-fpsS {][m\ kh-ntij-X-IÄ

kaq-l-\n-jvT-amb Bi-b-̄ nsâ aqÀ¯-X, A´:-kv]Àin-bmb hn¹ht_m[w, \m«n³ ]pds¯ km[m-cW Poh-Xn-§sf ap³ \nÀ¯n-bp-f-fXpw am\-h-t_m-[s¯ DÄs¡m-f-f-¶-Xp-amb Imh-y-ho-£-Ww, IYm-I-Y\ kz-̀ m-hw, KmÔn-b³ þ amIvkn-b³ Nn´m-[m-c-I-fpsS ka-\-z-b-̄ nsâ kzm-[o-\w, AXn-ssh-Im-cn-I-amb Imev]-\nI `mhm-́ -co-£-̄ nÂ Bbn«pw XnIª at\m-\n-b-{´-Whpwlr-Z-b-kv]p-¡mb Ah-X-c-W-hpw.


13. ""A[n-Imcw sIm¿-W-am-Zyw \mwAXnÂ tae-mIs« s]m¶m-c-y³ '' F¶ hcn-IÄ ?

CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS

14. ""Ipgn-sh«n apSpI thZ-\-IÄIpXn-sImÄI iànbnte¡v \½Ä'' F¶p ]mSn-bXv ?

CS-tÈ-cn.

15. {]i-kvX-amb " Ipän-̧ pdw' ]mew F¶ IhnX cNn-̈ Xv ?CS-tÈ-cn.

16. KmÔn-b³ amÀK-t¯m-Sp-ff XmXv]-cyw Df-fnÂ \nd-ªn-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw AXnsâNne t\cs¯ A{]m-tbmKn-I-Xsb¡pdn-¨p-ff Adn-hnÂ \n¶p-mb HcpAaÀ¯n-̈ ncnbmWv ........ F¶ Ihn-X.

_p²\pw Rm\pw \cn-bpw.

17. ""GXn-s\-¡p-dn-̈ m-bmepw CStÈncn-bpsS IhnX D¨-Øm-bnÂ ]mSm-dn-Ã. iIm-c-¯nsâ ssien AXn-¶-dntª IqSm. GXv D{K-amb {]Xn-tj-[hpw "sO' F¶Hc-£-c-̄ nsâ apg-¡-̄ nÂ DÄs¡m-f-fn-¡pw. ss\tem¬ kmcn-t]mse hgp-h-gp-̧ ³ ]Z-§-f-Ã, JmZn-̄ pWn t]mse ]cp-]-cp¯ ]Z-§-fmWv B IhnX-IÄFSp¯ps]cp-am-dp-¶-Xv. FÃm-ändpw D]cn A¶-¶s¯ Hgp-¡nÂ Hen¨p t]mImsX\nhÀ¶p \nev¡p¶ \s«-Ãpv Ah-bvs¡Ãmw '' þ CS-tÈ-cn-¡-hn-X-Isf¡pdn¨vC§s\ \nco-£n-̈ -Xv.

Xmbm«v i¦-c³.

18. ""BZÀi-§Ä \qdp-i-X-am-\hpw {]mtbm-Kn-Iam-I-bn-Ã, BbmÂ ]ns¶ Ah BZÀi-§-f-Ãm-Xm-bn-̄ o-cp-¶p. Ahsb {]X-y-£cw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-¡m-\p-ff ]mgv {ia§-fpsS t\À¡v Fsâ at\m-KXn £an-¡-tW, AÂ]w A\m-c-y-am-Wv. KmÔn-b³XX-z-kw-ln-X¡pw ssZ\w-Zn\ `c-W-h-y-{K-X-¡p-an-S-bnÂ¡nS¶v Fsâ t\Xm-¡-·mÀ hoÀ¸p-ap-«p-¶Xv I-t¸mÄ H¶v AaÀ¯n-̈ n-cn-¡m³ tXm¶n-b-Xnsâ ̂ e-amWv Cu Ihn-X. '' " _p²\pw Rm\pw \cnbpw ' F¶ IhnXsb¡p-dn¨v Cu{]kvXm-h\ \S-̄ n-b-Xm-cv.

CS-tÈcn

19. _p²\pw Rm\pw \cnbpw hmb-\-¡m-c\pw ' F¶ {]_Ôw X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ?C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e³

20. Acn-bnÃ, Xncn-bn-Ã, Zpcn-X-am-sW-¶mepw\cn Xn¶mÂ \t¶m apj-y-·mtc ? - þ Cu hcn-I-fnse kqN-sb´v ?


kqN\: Ihn-X-bpsS Bcw`w Cu hcn-I-tfmsS -þ BZÀi¯nsâ A{]m-tbm-Kn-IX t\cn«v Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p þ Acnbpw Xncn-bp-amWv {][m\ {]iv\w.PohnXw apt¶m«v sImp-s]m-tI-h F¶mÂ Pohn-¡m-\p-ff amÀK-̄ nÂBZÀi-̄ nsâ A{i-²-bmÂ PohnXw \jvS-s]-«mtem ?.

21. ""\cn Itm-t\-dn-bmÂ \mbm-«p-\m-b-¡sfþÈcn, Rmt\m hmd-p-Ên-̧ m-bn-amsc'' - CXnse Bt£]w F´v ?

\cn-bp-ff hgn-bn-eqsS ho«nse¯m³ AbmÄ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ¡v\cnsb¡qk-en-Ã-þ-\cn Im«n-se-̄ p¶ GXm\pw th« \mbv¡sf am{Xta In-«p-m-Iq. Xm\m-Is« Ah-sb-¡mfpw òI-c-amb kn¸m-bn-amsc F{X I-Xm--Wv.

22. ""CS-bp-tÅmÀ hmZn-̧ n³ amÀKhpw e£-yhpwanS-dntbm; Rms\m¶p Xe-Nm-bv¡s« '' kµÀ`hpw Bi-bhpw hnh-cn-¡p-I.

Xs¶ Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ a¡Ä¡-cn-In-te¡v Acnbpw km[-\-§-fpsSthKw F¯n-¡-Ww. AXn\v cp-hgn Df-f-Xn-Â H¶v A]-ISw \nd-ª-Xm-Wv.\cn ]Xp-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ hgn t]mIm³ AbmÄ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. hgn-a-t²-ysb,{]Xo-£n-̈ -t¸mse \cn {]X-y-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. _p²hn-{K-l-̄ n\p ]nd-InÂ Hfn-ªn-cn-¡p¶ \cn Abmsf B{I-an-¡m³ apXn-cth _p² hn{Klw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-te¡v Xf-fn-bn«v AbmÄ c£-s¸-Sm³ ian-¡p-¶p. hn{Klw hoW-Xn-\mÂ\cn sImÃ-s¸-Sp-¶p. AbmÄ ho«n-se¯n `£-Wm-́ cw Dd-§m³ InS-¡p-¶p.CXn-\nsS \cnsb sIm¶-Xn¶pw AXn\p _p² hn{Klw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-̄ n-b-Xn\pw AbmÄ tNmZyw sN¿-s¸-Sm-\n-S-bp-v. At±lw kzo-I-cn¨ e£-yhpwamÀKhpw NÀ¨m-hn-j-b-am-Im\pw km[-yX Dv. Xsâ km[m-cW Pohn-Xs¯apt¶m-«p-sIm-p-t]m-Im-\p-ff {]mtbmKnI CS-s]-SÂ \S-̄ nb At±-l-̄ n\p]t£ AXns\ sNmÃn-bp-ff XÀ¡ hnXÀ¡-§-fnÂ Xosc Xmev]-cyw CÃ. AXpshdpw kabw Ifbemsbm hmN-I-kÀ¯mtbm BWv CS-tÈcn Icp-Xp-¶-Xv.

D]-\y-kn-¡pI (ap-¶qdp hm¡nÂ Ihn-bm-sX)1. amÀ¤hpw e£yhpw F¶-Xn-\-̧ pdw a\p-jy\pw Ahsâ Pohn-X-hp-amWv kÀÆ-{]-[m\w F¶v CS-tÈcn kaÀ°n-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

2. N§¼pg, CS-̧ Ån XpS-§nb Imev]-\nI Ihn-IÄ krjvSn¨ Imhym-́ -co-£-̄ nÂCStÈcnbpw F³.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cn-bcpw hyXy-kvX-cm-Ip-¶Xv F´p-sImv?

3. Xe-t]m-Ip¶ t\c v̄ Xe-\m-cn-g-Io-dn-bpÅ XÀ¡-§-fnÂ A -̀c-an-¡p-¶-Xns\ cq£-ambn ]cn-l-kn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. ‘_p²\pw Rm\pw \cnbpw’ F¶ Ihn-X-bneqsS CS-tÈcnsN¿p-¶-Xv. hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

4. amÀ¤hpw e£yhpw kw_-Ôn¨v \S-¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶ Iqe-¦-j-amb NÀ¨-bpsSAkw-_-Ô-amWv CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS ‘_p²\pw Rm\pw \cnbpw’ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.


KmÔnbpw tKmUvskbpwF³.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cn-bÀ

1. F³.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cn-b-cpsS Pohn-X-Imew?

1916-þ1989

2. F³.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cn-bÀ P\n-̈ Xv?

1916 sabv 15\v XrÈqÀ PnÃ-bnse sVcp-hn-tÈ-cn-bnÂ

3. F³.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cn-bÀ GsXms¡ \ne-I-fnÂ {]i-kvX-\mWv?

Ihn, hnaÀi-I³, _lp-̀ m-jm-]-Þn-X³, ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³, Kth-j-I³

4. F³.-hn.-bpsS {][m\ IrXn-IÄ?

Nm«-hmÀ, sIm¨p-sXm-½³, \o-I-hn-X-IÄ, Iptd-IqSn \o Ihn-X-IÄ,

KmÔnbpw tKmUvtk-bpw, Imfn-Zm-ksâ knwlm-k-\w, Item-Õhw B«-¡-Y-þ-

_p-²-N-cn-Xw, Nn{Xmw-KZ (I-hn-X-IÄ) ]cn-t{]-£yw, kam-I-e\w (hn-aÀi-\-§Ä)

shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ, {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä, At\z-j-W-§Ä Is-̄ -ep-IÄ, a\-\-§Ä

\nK-a-\-§Ä, hnNn-́ -\-§Ä hnL-Zo-I-c-W-§Ä, ho£-W-§Ä hnaÀi\-§Ä,

Hmf-§Ä Bg-§Ä (]-T-\-§Ä)

5. 1970-þÂ tIc-f-km-ln-Xv. A¡m-Zan ]pc-kv¡mcw t\Snb IrXn-bmWv ....................

KmÔnbpw tKmUvtkbpw

6. F³.-hn.-I-hn-X-I-fpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ?

hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb ImgvN-̧ m-Sv, ]cp-jhpw hmNm-ehpw Bb ̀ mj, sFdWn

7. F³.-hn. IhnXI-fpsS {][m\ e£yw F´v?

Ihn-Xsb km[m-cW Bkzm-Z-I-cn-tebv¡v ASp-̧ n-¡p-I, s]m§-̈ -̄ nsâ

s]mÅ-̄ -chpw kZm-Nm-c-ew-L-\w sImpÅ AÀ°-iq-\y-Xbpw Nqn-¡m-Wn-

¡p-I, tIhew Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS ambm-Pme {]I-S-\aÃ IhnX F¶p Xncp-̄ n-

¡m-Wn-¡p-I.

8. 1979-þÂ tI{µ-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv t\Sn-bXv?

F³.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cn-bÀ (‘hÅ-s¯-fnsâ Imhy-inev]w’ F¶ IrXn-¡v)

9. F³.-hn.-bpsS \ncymWw kw -̀hn-̈ Xv?

1989 HIvtSm_À 12\v

10 ‘‘N¯-lo-µp-hn-¶mÀjþ

kwkvIm-c-ta-Im³ thn

sbm¯Xp Xcq’’F¶v ]dªp kw`m-h-\-bv¡mbn ssI¸m« \o«n-bXv Bcv?

\mYpdmw hn\m-bIv tKmUvtk.

11. t{]mPIvSv luknÂ Xma-kn-¡p¶ tKmUvtk F¶ a{ńsb ImWm\pw hW-

§m\pw F¯nb {]am-Wn-amÀ BscÃmw?

I¼-\n-̄ -e-h-·mÀ, I½o-j³ GPâp-amÀ, tIm¬{Sm-IvSÀamÀ, hyXykvX

I£n-I-fnse apJy-·mÀ, If-IvSÀ ]ns¶ apKvZ-lm-kyhpw A¶Kman-\n-bp-am-b-

km-aq-ly-{]-hÀ -̄Ibpw


12. ‘‘Acn-hm-§m³ IyqhnÂþ

¯n¡n-\nÂ¡p¶q KmÔn;

AcntI Iqä³ Imdnþ

tedn \o§p¶q tKmUvtk’’þ Cu hcn-I-fnÂ sXfn-bp¶ ]cn-lmkw F´v?

cmjv{Sw BZ-cn-¡p¶ t\Xmhpw cmjv{S¯nsâ ]nXmhpw Xs¶-bp-amWv

KmÔn. F¶mÂ Hcp t\cs¯ tdj\-cn-¡mbn Xn¡n-Xn-c¡n hcn \nÂt¡

Ah-Ø-bmWv A¯cw BZÀi-hm-Zn-IÄ¡v C¶pw DÅ-Xv. KmÔnsb CÃm-Xm-

¡n, A[mÀ½n-I-]m-X-bnÂ Ncn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Is« kpJ-kp-µ-c-amb PohnXw \bn-

¡p-¶p. ChnsS KmÔnbpw tKmUvtkbpw cv Xe-s¯, cv Xcw hyàn-Isf

{]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

13. HmÀ¯p-t]mbv : ‘‘lm, IjvSw! Cuþ

tbg-sb-¡-cp-Xntbm

ssIt¯m-¡nÂ hne-s -̧t«mþ

cp-IÄ \nd¨q Rm³ ?’’kµÀ`hpw Bi-bhpw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

Hcp t\cs¯ tdj-\-cn-¡mbn hcn \nÂt¡ KXn tISp-m-b-h-\mWv,

tKmUvtk-bpsS I®nÂ KmÔn. Fg-bmb CbmÄ¡p-thn Hcp shSn-bp

Ifª Xm³ a-̄ -c-amWv ImWn-̈ -Xv. AXnsâ Bhiyw CÃmsX Xs¶

Cbmsf ssIImcyw sN¿m-\mIpw F¶v tKmUvtk IW-¡p-Iq-«p-¶p.

IhnX apt¶-dp-t¼mÄ KmÔn-bpsS Pohn-Xhpw AXp ]IÀ¶p hn« ‘lm;

dmw!’ F¶ ap{Zm-hmIyw ]SÀ¯nb Bibpw Bth-i-hp-amWv þ KmÔn F¶

tIhe ico-c-aÃ X\n¡v A]-ISw XoÀ¯-sX¶v tKmUvtk Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶p-v.

14. ‘‘Häbv¡p acn-¡p-aþ

¸mh-s -̄¡m¬sI-s¨m-t¶³:

‘‘]«nWn !’’ thKw Iq«n

\S-t¶³ hosS-̄ p-hm³’’ kµÀ`w GXv ?

]mX-bnÂ tIm¬{Ioäp ]mIn-bn-S v̄ KmÔn-bpsS £oWn¨ km¶n[yw

Iv Bfp-IÄ Hgn-ªp-am-dp-¶p. KmÔn C¶pw ]mX-bv¡-cn-Inse tIm¬{Ioäv

cq]-ambn Npcp-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. BZÀi-Zm-cn-{Zy-̄ mÂ \mw BWv ]«nWn A\p-̀ -

hn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]t£ Xnc¡p \Sn¨v \mw AhnsS \n¶pw c£-s -̧Sm³ {ian-¡p-¶p.

15. ‘‘hne-¡p-¶-Xn-s¶-́ m-sh,

tKmX-t¼m, ItÃm ]qt¸m !’’ Cu hcn-I-fnÂ {]I-S-am-Ip¶ ]cn-lmkw F´v?

{]bmkw kln¨v tdj-\-cn-¡mbn Xn¡n-̄ n-c¡nhcn-bnÂ \nÂ¡p¶

KmÔn Btem-Nn-¡p¶p C¶v e`n-¡m³ t]mIp-¶-sX-́ mhmw? `£y-tbm-Ky-a-

Ãm¯ hn -̀h-§Ä hnX-cWw sN¿p¶ \½psS \m«nse tdj³ kwkvIm-cs¯

]cn-l-kn-¡p-I-bmWv Ihn. ‘aZn-cm-in-bnse kmbm-Ó’-̄ nÂ Imap-In-bpsS Npw_-

\-̄ nsâ am[pcyw en]vÌn-¡n-tâtXm NpntâtXm F¶ tNmZyhpw ‘Fen-I-


fn’Â \n§Ä¡v Imcy-§Ä a\-Ên-em-Im-̄ Xv \n§Ä a\p-jy-cm-b-Xp-aq-etam F¶

tNmZyhpw CXn-t\mSv tNÀ¯v h¨v {i²n-̈ mÂ F³.hn.-bpsS Imhy-ssi-en-bpsS

kuµcyw IqSp-XÂ Bkzm-Zy-am-Ipw.

16. tKmUvtk ]ncn-hn-\mbn kao-]n-̈ -t¸mÄ KmÔn-bpsS {]Xn-I-cWw F´m-bn-cp¶p?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

17. ‘‘D¨bv¡p IpSn-¡p-hm³

ss]¸n-ep-tÃm shÅw !’’ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI ?

kam-K-X-amb sXc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ tKmUvtk Øm\mÀ°n-bm-Im-\pÅ

sImp-]n-Sn¨ {ia-̄ nÂ BWv. sslµ-h-X-bpw, BÀj kwkvIm-chpw sXc-

sª-Sp¸v hnj-b-am-¡n-bmÂ sa¨-ap-m-Ip-sa¶v AbmÄ Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶p. AXn-

\mbn cmjv{So-b-¡m-csâ thjw sI«n kw`m-h\ ]ncn-¡m-\n-d-§p¶p; tKmUvtk.

Xs¶ kao-]n-̈ -t¸mÄ KmÔn, Xsâ ]¡Â BsI DÅ ImÂ cq]m tKmUvtk

\o«nb ssI¸m-«-bnÂ \nt£-]n-¡p-¶p. D¨-̀ -£-W-̄ n\p Icp-Xnb B \mWbw

\jvS-s¸-«-t¸mÄ ss]¸nÂ thÅw DtÃm F¶v KmÔn kam-[m\w sImÅp-

¶p. ka-Im-enI cmjv{Sob thjw sI«-ep-I-sfbpw CS-s]-S-ep-I-tfbpw X·qew

km[m-cW P\-̄ n-\p-m-Ip¶ {]bm-k-s¯bpw F³.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cn-bÀ hfsc

kaÀ°-ambn Bhn-jv¡-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv Cu hcn-I-fnÂ.

18. ‘‘]Wn thWtam X\nþ

s¡¦nÂ hmbv aqSn-s¡mÄI !’’AsÃ-¦nÂ

19. ‘‘]pe-cn-¡pfn-cmtem ;

hnd-sIm-Åp¶q KmÔn !’’ kµÀ`w Fgp-XpI?

a{ń-bmb tKmUvtksb ImWm³ t{]mPIvSv luknÂ ]ecpw F¯p-

¶p. tbmKw, hncp¶v XpS§n ]e ]e AP--IÄ¡p tijw Hmtcm-cp-̄ -cmbn

aS-§p-¶p. Gähpw Ah-km\w Øew hn«Xv ‘apKv²-lm-kybpw A¶-Km-an-\n-’bp-amb kmaq-ly-{]-h-À¯-I-bm-Wv. Ahsf bm{X-bm¡n Xncn-̈ p-h-cp-s¼Ä am{X-

amWv tKmUvtk tKänse ImhÂ¡m-c-\mb KmÔnsb Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶-Xv.

AXm-I-s«, KmÔn-bpsS IcÄ Xpf¨v ‘lm; dmw!’ F¶ a{´w ]pd-̄ p-

NmSn-bt¸mÄ sR«-temSp IqsS-bpw. DS³ KmÔn-tbmSv tKmUvtk \ÂIp¶

BÚ-bmWv ]Wn thW-sa-¦nÂ hmbv aqSn-s¡m-ÅpI F¶v. ]pe-cn-¡p-fn-cm-

emImw KmÔn \n¶p hnd-¡p¶p F¶v Ihn Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.

20. ‘‘C¶p \o Rm³ t\Sn-b-þ

sXm-s¡bpw Im]-Sy-̄ mÂ

\n¶p-tS-Xm¡n {Iqcw

hnP-tbm-·mZw sImÄtI. ’’ þ Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.


\·-bp-tSbpw [À½-̄ nsâbpw kXy amXr-I-IÄ¡v Xne-kvIm-chpw Xn·-bp-

sSbpw A[À½-̄ n-sâbpw I]S km¶n-[y-§Ä¡v IqSp-XÂ kzoIm-cyX e`n-

¡p-¶p. KmÔn apt¶m«p sh¨ thjhpw BZÀihpw FÃmw C¶v KmÔn-hn-

cp² Bi-b-§-fpsS hàm-¡-fmWv {]tbm-P-\-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xv. Iq«-̄ nÂ C¯cw

thjw ImWn¨v KmÔn-Nn-´sb kvt\ln-¡p-¶-hsc BI-Àjn-¡m-\m-Ip¶p.

A§s\ Xm³ t\Sn-b-sXms¡ kz´-am¡n tKmUvtk {Iqc-amb hnP-tbm-·mZw

\S-̄ p-¶p. ]t£, KmÔn-bpsS Xncn-̈ p-h-chv CXn-\n-S-bnepw km[y-am-Ip-sa¶v

Ihn XpSÀ¶pÅ hcn-I-fnÂ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.

D]-\y-kn-¡pI (ap-¶qdp hm¡nÂ Ihn-b-cp-Xv)

1. F³.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cn-b-cpsS Imhy-ssi-en-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ ‘KmÔnbpw

tKmUvtkbpw’ F¶ IhnX ap³\nÀ¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI?

2 ‘KmÔnbpw tKmUvtkbpw’ F¶ IhnX DbÀ¯p¶ Nn´-IÄ Fs´Ãmw?

3. ‘KmÔnbpw tKmUvtkbpw’ F¶ IhnXbnÂ BhÀ¯n-̈ p hcp¶ ‘lm, dmw!’F¶ a{´-̄ n\v Ihn-X-bnÂ DÅ {]m[m\yw F´v ?

4. ‘lm, dmw!’ F¶ a{´w Ihn-X-bnÂ DbÀ¶p tIÄ¡p¶ kml-N-cy-§-fpsS khn-

ti-jX Fs´Ãmw?

5. ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-̄ n\v F³.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cn-bÀ \ÂInb kw`m-h-\-IÄ hne-

bn-cp-̄ p-I.

--------------***********************


hnS hm-§Â-þ-Sn.-D-ss_Zv

1. alm-Ihn Sn.-D-ss_-Znsâ Pohn-X-Imew?1908-- þ1972

2. Sn.-D-ss_Zv P\n-̈ Xv F¶v?1908 HIvtSm-_À 7

3. Sn.-D-ss_-Znsâ P·-tZiw?Imk-d-tKmUv

4. I¶S þ ae-bmf kwkvIm-c-§-fpsS ka-\z-b-̄ nsâ Ihn F¶v Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶Xv?Sn.-D-ss_-Zv

5. ‘\h-c-Xv\-am-enI’ F¶ IrXn-bpsS IÀ¯mhv?alm-Ihn Sn.-D-ss_-Zv

6. alm-Ihn Sn.-D-ss_-Znsâ Imhy kam-lm-c-§Ä?\h-c-Xv\-am-en-I, kap-Zm-b-Zp-µp-̀ n, N{µ-¡-e, cp-Zvt_m-[-\-§Ä

7. am¸n-f-̧ m«v imJ-bnÂ Sn.-D-ss_-Zv \ÂInb kw`m-h-\-IÄ?Km\-ho-Nn, Ien-Im-ew, \_n-N-cn-{Xw, h^m-̄ vame

8. alm-Ihn Sn.-D-ss_-Znsâ Imhy-\nÀ½m-W-¯n\v {]tNm-Z-\-ta-Inb hkvXp-X-IÄFs´Ãmw?

`mc-Xob kwkv¡m-chpw CÉmw-a-X-ZÀi-\hpw kmc-kzX kwkvIr-Xnbpw Sn.-D-ss_-ZnÂ Imcy-amb kzm[o\w sNep-̄ p-I-bp-m-bn.

9. ‘‘B\-µhpw Akq-bbpw H¶n¨p P\n-̧ n-¡p¶ ‘hnS-hm-§Â’ F¶ Ihn-X, \ote-izcw ]cn-j-̄ nsâ ^me-Xn-e-I-am-bn-cp-¶p.’’ F¶v Nqn-¡m-Wn-̈ -Xmcv?

DÅm-«nÂ tKmhn-µ³Ip«n \mbÀ10. ‘‘hnfn tIÄ¡p-¶p, hnfn tIÄ¡p¶p

amXm-hn³ hnfn tIÄ¡p¶p!’’ ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸« amXmhv?tIc-f-am-Xmhv

11. Sn.-D-ss_Zv cNn¨ {]i-kvX-amb hnem-]-Imhyw?_mjv]-[mc

12. 1943se kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-̄ nsâ \ote-izcw kt½-f-\-̄ nÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡-s¸« Ihn-X-bmWv ............................

hnS-hm-§Â13. ‘hnS-hm-§Â’ F¶ Ihn-X-bpsS {]tabw?

1937- apXÂ Imk-d-tIm-Up-Å-hÀ IÀ®m-S-I-bnÂ \n¶pw thdn«v tIc-f-hpambntNÀ¶v Hcp kzX{´ PnÃ-bm-bn-cn-¡m³ B{K-ln-̈ n-cp-¶p. Imk-d-tImUp ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS Nnc-Im-em-̀ n-em-js¯ ap³\nÀ¯n IÀ®m-S-I-t¯mSp hnS tNmZn-¡p-I-bmWvCu Ihn-X-bn-eq-sS.

14. ‘‘DS-ep-sIm-s-¶-t]mse Dbn-cp-sImpw t{imXm-¡-fpsS DÅ-en-bn-̧ n-¡m³ {]K-

ev -̀amb IhnX ’’ F¶v ‘hnS-hm-§en’s\ {]iw-kn-̈ Xv ?

alm-Ihn hÅ-t¯mÄ15. ‘‘Aw_n-I-X³ apJ-ZÀi\ kn²nþ

¡pÅnÂ sImXn Xnc XÃp¶q’’ kmc-sa´v ?IÀWm-S-I-bnÂ \n¶p ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v tIc-f-̄ n-tebv¡v ebn-¡Ww BIm-


i¯v B kt´m-j-s]-cp-¶m-fnsâ kqN-\-bmbn N{µ-¡e hncn-bm\pw AXpImWm\pw AhÀ sImXn-¡p¶p.

16. ‘‘CShw hs¶mcp ]S-l-a-Sn¡pwDS-\Sn hn-e-ime Xpd¡pw\Snbmw an¶Âs¡m-Sn-sb-hn-fn¡pwhSn-thm-S-h-sfmcp Iq¯p \Sn¡pw’’

tIcf P\-\n-bntebv¡v R§Ä Iq«n-t¨À¡-s¸Spw F¶ ip`m]vXn hnizm-k-̄ n-emWv Ihn. ae-bmf \m«nse kt´m-j-ku-̀ m-Ky-§sf A¡-an«p \nc-̄ p-I-bmWv Chn-sS. CShw h¶v ]S-l-[z\n apg-¡pw. DS-\Sn hn®nÂ Ac§v Hcp-§p-I-bm-bn. an¶Âs¡mSn Ag-tImsS Iq¯v \Sn-¡m-\mbn F¯pw. BsI-¡qSn B\-µ-I-c-amb Ah-Ø-bm-W-hn-sS.

17. I¶S [m{Xo; Jn¶-X-bpmw\ns¶-̧ n-cn-h-Xn, s\¶mepw

AsÃ-¦nÂ18. A¶w \evIn\ \n¶psS Icp-Wsb

\µn-̈ o-Sm-sa-¶mfpwIhn X§Ä H¶c \qäm-mbn hkn-̈ n-cp¶ IÀWm-SI amXm-hn-t\mSv bm{X

tNmZn-¡p-¶p. hn«p-]n-cn-bp-¶-XnÂ ZpxJ-ap-v. C{Xbpw Imew Icp-W-tbmsSA¶w X¶p hfÀ¯n-b-Xn\v IrX-Ú-X-bp-v.

19. ‘‘tIc-f-P-\-\o, ]c-P-\-̀ -c-Wþ{Iqc-]n-im-Nn³ ssI \s½

]mc-a-I-än-̧ m-gva-d-bn-Sth\ns¶ ad¶q \ma-t½,

]c-cpsS ho«nÂ s¨¶n-X, tIdn,\nc-h[n Zmky-̈ p-a-Sp-IÄ t]dn;hc-KpW kwkvIm-cm-Zn-IÄ amdn;hnc-l-hn-jm-ZmÂ lrZbw \odn.’’kz´w kwkvIm-c-̄ nÂ \n¶pw A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Xvem]-cyhpw k½À²hpw

aqew ]ncn-ªp-I-gn-tb-n-h-¶-h-cpsS thZ\ Ihn ]I-cÀ¯n-sh-bv¡p¶p Cu hcn-I-fnÂ. A\y-cpsS tKl-̄ nÂ ASn-a-̧ -Wn-bmWv hn[n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. kz´w s]ä½t]mepw ad¶p If-bm-hp¶ A -́co-£-̄ nÂs¸«v \«w Xncn-bp-¶, lrZbw \odp¶hn`m-KamWv C¯cw cmjv{Sob Xocp-am-\-§-fnÂ {]bmkw A\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶-Xv.

D]-\ymkw X¿m-dm-¡pI1. ‘hnS-hm-§Â’ F¶ Ihn-X-bpsS Ncn-{X-{]-tabw F´v ?2. alm-Ihn Sn.-D-ss_-Znsâ Pohn-Xhpw Ihn-X-Ifpw ae-bmf IhnXm Ncn-{X-̄ nse

{it²-b-amb A²ym-b-§-fmWv þ NÀ¨ sN¿p-I.3. A\y \m«p-Im-sc-t¸mepw ae-bm-f-̄ n-tebv¡v £Wn-bv¡m³ t]m¶ kmwkvIm-cnI

hn -̀h-§Ä tIc-f-̄ nÂ Gsd Ds¶v ‘hnS-hm-§Â’ kaÀ°n-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?


\t§-a-¡p«n

Hf-¸-a®

1. Hf-̧ -a-®-bpsS apgp-h³ \ma-t[-b-sa´v ?

Hf-̧ -a® kp{_-Ò-Wy³ \¼q-Xncn

2. Hf-̧ -a-®-bpsS Pohn-X-Imew ?

1923þ2000

3. Hf-̧ -a® P\n-̈ Xv F¶v ?

1923 P\p-hcn 10 \v

4. Hf-̧ -a® P\n-̈ Xv FhnsS?

]me-¡mSv PnÃ-bnse tNÀ¸p-f-tÈ-cn-¡-Sp¯v shÅn-t\gn {Kma-̄ nÂ

5. Hf-̧ -a-®-bpsS IrXn-IÄ GsXÃmw ?

hoW, Iev]-\, Inep-§p¶ I¿m-aw, Aico-cn-IÄ, Ce-̄ m-fw, Ipf-¼-Sn,

Xoss -̄ew, ]m©m-en, IY, Ihn-X-IÄ, \t§-a-¡p-«n, B\-ap-̄ v, Aw_, kpê,

ZpxJ-am-hpI kpJw, \ng-em-\, Pme-I-]-£n, hcn-s\-Ãv, Hen-̈ p-t]m-Ip¶ Rm³,

GIo-kq-\-cn, dºÀ ssh^pw aäp Ihn-X-Ifpw

6. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Znhm³ kÀ.-kn.-]n.bv¡v FXnsc kz´-am-sb-gp-Xnb ]m«pw ]mSn

hnZymÀ°n-I-fp-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdntebv¡v \bn¨ kzmX-{ý-t{]an Bb Ihn?

Hf-̧ -a®

7. Hf-̧ -a-®-bpsS Imhy {]Xn-̀ sb kzm[o-\n¨ alm-Ihn?

hÅ-t¯mÄ

8. Hf-̧ -a® Ihn-X-I-fnse {][m\ Ihn-ti-j-X-IÄ?

A\p-̀ h Xn£vW-X, anX-hm-Ün-Xzw, [ym\ym-ß-I-X, EPp-Xzw, \mS³io-ep-

Ifpw {]tbm-K-§fpw

9. 1967þse tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv t\Sn-bXv ?

IYm-I-hn-X-IÄ

10. 1990-þÂ tI{µ kmlnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv t\Snb IrXn

\ng-em\

11. Hf-̧ -a® A´-cn-̈ Xv ?

2000 G{]nÂ 10\v

12. ‘‘Ct±lw (H-f-̧ -a-®) A\-\y-b-\m-hp-¶Xv Cu hI Ah-ihpw A\m-Y-hp-amb Pohn-

X-§-fpsS BJym-Xm-hm-Ip-t¼m-gt{X’’ BcpsS \nco-£Ww ?

sI.-]n.-i-¦-c³

13. ‘‘Ihn ZpxJ-̄ nsâ Hc-án-IpÞw Hcp-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. GsXÃmw lrZ-b-§sf

AXnÂ Dcp¡n F{X-t¯mfw ip²o-I-cn¡mw F¶p am{X-amWv Ihnbv¡v DXvI-

WvT. AXphn«v Bhn-jvS-s\, hmNm-et\m Bhm³ At±lw DÕp-I-\-Ã. C§s\


Hcp {]tabw ssIImcyw sN¿p-t¼mÄ t]mepw C{X kq£vahpw kpin-£n-X-hp-

amb \nb-{´Ww: CXp ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnÂ A]qÀÆ-amb Hc-\p-̀ -h-a-t{X.’’ BcpsS

A`n-{]m-b-amWv CXv ? GXp IrXn-sb-¡p-dn-̈ mWv ]cm-aÀiw ?

‘\t§-a-¡p«n’sb ]cm-aÀin¨v sI.-]n.-i-¦-c³ \S-̄ nb {]kvXm-h-\.

14. ‘‘hniz-kn-¡m³ aSn-¡p¶q

shsÅ-gp-̄ mÀ¶ I®ns\:

hniz-kn-¡p-h-sX-§s\?’’ hniz-kn-¡m-\m-hm¯ Imcyw F´v ?

\t§-a-¡p«n KÀ`n-Wn-bm-sW¶ hkvXpX BZyw I-dnª the-¡m-Icn

]md-Xn-bpsS Ah-Ø-bm-Wn-Xv. X\nbv¡v tXm¶p-¶tXm AtXm kXyw Xs¶tbm

F¶ kwi-b-̄ n-emWv ]md-Xn.

15. ‘‘Nps«m-tcm-«n³ ]pd-̄ m-Zyþ

amcn-X³ XpÅn t]meth

Cän hogp¶p hm¡p-IÄ’’ BcpsS hm¡p-IÄ? F´m-bn-cp¶p tI«Xv ?

{]k-h-k-a-b v̄ At_m-[m-h-Ø-bn-emb \t§-asb AXp-hgn h¶ bm{X-

¡mÀ Bip-]-{Xn-bn-se-̄ n-¡p-¶p. t_m[w sXfn-ª-t¸mÄ Xm³ Bip-]-{Xn-bn-

em-sW¶ Imcyw a\-Ên-em-¡nb \t§-a-tbmSv Hcp B¬Ip-ªmWv AhÄ¡v

]nd-¶-sX¶v ]cn-Nm-cnI Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. {]kvXpX hm¡p-I-fmWv amcn-\oÀXp-

Ån-t]mse AhÄ tI«-Xv.

16. ‘‘Ic-bm³ th-bm-WtÃm

Iptª, ]ndhn `qan-bnÂ;

\n\-¡p-a-dnbmw IY ! ’’ kµÀ -̀taXv ?

]nd-hn-sb-Sp¯ aI-t\mSv \t§-a-bpsS `mj-W-am-Wn-Xv. KX-Im-e -kva-c-

W-I-fpsS Xnc-X-ÃÂ kln¨v sImv Xsâ Pohn-X- K-Xn-hn-K-Xn-IÄ Ab-hn-d-¡p-

I-bmWv \t§-a.

17. ‘‘s]ä-½-bmb \t§-ta,

ssI¡p-ªp-mb ImcWw

I¿n-Ãm-̄ -h-fÃn \o ?’’ hnh£ F´v ?

Ipªv P\n¨tXmsS-bmWv Xsâ A\m-Y-Xzhpw A_-e-Xzhpw \t§a

icn¡pw Xncn-̈ -dn-ªXv; C\n ssIhoin \S-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. Ipªnsâ kwc-£-W-

¯n-\mbn Xm³ ]mSp-s]-tSn hcpw. Hcn-S¯v Ccn-¡pI t]mepw sN¿msX

Ae-bp¶ ImcWw Ip«nbv¡v InS-¡m³ A½-bpsS aSn-̄ -«p-t]mepw kzØ-ambn

e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã.

18. ‘‘Dd-§m-̄ -h-c-sÃ-¦nþ

epW-cm-̄ -h-cm-W-hÀ’’ Bcv?

\t§-asb ]pd-̄ n-d-¡n-hn« AÑ-\-½-amÀ

19. ‘‘Ipgn-bnÂ¡pgn-bnÂ¯§pw


shÅw t]me-h-cn-§s\

a¨-I¯p ab-§th’’ Bcv ?

\t§-a-bpsS AÑ-\-½-amÀ

20. ‘‘Iqä-\m-a-W-s¸m-«p-t¼mÄþ

s¡«p-I-sÃ¶ amXn-cn,

sXdn-̈ m-c-Ñ-\-½-amÀ’’þ F´m-bn-cp¶p ImcWw ?

cm{Xn-bnÂ ho«p-tIm-em-bnÂ \t§a Dt]-£n-̈ p-t]mb Ip«n-bpsS D¨-̄ n-

epÅ Ic-̈ nÂ tI«v AÑ-\-½-amÀ DW-cp-¶p.

21. ‘‘Cs¶¦nepw sXfn-ªm-hq,

\ofmhpw \n¶nse¯ncn,

CÃs¯¡¼n dm´tem?’’ kmc-ky-sa-gp-XpI ?

\t§-asb ]Sn-b-S¨p ]nÞw sh¨ CÃ-am-Wv. \nÊ-lm-b-\mb Ipªns\

Zbhv IcpXn B CÃw kzoI-cn-t¡--Xp-v. AXn-\mbn Xncn sXfn-ªv, \ov

hcs« F¶v Ihn Biz-kn-¡p-¶p.

22. ‘‘Ccp«nÂ¯mWp t]mbv_v`qan

shÅ-̄ nÂ¡pS-sa¶ t]mÂ’’ kµÀ`w GXv ?

Ipªnsâ Ic-̈ nÂ tI«v sR«n-bp-WÀ¶ AÑ-\-½-amÀ \t§-a-tbbpw

Ipªn-t\bpw kzoI-cn-¡m-\mbn CÃ-̄ nsâ D½-d-hm-XnÂ Xpd-¡p-¶p. ]t£

\t§-asb Ahn-sS-sb§pw ImWm-\m-bn-Ã.

23. Hf-̧ -a-®-bpsS \t§-a-¡p«n F¶ Imhy-̄ nsâ hr¯w?

Kmb{Xn hr¯-̄ nÂ (A-\p-jvSp-̧ v)

24. ‘‘AsÃ-¦n-se-gp-Xs¸«þ

XÃo \n³ apJ-tam-at\,

a\-Ên³ Xe-hm-NIw? ’’ hnh£ F´v ?

Xm³ KÀ`nWn BsW¶ Imcyw aäp-Å-h-cnÂ \n¶v Hfn-̧ n-¡m-\pÅ \t§-a-

¡p-«n-bpsS ]mgv{i-as¯ ]mdXn ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-XmWv ChnsS hnh-£.

25. ‘‘]t£, hogmsX \nev¡p¶p

\m¯p-¼-̄ pÅ hmN-Iw,

\mf-̄ nÂ kvt\l-_n-µp-t]mÂ’’ F´mWv ]d-bm-\pÅ hmNIw?

\t§-a-¡p«n KÀ`n-Wn-bm-sW¶ Imcyw Ah-fpsS A½-bmb X¼p-cm-«nsb

Adn-bn-¡m³ ]mdXn {ian-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ \t§-a-tbm-SpÅ hmÕeyw ImcWw

AXn\p apXn-ctWm F¶v kwi-bn-¡p-¶p.

26. ‘‘ssIsXän hoWpt]mw Ip¸nþ

¸m{Xw t]msemcp hmN-Iw.’’ kµÀ`w GXv?

A½-̄ -¼p-cm-«n-bpsS \nÀ_Ôw aqew \t§-a-¡p-«nsb kw_-Ôn¨ Imcyw

the-¡mcn ]mdXn ]d-bp-¶p.


27. ‘‘]ns¶bpw ]eXpw tI«mþ

f½; Iev]S tIdn-\mÄ,

AtN-X-\, atN-X\w’’ þ kµÀ`w F´v ?

\t§-a-¡p-«nsb kw_-Ôn¨ clkyw ]md-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw A½-̄ -¼p-cm«n

tIÄ¡p-¶p. tI«-Im-cy-̄ nÂ A¼-çpw sR«epw Dmb A½-bpsS Ah-Ø-

bmWv Ihn Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

28. ‘‘{ioe-I-̄ ¶p t\Zn-̈ oþ

e¶p tImXo-e-Ip-́ -fwþ

CtXm t\Zn-̈ -Xn³ êw?’’ kµÀ`w F´v ?

\t§-a-¡p-«n¡p kw -̀hn¨ Acp-Xm-bva-IÄ tI« A½-bpsS Ah-Ø-IÄ Ah-

X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶p; Ihn H¶nepw XmXv]-cy-an-Ãm-sXbpw Zn\-N-cy-IÄ ]men-¡m-sXbpw

Nn«-I-fnepw A\p-jvTm-\-§-fnepw aSp-̧ p-tXm-¶nbpw AhÀ s]cp-am-dp-¶p.

29. ‘‘\mW-̄ mÂs¨dp-Xm-bv̄ m-\mþ

ss¡sh-Å-bn-sem-Xp-§n-Spw,

sNdp-\m-c-§-t]m-e-th.’’ kµÀ`w GXv?

Xm³ sXm«mÂ ip²w t]mIpw F¶ \t§-a-bpsS [mcW Adn-ª-t¸mÄ,

a\p-jyÀ X½nÂ sXm«mÂ Aip-²ntbm F¶v Syqj³ amÌÀ ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p.

B t\cw \t§a \mWn-̈ p-t]m-Ip-¶-XmWv kµÀ`w.

30. ‘‘\t§-ta, \ns¶ Rm\n-«pþt]mtam-bn-s¡« `qan-bnÂ ?t]mcp-sI³ IqsS, tbmat\! ’’ BcmWv Cu A`yÀ°\ \S-̄ p-¶Xv ? kml-Ncyw GXv?

\t§-a-bpsS Syqj³ amÌÀ Ah-fpsS AhØ Adn-ª-t¸mÄ Xsâ IqsSt]mcm³ £Wn-¡p-¶p. ]t£, AÑ-\-½-amsc hn«p-]n-cn-bm³ a\-Ên-Ãm¯ \t§aB £Ww \nc-kn-¡p-I-bmWv Dm-b-Xv.

31. ‘‘Im«p-Xo-t]m-se-bn-¡YImä-Sn¨p ]SÀ¶n-Spw.’’ GXp IY ?\t§-a-¡p-«n¡v kw -̀hn¨ Acp-Xm-bva.

32. Imap-Isâ £Ww \nc-kn-¡m³ \t§-a-¡p«n Xocp-am-\n-̈ -sX-́ p-sImv ?Xt¶mSv C{Xbpw Imew Hcp adp-hm-t¡m-XmsX {]mW-\mbv Icp-Xp¶

AÑs\bpw ipWvTn -h-¶mÂ t]mepw kvt\l-]qÀÆw s]cp-am-dp -IbpwIp«n¡me¯v Dd-¡-̄ nÂ t]mepw Xs¶-¡p-dn v̈ Pm{KX ]men-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶ A½-sbbpw hn«p-]n-cn-bm³ \t§-a-bv¡m-hn-Ã. IqSmsX ZpxJm-Ô-bm-bn,temI-¯nÂ hnizmkw \jvS-s¸-«-h-fmbn amdnb \t§a; ]pcp-j-·m-cpsSt\ct¼m¡mb Xo¡-fn-bm-Wn-̄ cw kw -̀h-§-sf¶pw AXnÂ Hcp tcmaw t]mepwIcn-bmsX c£-s¸-Sm³ AhÀ¡m-Ip-sa¶pw hniz-kn¨v Hcp \nanjw Imap-I\v

FXn-cm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p¶p.


33. ‘‘]pd-̄ p-Im-«p-hm³ h¿m,þ

sXfn-bn-¡m-\-cp-Xm-sXbpw

aI-fnÂ KÀ -̀sa-¶-t]mÂ;’’ þ hnh-cn-¡pI

\t§-a-tbm-SpÅ AXn-cä hmÕeyw ImcWw AÑsâ ZpxJhpw tIm]hpw

AS-¡m-\m-hm¯ \ne-bn-em-Wv. AXv ]pd¯p ImWn-¡msX \S-¡m-\m-hp-¶n-Ã.

A\p-Zn\w hfÀ¨ {]m]n-¡p¶ aI-fpsS KÀ`w t]mse-bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ

hnImc- `m-h-§-fpw.

34. ‘‘Pohn-Xw apgp-h³ \n§Ä

Ic-ªoS-W-an-§s\! ’’ BcmWv PohnXw apgp-h³ Ic-bm³ hn[n-¡-s¸-«Xv?

F´mWv ImcWw ?

KÀ`n-Wn-bmb \t§-a-¡p-«nsb ho«nÂ \n¶v Cd-¡n-hn«Xn\v Ah-fpsS AÑ-

\-½-am-cmWv C{]-Imcw Ic-bm³ hn[n-¡-s¸-«-Xv.

35. ‘‘F{X ap§n-¡p-fn-̈ mepw

Np«- I-®o-cn, eqgn-bnÂ

Fs¶¶pw \n§Ä ]m]n-IÄ’’ Bse¡p-dn-̈ mWv ]cm-aÀiw? F´mWv ImcWw?

KÀ`n-Wn-bmb aIsf A\m-Y-bmbn Ae-bm³ B«n-hn« amXm-]n-Xm-¡sf

¡pdn-̈ mWv ]cm-aÀiw.

36. ‘‘Xgp-Xn«p InS-¡p-¶nþ

Xp½-d-¡-X-In-t¸mgpw!

aItf, ]n³a-S-§p-I.’’ þ kµÀ`w Fgp-XpI ?

ho«nÂ \n¶pw _ln-jvIr-X-bmb \t§-a-¡p«n ho«p ]Sn-¡Â \nÂ¡p-¶p.

KÀ`n-Wn-bmb Ahsf kzoI-cn-¡m³ Bcp-sa-̄ n-bn-Ã.

37. ‘‘\t§ta! hnfn s]m§p-¶n,þ

XnÃ-̄ nÂ `n¯n-Iq-Snbpw

sR«n-t¸m-Ip¶ amXncn’’ þ BcmWv C¯-c-̄ nÂ hnfn-̈ Xv ?

\t§-a-bpsS AÑ³

38. ‘‘s]mdp-Xn-t¡-Sn-\mÂ¯m-Xþ

\edo ]pen t]meth

ZpxJ-̄ n³ Iq«nse¸pen! ’’ Cu hcn-I-fpsS kmc-ky-sa´v ?

kvt\l-\n-[n-bmbn sImp \S¶ \t§-abv¡p kw -̀hn¨ ZpÀhn[n Ah-fpsS

AÑs\ XIÀ¯p If-bp-¶p. Htc kabw tIm]hpw ZpxJhpw A\p-̀ -hn-t¡n

hcp¶ AÑsâ lrZ-b-hn-Im-cs¯ Ihn at\m-l-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ ncn¡p-¶p.

39. ‘‘I®p-Xm³ s]m¯n-bn-s«t´?

I®o-cm lrZ-́ tc

h¶m\m bph tIma-f³:’’ Bsc¡p-dn-̈ mWv ChnsS ]cm-aÀiw ?

\t§-a-¡p-«n-bpsS Syqj³ amÌ-sd-¡p-dn¨v


40. ‘‘Idp-¡m¯ apJw, ]mÀ¡nþ

emcp-an-jvS-s -̧Sp-¶-h³;

alm-kw-̀ m-j-W-{]n-b³!’’ Bcv ?

\t§-a-bpsS Syqj³ amÌÀ

41. ‘‘sR«n-t¸m-bm-Zy-amZyw Xmþ

\t±lw sXm«p-t]m-I-th,’’ At±lw sXm«-t¸mÄ \t§a sR«n-b-Xn\p ImcWw?

ipt² amdptam F¶ `bw sImv

42. ‘‘s]m«n-¡mfn a\p-jy-·mÀ

X½nÂs¯m-«m-e-ip-²ntbm?’’ BcpsS hm¡p-IÄ ?

\t§-a-¡p«nbpsS Syqj³ amÌdpsS

43. ‘‘\S-¶mepw \S-¶mepw

\n¶p t]mIp¶ PohnXw

CÃ sNtÃ--Xm-an-Sw.

ap¶nepw ]n¶nepw ]mX

am{X-am-sbmcp `qan-bnÂ

e£yw Xm³ hoWp-t]m-anSw’’ BcpsS Ah-Ø-bm-WnXv ?

AÑ-\-½-am-cmÂ _ln-jvIr-X-bmb \t§a klm-b-̄ n-\m-cp-an-ÃmsX Ae-bp-

¶p. ]qÀ® KÀ`n-Wn-bmb Ah-fpsS Zmcp-W-amb AhØ BWv Cu hcn-I -fnÂ

sXfn-bp-¶-Xv.

44. ‘‘lm l´ Xq§n \nÂ¡p-¶q,

Xq§n \nev¡p-¶-tXm-a\

F¶n«pw {]mW hÅn-bnÂ ! ’’ kµÀ`w F´v ?

Pohn-Xm-\p- -̀h-§Ä k½m-\n¨ Xo£vW-X-bnÂs]«v \t§a Dcp-Ip-¶p.

Ipªn-s\-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ Nn´ Ahsf Np«p-s]m-Ån-¡p-¶p. t]mcm-̄ -Xn\v NpSp-I-

®o-cnÂ Ah-fmsI sh´p-t]m-Ip-¶p. F¶n«pw Ipªv Ah IqkmsX P\\w

sImXn¨v Ign-bp-¶p.

45. ‘‘Xo ]nSn¨ shfn-s¨®

t]mse \t§a \n¶p-t]m-bv,

Xobq-cm-\m-cp-sa-¶ntb !’’ hnh-cn-¡pI ?

]qÀ®-KÀ`n-Wn-bmb \t§a Ipªnsâ ]ndhn ka-b¯v {]bm-k-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Bcpw Iq«n-\n-Ãm¯ Ah-fpsS At¶-cs¯ Ah-Ø-bmWv Ihn hnIm-Ic km{µ-

ambn Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

46. ‘‘Poh-tN-X\ Xo I¯nþ

¡gnbpw Xncn-bm-b-hÄ

Xs¶-̄ m-§n-̄ -fÀ¶-hÄ!’’hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI?


{]k-h-k-a-bs¯ {]bm-k-§Ä aqew \t§a t_m[w sI«v tdm«nÂ InS-¡p-

¶p. B kabw AXp-hgn h¶ bm{X-¡mÀ c£-s¸-Sp-̄ m³ {ian-¡p-¶p.

47. ‘‘sR«n-t¸m-bm-Zy-amZyw Xmþ

\t±lw sXm«p-t]m-I-th,

ip²w amdp¶ òXn-bmÂ’’ þ kµÀ`w GXv ?

Syqj³ amÌ-dp-am-bpÅ t{]aw DÅn-epÅ BZy Ime v̄ \t§-abv¡v tXm¶n-

b-Xv.

48. ‘‘Nne-\mÄ ]pkvX-I-̄ nsâ

Xmfp-t]mse adn-ªp-t]mbv

Imä-̄ n-s«mcp ]pkvXIw’’ þ kµÀ`hpw Bi-bhpw hnh-cn-¡pI?

49. Hf-̧ -a®¡hn-X-I-fpsS cp KpW-hn-ti-j-§Ä Fgp-XpI ?

Hcn-¡epw Aan-X-am-hm¯ ̀ mh-§Ä sImpÅ Na-XvIm-chpw hrYm-Øq-e-

Xm- cm-ln-Xy-hpw.

50. Hf-̧ -a-®-bpsS {][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ GsXÃmw?

hoW, Iev]-\, Inep-§p¶ I¿m-aw, dºÀ ssh^pw aäp Ihn-X-Ifpw,

Xoss¯-ew, kpê, Ipf-¼-Sn, Ce-̄ m-fw, Aico-cn-IÄ, ]m©m-en, IYmIhn-X-

IÄ, \t§-a-¡p-«n, B\-ap-̄ v, Aw_, ZpxJ-am-hpI kpJw, \ng-em-\, Pme-I-]-

£n, hcn-s\-Ãv.

D]-\y-kn-¡pI (300 hm¡nÂ Ihn-b-cp-Xv)1. Hcp \mS-Iob Imhy-̄ nsâ D¯a \nZÀi-\w- ‘\t§-a-¡p«n’bnÂ ImWmw þ NÀ¨

sN¿pI

2. `mh-cq-]-s¸m-cp¯w kaÀ°-ambn km[n-s -̈Sp¯ IrXn-bmWv ‘\t§-a-¡p«n’ þhni-

Z-am-¡p-I.

3. ‘\t§-a-¡p«n’bnÂ Ihn {]tbm-Kn¨ _nw_m-h-en-I-fpsS HuNnXyw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-

I.

4. ‘\t§-a-¡p«n’bpsS kmaqly {]kàn F´v ?

5. \mS³{]-tbm-K-§Ä kaÀ°-ambn D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-«pÅ IrXn-bmWv Hf-̧ -a-

®-bpsS ‘\t§-a-¡p«n’ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

6. ‘\t§-a-¡p«n’bnse IYm-]m-{X-§sf ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I.

7. \t§-a-¡p«n F¶ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ \ncq-]Ww sN¿p-I.

8. \t§-asb ]Sn¡p ]pd-̄ m-¡nb tij-apÅ CÃ-̄ nsâ AhØ hnh-cn-¡pI

9. Hf-̧ -a-®-bpsS Imhy-coXn ‘\t§-a-¡p«n’sb ap³ \nÀ¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

10. ‘\t§-a-¡p«n’bnÂ an¶n ad-bp¶ sNdp-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä¡p-t]mepw Ihn-X-bnÂ

{]kàn Dv. ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

11. Hf-̧ -a® ]ptcm-K-a\ ]£-̄ p-\n¶v cN\ \nÀh-ln¨ Ihn-bmWv þ hnh-cn-¡p-I.

--------------***********************


Icp-W -þ-Ip-am-c-\m-im³

JÞ-Im-hy-{]-Øm\w1. Imhy ]Þn-X-·m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-̄ nÂ Imhy-§Ä F{X-hn[w?

cv hn[w. 1.- {]-_-Ô-Imhyw 2.- ap-à-Imhyw2. {]_-Ô-Im-hy-̄ n\p DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Fgp-XpI

alm-Im-hyhpw JÞ-Im-hyhpw3. kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ JÞ-Imhyw F{X Xcw?

cv Xcw.1) kvtXm{X-Imhyw AYhm `àn Imhyw2) irwKm-c-Imhyw AYhm ktµ-i-Imhyw

4. ]mÝmXy kmln-Xy-̄ nÂ JÞ-Im-hy-§Ä F{X-hn[w ?cv hn[w

1) hkvXp-\njvT JÞ-Imhyw (Subjective)

2) Bß-\njvT JÞ-Imhyw (Objective)

5. B[p-\nI JÞ-Im-hy-§fpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw ?\mS -Io -bhpw Imhym -ß-I -hp -amb {]Xn -]m -Zyw, `mhXo -- {h -Xbpw

`mh\mßIXbpw cq]-k-c-fX \nd-ª-Xp-amb {]Xn-]m-Z-\w, kap-Nn-X-`m-h-emhWyapÅ Ae-¦mc {]tbm-Kw, kmam-\y-ambn Im-ev]-\nI kz`mhw {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡p¶ Imhym-́ -co£w.

6. JÞ-Im-hy-§fpsS B[p-\n-I-cq-]-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ae-bm-f-IrXn ?ae-b-hn-emkw (G.-BÀ.-cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½þ1895)

7. e£-W-sam¯ BZy JÞ-Imhyw F¶v Hcp ]äw hnaÀi-IÀ ]cn-K-Wn-¡p¶IrXn ?

ho-W-]qhv8. Ipam-c-\m-im³ P\n-̈ Xv F¶v ?

1873 G{]nÂ 12\v9. Ip«n-¡m-e¯v Ipam-c-\m-im³ hnfn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv ?

Ipamcp F¶v10. Bim³ P\n-̈ Xv FhnsS ?

Xncp-h-\-́ -]pcw PnÃ-bnÂ Imbn-¡-c-bnÂ11. Bimsâ {][m\ IrXn-IÄ GsXÃmw ?

hoW-]q-hv. \fn-\n, eoe, Nn´m-hn-jvS-bmb koX, NÞm-e-̀ n-£p-In, {]tcm-Z-\w, {Kma-hr-£-̄ nse IpbnÂ, Zpc-h-Ø, {io_p-²-N-cn-Xw, Icp-W, aWn-am-e,h\-am-e, ]pjv]-hm-Sn, \h-am-en-I, hnNn-{X-hn-Pbw (\m-S-Iw), i¦-c-i-X-Iw, kp{_-Ò-Wy-i-X-Iw, kuµcy el-cn (XÀÖ-a), taL-k-tµ-iw (XÀÖ-a), ssat{X-bn,\ncq-]-W-§Ä, cmP-tbm-Kw, a\-Èàn (K-Zy-Ir-Xn-IÄ). IqSmsX ]Xn-aq¶p

kvtXm{X-Ir-Xn-Ifpw cNn-̈ n-«p-v.


12. ‘IcpW’bnse {]tabw F´v ?

hmk-h-Z¯ F¶ hmc-kp-µ-cn¡v _p²-in-jy-\mb D]-Kp-]vX-t\mSp tXm¶p¶

Bk-àn.

13. Ipam-c-\m-im³ ac-W-a-S-ªXv F§s\ ?

1924 P\p-hcn 16-þ\v Be-̧ p-g-bnse ]Ã-\-bm-änÂ Dmb t_m«v A]-I-S-̄ n-

emWv Bim³ ac-W-s¸-«-Xv.

14. Nn¶-kzman F¶ t]cnÂ Adn-b-s¸« Ihn ?

Ipam-c-\m-im³

15. GXp ]{X-̄ nsâ Øm]I ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp¶p Ipam-c-\m-im³?

hnth-tIm-Zbw

16. 1922þÂ tIc-f-̄ nse alm-Ihn F¶ \ne-bnÂ Cw¥-nse shbnÂkv cmP-Ip-am-

c-\nÂ \n¶v ]«pw hfbpw kzoI-cn¨ Ihn-bm-Wv.......................

Ipam-c-\m-im³

17. Ipam-c-\m-imsâ ac-W-̄ n\v Imc-W-amb t_m«nsâ t]cv ?

sdUn-aoÀ

18. ‘IRvP-_m-W³ Xsâ ]«w sI«nb cmÚn-t]m-semcp

aRvPp-fmw-Kn-bn-cn-¡p¶p aXn-tam-ln\n’ Bsc-¡p-dn-̈ mWv ]cm-aÀiw ?

hmkh-Z-̄ sb

19. ‘‘\nXw-_-Kp-cp-X-bmÂ¯m³ \new-hn-Sm³ Ign-bm-Xnþ

ØnXn-bnÂ¯-§p-an-t£mWo cw` Xm\-t{X.’’ hnh£ F´v ?

kzÀ¤-temI kpµ-cn-bmb cw -̀bpsS hmk-Øew kzÀ¤-am-Wv. \nXw-_-Kp-

cpXzw sImv (A-c-s¡-«nsâ ]n³`m-Ks¯ ZpÀ -̀cXzw sImv) s]s«¶v Fgp-

t¶äv tatem-«p-]m-Im-\m-hm-̄ -Xn-\mÂ hmk-h-Z¯ ̀ qtem-I-cw` Xs¶ F¶v Ihn.

hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS kuµ-cym-Xn-tcIw hÀWn-¡p-I-bmWv Cu hcn-I-fnÂ.

20. ‘‘ên-̈ ntXm kJo, \nsâ {]bXv\ hÃ-cn, ckw

IeÀ¶ntXm êw, sNmÂI I\nbm-bntXm ?’’ kµÀ`w Fgp-XpI

D]-Kp-]vX-\-Sp-t¯¡v Xsâ CwKnX ]qÀ-̄ n-¡mbn ]d-ª-b¨ tXmgn

XncnsI hcp-¶p. AhÄ ho«n-te¡v IS-¡m-\pÅ Iev]-S-bn-se-̄ n-b-t¸mtg hmk-

h-Z¯ F´mbn t]mb Imcyw F¶v At\z-jn-¡p-¶p. êw ]gp¯v ]mI-

amtbm F¶ tNmZyw D]-Kp-]vXsâ {]Wbw X\n¡v e`n-¡ptam F¶ hmk-h-Z-

¯-bpsS At\z-jW hy{K-X-bmWv ImWn-¡p-¶-Xv.

21. hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS CwKn-X-{]-Imcw D]-Kp-]vXs\ £Wn-¡m³ t]mb tXmgn XncnsI

h¶v Adn-bn-̈ Xv F´v ?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

22. ‘ka-b-am-bnsÃ.’ ¶p Xm\n-t¸mgpw kzman-\n-b-h³

hna-\-Êm-bp-c-¡p¶q hnj-a-sa-¶-hÄ þ kµÀ`w F´v ?


kpµ-cnbpw ku`m-Ky-h-Xn-bp-amb hmk-h-Z-¯-bpsS kmao]yw kÀÆcpw

sImXn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. F¶mÂ hmk-h-Z¯ sImXn-¡p-¶Xv D]-Kp-]vXsâ kmao]yw

BWv. AXn-\mbn tXmgnsb D]-Kp]vX ka-£-̄ n-tebv¡v Ab-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ

sXÃpw XmXv]-cy-an-ÃmsX ‘‘hcm³ ka-b-am-bnÃ’’ F¶v ]dªv At±lw tXmgnsb

Xncn-̈ -b-¡p-¶p. CXv hfsc Akm-[m-c-WXzw \ndª Imcy-ambn hmk-h-Z-̄ -

bpsS tXmgn¡v tXm¶p-¶p.

23. ‘‘as«m-gpIpw hmWn-b-hÄ sNmÃn-\mÄ a\-ap-g-dnþ

sbm«p tXmgn-tbm-Sm-sbm«p kzK-X-ambpw’’ tXmgn-tbmSpw Xt¶m-Sp-ambn hmk-h-

Z¯ ]d-ªXv Fs´Ãmw?

AsÃ-¦nÂ,

24. ‘‘ka-b-am-bnÃ t]mepw ka-b-am-bnÃ t]mepw

£a-sbsâ lrZ-b-̄ nsemgnªp tXmgn.’’ kµÀ`w Fgp-XpI ?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

25. ‘‘hni-̧ n¶p hn -̀h-§Ä shdp-t¸m-f-a-in-̈ mepw

hnin-jvS- t`m-Py-§Ä t`mPy-§Ä Im¬InÂ sImXn-bm-amÀ¡pw’’AsÃ-¦nÂ

26. ‘‘AÀ°-̀ m-Þ-§Ä X³ I\w Ipdªp t]mIp¶p tXmgnþ

bn¯\p Imń X³ hne-bn-Sn-ªo-Sp¶p;

hyÀ°-ambvt¯m¶p¶p IjvS! ah³ ImWm-sX-\n-¡pÅ

\r¯ KoXm-Zn-I-fnse ss\]pWn t]mepw.’’ þ BcpsS hm¡p-I-fm-WnXv ? F´mWv

Imcyw ?

hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS ASp-t¯¡v hcm³ A`yÀ°n¨v tXmgn D]-Kp-]vX-\-Sp-

s¯-̄ p-¶p. ‘ka-b-am-bnÃ.’ F¶ adp-]-Sn-tbmsS D]-Kp-]vX³ Ahsf Xncn-̈ -b-

¡p-¶p. C¡mcyw Adnª hmk-h-Z¯ IpWvTn-X-s¸-Sp-¶-XmWv Cu hcn-I-

fnÂ. ]mXn Xt¶mSpw ]mXn tXmgn-tbm-Sp-sa¶ a«nÂ hmk-h-Z¯ ]dªp XpS-

§p-¶p. ka-b-am-bn-Ã, ka-b-am-bnÃ F¶v At±lw ]d-ªn-s«´v? At±-ls¯

ImWmªv Xsâ lrZ-b-̄ nÂ £a Hgn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ifn hmt¡mXn I_-fn-

¸n¨p \S-¡p-I-bmWv `n£m-]m-{X-hp-tań \S-¡p¶ B Ima-tZ-h³. X\n¡p

k½m-\n-¡m³ ]Ww ssIbn-en-Ãmªpw KWn-I-kv{Xo-bm-sW¶pw IcpXn Ah-

K-Wn-¡p-I-bmImw. F¶mÂ B tIma-fsâ {]Wbw am{Xw X\n¡v aXn F¶p

Xm³ At±-ls¯ Adn-bn-̈ ntÃ? FÃm hn[ kpJ-§fpw A[o-\-̄ n-epÅ X\n¡v

C¯cw hi-t¡-Sp-IÄ hcm³ CS-bn-Ã. C\n h¶mÂ Xs¶bpw AXv bpàn¡v

tNcm-̄ -X-Ã. hni¸p Xotcmfw `£-W-hn-̀ -h-§Ä Ign-̈ mepw hnti-j-s¸«

`£W km[-\-§Ä ImÂ Bcpw sImXn-̈ p-t]m-Ipw. F{Xtbm [\-]-Xn-IÄ

Xsâ ImenÂ \nXyhpw I\-Im-̀ n-tjIw sNbvXp sXmgpXp \nÂ¡p-¶p. Ahsc

ISm-£n-£n-¡m³ aSn ImWn-¡p¶ Xsâ I®p-IÄ D]-Kp-]vXs\ am{Xw ImWm³


Dg-dp-¶p-htÃm? at\m-l-c-amb ico-c-Im-µn-bp-Å-hÀ C§s\ BbmÂ AXp

hÃm¯ ImTn\yw Xs¶. Xnf-¡-apÅ \£{Xw t]mse `wKn-tbmsS hnSÀ¶p

\nÂ¡p¶ Ceªn¸qsam«v kuµ-cy-an-ÃmsX Ign-bptam? AtXm _p²sâ Hmtcm

IY-bn-Ãm-bva-Ifpw tI«v At±lw Ipg-§p-¶p-m-hpw. Xsâ ASp-t¯¡v hcm-

\pÅ Ah-kcw At±lw {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶p-m-Ipw. D]-Nmcw AÀ¸n-¡m³

At±lw Ah-kcw Xcp-¶ptm? {]W-b-kq-N\ At±-l-̄ sâ hm¡nÂ kv̂ pcn-

¡p-¶ptm? Bcp-an-Ãm¯ kml-N-cy-̄ n-etÃ tXmgn Xsâ CwKnXw Adn-bn-

¨Xv? Xsâ ho«nÂ F¯p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ k¶ym-kn-amÀ¡p tNÀ¶ BNm-c-a-cym-

Z-I-tfmsS Xs¶ At±-ls¯ Xm³ kzoI-cn-¡pw. Xsâ ASp¯p \n¶pw At±-

l-̄ n\v ̀ n£ kzoI-cn-¡m-a-tÃm. A{Xbpw t\cw X\n¡v At±-l-̄ nsâ a[p-cm-

IrXn t\m¡n ebn-¡m-a-tÃm. Xsâ ]W-s¸-«n-bpsS I\w Ipd-bp-¶p. ico-c-ku-

µ-cy-̄ nsâ hne-bn-Sn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah³ ImWm-Xn-cn-¡p¶ ]m«nepw B«-

¯nepw X\n¡v Xosc kmaÀ°yw {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡m-\m-hp-¶nÃ XpS§n Xsâ

\ne-hnse Ah-Ø- tXmgnsb Adn-bn-¡p-I-bmWv hmk-h-Z-̄ .

26. ‘‘Ic-]än \n¶p hopw IpWp-§n-̄ ³ Ipf-̄ n-teþ

¡c-b-¶-̧ n-S-t]mse \S¶p t]mbn’’Cu hcn-bpsS kmckyw Fgp-XpI ?

D]-Kp]vX {]W-b-̄ mÂ thiym-hr¯n ths¶p hmk-h-Z¯ Icp-Xn-

bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ B Xocp-am-\-̄ n\p amäw Dm-Ip-¶p. Ipd-̈ p-Imew ]cn-

ip² A\p-cm-K-̄ n\p hnt[-b-bmbn \n¶ hmk-h-Z-̄ , hopw Xsâ Ipe-s¯m-

gn-emb thiym-hr-̄ n-bn-te¡p Xncn-̈ p-h-¶-Xns\ Ipd-̈ p-t\cw Ic-]än hn{i-an-̈ -

tijw hopw Ipf-̄ n-te-¡p-Xs¶ Xncn-sI-t¸m-Ip¶ Ac-b-¶-̧ n-S-tbmSp kmZr-

iy-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

27. ‘‘Cfw aª shbnÂ X«n \ndw amdn \oe-hn-®nÂ

hnf-§p¶ sh¬ap-In-en³ \nc IWt¡’’ ImW-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F´mWv ?

bap-\m-\Zo Xocw

28. ‘‘XSn-\-c-bm-eXp Xe-bnÂ Xo Imfpw s\Spwþ

NpS-e-̀ qXw IWt¡ Nen-̈ p-\nev]q’’ Cu hcn-I-fnse Na-Xv¡m-c-sa´v ?

NpS-e-bnÂ ImWp¶ Ac-bmÂ acs¯ Xe-bnÂ s\cn-t¸m-sS-cn-ªp-sIm-

n-cn-¡p¶ NpS-e-̀ q-X-t¯mSv DÂt{]-£n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ae-¦mcw DXvt{]-£.

29. hnS-hp-I-fnÂ sI«p-]n-Wªp InS-¡p¶ Ac-bmÂ thcp-Isf Ihn Fń-t\m-SmWv

Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv ?

amf-§-fn-tebv¡v Cgªp Ib-dp¶ ]m¼p-I-fmtWm F¶v Ihn kwi-bn-

¡p-¶p.


30. ‘‘C£Ww ap§p-amÀt¡mþ

ssItbm-Ip-hm³ t]ms¶¶p

tXm¶pw Z£-Xbpw Xzcbpw

Zm£n-Wyhpw ImÂ’’ þ hnh£ F´v ?

ico-c-̄ nÂ aª \nd-̄ n-epÅ Noh-chpw (h-kv{Xw) ssIbnÂ ̀ n£m-]m-{X-

hp-amb \nÀhmW ]Z-̄ n¶v AÀl-\mb _p² k\ymkn NpSp-Im-«n-te¡v IS-

¶p-h-cp-¶p. `n£-tXSn Bcpw NpSp-Im-«n-se-̄ m-dn-Ã. NpSe ]qIm³ hcp-¶-

bmÄ ]mip-]-X\pw (in-h-̀ -à-\pw) AÃ. ]ns¶ Fń\v NpSn-Im-«n-tebv¡v hcp-

¶p. ap§n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ BÀt¡m Hcp ssI sImSp¯v DbnÀ¸n-¡m-³ am{Xw

Zbm-a-\-Øn-Xnbpw kmaÀ°yhpw Xzc-bp-am-bmWv AbmÄ hcp-¶-Xv. NpSp-Im-

«nÂ Dt]-£n-¡-s -̧«-hfpw {]bmkw t]dp-¶-h-fp-ambn InS-¡p¶ hmk-h-Z-̄ bv¡v

Bizm-k-ta-Im³ F¯p¶ D]-Kp-]vX-s\-bmWv ChnsS Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]csâ

ZpxJ-i-a\w Btem-Nn-̈ mWv ic-W-{X-b-am-Ip¶ [\-t¯m-Sp-IqSn _p²-̀ n-£p-¡Ä

Aeªp \S-¡p-¶-Xv.

31. ‘‘icn icn! ]c-Zpx-J-i-a-\-tamÀ¯tÃm apäpw

ic-W-{X-bo-[-\-·mÀ `n£ sXp-¶p.

Xncªp c£ \evIp¶ tZh-X-I-ftÃm km£mÂ

[c-Wn-bnÂ \S-¡p-an-²À½-Zq-X-·mÀ ’’þ Bi-bhpw kµÀ`hpw F´v ?

ico-c-̄ nÂ aª \nd-̄ n-epÅ Noh-chpw (h-kv{Xw) ssIbnÂ `n£m-

]m-{X-hp-amb \nÀhmW ]Z-̄ n¶v AÀl-\mb _p² k\ymkn NpSp-Im-«n-te¡v

IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. `n£-tXSn Bcpw NpSp-Im-«n-se-̄ m-dn-Ã. NpSe ]qIm³ hcp-¶-

bmÄ ]mip-]-X\pw (in-h-̀ -à-\pw) AÃ. ]ns¶ Fń\v NpSn-Im-«n-tebv¡v hcp-

¶p. ap§n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ BÀt¡m Hcp ssI sImSp¯v DbnÀ¸n-¡m-³ am{Xw

Zbm-a-\-Øn-Xnbpw kmaÀ°yhpw Xzc-bp-am-bmWv AbmÄ hcp-¶-Xv. NpSp-Im-

«nÂ Dt]-£n-¡-s -̧«-hfpw {]bmkw t]dp-¶-h-fp-ambn InS-¡p¶ hmk-h-Z-̄ bv¡v

Bizm-k-ta-Im³ F¯p¶ D]-Kp-]vX-s\-bmWv ChnsS Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]csâ

ZpxJ-i-a\w Btem-Nn-̈ mWv ic-W-{X-b-am-Ip¶ [\-t¯m-Sp-IqSn _p²-̀ n-£p-¡Ä

Aeªp \S-¡p-¶-Xv.

32. D]-Kp-]vXsâ kmao]yw Dm-b-t¸mÄ hmk-h-Z-¯-bnÂ Dmb hn{`-a-§Ä

Fs´Ãmw ?

Bfp-IfmÂ XyPn-¡-s¸«v A]-I-Sm-h-Ø-bnÂ InS-¡p¶ hmk-h-Z-̄ bv¡v

ASp¯v D]-Kp-]vX³ F¯p-¶p. Xmsg ]pX-̈ p-aqSn InS-¡p¶ XSn hmk-h-Z¯

Xs¶-bmtWm F¶v kzbw ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ th D]-Kp-]vX³ At\z-jn-¡p-¶p.

`n£p-hnsâ i_vZw tI«-t¸mÄ B ]nÞw A\-§m\pw kwkm-cn-¡m\pw {ian-


¡p-¶p. D]-Kp-]vXsâ i_vZw arX-k-RvPo-h-\n-bmtWm F¶pw Ahsâ t]cnse

\me-£cw iàn {]m]n-̈ tXm F¶pw AhÄ Nnń-¡p-¶p. ac-W-̄ nsâ Ccp-

«p \ndª kap-{Z-̄ nÂ ap§nb Xm³ hopw C{µn-b-am-Ip¶ Ihm-S-̄ nÂ

ap«p-I-bm-tWm.

33. ‘‘]gp-tX-bm-W-Y-hm-bn-̧ -cn-{ -̀a-satSm tXmgn,

Ignbm \n\-¡n-hsâ I®p aqSp-hm³’’NpSp-Im-«nÂ hmk-h-Z-̄ sb kµÀin-¡m-s\-̄ nb D]-Kp-]vXs\ I-t¸mÄ

tXmgn thKw hmk-h-Z-̄ -bv¡p-taÂ app hen-̈ n-Sp-¶p. D]-Kp-]vX³ hmk-h-Z-

¯-bvt¡ä apdn-hp-IÄ ImWm-Xn-cn-¡m-\mWv AhÄ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. ac-W-̄ nepw

aln-f-amÀ am\w ad-¡p-I-bn-Ã. F¶mÂ AXoh cl-ky-amb P\-\-a-c-W-§-fpsS

Imc-W-§Ä t]mepw kq£va `r¡v Bb _p²-k-\ymkn ImWm-\mIpw AXn-

\mÂ tXmgn-bpsS ]cn-{ -̀a-t¯m-sS-bpÅ Cu sXmgnÂ shdp-sX-bm-sW¶v ]d-bp-

¶-Xv. AhÄ¡v Hcn-¡epw D]-Kp-]vXsâ I®v aqSm-\m-hn-Ã-tÃm.

34. ‘‘ad-hnÂ InS¡pw P·-arXn Imc-W-§Ä t]mepþ

adnbpw kq£va-̀ r-¡m-Ip-amÀl-X-\n-h³ ’’AsÃ-¦nÂ

35. ‘‘arXn-bnepw aln-f-amÀ ad-¡m- am\w!’’NpSp-Im-«nÂ hmk-h-Z-¯sb kµÀin-¡m-s\-̄ nb D]-Kp-]vXs\ I-

t¸mÄ tXmgn thKw hmk-h-Z-̄ -bv¡p-taÂ app hen-̈ n-Sp-¶p. D]-Kp-]vX³

hmk-h-Z-̄ -bvt¡ä apdn-hp-IÄ ImWm-Xn-cn-¡m-\mWv AhÄ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. ac-

W-̄ nepw aln-f-amÀ am\w ad-¡p-I-bn-Ã. F¶mÂ AXoh cl-ky-amb P\-\-a-

c-W-§-fpsS Imc-W-§Ä t]mepw kq£va `r¡v Bb _p²-k-\ymkn ImWm-

\mIpw AXn-\mÂ tXmgn-bpsS ]cn-{ -̀a-t¯m-sS-bpÅ Cu sXmgnÂ shdp-sX-bm-

sW¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv. AhÄ¡v Hcn-¡epw D]-Kp-]vXsâ I®v aqSm-\m-hn-Ã-tÃm.

36. ‘‘lm! kpJ-§Ä shdpw Pmew, Bc-dnhq \nb-Xn-X³

{Xmkp s]m§p-¶Xpw Xmt\ XmWp t]mhXpw’’kÀhmwK kpµ-cn-bmb hmk-h-Z¯ temIs¯ apgp-h³ tamln-̧ n-¡p-¶-

h-fm-bn-cp-¶p. C¶-h-fXm AwK-§Ä tOZn-¡-s¸«v hncq-]-bmbn, BÀ¡pw thm-

¯-h-fmbn acWw Im¯p InS-¡p-¶p. hn[n-bpsS XpemÊv Xmgp-¶Xpw s]m§p-

¶Xpw BÀ¡mWv {]h-Nn-¡m-\m-hp-I. Ipam-c-\m-imsâ Pohn-X-ZÀi\w hyà-

am-¡p¶ hcn-I-fm-Wn-h.

37. Cebpw Ipe-bp-a-cn-ªn-S- sh-«n-ap-dn-̈ n«

ae-hm-g-̄ -Sn-t]mse aeÀ¶-Snªq!

AwK-hn-tOZw \S-¯-s¸« hmk-h-Z-¯sb hÀ®n-¡p¶ kµÀ -̀am-Wn-Xv.

Cebpw Ipebpw Acn-sª-Sp¯v \Sp-̀ mKw sh«n-ap-dn-̈ n« ae-hm-g-̄ Sn IWt¡

aeÀ¶p InS-¡p-I-bmWv ssIIm-ep-IÄ¡v `wKw kw -̀hn¨ hmk-h-Z-̄ .


38. ‘‘Fń-\\y hn]-̄ p-I-f-Yhm tXSp¶p IjvSw!

kz´-hm-fmÂ kzbw sh«n \in¸q aÀ¯yÀ!’’kpµ-cn-bmb hmk-h-Z¯ AwK-§Ä tOZn-¡-s¸«v InS-¡p-¶p. Bcm-WnXv

sNbvX-Xv. [\w tamln¨v tamjvSn-¡m-s\-̄ n-b-h-c-Ã. aq¡äw IpSn¨p D·-̄ -cm-

b-hÀ Ie-l-̄ n\p h¶p \S-̄ nb t]¡q-̄ p-a-Ã. C§s\ A\y hn]-̄ p-IÄ

t\m¡n XoÀ¸p Iev]n-¡p-¶Xv Fń\v ? kz´w hmfmÂ kzbw sh«n acn-¡m-\n-

cn-¡p¶p a\p-jyÀ.

39. ‘‘]cn-Nbw sImp hn«p ]ncn-bm-X-bm-b-h³, ]ns¶

¸cn-Nm-cn-I-amÀ Imcyw ad¨p h¨p!’’hmk-h-Z-̄ bv¡v AwK-hn-tO-Z-\-̄ n-\pÅ ImcWw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bmWv

Ipam-c-\m-im³. Ipd-̈ p-\mÄ ap¼v hmk-h-Z-̄ bv¡v Hcp sXmgn-em-fn-̄ -e-h-\p-

ambn {]Wbw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. AbmÄs¡m¸w Hcn-¡Â Imf-h-n-bnÂ h¶

AXnYn sN«n-bm-cp-ambn AhÄ¡v clky _Ôw Dm-bn. ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am-cm-

Is« CXv asäm-cm-tfmSpw Adn-bn-̈ -Xp-an-Ã.

40. ‘‘]c-a-km-[zn-bnÂt¸mepw ]pcp-j\p i¦ tXm¶mw

]pc-K-Wn-I-bnÂ ̧ ns¶-̧ -d-b-Wtam ?’’\m«nse Adn-b-s¸« kpµ-cn-bmWv hmk-h-Z-̄ . AhÄ¡v Hcp sXmgn-em-fn-

¯-e-h-\p-ambn t{]a-_-Ô-ap-v. CXn-\n-S-bnÂ Hcn-¡Â At±-l-̄ n-s\m¸w Hcp

sN«n-bm-cp-ambn AhÄ {]W-b-̄ n-em-Ip-¶p. C¡mcyw AXoh cl-ky-am-b-Xn-

\mÂ tXmgn-amÀ t]mepw BtcmSpw ]d-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã. HcmÄ Bcpw sImXn¨p

t]mIp-¶-bmÄ. atä-bmÄ am\y-\m-b-h-\pw. cp-t]-scbpw ]ncn-ªn-cn-¡m-\m-

hmsX hmk-h-Z-̄ . F¶mÂ sXmgn-em-fn-̄ -e-h-\mb Imap-I-\nÂ Hcp kwibw

CXn-s\-s¨mÃn Dm-Ip-¶p. AXp `b¶p t]Sn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p hmk-h-Z-̄ .

41. ‘‘Hcp-h-s\-̧ n-cn-hm-\p-sam-cp-Im-e¯p cmsf

hcn-̧ m\pw ]Wn-bmbn heªp X\zn!’’\m«nse Adn-b-s¸« kpµ-cn-bmWv hmk-h-Z-̄ . AhÄ¡v Hcp sXmgn-em-

fn-̄ -e-h-\p-ambn t{]a-_-Ô-ap-v. CXn-\n-S-bnÂ Hcn-¡Â At±-l-̄ n-s\m¸w

Hcp sN«n-bm-cp-ambn AhÄ {]W-b-̄ n-em-Ip-¶p. C¡mcyw AXoh cl-ky-am-

b-Xn-\mÂ tXmgn-amÀ t]mepw BtcmSpw ]d-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã. HcmÄ Bcpw sImXn¨p

t]mIp-¶-bmÄ. atä-bmÄ am\y-\m-b-h-\pw. cp-t]-scbpw ]ncn-ªn-cn-¡m-\m-

hmsX hmk-h-Z-̄ . F¶mÂ sXmgn-em-fn-̄ -e-h-\mb Imap-I-\nÂ Hcp kwibw

CXn-s\-s¨mÃn Dm-Ip-¶p. AXp `b¶p t]Sn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p hmk-h-Z-̄ .

42. ‘‘]cn-\m-i-I-c-ama ‘¯o¡p-Sp¡’ s]m«pw apt¼

Xncn-ap-dn-s¨-dn-bmsX Xc-an-sÃ-¶mbv ’’ ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡p¶ Xo¡p-Sp¡ (t_mw-_v) F´mWv ?


Xsâ sN«n-tbm-SpÅ t{]aw BZy Imap-I-\mb sXmgn-emfn apJy³ Xncn-̈ -dn-

sª¶p a\-Ên-emb hmk-h-Z¯ ̀ b-̧ m-Sn-em-bn. GXp \nan-jhpw AbmÄ s]m«n-

s¯-dn-¡p-sa-¶m-bn. C\n F´p sN¿pw HSp-hnÂ Abmsf ‘\nÈ-_vZ-\m-¡m³’Xs¶ AhÄ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p.

43. hmk-h-Z-̄ sb HmÀ¯v \mcn-amÀ eÖn-¡p-sa¶v Ihn ]d-bm³ ImcWw?

Ah-fpsS [qÀ¯pw {Iqc-X-bp-tamÀ¯v

44. ‘‘All! k¦-S-tamÀ¯mÂ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-t¯-¡mÄ

aln-bnÂ Zb-\o-b-ambv asä-t´m-¶pÅq!

]pjvS-iàn hln-¡p-a-̧ -fp-¦p-]m{Xw hnc-emÂ

ap«n-bmÂ aXn, Xhn-Sp-s]m-Sn-bm-atÃm!’’AsÃ-¦nÂ

45. ‘‘AXpaÃ hn]-̄ p-I-f-dn-bp-¶n-Ãtlm aÀ¯y³

{]Xn-thm-[-hm-s\t¶m ]cn-tam-l-̄ mÂ

Duä-am-tbm-cp-cw-K-̄ n³ Npcp-fns\ Dd-¡-̄ mÂ

Imäp Xe-b-W-bmtb IcpXp t`mj³ !’’Xs¶-¡p-dn¨v Imap-I-\mb sXmgn-emfn apJy\v kwibw tXm¶n-̄ p-

S§n F¶v Xncn-̈ -dnª hmk-h-Z¯ AbmÄs¡-Xnsc {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Ah-fpsS [qÀ¯pw {Iqc-Xbpw ]t£ Bcnepw \mW-t¡Sv Dm-¡mt\ klmbn-¡p-¶p-Åq. a\pjy Pohn-X-t¯-¡mÄ Zb-\o-b-amb asäm-¶p-\n-Ã. sNdnb HcpA{i-²-aXn Gsd iànbps¶q Icp-Xp¶ ]fp-¦p-]m{Xw t]mepw Xhn-Sp-s]mSnBIm³. am{X-hp-a-Ã, Xsâ hn]-̄ p-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw aÀ¯y³ th{X t_m[-hm-\-Ã. hnth-In-bm-sW-¦nepw AXncp Ihnª B{Klw ImcWw a\p-jy³X\n¡v hcm-\pÅ B]-̄ p-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v Adn-bp-¶n-Ã. Dd-§n-¡n-S-¡p¶ Ah³]m¼n-s\-t¸mepw Imäp \nd¨ Xe-b-W-bmtb Icp-Xq.

46. ‘‘t{]a-ta, \n³ t]cp tI«mÂ t]Sn-bmw, hgn-]n-g¨ Ima-In-¦-c³ sN¿p¶ ISpw-ssI-I-fmÂ’’

sXmgn-emfn¯e-hs\ hmk-h-Z¯ h[n¨ Imcyw \m«n-e-dnªp. Häp-Im-c³arX-tZlw Ipgn-̈ n« Øew a\-Ên-em¡n Ahn-sS-\n¶pw arX-tZlw ]pd-s¯-Sp-¯p. \ymbm-[n-]-·mÀhm-k-h-Z-̄ bv¡v in£ hn[n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AS-§m¯ Imaw \nan¯w AhÄ sNbvX Cu Acpw-sXm-gnÂ ImcWw t{]aw F¶ptIÄ¡p-¶Xp Xs¶ t]Sn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xmbn amdn.

47. ‘‘l! aXn-tam-l-̄ mÂ sNbvXp kml-k-sam-¶-Xn-\n-¶nþ ¸qar-Zp-ta-\n-bmÄ s]Spw ]mSp IntÃ ? ’’ - þ F´m-bn-cp¶p kmlkw ?AhÄ AXn\v A\p-̀ -hn¨ s]Sm-]mSv F´v ?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

48. \mahpw cq]-hp-aä \nÀ±-bamw \nb-ata,

`na-at¿m! \nsâ ZÞ ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ !


Xs¶-¡p-dn¨ sXmgn-em-fn-̄ -e-h³ kwi-bm-ep-hm-b-Xn-\mÂ AbmÄ GXp\nan-jhpw X\n-s¡-Xnsc Xncn-bp-sa-¶m-b-t¸mÄ hmk-h-Z¯ Abmsf h[n-¡p-¶p. Cu kml-k-{]-{In-bbv¡v AhÄ ISp¯ in£ GÂ¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.AwK-§Ä hntÑ-Zn-¡-s¸«v NpSp-Im-«nÂ AhÄ XÅ-s¸-Sp-¶p.

49. Ań-aamw aW-aÀ¸n-̈ -Sn-hm³ aeÀ Im¡ntÃKÔ hmls\? cl-ky-amÀ¡-dn-bmhq ?

‘IcpW’ F¶ Imhy-̄ nsâ aq¶mw JÞ-̄ nÂ D]-Kp]vX kmao-]y-̄ mÂhmk-h-Z-̄ -bn-ep-m-Ip¶ ]cn-hÀ -̄\-§sf Ihn hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. càw hmÀ¶v,iàn £bn¨v {]mW³ \jvS-s¸«p XpS-§nb hmk-h-Z¯ B InS-̧ nÂ InS¶vbph-ap-\nsb ImWm-\mbv Xe-s]m-¡n-t\m-¡p-¶p. cmK-ssh-̀ -h-̄ mÂ AYhmAh-fpsS lrZ-b-_-Ô-̄ nsâ iàn-bmÂ inYn-e-am-bn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ {]mWs\]mSp-s]«v X§n \nÀ¯p-¶p. Cu ImgvN Ihn Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-XmWv kµÀ`w.sImgn-ª-]-ho-gm³ t\c¯pw hmbp-hnÂ ]cn-afw ]I-cm³ aeÀ sImXn-¡pw.AXp-t]mse {]mW³ thÀs]-Sp-t¼mgpw Nne ]pXp-aWw tXSm-\mbn Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.

50. A\p-I-¼- I-eÀ¶Xn {imh-I³ {ihn¸q; \apþ¡\p-an-¡m-a-h-t\m-Xp-ap-̄ -c-§-fmÂ:

D]-Kp-]vXsâ adp-]-Sn-IÄ Fs´-Ãm-am-bn-cp¶p ?ac-Wm-k-¶-bmb Xsâ ASp-s¯-̄ nb D]-Kp-]vX-t\mSv hmk-h-Z¯ kwkm-

cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. Ahy-à-amb A\p-\m-kn-Im-£-c-§Ä IogvNp-n\v eo\hpwZo\-hp-amb i_vZw am{Xta ]pd-t¯¡v hcp-¶p-Åq. AhÄ F´mWv ]d-ª-sX¶v Npäp-ap-Å-hÀ¡v Adn-bn-Ã. F¶mÂ D]-Kp-]vXsâ adp-]-Sn-bnÂ \n¶pwImcy-sa-s´¶v \ap¡v Duln-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. hmk-h-Z-̄ bv¡v Acn-In-se-̄ m³Xm³ Xma-kn¨p t]mbn-«n-sÃ¶pw Xs¶ sNmÃn AÃÂ ths¶pw D]-Kp-]vX³Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Ah-fpsS kuµ-cyhpw £Whpw X\n¡v {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-̄ m-\m-bn-Ã. F¶mÂ hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS AIr-{Xn-a-amb {]Wbw Xm³ Xncn-̈ -dn-ªn-cp-¶p. Xsâ Ipe-s¯m-gnÂ HmÀ¡p-t¼mÄ AXp hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS aln-X-Kp-W-ambn ]cn-K-Wn¨v IrX-Ú-Xm-]qÀÆw HmÀ¡p-¶p. A]-I-S-Im-e¯pw ]cn-P-\-§-fmWv ]cn-N-cn-¡-s¸-Sm\pÅ ̀ mKyw hmk-h-Z-̄ -bv¡p-m-b-tÃm. AhÄ sNmcn-bp¶ I®oÀ t]mepw Ah-fpsS Ønc Zm£n-Wy-io-es¯ hnfn-̈ -dn-bn-¡p-¶p.kvt\l-tbm-Ky-bmb AhÄ Xsâ sXmgn-ensâ kz`mhwImcWw ZpÀhn[n¡Sns¸«vHcp tLmc-IrXyw sNt¿-n-h-¶p. [\-̄ n-\pÅ Zmlhpw kuµ-cy-̄ n-epÅAl-¦m-chpw Ahsf h©n¨p If-ªp. Ft¸mgpw Cf-In-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ a\ÊveuInI Imcy-§-fnepw . hnj-b-kp-J-§-fnepw ]e-hn-[-̄ n-epÅ ckm-\p-̀ -h-§-fmÂ IqSp-XÂ iàn-I-fm-bn-̄ o-cp-¶p. AXym-{K-lw, tIm]w, tamlw (sF-iz-cy-

Xn-ancw _m[n-¨-Xn-\mÂ IrXy-Ir-Xy-§Ä Adn-bm-Xn-cn-¡Â) F¶n-h-bmÂ

temIs¯ Pbn¨pw Iog-S-¡nbpw Ccn-¡p¶ AhnZy (B-ß-Úm\w CÃm-bva)

\ndªp \nÂ¡p-¶p.


51. AXn-N-]-e-ao-b-́ x-I-cWw temI-t`m-K-§Ä

{]Xn-\-h-c-k-§-fmÂ ̀ qcn-i-àn-IÄ,

KXn-sb´p P´p-¡Ä¡v? þ cXn-tcm-j-tam-l-§-fmÂ PnX-tem-I-am-‘ahnZy’ Pbn-

ö-Sp-¶p.

ac-Wm-k-¶-bmb Xsâ ASp-s¯-̄ nb D]-Kp-]vX-t\mSv hmk-h-Z¯

kwkm-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. Ahy-à-amb A\p-\m-kn-Im-£-c-§Ä IogvNp-n\v

eo\hpw Zo\-hp-amb i_vZw am{Xta ]pd-t¯¡v hcp-¶p-Åq. AhÄ F´mWv

]d-ª-sX¶v Npäp-ap-Å-hÀ¡v Adn-bn-Ã. F¶mÂ D]-Kp-]vXsâ adp-]-Sn-bnÂ

\n¶pw Imcy-sa-s´¶v \ap¡v Duln-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. hmk-h-Z-̄ bv¡v Acn-In-

se-̄ m³ Xm³ Xma-kn¨p t]mbn-«n-sÃ¶pw Xs¶ sNmÃn AÃÂ ths¶pw

D]-Kp-]vX³ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Ah-fpsS kuµ-cyhpw £Whpw X\n¡v {]tbm-P-

\-s¸-Sp-̄ m-\m-bn-Ã. F¶mÂ hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS AIr-{Xn-a-amb {]Wbw Xm³

Xncn-̈ -dn-ªn-cp-¶p. Xsâ Ipe-s¯m-gnÂ HmÀ¡p-t¼mÄ AXp hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS

aln-X-Kp-W-ambn ]cn-K-Wn v̈ IrX-Ú-Xm-]qÀÆw HmÀ¡p-¶p. A]-I-S-Im-e¯pw

]cn-P-\-§-fmWv ]cn-N-cn-¡-s -̧Sm\pÅ ̀ mKyw hmk-h-Z-̄ -bv¡p-m-b-tÃm. AhÄ

sNmcn-bp¶ I®oÀ t]mepw Ah-fpsS Ønc Zm£n-Wy-io-es¯ hnfn-̈ -dn-bn-

¡p-¶p. kvt\l-tbm-Ky-bmb AhÄ Xsâ sXmgn-ensâ kz`mhw ImcWw

ZpÀhn[n¡Sns¸«v Hcp tLmc-IrXyw sNt¿-n-h-¶p. [\-̄ n-\pÅ Zmlhpw

kuµ-cy-̄ n-epÅ Al-¦m-chpw Ahsf h©n¨p If-ªp. Ft¸mgpw Cf-In-

s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ a\Êv euInI Imcy-§-fnepw . hnj-b-kp-J-§-fnepw ]e-hn-[-

¯n-epÅ ckm-\p-̀ -h-§-fmÂ IqSp-XÂ iàn-I-fm-bn-̄ o-cp-¶p. AXym-{K-lw,

tIm]w, tamlw (sF-iz-cy-Xn-ancw _m[n-̈ -Xn-\mÂ IrXy-Ir-Xy-§Ä Adn-bm-Xn-cn-

¡Â) F¶n-h-bmÂ temIs¯ Pbn¨pw Iog-S-¡nbpw Ccn-¡p¶ AhnZy (B-

ß-Úm\w CÃm-bva) \ndªp \nÂ¡p-¶p.

52. Kpcp-Ir-]-bmÂ Fs´Ãmw kz -́am-¡m-sa-¶mWv D]-Kp-]vX³ hmk-h-Z-̄ sb D]-

tZ-in-¡p-¶Xv ?

IÅ-·mÀ¡v A]-l-cn-¡m-\m-hm¯ izmizX imń F¶ [\hpw Ima-tZ-

h³ A¼v FbvXmÂ t]mepw apdn-bm¯ a\-tÈm-̀ bpw

53. hmk-h-Z¯ hnfn-̈ -t¸mÄ hcm-Xn-cp-¶-Xn\v D]-Kp-]vX³ ]d-bp¶ Imc-W-sa´v ?

A¶v hmk-h-Z-̄ -bpsS \Ã Ime-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ t\cmb amÀ¤-

§Ä¡v AhÄ sNhn-sIm-Sp-t -̄¡n-Ã. ITn-\-amb ZpxJ-§Ä ̀ uXn-I-kp-J-̄ nÂ

Ign-bp-¶-hsc t_m[-hm-·m-cm¡pw. A¯cw kabw kam-K-X-am-b-t¸m-gmWv Xm³

ASp-̄ p-h-¶Xv F¶v D]-Kp-]vX³ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p.

54. ‘‘AwKp-eo-am-e-\p-t]m-ep-am-ÀlX ]Z-ta-Inb

XpwKamw Icp-Wsb \o hniz-kn-̈ mepw’’ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡p¶ ]pcm-hr¯w F´mWv ?


Bbncw Bfp-I-sf-s¡m¶v ssIhn-c-ep-IÄ apdn-s¨-Sp¯v Ah-bpsS

AØn-IÄsImv ame-bp-m¡n Xsâ CjvS-tZ-h-X-bmb Imfn¡v NmÀ¯m-sa¶v

tLmc-Xm-]k-\mb AwKp-eo-am-e³ Gän-cp-¶p. 999 Bfp-I-sf-s¡m¶v AØn-

IÄ tiJ-cn v̈ Ah-km\w _p²-s\-s¡m¶v At±-l-̄ nsâ AØn-Ifpw FSp v̄

t\À¨ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡m-\mbn AbmÄ _p²sâ ASp-¡Â h¶p. _p²³ Abmsf

[Àt½m-]-tZiw \ÂIn injy-\m¡n. Ah-km\w _p²³ Absf X§-fpsS

kwL-̄ nÂ AwK-am-¡p-Ibpw Dm-bn. AXn-\mÂ hmk-hZ¯ X\n¡v tam£w

e`n-¡nÃ F¶p `b¶p Ign-tb F¶mWv D]-Kp-]vX³ ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

55. _²-]-¦-am-tbm-Sp-¶n-sXmcp Imew \Zn ]ns¶

ip²n IeÀs¶mcp Imew tim` tXSp-¶p.

AsÃ-¦nÂ

56. temeamw £Wta thq t_m[-ap-ÅnÂ Pzen-̧ m\pw

ame-Wbv¡pw Xa-ÊmsI adªp t]mhm\pw

Ign-ª-Im-e-§-fnÂ A[mÀ½nI PohnXw \bn¨p F¶ hnj-a-̄ mÂ Dcp-

tI--Xn-sÃ¶v D]-Kp-]vX³ hmk-h-Z-¯sb Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Ht¶mÀ¯mÂ

euInI Pohn-X-̄ nÂ ]m]-̄ nÂ sN¶p NmSm-̄ -h-cp-m-In-Ã. sNfn IeÀs¶m-

gp-Ip¶ \Zn-t]mepw Ipsd Ign-ªmÂ sXfn-sªm-gp-Ipw. Aev]-\n-an-jta thq

DÅnÂ t_m[-ap-Zn-¡m\pw ZpxJw XoÀ¡p¶ Ccp«v amªp-t]m-hm-\pw. AXn-

\mÂ tam£-̄ n-te¡v \bn-¡p¶ Xt¯zm-]-tZiw {ihn-¡m³ D]-Kp-]vX³ hmk-

h-Z-̄ sb £Wn-¡p-¶p.

57. £W-̄ nÂ sN¶p sRcp§n {]]©w \n¶tlm! lna-þ

I-W-̄ nÂ _nw_n¨p ImWpw Im\\w t]mse

AsÃ-¦nÂ

58. IrX-tIm-]-s\mcp inip Ifn-bnÂ `RvPn-s¨-dnª

]Xw-Kn-Imw-K-§Ä t]mse Zb-\o-b-§Ä

D]-Kp-]vX-\nÂ \n¶pw tam£-amÀK e_v[n-¡p-X-Ip¶ hN-\-§Ä tI«-t¸mÄ

hmk-h-Z¯ Xsâ KX-Im-e-Po-hnXw Hcp thf HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p. Hcp aªp-Xp-

Ån-bnÂ ImSp apgps¡ {]Xn-̂ -en¨p ImWpw-hn[w, Hcp sRmSn-bnS Ah-fpsS

KX-Ime PohnXw apgps¡ a\-ÊnÂ Xn§n {]Xn-_nw-_n-̈ -Xmbn hmk-h-Z¯

ImWp-¶p. IÀ½-̂ -e-§-fpsS amäw GXp-hn-[-am-bn-cp¶p F¶p ]Tn-¡m³ klm-

bn-¡p¶ D]-I-c-W-§Ä AhÄ Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶p. Ifn-¡nsS tZjyw h¶ Hcp

inip s]m«n-s¨-dnª sNdp-In-fn-bpsS `mK-§Ä t]mse Zb-\o-b-§-fmb Nn{X-

ambn AXn-e-hÄ Xsâ \o¡w sN¿-s¸« AwK-§-sfbpw ImWp-¶p.


D]-\y-kn-¡pI1. ‘hmk-h-Z¯’ F¶ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ \ncq-]Ww sN¿p-I.

2. i_vZ-Nn-{X-§-fmÂ k¼-¶-amWv ‘IcpW’ þ ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI

3. ‘‘ico-c-ku-µ-cy-t¯-¡m-fp-]cn Bßob kuµ-cy-̄ n-\mWv {]m[m\yw \ÂtI--

Xv ’’ ‘Icp-W’sb ap³\nÀ¯n NÀ¨ sN¿pI

4. ‘D]Kp-]vXs\’ Bim³ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

5. ‘Icp-W’- F¶ Xe-hm-N-I-̄ nsâ HuNnXyw hnh-cn-¡pI ?

6. ‘Icp-W’- bnse _p²-aX ZÀi-\-§-fpsS kzm[o\w NÀ¨ sN¿pI

7. Bim³ IrXn-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-̀ mhw F´v ?

8. ‘\thm-°m-\-Ihn’ F¶ hnti-j-W-̄ n\p Bims\ AÀl-\m-¡p¶ LS-I-§Ä

]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

--------------***********************


_Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²³þ hÅ-t¯mÄ \mcm-bW tat\m³

1. hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ Pnhn-X-Imew ?

1878þ19582. hÅ-t¯mÄ P\n-̈ Xv ?

1878 HIvtSm-_À 16\v ]gb s]m¶m\n Xmeq-¡nse sh«w tZi¯v awKew{Kma-̄ nÂ

3. B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-{X-b-̄ nÂ hÅ-t¯mÄ {it²-b-\m-Ip-¶Xv ?i_vZ-ku-Ip-amcyw sImv

4. `mjm-t]m-jnWn k` kwL-Sn-̧ n¨ Ihn-Xm-c-N\m aÕ-c-̄ nÂ H¶mw Øm\wt\Snb Ihn ?

hÅ-t¯mÄ5. hÅ-t¯mÄ cNn¨ alm-Imhyw ?

Nn{X-tbmKw6. hÅ-t¯mfnsâ eLp-Imhy§Ä GsXÃmw ?

EXp-hn-em-kw, X]-Xo-kw-h-c-Ww, Hcp I v̄, KW-]-Xn, kv{Xo, ic-W-a-¿¸m!7. hÅ-t¯mÄ Fgp-Xnb hnem]-Imhyw ?

_[n-c-hn-em]w8. hÅ-t¯mfnsâ {][m\ JÞ-Imhy§Ä ?

_[n-c-hn-em-]w, injy\pw aI-\pw, aKvZ-e\ adn-bw, sIm¨p koX, AÑ\pwaI-fpw, _m¸p-Pn, _Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²³

9. hÅ-t¯mfnsâ irwKmc Ihn-X-IÄ ?hnem-k-e-Xn-I, {Kma-ku-̀ mKyw

10. hÅ-t¯mfnsâ Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä ?hoc-irw-J-e, Znhm-kz-]v\w, hnjp-¡-Wn, Cý-bpsS Ic-̈ nÂ, A`n-hm-Zyw,

djy-bnÂ11. hmßo-In-bpsS cmam-bWw þ EtKzZw F¶n-h-bpsS XÀÖa \nÀÆ-ln¨ B[p-

\nI almIhn-bmWv ?hÅ-t¯mÄ

12. ‘kmln-Xy-a-RvPcn’ F¶ Imhy kam-lmcw X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ?hÅ-t¯mÄ

13. ‘Fsâ Kpcp-\m-Y³’ F¶ IhnXbnÂ Bsc-bmWv hÅ-t¯mÄ Cý³ tZio-b-X-bpsS {]Xo-I-ambn A]-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv ?

alm-ßm-Km-Ônsb14. PmXn-s¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ {][m\ Ihn-X-IÄ GsXÃmw ?

ip²-cnÂ ip²³, am¸v, XncqÀ-þ-s]m-¶m-\n-̧ pg


15. ‘‘acn¡ km[m-cW; þao hni¸nÂþZln-¡-tem, \½psS \m«nÂ am{Xw,

sFIy-£-b-̄ m-e-Sn-a-È-h-§þ

fSn-ªp-IqSpw NpSp-Im-«nÂ am{Xw ’’ F¶p ]mSn-bXv ?

hÅ-t¯mÄ (am¸v þ 1925)

16. 1956þÂ tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan Bcw-̀ n-̈ -t¸mÄ AXnsâ D]m-[y-£³ Bcm-bn-

cp¶p ?

hÅ-t¯mÄ

17. F{X Ime-amWv hÅ-t¯mÄ A¡m-Zan D]m-[y-£-\mbn {]hÀ¯n-̈ Xv ?

cp hÀjw (1956-þ58)

18. 1930-þÂ Ip¶w-Ip-f¯v IY-Ifn hnZym-ebw Øm]n-̈ Xv ?

hÅ-t¯mÄ

19. IY-Ifn hnZym-ebw ]nÂ¡m-e¯v Adn-b-s¸-«Xv GXp t]cnÂ ?

tIcf Iem-a-Þew

20. hÅ-t¯mÄ A´-cn-̈ Xv ?

1958 amÀ¨v 13 \v

21. ‘Xmcm-h-eo-N-{µ-tk\w’ F¶v t]cpÅ hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ krjvSn-bm-Wv................. ?

Nn{X-tbmKw

22. ‘i_vZ-kp-µ-c³’ F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ alm-Ihn?

hÅ-t¯mÄ

23. hÅ-t¯mÄ cNn¨ Bß-I-Ym-]-c-amb IrXn ?

_[n-c-hn-em]w

24. hmKvtZ-hn-bpsS ]pcp-jm-h-Xm-c-sa¶v hÅ-t¯m-fns\ hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ Xv ?

Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ

25. Im©-\-¡q-Snsâ Agn-IÄ sIm¯n-ap-dn¨ ]©-hÀ®-¡nfn F¶v eoem-hXn hnti-

jn-̧ n-̈ Xv ?

hÅ-t¯mfns\

26. ‘{KÙ-hn-Nmcw’ F¶ t]cnÂ ]pd-̄ n-d-§nb ]pkvXI \ncq-]Ww Bcp-tSXv?

hÅ-t¯mÄ

27. i¦-cm-Nm-cy-sc-̧ än hÅ-t¯mÄ cNn¨ IhnX ?

ae-bm-f-̄ nsâ Xe

28. {]ikvX Ihn Ipq-cnsâ ‘kmw_³’ F¶ Imhyw GXv IrXnsb A\p-I-cn-s¨-

gp-Xn-b-XmWv ?

hÅ-t¯mfnsâ _Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²³

29. ‘Incm-X-i-XIw’ F¶ Imhyw Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ {]mbw F{X?

]{´v hbÊv


30. hÅt¯mÄ Ihn-X-I-fpsS BZy-Imew GXp {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ amXr-I-bn-emWv

cNn-¡-s¸-«Xv ?

sh¬aWn {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ

31. ‘‘kwkvIrX Ihn-X-I-fp-tS-bpw, ]m«pw aWn-{]-hm-f-hp-ambn sh¬aWn \¼q-Xn-cn-

amÀ hsc hfÀs¶-̄ nb ae-bmf Ihn-X-bp-tSbpw ]mc-¼-cy-§-fnÂ thcq¶n,

Ah-bnÂ \n¶v NqSpw shfn-̈ hpw kzmwio-I-cn¨v {]hr-²-ssN-X-\y-ambn Xsâ

lrZ-b-̄ nsâ hÀWhpw kpK-Ôhpw apänb ]pjv]-§-fpsS Hcp hk´w krjvSn-

¡p-I-bmWv hÅ-t¯mÄ sNbvXXv ’’ þ F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv ?

s{]m^. Fw.-A-Nyp-X³

32. ‘¢mkn-Iv-þ-sdm-amânIv ̀ mh-§-fpsS ka-\zb ̀ qanI Hm¶p hnti-jn-̧ n-¡m-hp-¶Xv?

hÅ-t¯mÄ Ihn-Xsb

33. ‘‘ag-hn-Ãnsâ ]n¶nÂ \oem-Im-i-sa-¶-t]mse hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ FÃm Ihn-X-

IÄ¡p ]n¶nepw thZ-]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§-fnÂ \n¶q-dn-¡q-Snb Hcp kwkvIm-c-

hn-tijw ImWm-sa¶v ’’ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv ?

s{]m^.-Fw.-sI.-km\p

34. B[p-\nI JÞImhy¯nsâ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ?

CXn-hr-̄ -̄ nsâ kp{]-[m\ `mK-̄ n\v am{Xw angnhv \ÂIn, A{]-[m\

`mK-§sf kqNy cq]-̄ ntem AÃm-sXtbm HXp¡n Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p¶ coXn,

IqSmsX A[nIw ZoÀL-a-Ãm¯ \mS-Io-b-amb {]Xn-]m-Zyw, ̀ mh-Xo-{h-Xbpw ̀ mh-

\m-ß-I-Xbpw cq]-km-c-fy-X-bp-amÀ¶ {]Xn-]m-Z-\w, HuNn-Xy-̀ m-kp-c-amb Ae-¦mc

{]tbm-Khpw hÀ®-\-bp, s]mXpth Imev]-\nI {]`m-h-e-bn-X-amb A´-co-£w.

35. hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ JÞ-Im-hy-§-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw ?

CXn-hr-̄ -L-S-I-§Ä A\p-]m-X-t_m-[-t¯msS BIÀjIhpw Bkzm-Zy-

hp-amb coXn-bnÂ kwhn-[m-\n-¡pI, CXn-hr¯ ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡-\p-Kp-W-ambn am{Xw

hÀ®-\-Ifpw Ae-¦m-c-§fpw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-I, IYm kw -̀h-§-sfbpw kµÀ -̀§-

sfSpw efn-X-kp-µ-c-amb hmKvNn-{X-§-fmÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I, IYm-]m-{X-§sf Ah-

bpsS ]ucm-WnI thj-̄ n\pw ̀ mh-̄ n\pw \nd-t`Zw ]cm-̄ -hn-[hpw F¶mevU

Bkzm-Z-\-̄ n\p IqSp-XÂ anIhv e`n¡pw hn[hpw am\-ho-I-cn-¡pI XpS-§n-

bh hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ JÞ-Im-hy-̄ nsâ {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv.

36. hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ BZys¯ B[p-\nI JÞ-Im-hy-amWv .....................

_Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²³

37. _Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²³ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« hÀjw ?

sImÃ-hÀjw 1089 ({In-kvXp-hÀjw 1914)

38. ‘_Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²³’ BZy-ambn {]Im-in-X-am-bXv ?

Bß-t]m-jnWn F¶ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-̄ n-eqsS


39. ‘_Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²\n’ se IYm-]m-{X-§Ä BscÃmw ?

A\n-cp-²³, Dj, Dj-bpsS AÑ-\mb _mW³, _mW-k-Nn-th-{µ-\mb Ipw`m-

Þ³, Ipw`m-Þsâ ]p{Xnbpw Dj-bpsS kJn-bp-amb Nn{X-teJ

40. ‘_Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²sâ’ aqe-IY hÅ-t¯mÄ kzoI-cn-̈ Xv FhnsS \n¶v?

`mK-hXw Zia kvIÔ-̄ nse 61, 62, 63 A[ym-b-§-fnÂ hym]n¨p InS-¡p¶

_mWm-kp-c-I-Y-bnÂ \n¶v

41. _mWm-kp-c-I-Y-bnse GXp ̀ mK-amWv hÅ-t¯mÄ Xsâ cN-\-bv¡mbn D]-Po-hn-

¨Xv ?

_mW-N-cn-X-̄ nse D¯-c-̀ m-K-̄ nÂ Djm-Im-́ -\mb A\n-cp-²\v A\p-̀ -hn-

t¡n h¶ Imcm-Kr-l-hmkw F¶ IYm-k-µÀ`w am{X-am-Wv. hÅ-t¯mÄ

ssIsIm-Åp-¶-Xv. ]qÀÆ `mK-̄ n-epÅ Djm-\n-cp-²-·m-cpsS {]W-b-IY kzoI-

cn-¡p-¶n-Ã.

42. A\n-cp-²³ _mWsâ XS-h-d-bnÂs¸-«Xv F§s\ ?

ambm-cWw ImcWw

43. _mW-k-Nn-th-{µ-\mb Ipw`m-Þ³ Djm-Kr-l-̄ nÂ t]mIm-\pÅ ImcWw ?

Dj-bpsS kJn Nn{X-teJ sN¶p hnfn-̈ Xp ImcWw

44. Xznt«m-ep-a-£n-IÄ \c-̈ p-h-fÀ¶ amdnÂþ

s¯mt«m-cp-XmSn Npfn hoWp ]c¶ s\än

apt«m-f-sa-̄ nb ̀ pPm-ap-k-e-§-sf-¶oþ

at«m-S-h³ hnekn taZpc ZoÀL-Im-b³ þBsc-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ hmÜ-b-Nn-{X-am-WnXv?

_mW-k-Nn-h-\mb Ipw`m-Þs\

45. h³ `mh-t -̀Z-tamSp Ip; Ipd-̈ p-t\cw

kvXw`m-̀ -\m-b-hn-sS-\n¶ \nebv¡p \n¶m³ ?

- þ BcmWv kvXw`n¨p \n¶Xv ? Imc-W-sa´v ?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

46. Ipw`m-Þ³ Djsb Iv Ipd-̈ S kvXw`n¨p \nÂ¡m³ ImcWw F´v ?

I]-S-bp-²-̄ nÂ Xsâ Imap-I-\mb A\n-cp-²³ AÑ-\mÂ XS-h-d-bn-em-

¡-s¸-«-X-dn-ªv-Dj hnj-an-¡p-¶p. Xsâ amfn-I-ap-I-fnse hcm-́ -bnÂ aµn-X-tN-

jvS-bmbn Ah-fn-cn-¡p¶p; Hcp Nn{X-̄ nse IYm-]m--{Xw-t]mse. Bekyw _m[n¨

apJhpw Ip\n-̈ v, hnf-dnb s\än-̄ Sw arZp-hmb ssIs¡mp Xm§n, AhÄ

sh®-¡-ÃmÂ XoÀ¯ Xd-bn-en-cn-¡p-¶p. Ima-tZ-hsâ Nmacw t]mse apänb

apSn-sbÃmw Agn-ªp-ho-Wp-In-S¡p-¶p. AXn\p ]nd-Inse IÂ¯d ImWp-t¼mÄ

icXv Imes¯ BIm-is¯ ImÀap-InÂ ame-bmtWm Ah-fpsS Xe-apSn F¶v

i¦ tXm¶pw. H¶nepw XmXv]-cy-an-Ãm-̄ -h-fm-bn-¡-gn-bp¶ Ah-tfm-SpÅ ]hn-

{X-amb {]W-b-_-Ôs¯ Bkz-Znt¨m F¶v tXm¶p-amdv B -̀c-W-§fpw InS-

¡p-¶p. B -̀c-W-§-tfmSv AhÄ¡v At¸mÄ XmXv]cyw CÃ. F¶mÂ B -̀l-


W-§Ä¡v Ah-tfmSv XmXv]cyw Dv. AXn-\mÂ GXm\pw Nne D¯a B -̀l-

W-§Ä Ah-fpsS tZl¯v A§p-an§pw _m¡n-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p. ]o\-kvX-\n-

bpsS ape-¡¨bmI-s«, Ah-fpsS ssZ\yw hnfn-t¨m-Xp-¶-hn[w s\Sp-hoÀ¸p-I-

fnÂ Deªpw Øm\-̄ p-\n¶p Iptd amdnbpw I®oÀ hoWp \\ªpw \ndw

sI«p-an-cp-¶p. ZpxJn-X-bmb Iq«p-Im-cnsb CSbv¡v t\m¡nbpw DSs\ I®oÀ

hmÀ¯pw ASp¯p tXmgn-amÀ \n¶p hoin-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶p. C¡mgvN I-t¸m-

gmWv ]nXr-Xp-ey-\mb Ipw`m-Þ³ BsI-¡qSn kvXw`m-̀ -\mbn AhnsS \n¶-Xv.

47. \m\m-hn-Im-c-]-cn-hm-cn-Xbmw Ipamcn

au\m-Xn-ew-L-\-hn-[n-¡-k-aÀ°-bmbn

AsÃ-¦nÂ

48. F´m-sW-Sp¯p ]d-hm³ XpS-cp-¶-sX¶p

l´m-fn-am-c-e-ap-g-sämSp t\m¡n-\n-ev]m-bv.

tXmgn-amÀ t\m¡n-\nÂ¡m³ ImcWw F´v ?

hÀ²n¨ A\p-cm-K-h-i-bmbv NneXv ]d-bm-\mWv a{ńsb hcp-̄ n-b-Xv.

F¶mÂ ]e-hn[ hnIm-c-§Ä¡v ASn-a-s¸« Dj Xsâ au\w ̀ RvPn-¡m³ {]bm-

k-s -̧Sp-¶p. Dj-tbm-SpÅ hmÕ-ey-̄ mÂ lrZ-bm-ep-hm-bn-̄ oÀ¶n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv

Ipw`m-Þ³. hnh[ hnIm-c-§-fpsS then-tb-ä-̄ nÂ s]«p-t]mb Dj ]nXr

Xpey-\mb B a{ń-hr-²-t\mSv F´v ]dbpw ?

49. `qcn-{X-]m-cn-I-sf-sbm«p Pbn-¡-bm-e-þ-̈ m-cn-{X-im-en-\-Nn-c-emcp s\Sp-hoÀ¸n«p

tIm]-Xm-]-§Ä eÖm-hn-Im-c-§sf hÃmsX Iogvs -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bmepw Xm³

ImWn¨ kzmX{ýw H«pw Ahn-ln-X-aÃ F¶ BZva-hn-izm-k-̄ mepw Dj ss[cy-

a-h-ew-_n¨p au\w t`Zn-¡m³ Hcp-§p-¶p. F¶-Xnsâ kqN-\-bmWv hoÀ¸p-hn-

SÂ. Nn{X-teJ sN¶-dn-bn-¡-aqew kwkm-cn-¡m-\pÅ {iaw \S-̄ p¶p Dj.

50. Dj Xsâ Acn-In-se-̄ nb a{ń Ipw`m-Þs\ A`n-hmZyw sNbvXXv F§s\?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

51. lm! P\y-koav\n ]e tbm[-K-W-s¯sbmäþ

bvt¡mP-Êp-sImp hna-Yn¨ bphm-hp-X-s¶,

hymP-̧ -b-änÂ hnP-bn-̈ -cp-fp¶ ssZXyþ

cmP-s¶gpw kNnh ]pwK-h, awKfw tX !

BcmWv awKfw t\cp-¶Xv? BÀ¡mWv? kµÀ`hpw kmc-kyhpw hyà-

am-¡p-I.

tXmgn sN¶-dn-bn-¡p-I-aqew Djm-Kr-l-̄ nÂ F¯nb a{ń Ipw`m-Þs\

Dj awK-fm-̀ n-hm-Zy-§-tfmsS kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. ZpxJ¯mÂ Gsd {]bm-k-a-\p-̀ -hn-

¡p¶ Dj izmkw icn-s¸-Sp¯n Dd¨ i_vZ-̄ nÂ Xs¶ kw`m-j-W-̄ n\p

{ian-¡p-¶p. bp²-¡-f-̄ nÂ tbm²m-¡-fpsS Iq«s¯ Häbv¡v HmP-tÊmsS

\in-̧ n¨ Hcp bphm-hns\ (A-\n-cp-²-s\) I]-S-bp-²-̄ nÂ ]cm-P-b-s -̧Sp¯n Acp-


fp¶ Akpc cmPm-hnsâ a{ń-t{i-jvT\v awK-fw. Ipw`m-Þsâ a\-Ên-te¡v

Xpf¨p Ib-dp¶ sImÅn-hm-¡p-I-fmWv Dj A`n-kw-t_m-[-\-bnÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡p-

¶-Xv.

52. Rm\m-f-b-̈ nl hcp-̄ n-b-XmWp It¿þ

dm\mbv kzbw hcn-I-bÃ aamcy ]p{X³;

\m\m-X-c-̄ n-e-]-cm-[-sam-cmÄ¡p, _Ôþ

Øm\m-]-Xn-b-\y\p; antXm _en-hw-i-[À½w ?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

53. lr¨m ]em-e-\-b-hÀ Xa\n ap¼p Imepþ

sh¨msf hn«, \pK-s\-§ns\ in£ \ÂImw ?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

54. Imcm-[n-hm-k-a-hn-sSbv¡p hn[n-̈ -tXmÀ¯mÂ

tLmcm-]-cm-[-ap-S-tbm-cn-hÄ h[y Xs¶;

hocm-h-tcm-[-]Z kw{inX [\ybmw Rm³

Xocm-Ir-XmÀ°-sbm-sSm¯p acn-̈ p-sImÅmw!

AsÃ-¦nÂ

55. HmcmsX ]änb ItTm-c-hn-]-̄ -XnÂ, ¡þ

®ocm-\p-]m-ß-P, XSp-̄ n-Sp-sa{X t\cw?

Xs¶ Im\m-s\-¯nb _mW-k-Nn-h³ Ipw`mÞt\mSv Dj hfsc

iàhpw t_m[-]qÀÆhpw kwkm-cn-¡p¶ kµÀ -̀am-Wn-Xv. _mWm-kp-c-sIm-«m-

c-̄ nÂ F¯n-b-Xn\mWv A\n-cp-²³ XS-¦-en-em-¡-s¸-«-sX-¦nÂ, AbmÄ sXäp-

Im-c-\-Ã. Xm³ Bsf Ab-̈ p-h-cp-̄ n-b-XmWv At±-ls¯: It¿-ä-̄ nt\m atäm

kzbw hen-ªp-I-bdn h¶-X-Ã. Ipäw sNbvX-bmsf Hgn-hm-¡n- \nc]-cm-[nsb

in£n-¡p¶ coXn-bmtWm alm-_-en-bpsS hwi¯nsâ [À½w F¶p ]d-bp-¶-

Xv. (ChnsS aam-cy-]p-{X³ F¶ {]tbmKw {i²n-¡pI; A\n-cp-²³ Djsb kw_-

Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯mfw Bcy-]p-{X³ þ`À¯mhv þ Bbn-¡-gn-ªp. C\n C¡m-cy-̄ nÂ

aämcpw CS-s]-tS F¶p [z\n) B kÂkz-̀ mhn A]-cm-[n-bm-sW¶p sh¨mÂ

Xs¶bpw Xm³ sNbvX sXäv s]mdp-¡m-hp-¶-XmtWm? lrZb Nm]eywsImv

A_-²-̄ nsâ hgn-bnÂ BZyw Imev sh¨-bmsf Hgn-hm¡n Abmsf ]n³Xp-

SÀ¶bmÄ¡v F§s\ in£- e-̀ n¡pw. A\n-cp-²s\ in£n-̈ Xv \ymb-t¡-Sm-

Wv. henb sXäv Xm\mWv sNbvX-Xv. AXn-\mÂ At±-l-̄ n\v Im-cm-Kr-l-hm-k-

amWv hn[n-̈ -sX-¦nÂ tLmcm-]-cm[w sNbvX X\n¡v h[-in£ Xs¶ e`n-¡-

Ww. am{X-a-Ã, Hcp hoc-\mb ]pcp-jsâ `mcy-bm-bn-̄ oÀ¶-Xp-sImp [\y-bm-

bn-̄ oÀ¶ Xm³ HSp-§m¯ B IrXmÀ°-X-tbmsS acWw hcn-̈ p-sIm-Åmw.

AsÃ-¦nÂ¯s¶ C\n-sb´p in£? Xs¶ sImÃmsX sImÃp-I-bm-WtÃm sN¿p-

¶-Xv. C{Xbpw ]dªt¸msg¡pw Dj-bpsS sXm hnd¨p; i_vZw ]pd-s¸-Sp-


hn-¡m³ Ai-à-bmbn Hcp Ip«n-sb-t¸mse AhÄ Ic-ªp. Imcm-Kr-l-hmkw

ZpjvS-·mÀ¡p e`n-t¡--Xm-Wv. F¶mÂ kpJ-Po-hn-X-̄ n\v AÀl\pw kÂKp-

W-hm-\p-amb Xsâ \mY\v e`n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-tXm...... F¶p ]d-ª-t¸m-tg¡pw A{]-

Xo-£n-X-am-bp-mb tLmc hn]-̄ nÂ B cmP-]p{Xn Ic-bmsX I®oÀ F{X

t\cw XSp-̄ n-Spw, Imcm-Kr-lm-[n-hmkw A\n-cp-²\p hn[n-̈ -XnÂ ac-W-t -̄¡mÄ

amc-I-amb in£-bmWv X\n¡v A\p-̀ -hn-t¡n h¶-sX¶v Dj Adn-bn-¡p-¶p.

XpSÀ¶v kwkm-cn-¡m-\m-hmsX Ip«n-sb-t¸mse s]m«n-¡-c-bp¶ Dj-bpsS Nn{Xw,

Ah-fpsS hnIm-Ic sshh-iy-t¯bpw \ymb-hm-Z-§-fpsS BßmÀ°-X-tbbpw

Ah-bn-ep-]cn Ah-fpsS AIr{Xna t{]a-s¯bpw IqSp-XÂ hniz-k-\o-b-am-¡p¶p.

56. XmX-¶p, Rm\nl h[q-P\ hÀPy-amIpw

kzmX-{ý-amÀ¶-Xn-ep-sa-́ -̀ n-am-\-̀ wKw

lm, X³ aIÄ¡-\-L-hoc h[q ]Zm-]-Xnþ

tbX-Ñ-s\-¦n-ep-a-k-½-X-am-h-Xptm?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

57. CuSmÀ¶ hmbv¡p-a-\p-cmK \Zn¡p hnLv\w

IqSm-s¯m-gp-¡-\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bnÃ ssZhw!

Dj Ipw`m-Þ-t\mSp ]d-bp¶p: km[m-cW ]nXm-¡Ä kZvKpW k¼-

¶-\mb Hcp ̀ À¯m-hns\ aIÄ¡v In«-W-sa¶v B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw AXn-\p-thn

]cn-{i-an-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h-cm-Wv. F¶mÂ Xsâ ]nXm-hn\v {]b-Xv\n-¡msX

A`n-am-\n-¡-̄ -¡-h®w GXp kv{Xobpw Im´-\mbn In«-W-sa¶p sImXn-¡p¶

\mcm-b-Wm-ßP kpX-s\þ A\n-cn-²s\ Xs¶ Pmam-Xm-hmbn e`n-̈ n-cn-¡pbm-Wv.

cmPm-¡-·mÀ t]mepw am\n-¡-̄ ¡ Ncn-̄ vtXm-Sp-IqSn A\n-cp-²sâ Zmkn-bm-

Im³ GXp cmP-Ip-am-cnbpw sImXn¡pw. At¸mÄ ]ns¶ At±-l-̄ nsâ `mcy-

bm-tI Imcyw ]d-bm-\ptm? CsXÃmw tI«-t¸mÄ Ipw`m-Þ³ ]nXr kl-

P-amb hmÕ-ey-t¯msS IqSp-XÂ ZnxJn-X-bm-tI; FÃmw ip -̀I-c-ambn hcpw

F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. CuSmÀ¶p-hm-bv¡p¶ þim-iz-X-ambn hÀ²-am-\-am-bn-cn-¡p¶

þ A\p-cm-K-\-Zn¡v ssZhw XS-Ê-an-ÃmsX Hgp¡v A\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bn-Ã.58. Dj-bpsS ZnxJ-]qÀ®-amb hm¡p-IÄ tI« ańcn Ipw`m-Þsâ {]Xn-I-cWw

F´m-bn-cp¶p ?]nXr-k-l-P-amb hmÕ-ey-t¯m-sS, FÃmw ip -̀am-Ip-sa¶v Djsb Biz-

kn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. CuSmÀ¶p hmbv¡p¶ A\p-cmK \Znbv¡v ssZhw XS-Ê-an-ÃmsXHgp¡v A\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bn-Ã. ssZh-sa¶ hkvXpX Ahsf At±lw t_m[ys¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. GIm-́ -X-bnÂ Dmb Ah-fpsS ]cn-ip² {]Wbw kzoIm-cy-am-bXp Xs¶. F¶mÂ Gsd {]i-kvX-\mb _mW-cm-Pmhv temIm-]-hm-Zs¯AXn-e-[nIw IW-¡n-se-Sp-t¡-Xp Xs¶-b-tÃ. AÑsâ þ cmPm-hnsâ þ tZjy-sam¶v AS-§-s«. FÃmw Ah-kcw t]mse ]dªp icn-s¸-Sp-̄ mw. ZpxJn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡pI F¶p ]dªp Ipw`m-Þ³ Cd§n \S-¡m-s\m-cp-§p-¶p.


59. Ipw`m-Þ-t\mSv Dj Fń-\pÅ k½-X-amWv A`yÀ°n-̈ Xv ?AsÃ-¦nÂ

60. timIm-_v[n-bm-sm-cp-j-X³ lX-Po-hn-X-̄ nþemImw-£-bpp aa _Ôp-P-\-̄ n-s\-¦nÂ:GIm-In-bmbv {]nb-\n-cn-¡p-an-S-̄ n-sem¶pt]mIm³, ̀ hm-\-\p-h-Zn-¡-W-an-s¸m-sgs¶! þ kµÀsa´v ?

AsÃ-¦nÂ-61. Hm-cm-̄ -t]-£-bnXp tI«fhpÄ -̄S-̄ nþ

em cmP-Iob ]pcp-j-s¶mcp an¶Â ]mªp:HmÀ¡m-̧ p-d¯p tI« sR«n-¡p¶ At]£ F´m-bn-cp¶p ?

FÃmw ip -̀I-c-ambn Ah-km-\n-¡p-sa¶v Biw-kn v̈ t]mIm-s\m-dp-§nb Ipw`m-Þ-t\mSv Dj Hcp A`yÀ°\ \S-̄ p-¶p. timI-¡-S-en-em--t]mb Xsâ \nÀ`m-Ky-I-c-amb Pohn-X-̄ nÂ _Ôp P\-§Ä¡v hÃ BImw-£bpw Ds-¦nÂ Imcm-Kr-l-̄ nÂ GImIn Bbn Ign-bp¶ {]nb-X-asâ ASp-t¯¡v Häbv¡v t]mIm³X\n¡v A\p-hmZw Xc-Ww. Cu At]£ Ipw`m-Þ-\nÂ an¶Â¸n-WÀ t]mse-bmWv ]Xn-̈ -Xv. cmPm-hnsâ A\p-hmZw CÃm-sX, in£bv¡v hnt[-b-\mb A\n-cp-²s\ ImWm³ Ahsf hnSp-Itbm? Hcp hi¯v Dj-tbm-SpÅ ]p{Xo-\nÀhn-ti-j-amb kvt\lw. adp-h-i v̄ Xsâ cmPm-hmb _mW-t\m-SpÅ ̀ àn {]IÀjw.Cu hncp² hnIm-c-§Ä X½n-epÅ kwL-«\w H«p-t\-c-t¯¡v Ipw`m-ÞsâAI-̄ -f-̄ nÂ \S-¶p. XmXvIm-en-Im-h-Ø-bnÂ Dj-bpsS At]-£bv¡v au\m-\p-hmZw \ÂIm³ Ipw`m-Þ³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-\m-bn.

62. Imcm-Kr -l-¯nÂ Ign -tbn h¶ A\n-cp -²s\ Ihn D]-an -¡p-¶XvF§s\sbÃmw?

AsÃ-¦nÂ63. lm, a¬Ip-b-̄ n-se-cn-bp¶ aWn-{]-Zo]w

òa-iva-im-\-̀ phn \« ckm-e-t]m-Xw,[qa-̄ nÂsh¨ aeÀ Ip¸-bn-en« kmfþ{Kmaw, {Kl-̧ n-g-bnÂ a§n-sb-gp¶ `mKyw]¦-̄ n-em sNdp-Z-́ n, arjm-]-hm-Zþ¯n¦Â ¸Xn¨ kpb-È-Ên-h-sb-¶-t]m-se,h¦-Ã-d-bv¡-I-an-cp-¶n-Sp-am, bphmhoþa¦-s¡m-Sn-¡Y ]ptcm-̀ hn ImWpam-dmbv

þ Cu bpÜ-I-̄ nsâ HuNnXyw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

Imcm-Kr-l-̄ nÂ Ign-bp¶ A\n-cp-²s\ ImWm³ Ipw`m-Þsâ au\m-\p-

hm-Z-t¯msS Dj F¯p-¶p. a¬Ip-S-̄ n-se-cn-bp¶ aWn-Zo]w t]mse-bpw, ̀ b-

¦-c-amb Npb-e-bnÂ \« tX·m-hn-s\-t¸m-sebpw, ]pI-bnÂ sh¨ ]qhp

t]msebpw, hnjvWp ]qP-bv¡pÅ Znhy-amb IÃv Ip -̧bn-se-dn-ª-Xp-t]m-sebpw

sNfn-bnÂ Bp-t]mb B\-¡p«n t]msebpw A]-hm-Z-̄ n-em-]-Xn¨ {]ikvXn


t]msebpw Imcm-Kr-l-̄ nÂ Ccn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶ A\n-cp-²s\ Dj ImWp-¶p.

amtem-]-a-bn-epÅ Cu tÇmIw bpÜ-I-̄ n\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. H¶n-e-[nIw tÇmI-

§Ä Htc hmIy-ambn \n¶m-e-hsb bpÜIw F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p.

64. {iocm-P-I-\y-IÄ sImXn-̈ p-h-cp¶ hocþ

Zmcm-kv]-Z-̄ n-ep-ap-jbv¡p hn-càn tXm¶n

Djbv¡v hncàn tXm¶m-\p-mb kml-Ncyw F´v ?

Ipw`m-Þsâ au\-k-½-X-{]-Imcw Im´-\mb A\n-cp-²s\ ImWm³ Dj

F¯p-¶p. F¶mÂ BI-̧ msS hnj-a-I-c-amb kml-N-cy-̄ nÂ Xsâ {]nb-X-

as\ ImtWn h¶ AhÄ Abm-fpsS ca-Wm-¦-X-e-§-fnÂ hogp-¶p. B temI-

kp-µ-cnsb thK-sa-Sp v̄ A\n-cp-²³ Hma-\n-¡p-Ibpw Npw_-\-§-fÀ¸n-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶p. A\n-cp-²sâ t{]am-[nIyw hyà-am-Ip¶ kµ-À`w IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.

GsXmcp cmP-I-\y-I-Ifpw sImXn-¡p¶ kµÀ -̀̄ n-eq-sS-bmWv Dj IS-¶p-t]m-

Ip-¶-Xv. ]t£ AhÄ¡v Ct¸m-g-Xn-sem¶pw Hcp XmXv]-cyhpw tXm¶n-bn-Ã.

NtIm-cn¡v N{µ-ZÀi\w AXy´w CjvS-Icw Xs¶. ]t£ N{µ³ ]pXp-ta-L-

¯n-\p-Ån-em-sW-¦n-tem. AtX Ah-Ø-bmWv Djbv¡v Ct¸mÄ.

65. kv{Xoc-Xv\-ta, `hXn _Ô-\-taäv

Ipä-¡m-csâ k¶n-[n-bn-se-§s\ h¶p tNÀ¶q?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

66. `qKÀ -̀tK-l-a-Xnse¨c-enÂ¨hp-«m³

tbmKw hcp-̄ n-bXp amaI tZmj-atÃm!

AsÃ-¦nÂ

67. Cu aµ-̀ m-Kys\ hcn-̈ -Xp-aq-\-sa-¶m-- þ

tcm-aÂ¡p _Ô-Kr-l-am-bnXp _Ôp-tKlw!

þ kµÀ`w hnh-cn-¡pI?

Xs¶ ImWm³ Imcm-Kr-l-̄ n-se-̄ nb {]nb-X-a-bmb Dj-tbmSv A\n-cp-

²³ tNmZn-¡p¶ hm¡p-I-fmWo hcn-I-fnÂ. Kpcp-P-\-§-fpsS BÚ ]cn-K-

Wn-¡msX Xs¶ kµÀin-¡m³ am{X-ambv Cu Imcm-Krl k¶n-[n-bnÂ F§-

s\-bmWv Ah-sf-̄ n-bXv ? Xm³ ImcWw kpµ-cn-bmb Djbv¡v Xm³ AS-bv¡-

s¸« \ne-h-d-bnse Nc-enÂ Nhn-«m³ tbmKw Dm-¡n-bXv tZmj-am-bn-t¸m-b-

tÃm. t{]a-t¯msS hnhmlw sNbvX h[p-hns\ Zcn-{ZÀ t]mepw kz´w Krl-

¯n-tebv¡v sImp-t]mbn D]-N-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ \nÀ`m-Ky-hm-\mb Xs¶

hcn-̈ -Xn-\mÂ Djbv¡v _Ô-Kr-l-amWv _Ôp-tKlw F¶v h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Akp-

c-·m-cpsS \qdm-bncw Akv{X-§-tfä t\mhv Dj-bpsS km¶n-²y-apÅ ka-b-̄ mWv

Xm\dn-bp-¶-Xv.


68. tZhmcnhoc-̀ -S-i-kv{X-i-X-§-tfä

t\mhm-sI-bn-s¸m-gp-Xn-em-W-dn-bp-¶Xo Rm³

AsÃ-¦nÂ

69. ssZhw adn-̈ p-I-cp-Xo-Sn-e-c-£-W-̄ mÂþ

t±h³ shdpw þ ]pgp, alm_v[n acp-{]-tZiw

Cu hcn-I-fnse kmckyw F´v ?

Imcm-Kr-l-̄ nÂ Xs¶ ImWm-s\-̄ nb Dj-bpsS km¶n²yw A\n-cp-²-\nÂ

Xo{h-amb A]-IÀj-X-bp-m-¡p-¶p. ku`m-Ky-h-Xnbpw kpio-e-bp-amb Dj

Xs¶ {]W-bn-̈ -Xp-aqew {]bm-k-s¸-Sp-¶p. Akp-c-tk-\-bpsS Akv{X-i-X-§Ä

Gä thZ\ At±-l-¯n\v A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Dj-bpsS km¶n-[y-¯n-em-Wv.

BÀ¡pw XSp-¡m³ Ign-bm-̄ -h³ (A-\n-cp-²³) Bb Xm³ \ncp-²-\m-b-XnÂ

sshh-iy-s¸-tS--Xn-Ã. ssZhw adn-̈ p-I-cp-Xp-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ Ac-£Ww sImv

tZh³ ]pgphpw alm-km-Kcw acp-{]-tZ-ihpw Bbn-̄ o-cpw. A§s\ t\m¡p-

t¼mÄ X\n¡v ]nWª Cu \ntcm-[\w F{Xtbm \nÊm-c-am-Wv. A\n-cp-²sâ

kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-bn-tebv¡v shfn¨w hoip¶ `mK-amWv CXv.

70. temI-̄ nse hn]-̄ p-I-sfÃmw Xsâ t\À¡v h¶mepw Hcp Xcn¼v ̀ bw t]mepw

tXm¶n-sÃ¶v A\n-cp-²³ ]d-bm³ Imc-W-sa´v ?

Dj-bpsS A\p-cmKw F¶ aln-X-amb Bbp[w X\n¡v Iq«n\v Dv F¶

Bß-hn-izmkw A\n-cp-²\v Dv.

71. XmXm-h-am-\-I-c-am-Inb IrXy-sa-§pþ

hoXm-Lamw Ipe-h-[q-P-\-sa§p `t{Z ?

AÑ\v A]-am-\-ap-m-¡p¶ IrXy-§Ä \njvI-f-¦cm Ipe-h-[p-P-\-§Ä

sN¿n-Ã. Bb-Xn-\mÂ G{Xbpw thKw Imcm-Kr-l-]-cn-kcw hn«v Dj t]mI-W-

sa¶v A\n-cp-²³ A`yÀ°n-¡p-¶p.

72. Cu hmkvX-h-ØnXn ad-¶n-h-Ss¯ hn«p

t]mhm³ IYn-¡-cpXp Zmkn-sbm-sS³ Zbmtem!

AsÃ-¦nÂ

73. hÃm-̄ n-cp-«-d-bn-sX{X kpJm-Vy-a-§p-þ-

¶n-Ãm¯ amaI alm-a-Wn-ta-S-tb-¡mÄ!

AsÃ-¦nÂ

74. lm, IjvS-sa³ Zpcn-Xsas¶ shdp-̄ p-htÃm

temI-̄ n-se³ ]c-a-ssZ-h-Xamw ̀ hm\pw!

Xs¶ ImWm³ Imcm-Kr-l-̄ n-se-̄ nb Dj-tbmSv Ipd-̈ nS kw`m-jWw \S-

¯n-b-tijw A\n-cp-²³ AÑ\p No -̄t¸cp tIÄ¸n-¡m-Xn-cn¡m-\mbv DS³ Xncn-

¨p-t]m-I-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s -̧Sp-¶p. At¸mÄ Dj ]d-bp¶ hm¡p-I-fmWv ChnsS

tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Poh-\m-Ym, N]-e-bmb Xm³ \nc-]-cm-[n-bmb A§sb sXsÃm-


¶p-aÃ Zpc-h-Ø-bn-em-¡n-b-Xv. Xsâ sXäv £an¨v A§-bpsS Xr¡m-e-ä¯v

\nXy-Zmkyw kzoI-cn-¡m³ Xs¶ Zb-hmbn A\p-h-Zn-̈ m-epw. ChnSw hn«p-t]m-

Im³ ]d-b-cp-tX, A§sb hn«v asä-hn-sS-t¸m-bm-emWv X\n¡v a\-Ên\v Bizmkw

e`n-¡p-I. A§n-Ãm¯ Fsâ alm-aWn taS-tb-¡mÄ kpJ-Icw A§v Ign-

bp¶ Ccp-«d Xs¶-bm-Wv. AÑsâ Acniw IW-¡n-se-Sp-t¡-. \mcn-IÄ¡v

`ÀXr ip{iqj shSn-bm-\m-In-Ã-tÃm. IjvSw; Xsâ ZpcnXw ImcWw Xsâ Dä

ssZhw t]mepw-þ-{]n-b-X-a³ t]mepwþ Xs¶ shdp-̄ p-I-f-ª-tÃm. A]-cm-[-

t_m[w Icp Xn¶p t\mhn-¡p¶ {]W-bm-Xp-c-bmb Dj-bpsS \njvI-]-S-amb

a\Êv hyà-am-¡p¶ kµÀ -̀am-Wn-Xv.

75. {]mWm-[n-̀ À{Xn Ic-bm-bvI, cnap-à-\m-\m-þ

_m-Wmfn Xm§ph-Xn-\o-sbmcp s\©p-t]mcpw;

_mWmßPm \b-\-\o-scmcp XpÅn-t]m-epw-

ho-Wm-Â kln-̧ -X-\n-cp-²-\-km-²y-a-t{X.

Xs¶ Imcm-Kr-l-̄ nÂ \n¶v ]d-ª-b-¡-cptX F¶v At]-£n-¡p¶

Dj-tbmSv A\n-cp-²³ hfsc {]W-bmÀ{Z-ambpw [otcm-Zm-̄ -ambpw {]nXn-I-cn-

¡p-¶-XmWv kµÀ`w. ̀ À¯m-hns\ ssZh-s -̄t¸mse ]cn-K-Wn-¡p¶ Dj-tbmSv

Ic-b-cp-sX¶v A\n-cp-²³ At]-£n-¡p-¶p. _mW-tk-\-bpsS GXv Bbp-[hpw

XSp-¡m³ Xsâ s\©p t]mcpw. F¶mÂ _mW-]p-{Xn-bmb Dj-bpsS I®o-

cnse Hcp XpÅn t]mepw hoWmÂ kln-¡m³ Xm³ Ai-à-\m-sW¶v A\n-cp-

²³ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. kw -̀hn¨ B]¯v hcm-\n-cn-¡p¶ `mKy-Zo-]-̄ nsâ \ng-

emWv F¶-Xn\mÂ k¦-S-s¸-SmsX thKw kz´w ho«n-se-̄ m³ A\n-cp-²³

Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. ChnsS \mb-I-\mb A\n-cp-²\v hÅ-t¯mÄ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ n-

cn-¡p-¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. ]q t]mepw tXmäp-t]m-Ip¶ \mbn-I-bpsS at\m-l-c-

amb icocw Xsâ amd¯p tNÀ¯p \nÀ¯n {]W-b-]-c-h-i-amb kzc-̄ nÂ

A\n-cp-²³ kwkmcw Bcw-`n¨p F¶v ]d-bp-¶n-S¯v Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS

kuµcyw DZn-̈ p-\nÂ¡p-¶p.

76. \nÃmsX t]mcn-ep-gepw Xh-Xm-X-s\s¶

shÃm³ NXn-̧ -Wn- Xp-S-§n-bsXsâ `mKyw:

AÃm-bvIn-ep-{K-]n-XrZpxJ-an-h³ \nan¯w

^pÃmw-_-pPm£n, Xh- t\-cn-Sp-am-bncp¶p

A\n-cp-²³ Dj-tbmSv Nne Bizm-k-hm-¡p-IÄ HmXp-¶p. B]¯v Bk-¶-

amb ku`m-Ky-̄ nsâ kqN-\-bmWv. _mW\p-am-bp-mb bp²w X\n¡v DÃm-

k-{]-Z-amb Hcp hnt\mZw am{X-am-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ AXnÂ Aev]w £oWw ]än-

bn-«p-s-¶-ÃmsX A]m-b-I-c-amb ]oU-IÄ H¶p-an-Ãm-̄ -XpsImv `b-s¸-tS-


-Xn-sÃ¶v A\n-cp-²³ Djsb hniz-kn-̧ n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. bp²-̄ nÂ aäp

c£m-amÀ¤-§Ä H¶pw CÃm-Xm-b-t¸mÄ izip-c\v (_m-W-\v) Xs¶ NXn-bnÂ

_Ôn-¡m³ tXm¶n-bXv henb `mKy-am-bn. A§s\ sNbvXn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-

¦nÂ Xsâ ssIsImv At±lw \nivX-b-ambpw sImÃ-s¸-Sp-Ibpw AXp-aqew

Xsâ {]nb-t{]-b-kn¡v D{K ]nXrZpxJw A\p-̀ -hn-t¡n hcp-Ibpw sN¿p-am-bn-

cp¶p F¶v hoc-km-l-kn-I-\mb A\n-cp-²³ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Cu kµÀ -̄̀ nepw

Imev]-\n-Imw-i-§-tfm-sSm¸w [otcm-Zm-̄ -Xbpw IeÀ¯n-bmWv hÅ-t¯mÄ A\n-

cp² IYm ]m{Xs¯ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ ncn-¡p-¶-Xv.

77. Btcm-a-te, QSn-Xn, ssIhn-Sp-In-kv-Yes¯;

¡mtcm-]-th-i-a-_-em-P-\-hÀPy-aÃo

Dj-tbmSv F{Xbpw thKw Imcm-Kr-l-̄ nÂ \n¶p ]pd-̄ p-I-S-¡m³ A\n-

cp-²³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. A_-e-I-fmb kv{Xo-P-\-§Ä¡v Imcm-Kr-l-]-cn-kcw

hÀPy-amsW¶v At±lw DWÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

78. k¶mw-K-nbm-fY ki-¦-sa-Sp-̄ p-Im«o X¶m-ibw

F´m-bn-cp¶p Bibw ?

Imcm-Kr-l-̄ nÂ \n¶p Xt¶mSp ]pd-̄ p-t]m-Im³ A\n-cp-²³ Bh-iy-

s¸-«-t¸mÄ Dj Hcp Bibw apt¶m-«p-sh-bv¡p-¶p. Imcm-Kr-l-̄ nÂ \n¶p

]pd¯p t]mIm³ Xm³ Hcp-¡-am-Wv. ]t£ BZyw ]pd-̄ p-ISt¡Xv A\n-

cp-²-\m-Wv. Cu XS-hd NmSn-¡-S¶p c-pt]À¡pw c£-s¸-SWw.

79. lm, h³ -̀bmÂ XS-hnÂ\n-¶p-sam-fn¨p NmSm³

`mhÂ¡ Im´-s\mcp XkvI-ct\m kpiote?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

80. kv^mcm-\p-Xm-]-K-cn-am-hn\p Iog-S-§þ

²ocmw-K-\m-\ne hnSm-bvI-b-Zp-kv\ptj \o

AsÃ-¦nÂ

81. Im´mw-Kn, \½-fnÂ apd-bv¡-\p-cm-K-hn¯p

Xm³ Xm³ hnX-̈ Xp hrYm Ifn-bnÃ ssZhw;

kzm´mÀ¯n hn«p Xncntb \S-sImÄI thKw

\mw XmX-im-\\ hnew-Ln-I-fm-bvh-scmÃm .

AsÃ-¦nÂ

82. \ne-h-d-bp-an-tX-täm-Xp-¶-Xp-s¶p tXm¶pwþ

\ne-bn, ehnsS aµw amsäm-en-̈ mÀ¯n-W-¡n,

]e-Xn-Xp-hn-[-tam-Xn-s¡m-p-]mcw ]Wn-s -̧þ-

«-e-k-K-a-\-bm-sf-¡m-ap-I³ bm{X-bm¡n þ kµÀ`w hnh-cn-¡p-I.


XS-h-dbnÂ \n¶pw c£-s¸-Sm-\pÅ Bibw Dj apt¶m-«p-sh-bv¡p-¶p.

F¶mÂ B t{]c-Wsb A\n-cp-²³ hnth-I-]qÀÆw ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶p. Imap-

In-bpsS Bhiyw A`n-am-\n-bmb ]pcp-j-t{i-jvTs\ X«n-bp-WÀ¯p-¶p. `mhw

amdn B bZp-hw-iP³ ]d-bp-¶-Xn-§-s\-bm-Wv. Gdnb `b-̄ mÂ XS-hnÂ

\ns¶m-fn¨p NmSn c£-s¸-Sm³ `h-Xn-bpsS Im´³ Hcp IÅ-\mtWm ? hotcm-

Nn-X-amb Cu tNZyw A\n-cp² IYm-]m-{X-̄ n\p angnhp ]I-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. hnIm-c-

¯mÂ \nb-{ń-¡-s¸-Sm-hp¶ t{]a-§-fp-bÀ¯nb kwLÀj-̄ nÂ hnthIw

Pbn v̈ Bß-Ku-c-h-t¯msS A\n-cp-²³ {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶p. ]Ým-̄ m-]m-Ip-e-bmbn

kz´w \ne-a-d¶p {]hÀ¯n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ Djsb D]-tZ-in-¡p¶ A\n-cp-²³

btYm-NnXw Xs¶ XS-hnÂ \n¶p tamNn-̧ n-¡m³ XnI¨pw {]m]vXn-bpÅhÀ þ

Dj-bpsS ]pXnb _Ôp-¡-fmb bZp-P-\-§Ä þ AXn-thKw AhnsS F¯n-t¨-

cp-sa¶v km`n-am\w Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. X§-fnÂ ]c-kv]-cm-\p-cm-K-ap-f-hm-¡nb Cuiz-

c³ AXv k -̂e-am-¡m-Xn-cn-¡n-Ã. AXn-\mÂ ]nXr-im-k\ ewLn-¡p-¶-h-fmbn

¯ocmsX F{Xbpw thKw Imcm-Kr-l-]-cn-k-c-̄ nÂ \n¶pw Xncn¨p t]mI-W-

sa¶v hopw hopw A\n-cp-²³- A-t]-£n-¡p-¶p. C¯cw ]e A\p-\-b-

§fpw ]dªv þ CtX hm¡p-IÄ XS-h-dbpw Gäp-]-dbpw t]mse F¶v Ihn þ

Hcp hn[w A\n-cp-²³ Djsb aS¡n Ab-¡p-¶-tXmsS hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ JÞ-

Imhyw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

83. hnth-I-t{]-a-§-fp-bÀ¯nb kwLÀj-̄ nÂ hnP-bn-¡p-¶, hnthIw sImv

DuÀÖw t\Sp¶ Bß-Ku-chw A\n-cp-²-\n-ep-e-bmsX \nÀ¯n-b-Xn-emWv hÅ-

t¯m-fnsâ ]m{Xm-hn-jvI-cWw ÇmL-\o-b-am-Ip-¶-Xv. F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«Xv Bcv?

s{]m^.-Fw.-]n.-]-Wn-¡À

D]-\y-kn-¡pI (300 hm¡nÂ Ihn-bm-sX)

1. A\n-cp-²³ XS-h-d-bn-em-¡-s¸-«-X-dnª Dj-bpsS AhØ hÅ-t¯mÄ Nn{Xo-

I-cn-¡p-¶Xv F§s\ ?

2. Djbpw Ipw`m-Þ\pw X½n-epÅ kw`m-jWw hnh-cn-¡pI

3. Djbpw A\n-cp-²\pw X½nÂ XS-h-d-bnÂ sh¨p \S-̄ nb IqSn-¡mgvN hnh-cn-

¡pI?

4. hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ inev]-Iem sshP-b-́ n-bmWv _Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²-\nse

Dj. þ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI?


5. [otcm-Zm-̄ -Xbpw Imev]-\n-Imw-i-§fpw IeÀ¶ \mbI {]Ir-X-amWv Ihn A\n-

cp-²\p \ÂIn-b-Xvþ kaÀ°n-¡pI

6. hÅ-t¯mÄ Ihn-XbpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ _Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²s\ Bkv]-

Z-am¡n NÀ¨ sN¿p-I.

7. hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ ]m{X-kz-̀ m-h-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-̄ nsâ {]mK-ev̀ yhpw HuNn-Xyhpw _Ô-

\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²-\nse IYm-]m-{X-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n hni-I-e\w sN¿pI

8. JÞ-Im-hy-§Ä F¶m-se´v ? _Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²s\ amXr-I-bm¡n

hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

9. _Ô-\-Ø-\mb A\n-cp-²-\nse \mS-Io-bmw-i-§Ä Is-̄ p-I.

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I Sem BA Malayalam Core Course Malalyala Kavitha Navothanaghattam 25feb2015

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