2.7 BCf/d 1.8 BCf/d 400 MMCf/d g h d e a b c Tsable River Telkwa f Tulameen Graham Island Coalfields Tuya River Coalfield 40 Bcf Coal River Coalfield 6 Bcf East Kootenay Coalfields 19 Tcf Suquash Coalfield 60 Bcf Comox Coalfield 800 Bcf Nanaimo Coalfield 300 Bcf Bowron River Coalfield 8 Bcf Klappan and Groundhog Coalfields 8.1 Tcf Telkwa Coalfield 130 Bcf Peace River Coalfield 60 Tcf Hat Creek Coalfield 500 Bcf Merritt Coalfield Tulameen Coalfield 50 Bcf Prince Rupert Fort St. John Fort Nelson Victoria Vancouver Sedimentary Basins Gas Pipeline Oil Pipeline Alliance Pipeline Anthracite to Sub-anthracite Bituminous Sub-bituminous to Lignite Area Underlain by Coal (above 2000 m depth) a b c d e f g h Fording River Greenhills Line Creek Elkview Coal Mountain Pine Valley Coal Bullmoose Quinsam Wolverine & Perry Creek (W&PC) Tsable River Tulameen Telkwa Coal Mines Active coal properties MMCf/d BCf/d Million Cubic Feet per day Billion Cubic Feet per day Basin Outlines : Geological Survey of Canada, unpublished: P. Hannigan, P.J. Lee, K Osadetz et al., 1993-1998. Coalfields, Pipelines and Coalbed Methane Potential in British Columbia W&PC Oil & Gas hole During coalification coal generates more methane than it can retain The excess is expelled into surrounding rocks During uplift, the ability of coal to retain gas increases If it is to reach saturation it must generate biogenic methane Or re adsorb methane form the surrounding rocks HVB High-volatile bituminous MVB Medium-volatile bituminous LVB Low-volatile bituminous 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 0 5 10 15 20 25 gas cc/g or temp ºC/10 depth metres progressive rank adsorption curve during coalification MVB HVB LVB temperature gradient arrows=makeup gas for saturation at 1400 m LVB FIND FIND FIND adsorption curves during uplift BRITISH COLUMBIA has a resource of over 20 billion tonnes available for exploration and a reserve of over 3 billion tonnes available for immediate development 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 coal rank and use resources and reserves million tonnes USE >>Thermal >>PCI>>Coking>>PCI>>Thermal Sub bituminous High volatile bituminous Medium volatile bituminous Low volatile bituminous Antharacite Lignite CBM RESOURCE CBM is METHANE is NATURAL GAS is THE BY- PRODUCT OF TURNING TREES INTO COAL Coalbed methane (CBM) starts with coal Coal generates methane (CBM) as part of the coalification process One tonne of coal can generate enough gas to fill a room 9 x 9 x 2 metres (up to 200 cubic metres of gas) Coals ability to retain CBM depends on rank and depth of burial The exploration window for CBM is fixed by an upper depth above which gas has escaped and a lower depth below which permeability is too low This window is about 150 metres to 1500 metres To a large extent the coal resource of interest for CBM exploration is too deeply buried to be of interest for conventional coal mining The coal resource available for CBM exploration is over 250 billion tonnes and it may contain a CBM resource of 90 trillion cubic feet (tcf) THE COAL RESOURCE PRESENT AND FUTURE USE ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! GASIFICATION OF COAL TO PRODUCE H GAS WITH CO2 CAPTURE PRELIMINARY STUDIES MORE OPPORTUNITIES THAN YOU THINK EXTRACT COAL BED METHANE FROM DEEPLY BURIED COAL ON GOING EXPLORATION EXPORT COKING COAL FOR USE IN STEEL MAKING ON GOING PRODUCTION OF CHEMICAL FEED STOCK AND LOW BTU GAS PRELIMINARY STUDIES EXPORT THERMAL COAL FOR ELECTRICAL GENERATION ON GOING ORGANIC RICH SHALES AS A SOURCE FOR TIGHT GAS (CBM) UNDER CONSIDERATION GASIFICATION AS PART OF ICCG POWER PLANTS UNDER CONSIDERATION CONVENTIONAL COAL FIRED POWER PLANTS WITHIN THE PROVINCE UNDER CONSIDERATION FUTURE FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA EXPORT Ø prices and world export volumes flat Ø strong competition from Australia but Australian surface mines getting deeper underground mines not always consistently cheep mining costs Ø mining costs at most British Columbia mines will improve as mine plans mature Ø rail costs have decreased Ø can supply coal quality required by market place Ø LONG TERM OUTLOOK BC WILL CONTINUE TO EXPORT 20 PLUS MILLION TONNES OF COKING COAL MAINLY FROM SOUTHEAST BRITISH COLUMBIA COKING COAL MARKETS CONSIDER Ø PRICES Ø BLENDS Ø VOLUMES PRICES Controlled by supply and demand Closure of mines in British Columbia and Alberta and decrease in exports from the USA have ensured a balance for 2001 and maybe 2002 Prices are expected to remain stable or decrease marginally BLENDS There will be market opportunities for good high volatile coking coal in coking coal blends and low volatile coal for PCI (pulverized coal injection) VOLUMES Export tonnages may increase marginally plus-side new technologies unlikely to influence coke demand negative-side steel mills in financial difficulty may not respond to economic recovery Increased coke exports from china may reduce coking coal market COAL DIRTY OR CLEAN ?? SIMPLE QUESTIONS SOLICIT MISS LEADING ANSWERS Fossil fuels provide energy by burning (oxidizing) the carbon and hydrogen that they contain CcY energy+CO2 h Yenergy+H2O CO2 is one of many greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming by trapping infra red radiation (heat) in the atmosphere Fossil fuels may also contain contaminants that produce pollutants for example coal and oil can contain sulphur SsYenergy+SO2 SO2+H2OYH2SO4 (sulphuric acid) Technology can decrease contaminant concentrations in fossil fuels to acceptable levels All fossil fuels release CO2 when burnt For a fixed heat release of 1 giga joule or 10 6 btu Coal releases 100 kg CO2 Oil releases 70 kg co2 Gas releases 55 kg CO2 The actual amount of CO2 released per unit of useable energy depends on the process efficiency Generating electricity with present technology is 35% to 45% efficient new technologies are 40% to 60% efficient COAL IN BRITISH COLUMBIA DID YOU KNOW British Columbia has a coal resource of over 20 billion tonnes and a mineable reserve of over 3 billion tonnes in 2001 BC exported 27.1 million tonnes of coal for an estimated value of 1.6 billion dollars close to the record achieved in 1997 of 27.8 million tonnes the value of coal exports exceeds the total value of all metal exports and represents about 400 dollars for every person in the province British Columbia exports more coal than any other province in Canada coal is the major commodity moved by CP rail and CN rail British Columbia coal mines directly employ over 2700 people many other jobs are in part dependent on coal mining British Columbia exports coal to Japan, South Korea, USA, Brazil, Taiwan UK and many other countries British Columbia exports mainly coking coal mining conditions and distance from port make it dificult to export thermal coal We are the number 2 exporter of coking coal in the world There are expected to be marginal increases in coking coalsales The mix of coal types required by the market place will change over time There will be a preference for low volatile coals and hard coking high volatile coals 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1985 1990 1995 2000 million tonnes British Columbia coking and thermal coal exports 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 1 2 million tonnes weak low vol weak mid vol weak high vol hard low vol hard mid vol hard high vol year 2000 year 2010 Mix of world export coking coals present and future coking coal exports by country 2000 Australia 57% US 13% Canada 15% China 5% other 10% Coal markets are cyclical but the price for coking coking coal has generally decreased in real terms and for Canada the diference in the Canadian and Australian exchange rates has made matters worse Accounting for inflation the price of coking coal has decreased by 50% since 1981 At the moment and generally in the past coking coal has been priced higher in Australian dollars than Canadian dollars 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Met and thermal US$ coal prices Coking coal black Thermal coal red $ of the day 1981 $ 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 cost met coal in $Can and $Aust Australian dollars canadian dollars LONG TERM OUTLOOK BRITISH COLUMBIA WILL CONTINUE TO EXPORT MORE THAN 20 MILLION TONNES OF COKING COAL PER YEAR MAINLY FROM SOUTHEAST BC CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANTS, CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY, (INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS) AND ZERO EMISSION HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY ARE ALL POSSIBLE NEW USES OF COAL WITHIN THE PROVINCE TRADITIONAL COAL EXPORT MARKETS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA METHANE GENERATED BY COAL IS THERMOGENIC OR BIOGENIC IT MAYADD TO THE CBM RESOURCE OR THE NATURAL GAS RESOURCE 1 cubic metre coal Thermogenic methane generated methane retained by coal 20 cubic metres CBM fills sandstone as natural gas up to 40 cubic metres generation of biogenic methane amount ?? BY HEAT OR BUGS Biogenic methane is very important it helps coals maintain saturation during uplift CARBON IS THE RESIDUE FROM ORGANIC MATTER IT INDICATES THAT METHANE HAS BEEN GENERATED MANY SHALES CONTAIN SIGNIFICANTAMOUNTS OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC) THEY HAVE THEREFORE GENERATED METHANE WHICH THEY OFTEN RETAIN Mud with 30% organic material shale with 10% TOC and 1.5 cc/g methane THERE MAY BE SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES OF CBM IN ORGANIC RICH SHALES Estimated coal and coalbed methane in place to 2000 metres Billion tonnes Tcf billion tonnes Tcf Peace River 160 60 Princeton 0.8 0.06 ?? Kootenay 50 19 Tulameen 0.3 0.05 ?? Bowser Basin 37 8 Merritt 0.2 0.02 ?? Comox 3 0.8 Suquash 0.3 0.06?? Hat Creek 2 0.3 Tuya River 0.7 0.04?? Nanaimo 1 0.3 Coal River 0.1 0.006 ?? Telkwa 0.8 0.13 Bowron River 0.4 0.008 ?? ?? Estimates based on minimal data Tcf trillion cubic feet Bcf billion cubic feet COALBED METHANE POTENTIAL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA COAL RESOURCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA SEE YOU AROUND Barry Ryan 1/2002 MUCH OF THE NATURAL GAS BEING PRODUCED IN NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA MAY ORIGINATE FROM COAL SEAMS IN THE GATES AND GETHING FORMATIONS COAL IS AND WILL CONTINUE TO BE A VERY IMPORTANT PART OF THE RESOURCE INDUSTRY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA THE AMOUNT OF METHANE EXPELLED BY COAL DURING BURIAL AND COALIFICATION DEPENDS ON RANK AND MAXIMUM DEPTH OF BURIAL ON UPLIFT AS DEPTH OF BURIAL AND PRESSURE DECREASE THE GAS CAN OCCUPY A LARGER VOLUME OF POROUS SANDSTONE SOME OF THE EXPELLED GAS MAY BE RE ADSORBED BY THE COAL COAL CAN SATURATE 10 TO 30 TIMES ITS VOLUME OF SANDSTONE WITH METHANE DEPENDING ON THE POROSITY OF THE SANDSTONE 1 10 100 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 Depth metres cubic metres sst filled by 1 cubic metre coal Rmax = 1.5% Rmax = 2.3% Rmax = 1.7% Sandstone recharge from coal assuming 4% porosity 50 40 30 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Depth meters Gas cc/g or Rmax% Rmax incremental gas generated area represents gas expelled into surrounding rocks during burial adsorption down NEW USES FOR COAL WITHIN THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRITISH COLUMBIA IN THE COAL WORLD Domestic thermal 76% Domestic coking Export thermal 10% Export coking 4.5% BC Export coking coal 1% WORLD COAL CONSUMPTION 3500 MILLION TONNES RAW MATERIALS COALAND LIMESTONE LIMESTONE IS RE USED CH4 + CaO + H2O >> CaCO3 + 4H2 2H2 >> make electricity 2H2 +C >>CH4 CaCO3 + heat >> CaO + CO2 MAKE MAGNESIUM CARBONATE FROM SERPENTINE AND CARBON DIOXIDE Mg3SiO5(OH)4 + 3CO2 >> 3MgCO3 + 2SiO + 2H2O EXOTHERMIC REACTION PROVIDES HEAT ELEMENTS OF PROCESS TESTED IN PILOT PLANTS OR BENCH SCALE INDUSTRIAL SCALE DOES NOT EXIST solid oxide fuel cell electricity plus heat Disposal as magnesium carbonate THE ZERO EMISSION COAL CHEMISTRY COAL LIMESTONE ELECTRICITY COAL GASIFICATION IGCC POWER PLANT G E O L O G I C A L S U R V E Y B R I T I S H C O L U M B I A Energy for the future - coal and coalbed methane in BC Barry Ryan - B.C. Ministry of Energy and Mines, Geological Survey Branch