i ` ÝÊn · 2010. 9. 8. · Astrolabe Bay, 2. Provision of a marine environmental baseline to DEC on which to bench mark continued monitoring of any future DSTP in the marine environment

Cruise Report Basamuk

Project Number: 8.ACP.PNG.18-B/15

Appendix 8

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Cruise Report

31st August – 2nd October, 2008

Basamuk Survey

The Independent State of Papua New Guinea

EDF- MSSP: 8.ACP.PNG.018-B/15

Independent Evaluation of Deep-Sea Mine Tailings Placement (DSTP) in PNG

Project Number: 8.ACP.PNG.18-B/15

Project Start: 15th February 2007 Total Project Duration: 34 Months

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Contents Contents .........................................................................................................................3 Contents .........................................................................................................................3 1 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................4 2 Cruise Objectives ......................................................................................................6 3 Methods.....................................................................................................................7

3.1 Vessel.............................................................................................................7 3.2 Echo-sounder surveying.................................................................................7 3.3 Coring ............................................................................................................8 3.4 Sediment sampling for chemical analysis......................................................9 3.5 Benthic biological analysis ..........................................................................10 3.6 CTD..............................................................................................................11 3.7 Zooplankton sample collection ....................................................................13 3.8 Bed-hop camera deployment .......................................................................14

4 Cruise Narrative ......................................................................................................15 5 Charts ......................................................................................................................24 6 List of Stations ........................................................................................................25 6.4 Oxygen calibrations ..........................................................................................30 7 List of Samples........................................................................................................31 8 CTD Plots for the sampling stations .......................................................................40 Table 6-1 Station positions .........................................................................................25 Table 6-2 Bedhop camera deployments......................................................................25 Table 8-1 Sediment samples collected for chemical and radiochemical analyses......31 Table 8-2 Sediment samples collected for pore-water analyses .................................31 Table 8-3 Sediment samples collected for macro- and meiofaunal analyses .............32 Table 8-4 CTD stations (double and triple casts not shown).......................................33 Table 8-5 Suspended Particulate Material (SPM) sampling stations and depths .......35 Table 8-6 Nutrient sampling stations and depths........................................................36 Table 8-7 Chlorophyll sampling stations and depths..................................................37 Table 8-8 Zooplankton sampling stations and depths.................................................38 Table 8-9 Phytoplankton sampling stations and depths..............................................38

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1 Executive Summary The main aim of the Deep Sea Tailings Placement (DSTP) project is to carry out investigations which will result in a distinct improvement in the knowledge of environmental forcing factors, transport mechanisms (biotic and abiotic) and environmental impacts of Deep Sea Tailings Placement (DSTP) in Papua New Guinea (PNG) waters.

The purpose of the field work was to collect physical oceanographic, sedimentological, geochemical, plankton/nekton and benthic biological samples and data with the specific objectives of assessing the quality of existing data and filling in gaps in knowledge to provide a baseline study of the environment before the Basamuk pipeline is established.

The cruise took place in the Vitiaz Basin and Rai Coast from 31st August to 2nd October 2008 using the MV Miss Rankin equipped with a winch and crane supplied by Lihir Gold Limited. Three sampling transects were occupied: Astrolabe Bay (AB Stations), Basamuk Pipeline (BP Stations) and an eastern control (BC stations). In addition a single control station, (BC12) was occupied off Helmholtz Point. A coastal CTD transect was also obtained between these stations (J stations). The sampling programme included the collection of 198 sediment cores for chemical and biological analysis from 13 stations. At 9 stations, sediment cores were processed to extract pore water which was collected to provide samples for nutrient and metal analysis. Water column sampling included 72 CTD casts, collection of 84 suspended particulate material samples from 10 stations and completion of 36 zooplankton (day and night) casts at 2 stations. In addition, the water column was sampled to provide nutrient, chlorophyll and salinity samples for calibration of the CTD sensors. In addition to the above sediment and water column sampling, seabed surveys were conducted using the Mk III Echotrack 12 kHz echo-sounder. All stations were subject to a brief echo-sounder survey to enable the corer to be safely deployed in a known water depth. Also obtained were longer echo-sounder profiles used to develop a working model of the seabed morphology. Typically these profiles were up to 10 km long and run either perpendicular or parallel to the slope. Generally the seabed morphology of the continental margin in the surveyed area is dominated by deeply incised downslope channels down to 1300m water depth. Beyond this depth the seabed is flatter and characterised by fine-grained sediments in the Vitiaz Basin. It is probable that the main depositional mechanism is downslope via density flows driven by riverine input from the coast. Seabed photographs were taken at 5 stations, 2 from the proposed pipeline transect and three from the eastern control transect.

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Personnel SAMS staff Dr John Howe – Principal Scientist Dr. Tracy Shimmield (left vessel 7th September) Dr David Hughes Ms Susan McKinley Mr Jim Smith Dr John Beaton (left vessel 7th September) Ships Staff Tony Collins (owner and skipper) Tegoi (Ship’s Master) David – Engineer Thomas - Able seaman Moabi – Able seaman Loa Kenae– Cook Nolai Isikini– Able seaman Alice Nunua– Stewardess Acknowledgements We would like to thank Tony Collins, and the ship’s crew for their professionalism and hard work which helped make the cruise a success. In addition we are indebted to help we received from DEC staff especially Mr Andy Hetra who helped with sampling on the cruise.

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2 Cruise Objectives The main aim of the project was to carry out investigations which will result in a distinct improvement in the knowledge of environmental forcing factors, transport mechanisms (biotic and abiotic) and environmental impacts of Deep Sea Tailings Placement (DSTP) in Papua New Guinea (PNG) waters.

The terms of reference (ToR) of the project state that the consultant will provide a baseline study for the proposed Ramu Nickel DSTP site at Astrolabe Bay. The specific objectives of the cruise are set out in the ToR of the project and are as follows;

1. Provision of an assessment of the natural geochemical and benthic conditions of Astrolabe Bay,

2. Provision of a marine environmental baseline to DEC on which to bench mark continued monitoring of any future DSTP in the marine environment surrounding Astrolabe Bay

The following assumptions apply to the cruise objectives;

1. Executing an oceanographic survey in an effective manner, in the selected area relies on the availability of suitable ship capacity.

2. Since the knowledge of the regional oceanography of the area is restricted and the project has a limited time frame and funding, the investigations of sites in the far field region will be limited.

The following risk factors have been identified;

1. Weather: the climate is generally humid and seasonal, with heavy rainfall and often unpredictable weather patterns. Field operations are recommended during the period September to October.

2. Ship: Research Vessels are complex tools with special technical installations for oceanographic works such as cranes, A-frames and winches. Sampling solely depends on the employment of winches with wire and/or cable lengths of many thousand metres. There is always a risk of potential malfunction or even complete failure. Whole expeditions have failed due to the failure of winches, especially when a vessel is equipped with only one multi-purpose winch combining cable and wire operations such as CTD/rosette water sampler casts and coring.

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3 Methods

3.1 Vessel Miss Rankin is 30m long and with a gross weight of around 160 tonnes. It is fitted out for diving charters but has recently been used by the PNG mining sector for survey and sampling work. To enable over-the-side operation a hydrographic winch with 3000m of conducting cable owned by Lihir Gold Limited (LGL) was fitted on a customised mounting. A crane, also owned by LGL, was located at the stern and was used both to move equipment and to carry the winch block.

M/V Miss Rankin.

3.2 Echo-sounder surveying Seabed surveys were conducted using the Mk III Echotrack dual frequency (12 & 24 kHz) echo-sounder. The system was used in single frequency (12 kHz) mode from a pole mounted transducer from the starboard aft side. The analogue sounder had a thermal paper trace. In contrast to the previous surveys at Lihir and Misima the 12 kHz transducer presented trouble-free data. The dual-frequency transducer kindly supplied by Lihir Gold Limited had a faulty connection and could not be used. All stations were subject to a brief echo-sounder survey to enable the corer to be safely deployed in a known water depth. Also obtained were longer echo-sounder profiles used to develop a working model of the sedimentary setting of the margin and the seabed morphology. Typically these profiles were up to 10 km long and run either perpendicular or parallel to the slope. Generally the seabed morphology was dominated by a steep continental slope dominated by downslope channels, typically terminating at 1300 m. Beyond, to the northeast the

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seabed is dominated by soft fine-grained sediments. In addition at the northernmost station of the BC transect, BC4, sediment was much thinner, possibly relating to the proximity to Long Island. A notable rockfall, debris flow was visible on the echo-sounder profile.

An example of a typical 12 kHz echo-sounder profile.

3.3 Coring All successful coring was carried out with the SAMS megacorer. This instrument is capable of carrying eight 10 cm diameter core tubes and is designed to take sediment cores without bow-wave disturbance. It accomplishes this by being hydraulically damped such that once the corer frame reaches the bed the weighted core head carrying the core tubes descends slowly into the sediment on a piston. In practice the corer velocity was moderated about 10 m above the bed and lowered at about 0.5 ms-1 until touchdown. Thereafter about 5 m of slack wire was spooled out to ensure that movements of the ship did not disturb the corer as it was penetrating the seabed. The LGL crane had insufficient power to slew with the corer suspended and so an alternative method of deployment was devised by Ian Helmond, before the Lihir survey in December 2007. This involved attaching a wire strop to the corer shackle and a second strop to the block. This second strop was fitted with a hook and when this was hooked through the strop attached to the corer it allowed the crane to lift and slew the corer over the side with the main wire slack. Once in position over the stern the main wire was tensioned and the strops unhooked allowing the deployment of the instrument. This process was reversed on recovery. Although this may appear complex it had the advantage that either the crane driver or the winch driver had control of the corer at any one time. This is in contrast to when the lighter CTD was deployed without the use of strops as during that operation both winch and crane drivers must work together to control the height of the instrument from the deck and its distance from the block. With practice this operation became routine and rapid. The corer was stabilised while above the deck by the use of ropes and as many pairs of hands as required by the motion of the ship.

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Cores were assessed for length and any obvious layering on retrieval. Turbidity in the overlying water resulted in the rejection of the core as did any cracking or bubbling.

Succesful megacorer recovery on the after deck of the M/V Miss Rankin.

3.4 Sediment sampling for chemical analysis Sediment chemistry samples Sediment cores for chemical analysis were obtained from each of the stations. Only sediments with clear overlying water and no other physical disturbance, such as bubbles or slumping of the core within the core tube, were taken to be processed for sediment chemistry. Three cores were taken at each site, one for particle size analysis, carbon analysis and metal analysis, a second for radionuclide analysis and a third as a spare core. Each core was sliced at 0.5 cm interval to a depth of 5 cm, 1 cm interval to a depth of 20 cm and then 2 cm thereafter to the bottom of the core. The samples were sectioned and each slice placed in a labelled ziplock bag. All samples pertaining to a single core were placed in a large plastic labelled bag and placed in the freezer for storage. Pore-water samples Pore-water was extracted from retrieved sediments and collected to ascertain the nutrient and dissolved metal concentrations. The sediment pore water was obtained from cores by the slicing and extraction of interstitial water from the sediment in a nitrogen filled glove bag to prevent oxidation of any elements in the dissolved and solid phases of the sediment. An aliquot of sediment was placed in a ziplock bag to provide a sample for water content and total metal analysis. Pore-water was collected from the top 15cm of the sediment core where

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available. Thereafter the sediment core was sectioned as described above, placed in ziplock bags and frozen. To separate the pore-water from the sediment, the extracted sediment was placed in a gas tight centrifuge tube (within a nitrogen atmosphere) and centrifuged at 4000 rpm to extract the pore water. The extracted pore water was filtered under nitrogen through a combination of 5 µm and 0.25 µm filters to collect samples for metal analysis and through a 0.25 µm filter to collect samples for nutrient analysis. The filtered samples for metal analysis were placed in small polycarbonate bottles and acidified with nitric acid. A separate sample was filtered for pore-water nutrient analysis and was placed in a microcentrifuge tube. All samples were stored in a fridge at 4oC. The above sampling was carried out in triplicate at each of the main stations. Each of the three cores was retrieved from separate deployments of the megacorer.

3.5 Benthic biological analysis Macrofauna Cores intended for macrofaunal analysis were mounted on a wooden core stand and gently lowered to remove all but approximately 1 cm depth of the overlying water. Photographs were taken if the core surface showed any interesting features (visible surface fauna, burrows or other traces of biological activity). The remaining overlying water was carefully transferred to a sample container using a plastic pipette. This was done to ensure collection of any small animals present in the superficial sediment or surface floc. The sediment core was then sliced at the 5 cm and 10 cm depth horizons, and the 0-5 and 5-10 cm sections placed in separate containers. Fixative solution (4% buffered formaldehyde with Rose Bengal stain) was then added to each container. After addition of fixative the sediment in each container was broken up and thoroughly stirred with a knife blade to ensure penetration of the solution throughout the sample. Labelled sample containers were then sealed and placed into storage on deck. Sediment below 10 cm depth was not preserved, as in our experience of deep-sea sampling the scarcity of animals below this level means that it is not cost-effective to process this material. However, the deeper sediment of each core was carefully broken open and examined visually before being discarded to ensure that rare, larger animals (which are occasionally found below 10 cm) were retained. Sediment samples were left in fixative for at least 48 hours before any further treatment. Each sample was then washed through stacked sieves (500 µm and 250 µm) using gently flowing, filtered seawater. The residues on each sieve were then carefully washed into separate sample containers (glass vials, ziplock polythene bags or polypropylene pots, according to volume of material), and topped-up with a small volume of fixative (4% buffered formaldehyde). All samples were labelled both internally and externally to ensure correct identification on return to the laboratory. Meiofauna

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Cores intended for meiofaunal analysis were mounted on the core stand and gently lowered to leave only 1 cm depth of overlying water, which was then removed by pipette as described above. The sediment column was then sliced at 1 cm intervals to a depth of 5 cm, and each section washed into a separate labelled ziplock polythene bag. Fixative solution was then added to each bag. The 5-10 cm depth horizon was also retained and fixed in order to allow use of these cores as additional replicates for quantification of macrofauna. The 1 cm-thick slices from the 0-5 cm depth horizon were not processed further on the ship, but will be sieved on return to the laboratory. The 5-10 cm layer of each core was left in fixative for at least 48 hours, washed through 500 µm and 250 µm sieves and the residues preserved as described above.

3.6 CTD CTD data were collected using a Seabird instrument equipped with a carousel of twelve 5-litre bottles and with sensors for light transmission, oxygen, chlorophyll, depth, conductivity and temperature. Typically the instrument was deployed to a depth of 5 m and then switched on allowing the pump to the sensors to prime. Once the pump was activated the instrument was raised to just below the water surface and the data acquisition commenced. The rate of descent was kept to 0.5 ms-1 for the first 100 m and then approximately 0.75 ms-1 until close to the bottom. In general the descent was halted about 20 m from the bed. Bottles were fired on the up-cast at depths determined by the display of sensor data indicating water-column features of interest.

CTD water bottles rosette and sensor carousel Suspended Particulate Material (SPM) sampling Samples for the determination of the amount and chemical constituents of the SPM at different depths in the water column were collected using the CTD. Where possible, 10

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litres of water were collected at each of 10 depths by firing 2 bottles at each chosen depth. The samples were then filtered through pre-weighed cellulose nitrate 0.45 µm filters using a SPM filter rig. The rig comprises 6 x 10 litre Nalgene bottles and uses filtered compressed air to push the water through the filter. The filtered water is run to waste and any water left in the bottles is measured to obtain an accurate volume of filtered water. The amount of water filtered depends on the amount of particulates in the water column. After filtration the filter is placed back in its numbered housing for analysis.

The SPM filtering rig. Water column nutrient sample collection Nutrient samples were obtained by collecting the water which was filtered during the collection of the SPM samples. The water was collected in 150ml polyethylene bottles which were stoppered and sealed and then immediately frozen and stored for return to the laboratory for analysis. Water column chlorophyll sample collection Chlorophyll samples were collected by filtering approximately 200 ml of water through a GFF filter. The amount of water filtered was accurately measured. The filters were removed from the filter housing, folded and placed in a ziplock bag and immediately frozen and stored for return to the laboratory for analysis. Oxygen calibration The CTD oxygen sensor was calibrated at stations J8, BP2 and BC3 using quintuplet analyses of standard followed by quintuplet analysis of water from 3 water depths of apparently significantly different oxygen concentration. Samples were drawn from the CTD bottles (one bottle per depth) directly into oxygen sample bottles of known volume using a silicon tube after excluding all bubbles. Samples were immediately fixed by the addition of manganese sulphate and alkaline iodide and then stored under water in an air conditioned room prior to analysis. Analysis

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was carried out using the standard Winkler method using an auto-titrator with potentiometric endpoint detection. The thiosulphate secondary standard was titrated against an iodate primary standard. Salinity calibration sample collection Salinity samples were taken from the CTD at different depths within a cast. The depths were chosen to reflect different salinity values as indicated by the salinity sensor. The water samples were placed into calibrated, numbered glass bottles. Each bottle was rinsed 5 times with water from the CTD bottle before finally filling to the top with water. The bottles were then sealed and stored for return to the laboratory for analysis.

3.7 Zooplankton sample collection Zooplankton sampling was carried out at one station off Basamuk (station BP1x, water depth 920 m) close to the proposed tailings outfall and a ‘control’ station (BC1, water depth 1190 m) further removed from the expected zone of impact. At both stations one sampling run was carried out during the day, and one during the night, in order to determine the possible influence of zooplankton diel vertical migration on the results. Sampling was carried out using a KC WP2 zooplankton net with 120 µm mesh size. The net was deployed vertically from the ship’s winch, and lowered to the target depth until the required length of cable had been spooled out. The net was then raised at a constant speed of 1 ms-1 to a pre-determined depth, at which point a steel ‘messenger’ was sent down the cable to trigger closure of the net at its upper end. The net was then brought to the surface and recovered to the deck. The closed net was carefully hosed down with filtered seawater to wash the collected zooplankton to the receptacle at the ‘cod end’. The contents of this were then decanted into a plastic container, and the washing process repeated twice to ensure that all material retained in the net had been recovered. The collected material was then washed through a 125 µm sieve using filtered seawater to reduce the sample volume. The sieve residue was subsequently washed into a labelled 250 ml sample bottle and fixed by addition of 4% buffered formaldehyde solution with Rose Bengal stain. At each station, net hauls were made over three depth horizons, 0-100 m, 100-300 m and 300-500 m. Three replicate hauls were made over each depth horizon at each station, both by day and night.

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Night-time plankton net deployment during a rainstorm.

3.8 Bed-hop camera deployment The bed-hop camera system consists of a 35 mm film camera and strobe light in separate pressure housings, mounted on a steel frame and connected via a bottom-switch linked to a lead weight suspended on a wire cable below the frame. The camera and strobe are triggered (and a photograph taken) by the bottom-switch when the suspended weight touches the seabed and releases the tension on the wire cable. The camera gives an oblique view of the seabed and records an image of approximately 1 m (horizontal extent) x 2.5 m (depth of field). The camera is usually loaded with 36-exposure colour transparency film, but to allow easy unloading of film only 25 exposures are made per deployment. For use off Miss Rankin, the camera frame was fitted with a BENTHOS altimeter which recorded the elevation above the seabed. It was found that the system could be deployed successfully with two operators in the cabin monitoring the readout from the altimeter and communicating with the winch driver by two-way radio. After each recorded contact with the seabed the system was raised 5 m on the winch for approximately 1 min to allow time for the strobe to recharge and the ship’s movement to carry the system some distance from the spot previously photographed. The system was then lowered slowly on the winch until the next seabed contact. In calm conditions the ship was allowed to drift freely during the deployment but in a swell it was necessary for the ship to steam slowly (approximately 0.5 knot) into the wind. The ship’s position was recorded at the start, mid-point and end of each sequence of images.

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The bedhop camera being deployed. Facilities were not available for on-board processing of films, so a deployment was judged successful if, on recovery, the film was found to have passed through the camera, indicating that exposures had been made at the seabed. Five successful deployments were made, at stations BP1x, BP3, BC1, BC2 and BC12. In all cases calm weather and gentle sea state allowed the winch driver to exercise precise control of the camera’s position relative to the sea bed and no problems were encountered. At all five stations the film was found to have passed through the camera. 4 Cruise Narrative Sunday 31st August 2008 Join M/V Miss Rankin. John Beaton (JB), John Howe (JH), David Hughes (DH), Susan McKinlay (SMcK), Tracy Shimmield (TS) & Jim Smith (JS) at 1300 hrs, Collins Shipping, Madang. Tony Collins, captain. The day was spent unpacking equipment. Monday 1st September, 2008 The day was spent unpacking and loading the corer, CTD and provisions with the help of a fork-lift from the neighbouring container yard. Tuesday 2nd September, 2008

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During the morning the CTD, bedhop camera and corer were assembled and tested on the deck. The saloon was prepared with the laboratory equipment. At 16:20 hrs the vessel left the wharf for a test site off Madang in 360 m. The CTD was successfully tested and the corer was tested in the harbour and resulted in six full cores of harbour mud. The vessel tied up at the wharf at 1800 hrs. Wednesday 3rd September, 2008 The morning was spent in final preparations, with the vessel leaving the wharf at 1320 hrs for CTD station J5. By 14:15 hrs the CTD was deployed but it was noticed that the wrong configuration files were being used. This problem was solved by JB preparing a new configuration file. CTD stations J5, J6 and J7 were completed successfully and vessel returned to Madang. Thursday 4th September, 2008 The morning was spent at the wharf in Madang awaiting the arrival of the Echo-Trac deck unit from Sydney. The unit arrived and was installed by 13:30 hrs when the vessel sailed in fine, breezy weather for station AB3 offshore from Madang. After a brief echo-sounder survey a complete CTD station was achieved including sampling for suspended particulate matter (SPM). During the second deployment of the CTD communication was lost with the instrument. Vessel returned to Madang arriving at 18:50 hrs. Dolphins (c/f spotted) were noted during the passage back to harbour. Friday 5th September, 2008 During the morning Rolf Braun, (RB) (Mineral Resources Authority) and Andrew Hetra (AH) (Department of Environment and Conservation) joined the vessel. Vessel sailed for station AB3 at 1243 hrs. Again the CTD failed and so the decision was made to continue onward to Basamuk. After a series of coast-parallel echo-sounder profiles the vessel tied up against a Chinese barge in Basamuk Harbour at 18:22 hrs. Saturday 6th September, 2008 Vessel left the harbour at 07:15 hrs and sailed in calm weather but a heavy swell to station BP1 where possible soft sediment was noted from the echo-sounder survey. A frustrating morning followed with, after some initial success with the first drop recovering five cores, the following five drops of the corer all failed. It was decided to move to another site offshore and following a short echo-sounder survey, the corer sampled six perfect cores. A CTD was completed in Basamuk Harbour after some repairs by JB identified a leaking sensor unit in the water carousal. Vessel tied up at Basamuk at 18:30 hrs. Sunday 7th September, 2008

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Departed Basamuk Harbour at 06:45 hrs and deployed the CTD to collect data on the inshore hydrography adjacent to the proposed pipline from the mine. The vessel then sailed for Madang arriving at 11:30 hrs. TS, JB and RB left the vessel which sailed for Astrolabe Bay arriving at 14:50 hrs. CTD station AB3 was successfully completed including SPM. During this CTD masses of floating vegetation including some sizable logs were seen, their position denoting the position of the offshore tide line. The vessel anchored during the night in Melanua Harbour. Monday 8th September, 2008 On a superb, calm morning the vessel left Melanua Harbour and began a short echo-sounder survey for station AB1. During the survey eight dolphin-sized cetaceans were seen close by chasing fish. CTD station AB1 was completed including SPMs by 08:45 hrs. The vessel sailed back to Basamuk Harbour to enable three observers from the mine to come onboard for the afternoon. CTD station J8 was completed en route. After arriving at the harbour no observers were found and no contact was made so the vessel sailed for station BP2, where five cores were collected. During coring a single dolphin was seen off the stern as the corer was being raised. An echo-sounder profile was obtained at 15:30 hrs for station BP3. Vessel arrived back at Basamuk at 17:20 hrs. Tuesday 9th September, 2008 At 06:30 hrs three observers from the Basamuk site came onboard and the vessel sailed directly for stations BP3 and BP4 in calm seas and light winds. After three deployments of the corer sixteen cores were obtained, enough to complete station BP3 and begin BP4. After a brief echo-sounder profile of BP1 the corer was again deployed and finally a good site with soft sediment was found with full cores. This station was titled BP1x. Vessel arrived back in Basamuk at 18:03 hrs and the three observers left by boat transfer. Wednesday 10th September, 2008 Sometime during the night the vessel was boarded and the SAMS laptop computer stolen including the back-up of the two USB memory sticks containing all the previous weeks’ data. On finding the computer missing at 06:30 hrs the boat was searched and TS phoned and a report written. Without the laptop the CTD and the bedhop camera could not be run so the decision was taken to continue coring. A pod of spotted dolphins were noted close by the ship at 09:00 hrs. Arrived on station BP4 at 09:15 hrs and started coring resulting in ten complete cores, enough to complete the station. Sailing back south to BP1x the corer again was successful and recovered twelve cores from two drops. A very large echiuran worm (total length 55 cm) was found hanging from the bottom of a core taken at this station. The worm had been trapped by the sliding plate at the core base but was physically intact. Large burrowing animals of this kind are very rarely collected in deep-sea samples so this promises to be an interesting discovery. During the day JS found an old memory stick from the 2007 Lihir survey which contained configuration files and SeaSave software to the run the CTD. At 17:00 hrs a test CTD dip in Basamuk Harbour was successfully completed and the vessel anchored at 17:30 hrs.

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Thursday 11th September, 2008 Having reassembled the CTD software the vessel sailed out from Basamuk at 06:30 hrs to complete a hydrographic survey of the inshore-offshore transition. During the day six CTD dips were achieved although valuable time was lost by the deck unit needing manual re-arming of the water carousel. After completing the CTD dips to station BP13 (1559 m) the vessel sailed back to Basamuk accompanied by yet more spotted dolphins bow-riding. Friday 12th September, 2008 Departed Basamuk 06:30 hrs and began the re-occupy the coastal CTD stations, data now lost with the theft of the laptop. During the day ten CTD profiles were obtained during the passage back to Madang. Dolphins were briefly seen at 09:00 hrs. Salinity samples were taken at all stations. Vessel tied up at the wharf, Madang 15:00 hrs. JS used this time to reterminate the badly twisted cable. JH and TC went to the Madang Police station to make a formal statement on the loss of the laptop, and discussed the matter with the senior constable Mr. Ray Ban. Saturday 13th September, 2008 The vessel departed Madang wharf at 09:30 hrs for CTD station AB3, another station lost with the theft of the laptop. Before sailing JH and TC went to the Madang University library to download the required SeaTerm software for the bedhop camera. The software was successfully obtained from the ftp site but failed to work on the laptop. It was decided to use the bedhop camera only in calm seas with the echo-sounder transducer for finding the seabed. Station AB3 was completed at 11:30 hrs when we sailed to the reefs to the west and completed CTD station J4. We returned to the wharf at Madang at 15:50 hrs. Sunday 14th September, 2008 The vessel left the wharf in Madang at 08:30 hrs and sailed directly for AB2. A brief echo-sounder survey confirmed the depth and provided evidence for the potential for good coring in soft sediment. CTD deployment began at 09:02 hrs and two dips provided water samples for SPMs, nutrients and salinities. The CTD work continued on to station AB1 in Astrolabe Bay and was completed by 1202 hrs. The corer was sent in at 12:55 hrs but returned empty save for some washed-out gravel clasts. A brief echo-sounder survey suggested softer sediments to the north and when cored at 13:45 hrs provided four short, sandy cores. A further drop again provided short, washed out cores and so the vessel moved 100 m to the north. Here two drops of the corer provided eleven good cores. When the cores were examined it was noted that a 5 cm thick sandy gravel was absent only on one side of the corer suggesting a marked heterogeneity of the sub-seabed sediments. With coring completed on this station we departed for Madang in calm seas, arriving back at the wharf at 17:30 hrs.

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Monday 15th September, 2008 Departed Madang at 08:30 hrs for station AB2. Calm seas and blue skies promised a good day and so it proved with station AB2 providing eighteen cores from three drops. After a brief lunch en route for station AB3 we found more problematic sediments with very soft grey clays and abundant vegetation. Coring these sediments was difficult and after a hot, long afternoon we had collected fifteen long cores from four drops. Arrived back at the wharf in Madang at 17:15 hrs. Tuesday 16th September, 2008 Papua New Guinea Independence Day A delayed start saw the vessel leave the wharf, Madang at 0920 hrs. Sadly we had to leave behind the bo’sun Nolai due to family difficulties. We sailed east in calm seas returning to station AB3 for a bedhop camera deployment. As the camera was being prepared it was noticed that the flash was not working and after a few minutes testing the cabling and the flash and camera units it was decided to use the time better to continue to station BP3 offshore of Basamuk. Whilst underway JS and DH stripped the camera and JS resoldered a broken connection and the camera flash worked perfectly. The bedhop camera was deployed at BP3 in mirror calm seas with sign of the 1.7 knot current that had caused difficulties with the CTD. Once completed, we sailed south to station BP1x and again a near-perfect deployment in calm seas resulted. With the camera safely on deck we sailed for the harbour at Basamuk arriving at 17:00 hrs. Wednesday 17th September, 2008 The morning was superb with mirror calm seas and no wind. We left the bay at 06:30 hrs, finding an amazing number of flying ants had come onboard during the night attracted by the lights, and were sticking to the doors and ceilings. The day was spent with CTD deployments along the sampling transect with stations BP2 and BP1x being sampled for SPMs whilst stations BP11, BP3 and BP12 for hydrographic profiles and salinities. We arrived back in Basamuk harbour at 15:30 hrs. Thursday 18th September, 2008 Another very still morning and the vessel left Basamuk at 07:30 hrs, and sailed out along the sampling transect to complete the three remaining CTD profiles, BP10, 9 and 8. These stations were completed by 11:40 hrs when after a brief lunch the plankton net was deployed at BP1x. The net proved troublesome as any deviation from the slowest winch speed and the net would close and the sample void. The triplicate deployment to 500 m took 4.5 hrs. At 16:45 hrs we headed back to Basamuk harbour arriving at 17:15 hrs. After the evening meal the vessel returned to station BP1x at 22:30 hrs and began the night plankton net deployment. Unlike the afternoon, the station went very well, although a heavy rainstorm and lightning came on. Arrived back at Basamuk at 02:00 hrs. Friday 19th September, 2008

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After the late night working with the plankton net, the morning saw a later start. Vessel departed Basamuk for Helmholtz Point at 10:10 hrs. CTDs were undertaken along the way, adding to the J-station coastal transect. In short seas and breezy weather it was decided to move the start of the Helmholtz (Control) transect to the adjacent bay, where there was more shelter and easier access to the start of the line. In choppy seas eleven spinner dolphins joined us briefly for the sail into Baru. Anchor was made good at 15:30 hrs. Saturday 20th September, 2008 Departed the anchorage at Baru at 06:45 hrs and immediately began an echo-sounder survey offshore from the lagoon. It soon became apparent the this region of the continental margin was not ideal for the proposed control sampling stations being steep, non-depositional and dominated by deeply incised canyons beyond 1300m. At 08:25 hrs the decision was taken, after completing a northwest and southeast coast parallel track, to abandon the area and head east toward Gauss Point, surveying underway. At Gauss Point the echo-sounder displayed a rough, irregular and non-depositional continental slope with intensely incised, erosional seabed. It was decided to continue the survey east, parallel to the coast towards Lepsius Point where the chart indicated a gentler slope. A series of coast parallel – coast perpendicular profiles were obtained. To the west of the point a deeply incised canyon was noted, informally named the Urawa River canyon after the adjacent river. After surveying up to 20 nm offshore three sampling stations were chosen in water depths from 900-1300 m, directly south from Long Island and following the orientation of the Basamuk stations. The vessel anchored in the lagoon at Weber Point at 16:50 hrs in grey skies with heavy rain. Sunday 21st September, 2008 The rain cleared during the night and we left the lagoon at 06:30 hrs for station BC1. The corer went in the water at 08:00 hrs for what proved to be a troublesome morning as the corer repeatedly returned to the surface with tubes empty, full of gravel or cracked. The vessel moved station 75 m and again 100 m upslope to try and avoid sampling the gravels that could be of riverine origin (consisting of rounded and sub-rounded limestone and volcanics). Eventually at 09:56 hrs the station was abandoned and we moved to coring a site further downslope. Here the sediments were muddy sands, reminiscent of the Basamuk muds with a lower sand turbidite. After three drops of the corer seventeen cores were collected. The station was completed with a CTD collecting water samples. This station, BC1 was completed by 14:50 hrs and we returned to the lagoon at Weber Point. Monday 22nd September, 2008 A very calm and hazy morning saw the vessel leave the anchorage of the lagoon at Weber Point at 06:30 hrs. Sailing north for station BC2 masses of floating vegetation were seen, from the recent heavy rain washing out the rivers. Once on station at 08:25 hrs the CTD was used to collect water samples. Once these were safely onboard the corer made three successful drops and collected eighteen cores. The sediment consisted of greenish-grey

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muds with a prominent well-sorted sand towards the base. Fragments of a large burrowing spatangoid urchin were found at 10 cm depth in one core. After all the cores had been collected the vessel continued north to BC3 surveying using the echo-sounder. Station BC3 occurs on the side of a channel levee so promises to contain soft muddy sediments. During the approach of the channel between Crown and Long Islands a large number (30?) of spotted dolphins approached the vessel and bow rode in towards the reef. Vessel anchored in a bay on the west of Long Island. Tuesday 23rd September, 2008 An early start again at 06:30 hrs and the bay was filled with feeding dolphins, possibly the same spotted variety seen the previous night. We left the bay for station BC3 arriving at 08:30 hrs. After three successful coring drops eighteen long cores were obtained. The CTD progressed more slowly, descending against the 2 knot current, even at 1400 m depth. Samples were taken for chlorophyll, oxygen and salinities. The station was completed at 12:45 hrs. Vessel headed back to Long Island and the anchorage, going ashore and meeting some local people. Wednesday 24th September, 2008 Vessel departed the anchorage at Long Island at 06:30 hrs making for the final station BC4. Once on station at 08:00 hrs the CTD was deployed to obtain a hydrographic profile and for water samples. Whilst this was being completed a waterspout was seen on the horizon to the south, beneath some swirling grey rainclouds. The upper part of the funnel drew down from the grey clouds and, through binoculars the disturbed water beneath could be seen. Sadly the phenomenon was too far away to discern any detail of the lower funnel. The waterspout lasted for approximately 15 minutes. Once the CTD was complete, the corer was deployed. On recovery from 1470 m the cores were very small and were readily lost. On the second deployment the cores were once again very short. It decided to move station and an echo-sounder profile obtained about 3 nm north towards Long Island. The seabed became very rough and irregular and only thinly sedimented. On this basis it was decided to return to the original BC4 station to collect only very short cores but not conduct biological or porewater analyses. The final control station would then be in deeper water off Helmholtz Point later in the cruise. After a single CTD station, BC5 off Long Island the vessel got underway back to the island reefs on the western margin. Thursday 25th September, 2008 The morning saw the vessel leave the anchorage at 06:30 hrs in a moderate breeze. The sea had got up overnight and a choppy passage was made to CTD station BC6, off Long Island. Once completed, we continued south towards the mainland with another CTD station BC7 in the deeper part of the channel. By late morning the seas had abated somewhat in time for the midday plankton net deployment. As usual the net proved far from simple with three tows failing due to the rope trigger becoming entangled. The net was brought onboard and the system rebuilt so the rope fell away from the termination.

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The nets were completed by 16:00 hrs. As evening fell, and again in a rising sea the bedhop camera was used to survey stations BC1 and BC2. CTD stations BC8 and BC9 were completed by 21:00 hrs in time to return to BC1 for the midnight plankton net deployment. The sea state made deployment particularly difficult in the short seas and the gusty 20 knot wind. Tow after tow failed with the trigger line becoming caught in the net. Finally the triplicate deployments were completed at 02:45 hrs. Whilst a few hours sleep were caught, the vessel sailed three hours to the west for the final full coring station, BC12, in 1600 m off Helmholtz Point. Friday 26th September, 2008 Vessel arrived on station BC12 at 06:00 hrs and, after a brief echo-sounder profile, began coring. Another waterspout was seen on the horizon at 09:40 hrs. Three megacorer drops finishing at 10:00 hrs resulted in eighteen cores of brownish sandy mud. Following the corer the bedhop camera was used to photograph the seabed, this deployment went uneventfully, finishing at 12:45 hrs. The station was completed with two CTD dips to collect a hydrographic profile and water samples. The vessel then sailed south to anchor off from Bernie Lae’s house at Saidor, Helmholtz Point. At 17:00 hrs took a trip ashore to the plantation seeing the cocoa and coconut crops and facilities. Saturday 27th September, 2008 The vessel left the anchorage at the plantation at 06:30 hrs and proceeded to CTD stations J17, J18 and onward to complete the control transect with BC10 and BC11. Once completed, these final stations of the survey, the vessel got underway towards Port Moresby. During the afternoon the wind got up and the vessel pushed through the Vitiaz Straits in steep, short seas the product of a F6 south-easterly wind. During the night the weather moderated slightly as the vessel proceeded slowly across the Solomon Sea. Sunday 28th September, 2008 Continued underway all day in calm seas. Monday 29th September, 2008 The Miss Rankin pulled up the anchor at 07:30 hrs and continued sailing southeast towards Cape Nelson. Most boxes had been packed and sample lists compiled. DJH completed sieving all the samples by lunchtime. The vessel continued sailing towards Port Moresby. Tuesday 30th September, 2008 During the night the vessel anchored outside Ipotato Island. In the morning the vessel continued sailing east. At the resort hotel of Tiwali an evening meal ashore in the restaurant was enjoyed in the superb setting of the hotel, overlooking the bay.

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Wednesday 1st October, 2008 Heavy rain continued throughout the night and morning, and vessel left the wharf at Tiwali at 07:30 hrs sailing in a moderate swell and breezier conditions through the China Straits and along the coastline of Milne Bay. During the evening the weather continued to deteriorate with swells making the boat roll significantly. Time was spent completing the packing and making equipment secure. Thursday 2nd October, 2008 After an uncomfortable night in the heavy swell the morning saw the vessel continue along the coastline, changing course at 11:00 hrs into the lagoon at Round Point to avoid the swell. The day was spent packing and finalising the equipment and sample lists. Vessel arrived at anchor in Port Moresby at 16:00 hrs, completing the cruise.

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5 Charts

Figure 5.1: Map of station positions.

Page 25

6 List of Stations

Table 6-1 Station positions*

(conversion from WGS84 to AGD84 by Geocentric Translation (tx=134, ty=48,tz=-149) and depths (m).

WGS84 WGS84 GDA 94 MGA55 Stn Latitude

deg mins Longitude

deg mins Depth Easting Northing

AB1 5 23.885 145 50.719 765 372070.1

9403211

AB2 5 20.002 145 53.736 902 377628.9

9410376

AB3 5 12.759 145 56.383 1155 382495.1

9423731

BP1x 5 28.781 146 08.977 917 405799.8

9394245

BP2 5 27.035 146 12.395 1165 412106.3

9397471

BP3 5 24.584 146 14.430 1364 415858.2

9401992

BP4 5 17.350 146 19.808 1598 425774.2

9415332

BC1 5 44.366 146 55.026 1190 490821.2

9365598

BC2 5 40.373 146 55.496 1340 491687.6

9372955

BC3 5 35.485 146 56.268 1340 493111.4

9381960

BC4 5 30.591 146 57.248 1470 494919.6

9390977

BC12 5 25.481 146 30.694 1597 445890.8

9400370

* Only full sediment sampling stations are shown. CTD profile stations can be found in table 8.4. All gear deployments were at the nominal station position. Station keeping was generally very good and always within 100m of the nominal station.

Table 6-2 Bedhop camera deployments Station BP1x BP3 BC1 BC2 BC12 Depth m 917 1420 1190 1350 1597 No. seabed contacts

25 25 25 25 25

Position, initial seabed contact

050 28.750’ S 1460 09.012’ E

050 23.450’ 1460 15.246’

050 44.468’ 1460 54.703’

050 40.423’ 1460 55.746’

050 25.353’ 1460 30.302’

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Position, final seabed contact

050 28.681’ S 1460 08.997’ E

050 23.441’ 1460 15.295’

050 44.458’ 1460 54.342’

050 40.158’ 1460 55.257’

050 25.253’ 1460 30.060’

Table 6-3 Event log Event No. Station Date Position (WGS84) Depth Activity Comments Latitude Longitude

1 02/09/2008 05.112.674 145.50.435 360 CTD1 CTD Test Madang 2 02/09/2008 05.12.526 145.47.902 21 MGC1 MegaCore Test Madang 3 J5 03/09/2008 05.14.069 145.48.517 200 CTD2 CTD J5 Madang 4 J5 03/09/2008 05.14.070 145.48.506 200 CTD3 CTD J5 Madang 5 J6 03/09/2008 05.20.105 145.46.86 200 CTD4 CTD J6 Gogol River 6 J7 03/09/2008 05.26.468 145.45.890 200 CTD5 CTD J7 Astrolage Bay 7 04/09/2008 05.12.795 145.56.278 1155 ES Echo Sound AB3 8 AB3 04/09/2008 05.12.759 145.56.383 1155 CTD6 AB3 CTD 1145m 9 AB3b 1155 CTD7 AB3b CTD 500m

10 05/09/2008 05.32.163 146.08.763 60-300 ES Echo Basamuk 273° 05.31.520 146.07.466 Echo Basamuk 036° 05.31.334 146.07.642 Echo Basamuk 124° 05.32.188 146.08.800 Echo Basamuk 028° 05.31.261 146.09.559 Echo Basamuk 297° 05.31.119 146.07.856 Echo Basamuk 056° 05.31.065 146.08.193 Echo Basamuk 126° 05.31.702 146.09.249 Echo Basamuk 036° 05.31.464 146.09.380 Echo Basamuk 296°

11 06/09/2008 05.30.223 146.08.185 500 Echo Basamuk 358° 05.29.817 146.08.275 560 Echo Basamuk 093° 05.29.461 146.08.910 Echo Basamuk 274° 05.29.225 146.07.223 Echo Basamuk 351° 05.29.082 146.07.822 Echo Basamuk 088° Reciprocal to BP1

12 BP1 06/09/2008 05.29.113 146.10.278 919 MGC2 Megacore Failed 13 BP1 06/09/2008 05.29.113 146.10.287 923 MGC3 945m Wire out 5 X Cores 14 BP1 06/09/2008 05 29 1235 146 10 274 912 MGC4 Failed 15 BP1 06/09/2008 05 29 111 146 10 272 924 MGC5 Failed 16 BP1 06/09/2008 05 29 1135 146 10 266 924 MGC6 Failed 17 BP1 06/09/2008 05 29 135 146 10 274 918 MGC7 Failed 18 BP1 06/09/2008 05 28 821 146 10 794 1021 ES Echo profile 19 BP1 06/09/2008 05 28 874 146 10 277 976 MGC8 Failed 20 BP2 06/09/2008 5 27 008 146 12 408 1165 MGC9 6 cores 21 OF 06/09/2008 5 32 197 146 08 488 120 CTD8 CTD Basamuk Outfall 22 J11 07/09/2008 5 31 111 146 08 627 220 CTD9 CTD Basamuk J11 23 J10 07/09/2008 5 30 606 146 04 417 200 CTD10 CTD J10 24 J9 07/09/2008 5 28 754 146 58 082 200 CTD11 CTD J9 25 AB3 07/09/2008 5 12 759 145 56 383 1155 CTD12 CTD AB3b 26 AB3 07/09/2008 5 12 759 145 56 383 500 CTD13 CTD AB3c

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27 AB1 08/09/2008 5 28 609 145 49 601 600 ES Echo profile AB1 28 AB1 08/09/2008 5 24 112 145 50 628 756 CTD14 CTD AB1 29 AB1 08/09/2008 5 24 112 145 50 628 756 CTD15 CTD AB1 30 J8 08/09/2008 5 28 677 145 53 426 200 CTD16 CTD J8 31 BP2 08/09/2008 5 27 035 146 12 395 1165 MGC10 BP2 5 cores 32 BP2 08/09/2008 5 27 035 146 12 395 1165 MGC11 BP2 6 cores 33 BP3 08/09/2008 5 24 584 146 14 430 1364 ES Echo-sounder profile BP3 34 BP3 09/09/2008 5 23 454 146 15 300 1420 MGC12 BP3 4 cores 35 BP3 09/09/2008 5 23 454 146 15 300 1420 MGC13 BP3 6 cores 36 BP3 09/09/2008 5 23 454 146 15 300 1420 MGC14 BP3 6 cores 37 BP4 09/09/2008 5 18 974 146 17 988 1545 ES Echo-sounder profile BP4 38 BP1 09/09/2008 5 26 113 146 10 132 923 MGC15 Failed 39 BP1 09/09/2008 5 29 311 146 10 132 863 ES Echo-sounder profile BP1 40 BP1x 09/09/2008 5 28 781 146 08 977 917 MGC16 BP1x 6 cores 41 BP4 10/09/2008 5 17 350 146 19 808 1598 MGC17 BP4 5 cores 42 BP4 10/09/2008 5 17 350 146 19 808 1598 MGC18 BP4 5 cores 43 BP4 10/09/2008 5 17 350 146 19 808 1598 MGC19 BP4 6 cores 44 BP1x 10/09/2008 5 28 781 146 08 977 917 MGC20 BP1x 6 cores 45 BP1x 10/09/2008 5 28 781 146 08 977 917 MGC21 BP1x 6 cores 46 BP6BH 10/09/2008 5 32 033 146 08 617 200 CTD17 CTD Basamuk Harbour 47 BP15 11/09/2008 5 32 033 146 21 627 1640 CTD18 CTD BP15 48 BP14 11/09/2008 5 15 918 146 21 029 1638 CTD19 CTD BP14 49 BP4 11/09/2008 5 17 350 146 19 808 1598 CTD20 CTD BP4a 50 BP4 11/09/2008 5 17 350 146 19 808 1600 CTD21 CTD BP4av2 51 BP4 11/09/2008 5 17 350 146 19 808 500 CTD22 CTD BP4b 52 BP13 11/09/2008 5 18 975 146 18 490 1550 CTD23 CTD BP13 53 J11 12/09/2008 5 31 959 146 08 583 220 CTD24 CTD J11 54 BP5 12/09/2008 5 31 228 146 08 660 350 CTD25 CTD BP5 55 BP6OF 12/09/2008 5 30 395 146 08 759 485 CTD26 CTD BP6OF 56 BP7 12/09/2008 5 29 587 146 08 865 675 CTD27 CTD BP7 57 J10 12/09/2008 5 29 658 146 03 273 200 CTD28 CTD J10 58 J9 12/09/2008 5 28 031 145 58 733 200 CTD29 CTD J9 59 J8 12/09/2008 5 28 686 145 53 439 200 CTD30 CTD J8 60 J7 12/09/2008 5 26 478 145 46 009 200 CTD31 CTD J7 Astrolabe 61 J6 12/09/2008 5 20 134 145 46 881 200 CTD32 CTD J6 Gogol River 62 J5 12/09/2008 5 14 123 145 48 525 200 CTD33 CTD J5 Madang 63 AB3 13/09/2008 5 12 759 145 56 383 1140 CTD34 CTD AB3 64 J4 13/09/2008 5 08 745 145 49 919 200 CTD35 CTD J4 65 AB2 14/09/2008 5 20 145 145 53 686 902 ES Echo-sounder profile AB2 66 AB2 14/09/2008 5 20 015 145 53 753 902 CTD36 CTD AB2 67 AB2b 14/09/2008 5 20 015 145 53 753 400 CTD37 CTD Ab2b 68 AB1 14/09/2008 5 24 110 145 50 653 756 CTD38 CTD AB1 69 AB1 14/09/2008 5 24 110 145 50 653 756 MGC22 Failed 70 AB1 14/09/2008 5 24 110 145 50 653 765 ES Echo-sounder profile AB1 71 AB1 14/09/2008 5 23 888 145 50 766 762 MGC23 AB1 4 cores 72 AB1 14/09/2008 5 23 888 145 50 766 762 MGC24 AB1 2 cores lost on deck 73 AB1 14/09/2008 5 23 885 145 50 719 765 MGC25 AB1 5 cores 74 AB1 14/09/2008 5 23 886 145 50 701 763 MGC26 AB1 6 cores 75 AB2 15/09/2008 5 20 002 145 53 736 902 MGC27 AB2 6 cores 76 AB2 15/09/2008 5 20 002 145 53 736 902 MGC28 AB2 6 cores

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77 AB2 15/09/2008 5 20 002 145 53 736 902 MGC29 AB2 6 cores 78 AB3 15/09/2008 5 12 759 145 56 383 1155 MGC30 AB3 4 cores 79 AB3 15/09/2008 5 12 759 145 56 383 1155 MGC31 AB3 3 cores 80 AB3 15/09/2008 5 12 759 145 56 383 1155 MGC32 AB3 4 cores 81 AB3 15/09/2008 5 12 759 145 56 383 1155 MGC33 AB3 4 cores 82 AB3 16/09/2008 5 12 759 145 56 383 1155 BH1 Bedhop camera failed 83 BP3 16/09/2008 5 23 454 146 15 300 1420 BH2 Bedhop camera 84 BP1x 16/09/2008 5 28 781 146 08 977 917 BH3 Bedhop camera 85 BP2 17/09/2008 5 27 035 146 12 395 1165 CTD39 CTD BP2 86 BP2b 17/09/2008 5 26 982 146 12 361 400 CTD40 CTD BP2 87 BP12 17/09/2008 5 20 509 146 17 426 1510 CTD41 CTD BP12 88 BP11 17/09/2008 5 21 850 146 16 396 1460 CTD42 CTD BP11 89 BP3 17/09/2008 5 23 606 146 15 039 1410 CTD43 CTD BP3 90 BP1x 17/09/2008 5 28 781 146 08 977 917 CTD 44 CTD BP1x 91 BP1xb 17/09/2008 5 28 781 146 08 977 917 CTD 45 CTD BP1xb 92 BP10 18/09/2008 5 24 606 146 14 213 1345 CTD 46 CTD BP10 93 BP9 18/09/2008 5 25 669 146 13 289 1310 CTD 47 CTD BP9 94 BP8 18/09/2008 5 27 848 146 10 663 1075 CTD48 CTD BP8 95 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 410 146 07 055 500 PN1 0-500 net not closed 96 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 410 146 07 055 500 PN2 500-300 97 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 410 146 07 055 500 PN3 500-300 98 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 410 146 07 055 500 PN4 Net not closed 99 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 410 146 07 055 500 PN5 500-300

100 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 410 146 07 055 300 PN6 Net not closed 101 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 410 146 07 055 300 PN7 300-100 102 BP1x 18/09/2000 5 28 410 146 07 055 300 PN8 300-100 103 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 410 146 07 055 300 PN9 300-100 104 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 410 146 07 055 100 PN10 100-0 105 BP1x 18/09/2000 5 28 410 146 07 055 100 PN11 100-0 106 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 410 146 07 055 100 PN12 100-0 107 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 848 146 09 586 500 PN13 500-300 108 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 848 146 09 586 500 PN14 500-300 109 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 848 146 09 586 500 PN15 500-300 110 BP1x 18/09/2008 5 28 877 146 08 52 300 PN16 300-100 111 BP1x 19/09/2008 5 28 877 146 08 52 300 PN17 300-100 112 BP1x 19/09/2008 5 28 877 146 08 52 300 PN18 300-100 113 BP1x 19/09/2008 5 28 880 146 08 180 100 PN19 100-0 114 BP1x 19/09/2008 5 28 880 146 08 180 100 PN20 100-0 115 BP1x 19/09/2008 5 28 846 146 07 885 100 PN21 100-0 116 J12 19/09/2008 5 33 520 146 12 722 200 CTD49 J12 117 J13 19/09/2008 5 35 142 146 17 509 200 CTD50 J13 118 J14 19/09/2008 5 35 205 146 22 324 200 CTD51 J14 119 J15 19/09/2008 5 35 770 146 27 253 200 CTD52 J15 120 J16 19/09/2008 5 38 574 146 31 489 220 CTD53 J16 121 BC5 19/09/2008 5 40 005 146 32 932 175 CTD54 BC5 Start transect 122 BC 20/09/2008 5 40 080 146 32 942 280 ES Echo-sounder survey

20/09/2008 5 34 691 146 33 254 1400 ES 5 44 461 146 44 776 1196 ES

123 BC 21/09/2008 5 47 191 146 53 006 920 MGC34 MGC34 BC1 Failed 124 BC 21/09/2008 5 47 235 146 53 077 920 MGC35 MGC35 BC1 Failed

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125 BC 21/09/2008 5 44 366 146 55 026 910 MGC36 MGC36 BC1 Failed 126 BC1 21/09/2008 5 44 366 146 55 026 1190 MGC37 MGC36 BC1 6 cores 127 BC1 21/09/2008 5 44 366 146 55 026 1190 MGC38 MGC38 BC1 6 cores 128 BC1 21/09/2008 5 44 366 146 55 026 1190 MGC39 MGC39 BC1 5 cores 129 BC1 21/09/2008 5 44 277 146 54 986 1190 CTD55 CTD55 BC1 130 BC1 21/09/2008 5 44 277 146 54 986 300 CTD56 CTD56 BC1 131 BC2 22/09/2008 5 40 373 146 55 496 1340 CTD57 CTD57 BC2 132 BC2 22/09/2008 5 40 373 146 55 496 400 CTD58 CTD58 BC2 133 BC2 22/09/2008 5 40 373 146 55 496 1340 MGC40 MGC40 BC2 6 cores 134 BC2 22/09/2008 5 40 373 146 55 496 1340 MGC42 MGC41 BC2 6 cores 135 BC2 22/09/2008 5 40 373 146 55 496 1340 MGC42 MGC42 BC2 6 cores 136 BC3 22/09/2008 5 40 242 146 55 593 1350 ES Echo-sounder profile BC3 137 BC3 23/09/2008 5 35 485 146 56 268 1340 MGC43 MGC43 BC3 6 cores 138 BC3 23/09/2008 5 35 485 146 56 268 1340 MGC44 MGC44 BC3 6 cores 139 BC3 23/09/2008 5 35 485 146 56 268 1340 MGC45 MGC45 BC3 6 cores 140 BC3 23/09/2008 5 35 485 146 56 268 1340 CTD58 Chloro, Oxygen, Sal 141 BC4 24/09/2008 5 30 591 146 57 248 1470 CTD59 CTD59 BC4 142 BC4 24/09/2008 5 30 591 146 57 248 1470 CTD60 CTD60 BC4 143 BC4 24/09/2008 5 30 591 146 57 248 1470 MGC46 MGC46 1 core 144 BC4 24/09/2008 5 30 591 146 57 248 1470 MGC47 MGC47 dumped on deck 145 BC4 24/09/2008 5 30 445 146 56 723 1486 ES Echo-sounder profile 146 BC4 24/09/2008 5 30 591 146 57 248 1470 MGC48 MGC48 2 cores 147 BC5 24/09/2008 5 27 777 146 58 747 1400 CTD62 CTD62 BC5 Long Island 148 BC6 25/09/2008 5 24 731 147 01 998 700 CTD63 CTD63 BC6 149 BC7 25/09/2008 5 33 141 146 57 098 1220 CTD64 CTD64 BC7 150 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 500 PN22 500-300 151 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 500 PN23 500-300 Failed 152 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 500 PN24 500-300 Failed 153 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 500 PN25 500-300 Failed 154 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 500 PN26 500-300 155 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 500 PN27 500-300 156 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 300 PN28 300-100 Failed 157 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 300 PN29 300-100 158 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 300 PN30 300-100 159 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 100 PN31 300-100 160 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 100 PN32 100-0 161 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 100 PN33 100-0 162 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 100 PN34 100-0 163 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 462 146 54 403 1320 BH Bedhop BC1 164 BC2 25/08/2009 5 40 303 146 56 327 1359 BH Bedhop BC2 165 BC8 25/08/2009 5 38 137 146 57 265 1365 CTD65 BC8 166 BC9 25/09/2008 5 42 375 146 56 027 1225 CTD66 BC9 167 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 500 PN35 500-300 Failed 168 BC1 25/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 500 PN36 500-300 Failed 169 BC1 26/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 500 PN37 500-300 170 BC1 26/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 500 PN38 500-300 Failed 171 BC1 26/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 300 PN39 500-300 172 BC1 26/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 500 PN40 500-300 173 BC1 26/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 300 PN41 300-200 Failed 174 BC1 26/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 300 PN42 300-200

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175 BC1 26/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 300 PN43 300-200 176 BC1 26/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 300 PN44 300-200 177 BC1 26/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 100 PN45 100-0 178 BC1 26/09/2008 5 44 607 146 57 458 100 PN46 100-0 179 BC1 26/09/2008 5 45 896 146 51 533 100 PN47 100-0 180 BC12 26/09/2008 5 25 481 146 30 694 1597 MGC49 MGC49 BC12 6 cores 181 BC12 26/09/2008 5 25 481 146 30 694 1597 MGC50 MGC50 BC12 6 cores 182 BC12 26/09/2008 5 25 481 146 30 694 1597 MGC51 MGC51 BC12 6 cores 183 BC12 26/09/2008 5 25 481 146 30 694 1597 BH Bedhop BC12 184 BC12 26/09/2008 5 25 481 146 30 694 1597 CTD67 CTD67 BC12 185 BC12 26/09/2008 5 25 481 146 30 694 1597 CTD68 CTD68 BC12b 186 J17 27/09/2008 5 45 49 146 38 32 200 CTD69 CTD69 J17 187 J18 27/09/2008 5 46 743 146 45 038 200 CTD70 CTD70 J18 188 BC11 27/09/2008 5 49 607 146 51 436 200 CTD71 BC11 189 BC10 27/09/2008 5 47 370 146 52 982 900 CTD72 BC10 190 - 27/09/2008 5 46 025 147 07 975 1300 Winch Winch respool

6.4 Oxygen calibrations Station. Latitude Longitude Depth O2 mg/l

J8 5 28 686 145 53 459 50 11.27 J8 5 28 686 145 53 459 100 8.11 J8 5 28 686 145 53 459 190 5.94

BP2 5 27 035 146 12 395 10 7.33 BP2 5 27 035 146 12 395 150 5.37 BP2 5 27 035 146 12 395 250 5.43 BP2 5 27 035 146 12 395 400 5.64 BP2 5 27 035 146 12 395 500 5.77 BP2 5 27 035 146 12 395 600 5.76 BP2 5 27 035 146 12 395 850 5.05 BP2 5 27 035 146 12 395 1145 3.74

BC3 5 35 493 146 56 475 10 6.65 BC3 5 35 493 146 56 475 75 5.83 BC3 5 35 493 146 56 475 300 5.75 BC3 5 35 493 146 56 475 600 5.53 BC3 5 35 493 146 56 475 1000 4.40 BC3 5 35 493 146 56 475 1420 3.63

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7 List of Samples Table 7-1 Sediment samples collected for chemical and radiochemical analyses

Core Core (cm) Analysis

AB1-MGC23 18 Gamma AB1-MGC25 18 Spare AB2-MGC27 38 Gamma AB2-MGC28 40 Spare AB2-MGC29 39 Metals AB3-MGC30 39 Gamma AB3-MGC31 46 Spare BP1x-MGC16 32 Gamma BP1x-MGC17 20 Spare BP2-MGC10 40 Gamma BP2-MGC11 40 Spare BP3-MGC12 30 Spare BP3-MGC13 22 Gamma BP4-MGC17 20 Gamma BP4-MGC18 18 Spare BC1-MGC37 40 Gamma BC1-MGC38 38 Spare BC2-MGC40 40 Gamma BC2-MGC41 38 Spare BC3-MGC43 34 Gamma BC3-MGC44 34 Spare BC3-MGC45 38 Metals BC4-MGC46 10 Gamma BC4-MGC47 6 Spare BC4-MGC48 6 Metals BC12-MGC49 25 Gamma BC12-MGC50 28 Spare

Table 7-2 Sediment samples collected for pore-water analyses

StationNo of cores Pore-Water

AB1 3 AB3 3 BP1x 3 BP2 3 BP3 3 BP4 3 BC1 3 BC2 3

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BC3 3 BC12 3

Table 7-3 Sediment samples collected for macro- and meiofaunal analyses

Station Event Meiofaunal cores

Macrofaunal cores

BP1 13 1 3 Total 1 3 BP2 19 1 4 BP2 31 1 2 BP2 32 1 2 Total 3 8 BP3 34 1 2 BP3 35 1 4 BP3 36 1 4 Total 3 10 BP1x 40 1 3 BP1x 44 1 3 BP1x 45 1 4 Total 3 10 BP4 41 1 2 BP4 42 1 2 BP4 43 1 2 Total 3 6 AB1 70 1 1 AB1 72 1 2 AB1 74 1 3 Total 3 6 AB2 75 1 4 AB2 76 1 4 AB2 77 1 4 Total 3 12 AB3 78 1 1 AB3 79 1 - AB3 80 1 2 AB3 81 - 4 Total 3 7 BC1 126 1 3 BC1 127 1 3 BC1 128 1 3 Total 3 9 BC2 133 1 3 BC2 134 1 3 BC2 135 1 4 Total 3 10 BC3 137 1 4 BC3 138 1 4 BC3 139 1 4 Total 3 12 BC12 180 1 3 BC12 181 1 3

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BC12 182 1 4 Total 3 10

Table 7-4 CTD stations (double and triple casts not shown) italics denote station data lost after theft of laptop.

Date Station Latitude Longitude Depth 02/09/2008 Test 5 12 674 145 50 435 75 03/09/2008 J5 5 14 070 145 48 506 200 03/09/2008 J6 5 20 105 145 46 860 200 03/09/2008 J7 5 26 468 145 45 890 200 04/09/2008 AB3 5 12 759 145 56 383 1155 04/09/2008 AB3b 5 12 759 145 56 383 500 07/09/2008 OF 5 32 197 146 08 488 120 07/09/2008 J11 5 31 111 146 08 627 200 07/09/2008 J9 5 28 754 146 58 083 200 07/09/2008 AB3b 5 12 759 145 56 383 1155 07/09/2008 AB3c 5 12 759 145 56 383 500 08/09/2008 AB1a 5 24 104 145 50 630 756 08/09/2008 AB1b 5 24 104 145 50 630 756 08/09/2008 J8 5 28 677 145 53 426 200 10/09/2008 BP6BH 5 32 033 146 08 617 20011/09/2008 BP15 5 14 606 146 21 627 164011/09/2008 BP14 5 15 918 146 21 029 163811/09/2008 BP4a 5 17 350 146 19 808 159811/09/2008 BP4a 5 17 350 146 19 808 159811/09/2008 BP4b 5 17 350 146 19 808 159811/09/2008 BP13 5 18 975 146 18 490 155012/09/2008 J11 5 31 959 146 08 583 22012/09/2008 BP5 5 31 228 146 08 660 35012/09/2008 BP6OF 5 30 395 146 08 759 48512/09/2008 BP7 5 29 587 146 08 865 67512/09/2008 J10 5 29 658 146 03 273 20012/09/2008 J9 5 28 031 145 58 733 20012/09/2008 J8 5 28 686 145 53 459 20012/09/2008 J7 5 26 478 145 46 009 20012/09/2008 J6 5 20 134 145 46 881 20012/09/2008 J5 5 14 123 145 48 525 20013/09/2008 AB3 5 12 759 145 56 383 114013/09/2008 J4 5 08 745 145 49 919 20014/09/2008 AB2 5 20 015 145 53 753 90214/09/2008 AB2b 5 20 015 145 53 753 50014/09/2008 AB1 5 24 110 145 50 653 75617/09/2008 BP2 5 27 035 146 12 395 114517/09/2008 BP2b 5 27 035 146 12 395 40017/09/2008 BP12 5 20 509 146 17 426 1510

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17/09/2008 BP11 5 21 850 146 16 396 146017/09/2008 BP3 5 23 606 146 15 039 141017/09/2008 BP1 5 28 781 146 08 977 91017/09/2008 BP1x 5 28 781 146 08 977 30018/09/2008 BP10 5 24 606 146 14 213 134518/09/2008 BP9 5 25 669 146 13 289 131518/09/2008 BP8 5 27 848 146 10 663 107519/09/2008 J12 5 33 520 146 12 722 20019/09/2008 J13 5 35 142 146 17 509 20019/09/2008 J14 5 35 205 146 22 324 20019/09/2008 J15 5 35 770 146 27 253 20019/09/2008 J16 5 38 574 146 31 489 22019/09/2008 BC5 5 40 005 146 32 923 17521/09/2008 BC1 5 44 277 146 54 986 116521/09/2008 BC1 5 44 277 146 54 986 30022/09/2008 BC2 5 40 373 146 55 496 134022/09/2008 BC2 5 40 373 146 55 496 40023/09/2008 BC3 5 35 493 146 56 475 142024/09/2008 BC4 5 30 591 146 57 248 147024/09/2008 BC4b 5 30 591 146 57 248 40024/09/2008 BC5 5 27 777 146 58 747 130025/09/2008 BC6 5 24 731 147 01 998 70025/09/2008 BC7 5 33 141 146 57 098 122025/09/2008 BC8 5 38 137 146 57 265 136525/09/2008 BC9 5 42 375 146 56 027 122526/09/2008 BC12 5 25 481 146 30 694 157526/09/2008 BC12b 5 25 481 146 30 694 40027/09/2008 J17 5 45 49 146 38 32 20027/09/2008 J18 5 46 743 146 45 038 20027/09/2008 BC11 5 49 607 146 51 436 20027/09/2008 BC10 5 47 370 146 52 982 920

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Table 7-5 Suspended Particulate Material (SPM) sampling stations and depths

Station Depth Sampled

Water Depth Station

Depth Sampled

Water Depth

AB1 745 765 BP2 150 AB1 650 BP2 10 AB1 500 BP4 1580 1598 AB1 400 BP4 1200 AB1 300 BP4 800 AB1 200 BP4 500 AB1 100 BP4 400 AB1 10 BP4 200 AB2 890 902 BP4 100 AB2 750 BP4 10 AB2 600 BC1 1165 1190 AB2 500 BC1 850 AB2 400 BC1 600 AB2 250 BC1 400 AB2 100 BC1 300 AB2 50 BC1 200 AB3 1145 1155 BC1 100 AB3 1000 BC1 50 AB3 850 BC2 1340 1340 AB3 650 BC2 1100 AB3 500 BC2 850 AB3v2 1145 1155 BC2 500 AB3v2 1000 BC2 400 AB3v2 800 BC2 150 AB3v2 500 BC2 100 AB3v2 400 BC2 50 AB3v2 300 BC4 1455 1470 AB3v2 150 BC4 1000 AB3v2 10 BC4 800 BP1x 900 917 BC4 500 BP1x 700 BC4 400 BP1x 500 BC4 150 BP1x 300 BC4 75 BP1x 150 BC4 10 BP1x 75 BC12 1575 1598 BP1x 50 BC12 1200 BP1x 10 BC12 800 BP2 1145 1165 BC12 600 BP2 850 BC12 400 BP2 600 BC12 300 BP2 500 BC12 150 BP2 400 BC12 50 BP2 250

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Table 7-6 Nutrient sampling stations and depths

Station Depth Sampled

Water Depth Station

Depth Sampled

Water Depth

AB1 745 BP2 150 AB1 650 BP2 10 AB1 500 BP4 1580 1598 AB1 400 BP4 1200 AB1 300 BP4 800 AB1 200 765 BP4 500 AB1 100 BP4 400 AB1 10 BP4 200 AB2 890 902 BP4 100 AB2 750 BP4 10 AB2 600 BC1 1165 1190 AB2 500 BC1 850 AB2 400 BC1 600 AB2 250 BC1 400 AB2 100 BC1 300 AB2 50 BC1 200 1190 AB3 1145 1155 BC1 100 AB3 1000 BC1 50 AB3 850 BC2 1340 1340 AB3 650 BC2 1100 AB3 500 BC2 850 AB3v2 1145 1155 BC2 500 AB3v2 1000 BC2 400 AB3v2 800 BC2 150 AB3v2 500 BC2 100 AB3v2 400 BC2 50 AB3v2 300 BC4 1455 1470 AB3v2 150 BC4 1000 AB3v2 10 BC4 800 BP1x 900 917 BC4 500 BP1x 700 BC4 400 BP1x 500 BC4 150 BP1x 300 BC4 75 BP1x 150 BC4 10 BP1x 75 BC12 1575 1598 BP1x 50 BC12 1200 BP1x 10 BC12 800 BP2 1145 1165 BC12 600 BP2 850 BC12 400 BP2 600 BC12 300

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BP2 500 BC12 150 BP2 400 BC12 50 BP2 250

Table 7-7 Chlorophyll sampling stations and depths

Station Sample Depth Water Depth J8 190 100 50 10 200 AB1 740 500 200 50 765 BP3 500 100 75 10 1364 BC3 150 100 75 10 1340 BC10 900 400 150 75 920

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Table 7-8 Zooplankton sampling stations and depths

Station

Depth range (m)

Day or Night Station

Depth range (m)

Day or Night

BP1x 0-100 Day BC1 0-100 Day BP1x 100-300 Day BC1 100-300 Day BP1x 300-500 Day BC1 300-500 Day BP1x 0-100 Day BC1 0-100 Day BP1x 100-300 Day BC1 100-300 Day BP1x 300-500 Day BC1 300-500 Day BP1x 0-100 Day BC1 0-100 Day BP1x 100-300 Day BC1 100-300 Day BP1x 300-500 Day BC1 300-500 Day BP1x 0-100 Night BC1 0-100 Night BP1x 100-300 Night BC1 100-300 Night BP1x 300-500 Night BC1 300-500 Night BP1x 0-100 Night BC1 0-100 Night BP1x 100-300 Night BC1 100-300 Night BP1x 300-500 Night BC1 300-500 Night BP1x 0-100 Night BC1 0-100 Night BP1x 100-300 Night BC1 100-300 Night BP1x 300-500 Night BC1 300-500 Night

Table 7-9 Phytoplankton sampling stations and depths

Station Plankton Depth BP14 10 BP14 69

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Table 8-10 Salinity sample stations and depths

Station Sample Depth

Water Depth Station

Sample Depth

Water Depth Station

Sample Depth

Water Depth

AB1 745 765 BP7 685 700 BC3 1420 1420 400 300 800 300 10 500 10 BP9 1315 1320 300 AB1v2 740 765 800 10 500 250 BC4 1455 1470 200 100 800 50 50 500 AB2 890 902 BP10 1345 1355 75 500 1200 10 250 500 BC10 900 930 50 150 700 AB3 1145 1145 50 150 750 BP11 1460 1475 75 500 1200 BC12 1575 1597AB3v2 1145 1145 500 800 800 75 600 500 10 400 300 BP12 1510 1520 50 10 1200 J4 190 200BP1 900 920 400 75 300 150 10 BP1x 75 920 50 J5 190 200 10 BP13 1540 1540 75 BP2 1145 1155 1000 10 850 500 J6 190 200 500 100 75 400 10 10 10 BP14 1200 1200 J7 190 200BP3 1410 1420 700 75 1200 500 10 500 100 J8 190 200 100 10 75 10 BP15 1521 1521 10 BP4 1580 1598 990 J9 190 200 1200 491 75 500 100 10 400 10 J10 190 200 10 BC1 1165 1190 75 BP5 365 365 600 10 150 400 J11 220 220 10 300 100 BP6OF 485 490 50 10 200 BC2 1340 1340 J16 220 220

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10 850 75 BP6BH 140 145 500 10 100 150 10 50

8 Conductivity, Temperature and Depth (CTD) plots for the sampling stations showing

temperature, conductivity, salinity, density, oxygen, fluorescence and transmittance.

Figure 8-1 CTD Station BP4

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Figure 8.2 CTD Station AB1

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Figure 8.3: CTD station AB2

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Figure 8.4 CTD Station AB3

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Figure 8.5 CTD Station BC1

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Figure 8.6 CTD Station BC2

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Figure 8.7 CTD Station BC3

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Figure 8.8. CTD Station BC4

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Figure 8.9 CTD Station BC12

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Figure 8.9 CTD Station BP1x

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Figure 8.10 CTD Station BP2

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Figure 8.11 CTD Station BP3

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The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine Institute

Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, ScotlandT: +44 (0)1631 559000F: +44 (0)1631 559001W: www.sams.ac.ukE: [email protected]: [email protected]