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m<ln: cnrich<d life ""'" Ilon ,he: .""rat" pc....,n. S<lr·..,lUaJ....'i.on .. oll~held up •• an Ode.. psyd>olosical ".,. by c~n",a1 (>Ifd>o6oI:'I1I, "Sud> P""'fd<_'" '0 b. fuJfLllin. ,hen...lvn ....1,.. 1>0 <loin. "'" """ 'hal ,hey arc .apllblo0( do"'l_ Th<y arc 1""'1"" who "'I'''' <k""lup<d 0< "'" <k-<Iopin. 10 ,he: ruu",U'" 0( which they a",""I'lbl".· (M...Iow 1970: I~).
M ................po of ,he odf·.."ualU:On, pc:.-o is buod "" hi, _ ..tioou and anal,.... of ,he IIvn '" penoMl ..:q...in r,..Dds, and of"'" Ii,.." of ""bile and histori<aI (,1"_. Hi, f....Ji hi<h dco<ri~ the ~.
""""""';"1 penon. arc "'" buc<l on ....pi""'" do bu' ""he. "" his hoi'....i...~ 01 tb< incliviol..ob he cld,,,,,, :acluoliud. ~1~ (1970)rq>OfU ""', ,df••",,,afui"l p«>plo: ........ 'ho foIowi"' ...........,..."'" mon: ..,.<q><i"l '" ,hc.-k"ell, ol 01........ _ 01 ......1"01 pootuoa; """"" ......\.lneo<l.
and _ ..noI' hkine ooIi•• and priv.ocy .-.. than "'" aYnaF PC"""" """"indo""""'; ollhN pbyoial ...... cul1..ral ~.; n.; m<ln:~,.... '"
TIle ""<Ji'k <k:vdop,n~ dd,ni'io....ed ,hrori<. oI ..If.•'u:01iulion ....pPO'" "". tp<o:U!.o'ed ..lo,ion.ohip bet><ttn ../f·OE"".liu,io" and wild<rneosu... In derin,ng ..1f-.....:o1iI.Olion. Mulooo (1970) ..potted duo' his IP"UP ulbiSh ...tf·ou:'uoli.... lik<tl ooli,udo: d prinocy """" ,..... ,he .~n... pefWft(p. 16O) ...d lha, ,hcy ..,-...I"pru perien«o"(p. 164) ....ich ... n ......."poII.d by ""kl<.-- u..... In ,...;e,.'''1 MiWow'. "-Yofodf·-.:tuaIiu·'ion. C<lbl< (191<1) hill>llpll ,he _he'ie ....... oI ..If·.,..:o1;"n. Thit it •tt<.'<'d b I><....~ in rlx <nvi""' ....... ""'ieh pmrnol". fEEli of WEIl-b<inl.110< .._ 01 WED'b<q <Sn .,,,,",,,,", ,he d·....~ ""'ich is im ' """uld·.,uaIw.ion. Th".. WE _!hal ~.,"",;",.·lUQ<IIiono' Ioi·....'" Id;"'ty _ "'1<I.n.... ~ be odr·""'ualWnl ... ouppo<1Ed by rlxd·............,"'" ,he""" ...
At d;"""-.! c If· iulion may be invuIv<d in ... typa "'.......... In onl.. '" 1l<Ep loc,.. in ,hi• ......,.. WE "*'"' i<plIy <l<fincd wiJ·.teo-- .. ,he Iriou......u.s.
110< _ """" ........... "'. 'WM""""~n wildtnoao""" ><If.O£tu:oI""rioooo ..... by Scott (1914). I.. op«ulaoinl: ...... "'" ""d"",,*, 01 ob<wildell csporio...... Scott ''''''-d:01moll~ on ..1f·......ua.icwLS<oo,' ion __ b.oo:d on anp;.................. ur- 1atioE....lyoU '"""'" ........e-.c:..au.. John Mllir. H....,-n-. _ Aldoc>I ; ..1...... kad"pnk .....' .....• ....... iIIi.wiIdr:" Il.uiDs .-:Iu-oioou .... oli<ir ........p _ ~""" Scott opmaIao«l dw weft .
......um.. indiri<\u.olo who ..0«1 ....1 '0 I~ ......
Empi..... h"""'" """"""'.... link he, , ,,,. and ..1f.actuoI-......... .... b<fto lorpcly ...."'. althoush _ indi , '0 ide .r<-Iatioomhip bt'.UA d .•,".Ii.., wikIe,_ s..... ('914)drli.... odf__ odl.........,m ""4'0'...... '"odf·OEIUaIi _~ (1974) Iound , , indiridu.... cl>ooooni an o...-~ C ........- ~ perienc. 0«W"<d tipiOanoly hip<r on ,I>< R_......... Sdf·, -... , 'rull""'p. Sho ouwwo ,...., "'" Ouodo<.-CboII<.... po:<>pI< _I'< ""''-'''''n ..i,h I<0<Io ulxll...-m '" boJia..i,h _ dw "'" prop1M did _ .......... r1"'i 00.......udia ...."' ....•
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....... tha,~ 'rainine: Dp<ricnca in ..tId<"........y impnJ-c odf_<qM: hawe.... _ snodia have been .....radi<to<y (B.Kus and lie....,..1972).
"",,,,her of Shoo,rom', (1974) componcn" or ",1( ",.li••,lon i, in ...ililUlinn. 5,«10 (197+) r""nd 'ha' inncl'<lirectfll pc hold ri... ir dymore &"O<'ObIe .".....Ieo lOWordo ~ ,han do <Jtlw:r-d;/'U1rd po"""'.olthoup'" dirl """ indudo .ilcIa _pi<. T oo>Iyeli..... _ of ,be e/kdo of.adt:" on li."""" _ by Lanlben.Sqrct. SuIry. $0 ...... ~(197t).c--.--beforeond.roe.- • .- -.II wildu_ daoo eapo,i..u...d """" two camd S"O"""'..tr·lo<tIUIiulinn """-<I no .........
TIool ia, ath may..........., ,be ........ """ in ....... be ........rosol by.-IIy Ot.ltlini"lf ,,,,,- pooo.ibIc ",bl"""';po __ ... """ oulll""i"ll '\uo' .<1<""". u"" .nd ..I(·..'uoliza,inn •••" """'I dl"«:t.o on <Beh "'her: ny",h., ,·.rlabk••If"", ...h. We ...... ,iml~Y "",king .pedlie ,he p',..\hk ",b·,,,,,,",ipo I><'...,.n ,he 'WO 'ho'. ho,.., bolen only. SC......l1y ~k"?' '0 by doc...-.,"'" ei'.... 1'....... ,hon _ to ref.. '0 <he Nmple. ",10'"","",,,, (one and'wo). H"""""". _ bdic:ve ohao .- old.. wnIe'"<~ """"'lei ..........,.~b oh< IKipWai ",boloomhip I live) if .. -"< cxplioio ,,, ,hem.
n...... II! _ in thio will be~dr-..r nriowt~..lat.C>nohipo Iw:<wun odf "'" and .ikk,.... _ afT differc........,.Ln ordtr to be laO'" «IIIIpl<tdy t""'-' tebl.ionohipo """",1<1 req"';", ... .........Dpc,.-,....nt.ol ..u<ly.,.. mon: lik•.,.. ",pea'''' 1"""1. .."",ur3I equooiol> ..ooy(d., And"""••,HI Crand"1l1976). T'" ",,,,,n, "\If"'''''' """J""'l ,,, provioleWeli,,,i,,,,')' d",. '" .." ,he ",I.,ion,hil" h,,',"'«n ..·iklc....... u.......1",Jr·"",u·ali..' ..... in to." i",p"""'" w.y. ,ho' ha," "'". hcen do"" her"",. '~., ro"" ....yi. in • ,...., ..._ plo ol.~ P"l"'10""'" no. Jota>O>d ",oy .. on .laO"I"oon>pI< ~ wiIde..- Ocpendi"ll: on 'hao< ......11>. di""boou b mon:
~ ..udOe> ..-illbeou~
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,1>;' "<><Iy Domi ,""'" pouibk ';..."hiP" by 'es'ing 'hroe hYp<lOh.•... ",Io,ing ..if·..,,,oli ';on and "'ilde u"". '1"" Ii .., ...~SC'.. ,100, ,00,..,if\dj,idu.h wbo ..Ioc, il<l< r"",, or ""'door rec",.,i"" ore mon:..If·_alo-l "'""~ who vi kIemca (",Ia,ionohip 2). n.....-ond hl'}'Olhaio ;" ......, pn:O<'" ~ whIl inteltd '" ux.,.;]de" ... will be """'" oeIf-xnoaliud Ihaa whIl_ "oend 10..., wil.......... (..1M' hip 2). TIoe doinl hrpA - , b-.I on pooo wrioen, ................ wilck, -.... &equ.nn -.. afT """'" oclf·onuoIized Ihaa Ir:oo M........' .-n(telatiIln>bip I).
Thio orudy ..... uamm.. oh< inllocna: on ..1f·.nooJjUlion ol """"'.va~".. ",(.ned to in ",lAtinn,hi,.. I. 2, and 4. A number "'"o>4loc' n,;'obki' ,wid ho"" bolen ",lect«! for .'lAIy.": Y""nl (198') h.. idon'ir.... anddi-:u ..... ""riabb ~incJ"djng oeIf·""waliza'innj "'la'ed to ...iIde....... partidopO"""'''''' 'wo '-ari&bIeo ..leclrd for ohio "lIdy.", ...,i,udinal v.riables uoedbca. doheir.- tbe<l<Ctieal <doIioftobip '0 bodo wilde" ... ..., and d.ac1uaI To ....... iDfluona: on d·""","","""", d·whe• ....,.w,Ieo· i"nrI_," ,hip4,o-Jorpooh ho...beendt.I...,:I.n..Iinl ..gt:Abthat
odI"......-..t~ bald • """'" (a....~ ......a1 ...tinodt lOWard wiIdor.._ and doe _ "'neou _ .,..,. afT """'" <>OrIlmilted In ..ndio'urbed w.0..- "'"" doe non .If·......oliud.
In tepJ'd 10 • teIt '" ,he i..,po....ncc: ol-",her vuUbleo" .. tef...",d 'n inf'CI"'lon>h\po I .nd 2, "" ",oIi.. , .. ".,... obove. 'ha' mo", .lahor.'e m.:lbOOowould be ne<eUMy '0 'e" • larger number 01 v.riabk•. Thi. Iludy 'e'" ,bedi""" n:laoionobil"~ I and 2 ...doe. ,ban ,he .tr.., '"modc""inl variobles.
TIl.. "udy " obe hl'l""l-n 1 fWO ..mpleo. One • f""" oh< SC'"or.>! poblic ...... ,he her io f P d ",ilde....... u Tbe do'" for d...Ii~ ..mple _'" rolloc'crl in M.y J971 in. 'elophone fY<:1 "r.d~l .. in lin.""'. by ,he SufY<:y R....",h I..abo"""'Y 0' ,be Uni,,"i,y of 11Ii The_d~ng .."i,·.", r tho. ..o,cwidt 'depbonc ..n>ple ... tvqt f,ned ..all bou..bald. in lUi A .....hi du..... probabilily ..mple. """taini",~"'" r.... <'O<h d the S<ondord M....."..,.-... Suooi..icaI Are..• ....~.__........,. if"....don booiod...,lIIpiIic ...........lamiy--. - olJearA"' _ .. '":'< ":""'I"<~"" for orudy -.... odeaed from cum,," u:leplloooe
d.."'....... ,n ,he ...-.. umpIc .o","in. In Chi<: doe nnIy pla<:e in lUi......•."":'" unjitlcrl 'dcpl\orw: nnmbcn "'prnen' ..-...... biao•• random digi'd"'l,ng proc" """d. In ,h,. p...",.u, • ,,,,,,,,,llt'i< rondom ...,"tk ~f
phone n"",I.o<,. w lee.... rrom ,be Ch;t.1" t<1.p/><>ne bo<>l<••nd ,he lu',-dis'''~.~ n"~r_ ... rcpbted wid•• randon~y""'<a:l""ird numbe~ "w '" I'VClI """'1 klephoole"""-'bco- an ..........ol ..Ie....... whether be it 1iMKl ... _ (s..d...... 1973). Ua<a r ~'