f .. " f C') i. oj' f £ii ' Ia i' f if it f !l- n I H 2 3 4 Li 20 Be 26 II 12 Na 21 Mg 27 19 .. 20 K 22 Ca 28 37 38 Rb 24 5r 29 55 56 Cs 25 Ba 30 87 88 Fr 25a Ra 31 **Lanthan ides 39 1*** Actin ides i I . I I I I I , I I I I 21 22 So 39 Ti 41 39 40 Y 39 Zr 42 57** 72 La 39 Hf 43 89*** 104 Ac 40 71 58 59 Co Pr 90 Th 44 91 Pa 51 Periodic Table of the Elements with the Gmelin System Numbers I I , I I i I I I I , I I I I , 5 , . I , I I I B 13 i , I I I I 13 I I I I AI 35 : 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 V 48 Cr 52 Mn 56 Fe 59 Co 58 Ni 57 Cu 60 Zn 32 Ga 36 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Nb 49 M 0 53 Tc 69 Ru 63 Rh 64 Pd 65 Ag 61 Cd 33 In 37 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Ta 50 W 54 Re 70 Os 66 Ir 67 PI 68 Au 62 H g 34 TI 38 105 71 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 Nd Pm 5m Eu Gd Tb Oy Ho Er 92 U 55 93 Np 71 94 Pu 71 95 Am71 96 Cm 71 97 Bk71 98 Cf 71 99 Es 71 100 Fm 71 I I 2 H2 He l 6 7 8 9 10 C 14 N 4 o 3 F5 Ne I 14 15 16 17 18 5i 15 P 16 5 9 CI 6 Ar 1 32 33 34 35 36 Ge 45 As 17 5e 10 Br 7 Kr I 50 51 52 53 54 5n 46 5b 18 To II 1 8 Xo l 82 83 84 85 86 Pb 4 7 Bi 19 P o l2 At 8a Rn I 69 70 71 Tm Vb Lu 101 Md 71 102 No 71 103 Lr 71
14
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~ f .. " f C
') i. oj' f £ii'
Ia i' ~ f if
it
f !l- n ~
I H 2
3 4
Li 2
0 Be
26
II
12
Na21
M
g27
19 .
. 20
K
22
Ca 2
8
37
38
Rb24
5r
29
55
56
Cs 2
5 Ba
30
87
88
Fr25
a Ra
31
**La
ntha
n ide
s 39
1***
Acti
n ide
s
i I .
I I I I I , I I I I
21
22
So 3
9 Ti
41
39
40
Y 39
Zr
42
57**
72
La
39
Hf43
89**
* 10
4 Ac
40
71
58
59
Co
Pr
90
Th44
91
Pa
51
Perio
dic
Tabl
e of
the
Elem
ents
with
the
Gm
elin
Sys
tem
Num
bers
I I
, I
I i
I
I I
I , I
I I
I ,
5 , .
I ,
I I
I B
13
i ,
I I
I I
13
I
I I I
AI 3
5 :
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
V 48
Cr
52
Mn
56
Fe 5
9 Co
58
Ni 5
7 Cu
60
Zn 3
2 Ga
36
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Nb49
M
053
Tc
69
Ru 6
3 Rh
64
Pd 6
5 Ag
61
Cd 3
3 In
37
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
Ta50
W
54
Re 7
0 Os
66
Ir 67
PI
68
Au 6
2 H g
34
TI 3
8
105
71
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
Nd
Pm
5m
Eu
Gd
Tb
Oy
Ho
Er
92 U 55
93
Np
71
94
Pu 7
1 95
Am
71
96
Cm71
97
Bk
71
98
Cf 7
1 99
Es
71
100
Fm 7
1
I I
2 H
2 He
l
6 7
8 9
10
C 1
4 N
4
o 3
F5
Ne I
14
15
16
17
18
5i 15
P
16
5 9
CI6
Ar 1
32
33
34
35
36
Ge45
As
17
5e 1
0 Br
7
Kr I
50
51
52
53
54
5n46
5b
18
To II
1
8 Xo
l
82
83
84
85
86
Pb4 7
Bi
19
P ol2
At
8a
Rn I
I~Hl31
69
70
71
Tm
Vb
Lu
101 Md
71
102 No 7
1 10
3 Lr 7
1
Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry
8th Edition
Grnelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry
Prepared and issued by
Founded by
8th Edition
Continued by
8th Edition
Gmelin Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie
Achte, voUig neu bearbeitete Auflage
Gmelin-Institut fUr Anorganische Chemie der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften
Director: Ekkehard Fluck
Leopold Gmelin
8th Edition begun under the auspices of the Deutsche Chemische GeseUschaft by R. J. Meyer
E. H. E. Pietsch and A. Kotowski, and by Margot Becke-Goehring
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1989
GmeLin-lnstitut fUr Anorganische Chemie der Max-PLanck-GeseLLsc.haft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften
ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. G. BreiL, Chairman (Ruhrchemie AG, Oberhausen-HoLten), Prof. Dr. K. Dehnicke (PhiLippsUniversitat, Marburg), Prof. Dr. N. N. Greenwood (University of Leeds), Prof. Dr. H. GrunewaLd (Bayer AG, Leverkusen), Prof. Dr. H. Harnisch (Hoechst AG, Frankfurt/Main-Hochst), Prof. Dr. H. Noth (Universitat Munchen), Prof. Dr. H. Offermanns (Degussa AG, Frankfurt/Main), Prof. Dr. G. zu PutLitz (Universitat HeideLberg), Prof. Dr. A. Rabenau (Max-PLanck-lnstitut fUr Festkorperforschung, Stuttgart), Prof. Dr. A. Simon (Max-PLanck-lnstitut fUr Festkorperforschung, Stuttgart), Prot. Dr. Dr. A. H. Staab (Prasident der Max-PLanck-GeseLLschaft, Munchen), Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. muLt. G. WiLke (Max-PLanck-lnstitut fur KohLenforschung, MuLheim/Ruhr)
DIRECTOR DEPUTY DIRECTOR
Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Ekkehard Fluck Dr. W. Lippert
CORRESPONDENT MEMBERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC STAFF Dr. B. Baker, Dr. P. L. BayLess, Dr. V. Haase, Dr. E. F. Hockings, DipL.-Ing. G. Kirschstein,
EMERITUS MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE
CORRESPONDENT MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE
Dr. W. F. McNamara, Dr. K. Rumpf, Dr. K. Swars
Prof. Dr. Dr. E. h. Margot Becke
Prof. Dr. Hans Bock Prof. Dr. Dr. ALois Haas, Sc. D. (Cantab.)
GMELIN HANDBOOK
CHIEF EDITORS
Dr. K.-C. Buschbeck - Dr. H. Bergmann, J. FusseL, H. Hartwig, Dr. H. Katscher, Dr. R. Keim, Dr. E. Koch, DipL.-Phys. D. KoscheL, Dr. U. Kruerke, Dr. P. MerLet, Dr. E. SchLeitzer-Rust, Dr. F. A. Schroder, Dr. A. SLawisch, Dr. W. Topper
STAFF
Dr. G. Bar, D. BartheL, Dr. N. Baumann, Dr. W. Behrendt, D. Benzaid, Dr. L. Berg, Dr. R. Bohrer, K. D. Bonn, P. Born-Heck, DipL.-lng. V. A. Chavizon, E. CLoos, DipL.-Phys. G. Czack, I. Deim, DipL.-Chem. H. Demmer, U. Dietz, DipL.-GeoL. R. Ditz, R. Dowideit, DipL.-Chem. M. DroBmar, U. Duggen, Dr. H.-J. Fachmann, Dr. J. Faust, B. Fischer, G. Funk, DipL.-lng. N. GageL, Dr. D. Germeshausen, Dr. U. W. Gerwarth, DipL.-Phys. D. Gras, DipL.-BibL. W. Grieser, Dr. I. Haas, R. Hanz, Dr. R. HauboLd, B. HeibeL, DipL.-Min. H. Hein, A. Heise-Schuster, H.-P. Hente, H. W. HeroLd, U. Hettwer, Dr. R. HeumuLLer, Dr. G. Hones, Dr. W. Hoffmann, G. Horndasch, Dr. W. HuisL, B. Jaeger, Dr. R. Jotter, Dr. J. von Jouanne, Dr. B. KaLbskopf, DipL.-Chem. W. KarL, H.-G. Karrenberg, DipL.-Phys. H. KeLLer-Rudek, B. Kirchner, P. KLauck, DipL.-Chem. C. KoeppeL, R. KoLb, Dr. M. Kotowski, E. Kranz, DipL.-Chem. I. KreuzbichLer, Dr. A. Kubny, Dr. W. Kurtz, M. Langer, Dr. U. Lanzendorfer, Dr. B. Leduc, Dr. A. Leonard, H. Mathis, E. Meinhard, M. MeBer, C. Metz, K. Meyer, Dr. M. Mirbach, DipL.-Chem. B. Mohsin, Dr. U. Neu-Becker, K. Noring, DipL.-Min. U. NohL, Dr. U.Ohms-Bredemann, Prof. Dr. W. Petz, I. Rangnow, DipL.Phys. H.-J. Richter-Ditten, E. Rieth, E. RudoLph, G. RudoLph, DipL.-Chem. S. Ruprecht, Dr. B. Sarbas, Dr. H. Schafer, Dr. R. Schemm, Dr. D. Schioberg, V. Schlicht, DipL.-Chem. D. Schneider, DipL.-Min. P. Schubert, A. SchwarzeL, Dr. B. Schwager, DipL.-lng. H. M. Somer, Dr. C. Strametz, G. Strauss, Dr. G. Swoboda, Dr. U. TaubaLd, M. Teichmann, Dr. D. TiLLe, DipL.Chem. P. VeLie, DipL.-lng. U. Vetter, H.-M. Wagner, DipL.-Phys. J. Wagner, R. Wagner, Dr. E. Warkentin, Dr. C. Weber, Dr. A. WieteLmann, Dr. M. Winter, Dr. B. Wobke, K. WoLff
GMELIN ONLINE
EXECUTIVE MANAGER HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
Dr. R. DepLanque Dr. P. Kuhn, Dr. G. OLbrich
STAFF
Dr. R. Baier, Dr. B. Becker, DipL.-Chem. E. Best, DipL.-Phys. R. Bost, Dr. A. BrandL, Dr. R. Braun, DipL.-Chem. R. Durban, Dr. A. Kirchhoff, DipL.-Chem. H. KotteLwesch, W. Korba, Dr. M. Kunz, Dr. A. NebeL, DipL.-Chem. R. NohL, Dr. B. Rempfer, Dr. K. Schucke, U. ToLLe, DipL.-lng. H. Vanecek
Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry
AUTHORS
CHIEF EDITORS
8th Edition
Th Thorium Supplement Volume A 4
General Properties. Spectra. Recoil Reactions
With 54 illustrations
Robert G. Behrens, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA Michael Bickel, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany Rolf Engleman Jr., University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
Jean Fuger, Commission of the European Communities, Institute for Transuranium Elements, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany
Lawrence E. Grimes, Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, USA Basil Kanellakopulos, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany Daniel J. Lam, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
Kurt Roessler, Kernforschungsanlage Julich, JUlich, Federal Republic of Germany
Boyd W. Veal, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
Rudolf Keirn, Gmelin-Institut, Frankfurt am Main Cornelius Keller, Supervising Scientific Coordinator for the Thorium Supplement Volumes, Schule fur Kerntechnik, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe
System Number 44
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1989
LITERATURE CLOSING DATE: MID OF 1987
IN SOME CASES MORE RECENT DATA HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: Agr 25-1383
ISBN 978-3-662-07412-1 ISBN 978-3-662-07410-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-07410-7
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved. whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. specifically those of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, broadcasting. reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich.
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not Imply, even in the absence of a specific statement. that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Typesetting, printing, and bookbinding: LN-Druck Lubeck
Preface
The present volume describes the general properties of the thorium atom and ions, the thermodynamics of its compounds and solutions, the behavior of solutions and solid compounds under the influence of its own radiation as well as an external radiation field, and spectroscopic data in great detail.
The different chapters are of special interest to scientists who work in these fields, and also in the corresponding fields of other elements. In some special fields there exists a detailed knowledge of this radioelement whereas in other fields, such as M6Bbauer spectra, lower oxidation states, or radiation stability, there are large gaps. Due to the fact that the significance of thorium as a breeder fuel (232"fh to be converted to fissile 233U after thermal neutron capture) has decreased within the last decade, the behavior of thorium is not as yet so thoroughly investigated as the heavier radioactive element uranium.
Many of these data, however, are not only of academic interest, e.g., the knowledge of atomic spectra is needed for some analytical methods, especially in the trace concentration region. Due to the noble gaS-like electronic configuration of the tetravalent ion, there are no absorption bands in the visible region so that in general spectra and data are very scarce.
This volume is a very detailed and critically reviewed compilation, written by experts from the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, and the United States.
I want to thank the authors for their excellent contributions and good cooperation. Special thanks also to the Gmelin Institute, especially to the editor-in-charge Dr. R. Keim and the Institutes director, Prof. Dr. E. Fluck.
Karlsruhe June 1989
Cornelius Keller
Volumes published on "Radium and Actinides"
Ac Actinium
Main Volume
Suppl. Vol. 1: Element and Compounds
Np, Pu, ... Transuranium Elements
Main Volume
Part A: The Elements
A 1, I History, Occurrence, Properties of Atomic Nuclei A 1, II Nuclides: Manufacture, Recovery, Enrichment A 2 General Properties, Uses, Storage, Biology
Part B: The Metals
B 1 Metals B 2 Binary Alloy Systems 1 B 3 Binary Alloy Systems 2
Part C: The Compounds
C Compounds
Part 0: Chemistry in Solution
D 1 Aqueous Solutions. Coordination Chemistry D 2 Extraction, Ion Exchange. Molten Salts
Index
Pa Protactinium Main Volume
Suppl. Vol. 1: Element
Suppl. Vol. 2: Metal. Alloys. Compounds. Chemistry in Solution
Suppl. Vol. Part A: The Element A 1 Thorium Deposits. Geochemistry (in preparation) A 2 History. Isotopes. Recovery of Thorium from Ores A 3 Technology. Uses. Irradiated Fuel. Reprocessing A 4 General Properties. Spectra. Recoil Reactions (present volume)
- 1942
- 1981
- 1973 - 1974 - 1973
- 1976 - 1976 - 1977
- 1972
- 1975 - 1975
- 1979
- 1942
- 1977
- 1977
- 1928
- 1977 - 1977
- 1955
- 1986 - 1988 - 1989
SuppL VoL Part C: The Compounds C 1 Compounds with Noble Gases, Hydrogen, Oxygen - 1978 C 2 Ternary and Polynary Oxides - 1976 C 3 Compounds with Nitrogen - 1987 C 5 Compounds with S, Se, Te, B - 1986 C 7 Compounds with Carbon: Carbonates, Thiocyanates, Alkoxides, Carboxylates - 1988
Suppl. VoL Part D: Chemistry in Solution D 1 Properties of Ions in Solutions - 1988 D 2 Solvent Extraction - 1985
Suppl. VoL Part E: Coordination Compounds E Coordination Compounds - 1985
U Uranium
Main Volume - 1936
SuppL VoL Part A: The Element A 1 Uranium Deposits - 1979 A2 Isotopes - 1980 A 3 Technology. Uses - 1981 A 4 Irradiated Fuel. Reprocessing - 1982 A5 Spectra - 1982 A 6 General Properties. Criticality - 1983 A 7 Analysis. Biology - 1982
Suppl. VoL Part B: The Alloys (in preparation)
Suppl. VoL Part C: The Compounds C 1 Compounds with Noble Gases and Hydrogen. Uranium-Oxygen System - 1977 C 2 Oxides U30 a and U03. Hydroxides, Oxide Hydrates, and Peroxides - 1978 C 3 Ternary and Polynary Oxides - 1975 C 4 U02, Preparation and Crystallographic Properties - 1984 C 5 U02, Physical Properties. Electrochemical Behavior - 1986 C 6 U02, Chemical Properties (in preparation) C 7 Compounds with Nitrogen - 1981 C 8 Compounds with Fluorine - 1980 C 9 Compounds with Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine - 1979 C 10 Compounds with Sulfur - 1984 C 11 Compounds with Selenium, Tellurium, and Boron - 1981 C 12 Carbides - 1987 C 13 Carbonates, Cyanides, Thiocyanates, Alkoxides, Carboxylates - 1983
Compounds with Silicon C 14 Compounds with Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth, and Germanium - 1981
SuppL VoL Part D: Chemistry in Solution D 1 Properties of the Ions. Molten Salts - 1984 D 2 Solvent Extraction - 1982 D 3 Anion Exchange - 1982 D 4 Cation Exchange and Chromatography - 1983
Suppl. VoL Part E: Coordination Compounds E 1 Coordination Compounds 1 - 1979 E 2 Coordination Compounds 2 (including Organouranium Compounds) - 1980
XIII
Table of Contents Page
1 General Properties of the Thorium Atom and Thorium Ions .................... 1