I. Harding and 20s politics Weak President; “amiable boob” Hoover and Mellon policies: tax cuts, credit buying for consumer goods High tariff, weak ICC
Mar 23, 2016
I. Harding and 20s politicsWeak President;
“amiable boob”Hoover and Mellon
policies: tax cuts, credit buying for consumer goods
High tariff, weak ICC
Bad side of Harding yearsUnions membership
down; Farmers lost war markets, gained debt
Scandal: Attorney General Daugherty sold liquor permits
Interior Sec. Fall bribed sold oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming
Post war treaties
Kellogg – Briand Pact – agreement not to make war.
DescribeHardingEconomic advisorsEconomic policiesUnionsFarmers4 power5 power9 powerscandals
I. CoolidgeHarding died 1923
of pneumonia, stress?
“Silent” Calvin Coolidge – rural Vermont; old virtues
“America’s business is business; man who builds a factory builds a temple”
Election of 1924GOP – “Keep Cool with
Coolidge” wonDemo divisions –
urban/rural, wet/dry, n/s, immigrants/racists – corporate lawyer John Davis
Progressives – Fighting Bob Lafollette of Wisconsin – govt rr, aid for farmers, prolabor antimonopoly
Foreign policyIsolationism and LatinUS owed $16b after
WWIAllies demanded
reparations, $32b; Germany printed money, loaf of bread $120m
US loaned $ to Germany
reviewWhat happened to Harding?Who was the next President? What kind of
fella?What problems did Democrats have in 1924?
Whom did they nominate?Did anyone else run? What party?How would you describe 20s foreign policy?What was odd about debt repayments?
II. Hoover1928 Coolidge: “I
choose not to run.”GOP nominated
Hoover: humanitarian, rags to riches, shy, rugged individualism
Demos nominated wet NY Irish Catholic Al Smith, the “Happy Warrior” : vote for Smith is vote for pope
prosperityAgricultural
Marketing Act – lend money to support cooperatives
Hawley-Smoot Tariff – highest in history – 60%, hurt world trade
CrashCauses:
speculation, buying on margin
Black Tuesday Oct 29, 1929
$40b lost in two months
12m unemployed, 5,000 bank failures: “for sleeping or jumping”
reviewWhat kind of guy was Hoover? Smith?What hurt Smith in the campaign?What was Hoover’s politics?Who was struggling in the 20s?What did Hoover do for farmers?What the heck happened with the tariff?When did the Stock Market Crash? Why?
III. DepressionCauses: world trade,
inequality, crash, credit buying, (ticc)
Soup kitchens, breadlines, apple sellers, Hoovervilles, bank runs
¼ unemployment, 60% malnutrition, 5000 banks closed
Penny auctions
Hoover’s responseQuoted Cleveland:
“people support govt…”
State/local/charities overwhelmed; Hoover tried to help business – RFC; fed pigs not people
Hoover Dam on Colorado River
End of HooverBonus (BEF) army, 2
days of riots attacked by MacArthur with bayonets and tear gas
Japan attacked Manchuria, no Open Door
League didn’t act; no US
reviewName 4 causes of the DepressionDescribe life in the DepressionWhat did Hoover do about the Depression?
Why?Who did Hoover help?What did Japan invade?What did the League of Nations do? Why?
IV. FDR’s New DealFDR’s polio – strong
and compassionate, smooth-talking “traitor to his class.”
Eleanor – his conscience; straddled aisle at segregated meeting
Convention speech: “I pledge a new deal for the American people”
His ideasBrain trust wrote
speeches“Happy Days are
Here Again” – more optimistic than Hoover, who only got 6 states
Blacks to DemocratsInaugural “only
thing we have to fear is fear itself”
3 r’s of the New DealBanking Holiday –
stop runsHundred Days –
many laws/try anything, usually progressive
1. relief – ease suffering
2. recovery – end Depression
3. reform – no more Depressions
reviewWhat sort of guy was Roosevelt?What role did Eleanor play?What did FDR promise at the convention?How was he better than Hoover?How did the black vote change?What should we fear?What were the 3 r’s of the New Deal?How fast were many laws passed?
I. lawsGlass-Steagall FDIC
– insures bank deposits
No gold standard – inflation, gold used internationally later
CCC – young men conservation – reforestation, firefighting, flood control, swamp drainage
More lawsFERA – Harry Hopkins
- $3b to statesAAA – pay farmers not
to farm; declared unconstitutional; 2nd 1938
HOLC – Home Owners Loan Corporation
CWA – temporary jobs, make-work; boondoggling
demagoguesFather Coughlin –
social justice, anti-semitic
Huey Long – “Share Our Wealth,” “Every Man a King;” assassinated 1935
Charles Townsend – pensions, $200/month, gotta spend
reviewFDICCCCFERAHarry HopkinsAAAHOLCCWAHuey LongFather CouglinFrancis Townsend
II. More lawsWPA – Hopkins; public
works: bridges, buildings, roads, art and writing projects– 9m jobs
NRA – National Recovery Administration – min. wage, max hrs, collective bargaining, blue eagle; declared unconst. In Schecter case
And more lawsPWA – public works
act; Interior Sec. Harold Ickes – recovery
34,000 buildings, highways, parkways
21st amendment – tax $, good Demo politics
Impersonal forcesDust Bowl – Dust
Storms; Okies/Arkies, Grapes of Wrath; Soil conservation Act – plant soybeans or nothing
Indian Reorg Act 1934 – bring back tribes
SEC – Securities and Exchange Commission – regulate stock market
Whole buncha lawsFDICCCCFERAHOLCCWA3 demagoguesNRAAAA
WPAPWASoil Conservation
ActIndian Reorg. ActSEC
III. And more laws TVA – Tennessee
Valley Authority – cheap power and jobs in SE;
FHA – Federal Housing Administration – loans for housing; still exists
SSA – Social Security – pensions, unemployment, disability
Labor friendly governmentWagner Act (NLRA) set
up the NLRB – protected collective bargaining.
John Lewis led CIO – Congress of Industrial Organization – used sit-down strike for unskilled workers; no scabs
Fair Labor Standards Act – 40 hr week, 40 cents/hr, no child labor, for most
A little Social Security humor
politicsFDR dominated Alf
Landon, 1936, 523 to 8 (MN and VT), took office in Jan (20th am.); Literary Digest mistake
Court-packing – FDR proposed adding 6 justices, to help those over 70: “switch in time that saved 9” – Owen Roberts
reviewTVASSAFHACIOWagner ActNLRANLRBFair Labor Standards Act1936 electionCourt-packing“switch in time that saved 9
I. End of New DealUnemployment still 15% after
much pump primingKeynesianism – deficit
spending to stimulate economy
1937 inaugural (don’t write): “I see 1/3 of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished…The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.”
A little Keynsian humor
criticismCondemned as
“alphabet soup” and Jewish.
Federal government the largest business in U.S.
Debt doubledUndermined work
ethicStill a depressionNo civil rights
FDR’s defenseGovt prevented mass
hunger and starvation
More equalitySelf-respect for
those helpedSaved free
enterpriseHamiltonian means
for Jeffersonian ends
reviewHow much unemployment?John Maynard KeynesKeynesianismPump-primingCriticismsDefensesExplain: “Hamiltonian means for Jeffersonian
ends”
I. FDR’s foreign policyUS withdrew from
London conference, fearing loss of control over currency
Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934: Phillipine independence in 12 years
Recognized Soviet Union
Improving relationsGood Neighbor
policy to Latin America: troops out of Haiti, stayed out of Cuba, didn’t retaliate for Mexican oil nationalization.
Reciprocal trade agreement: lowered tariff on 21 countries who did the same.
Ignoring DictatorsNazi Germany
rearmed, Japan built up navy, and Italy invaded Ethiopia without consequence.
Neutrality Acts: No American could sail on belligerent ship, sell munitions or make loan to belligerent.
reviewLondon ConferenceGood neighborHaitiCubaMexicoTydings McDuffieSoviet UnionReciprocal tradeNazisFascistsJapanNeutrality Acts
II. AppeasementFrancisco Franco’s
Fascists defeated Spanish Loyalists because he got more help from outside forces.
Japan invaded ChinaGermany armed
Rhineland, began Holocaust, and occupied Austria.
MunichHitler demanded
Sudetenland; meeting at Munich.
Britain’s Chamberlain: “peace in our time” when Hitler promised Sudetenland “is the last territorial claim” and invaded Czechoslovakia 6 months later.
WWIIAug 1939 Nazi-
Soviet Nonaggression Pact.
Britain and France declared war when Nazis invaded Poland Sep 1., 1939.
US aided Britain thru “cash and carry” policy.
FDR and HolocaustUS allowed in more
Jews than any other country prior to war.
Jews hit quota; nativists might have shut down immigration altogether.
US wouldn’t bomb rail lines or Auschwitz itself in 1944 prior to D-Day.
reviewSpanish Civil WarChinaRhinelandAustriaSudetenlandAppeasement/MunichCzechoslovakiaNazi-Soviet nonaggression PactCash and carryUS complicity in Holocaust
III. The fightingPoland fell to
German “Blitzkrieg” in three months, followed by “sitzkrieg” – no action.
Hitler then took France in less than a month; British soldiers escaped at Dunkirk
Preparing for war$37b to mobilize, 2m
man conscription.Isolationists, led by
Lindbergh, battled interventionists during the Battle of Britain between R.A.F. and Luftwaffe
Unneutral FDR destroyer deal: 50 old destroyers for Br. Bases, no Cong. approval
Big changesFDR beat liberal
Republican Wendell Wilkie for a 3rd term in 1940, 449-82.
Lend-lease – war bill 1776; “garden hose,” “guns not sons,” “billions not bodies,” US as “arsenal of democracy” $50b.
reviewBlitzkriegSitzkriegDunkirkConscriptionDestroyer dealThird termLend-lease
IV. 1941 Germany attacked
USSR June 1941; $11b lend-lease sent; army and winter stopped Hitler.
Atlantic Charter – Churchill and FDR – self-determination, self-government, collective security; supported by Stalin but not isolationists
convoysUS destroyers
convoyed lend-lease ships as far as Iceland.
Nazis shot at Kearny; sunk the Reuben James
Congress ended neutrality 1939
Pearl HarborTo get Japan out of China,
US embargo on steel, scrap iron, oil, jet fuel; knew war was coming.
Expected attack in Philippines or Malaya, not Pearl Harbor.
PH December 7, 1941, “date which will live in infamy:” 3000 casualties, 8 battleships, but no aircraft carriers
reviewUSSRLend-leaseAtlantic CharterConvoyKearny, Reuben JamesEmbargoPearl Harbor
I. Fighting the warGet Germany First,
then combine forces against Japan.
US race to mobilize before Br and USSR lost, and to develop bomb before Germans.
unityWell-settled
immigrants were firmly behind the war effort.
Japanese-Americans put in internment camps; upheld in Korematsu v. U.S.
Reparations 1988
War productionWar ended New Deal
and Depression; income doubled but inflation feared
War cost $330b; 2x federal spending since 1776
Maximum tax rate 90%; debt went up 500%
reviewWhy Germany first?What two things did the US have to hurry to
do?Which immigrants did well and struggled?What was set up for Japanese? What court
case?What was done in 1988 for Japanese
descendants?How did the war affect the Depression and
the New Deal?Why did the United Mine Workers strike?
II. Americans during the war15m men - GIs,
216,000 women – WAACS
Braceros – Mexican farm workers
6m women factory workers – “Rosie the Riveter” – but less than in GBR and USSR – baby boom after war
Civil rightsA. Phillip Randolph
march FDR executive order
defense industriesDouble V – victory
over dictators abroad and racism at home
Mechanical cotton picker; by 1970 ½ of blacks lived outside South
othersNatives left
reservationsNavajo and
Comanche Code talkers
Zoot Suit riotsUnited Mine
Workers struck against wage ceilings, but few other strikes
match1. WAACs2. 15 million3. Rosie the Riveter4. Braceros5. Zoot Suit riots6. A. Philip Randolph7. FDR executive order8. Double V9. Code Talkers10. United Mine
Workers
1. strike ag. Wage ceilings2. Mexicans v. sailors3. women in army4. Navajo, Comanche5. women factory worker6. march on Washington7. Gis8. no defense
discrimination9. victory over dictators
and racism10. Mexican farm workers
III. FightingJapan took Malaya,
Guam, the Phillipines, and Corregidor
MacArthur: “I shall return;” Bataan Death March
Coral Sea first US win; fought by aircraft carriers
winningMidway – turning
point against Japan – Admiral Nimitz
MacArthur island hopping strategy after Guadalcanal; 10:1 casualty ratio
Capture of Marianas allowed bombing runs of Japan
Fighting HitlerSub “wolfpacks”
sank ships faster than construction; radar helped defeat.
Rommel defeated in North Africa
Soviets won at Stalingrad
Second Front came through Italy
Beating HitlerCasablanca:
unconditional surrender; Italy did but Germany kept fighting.
Teheran – D-day planned
June 6, 1944 – D-Day planned by Eisenhower
“Blood and Guts” Patton pushed across France
match1. Bataan death march2. Coral Sea3. Midway4. Island hopping5. MacArthur6. Wolfpacks7. Rommel8. Italy9. D-day10. Eisenhower11. Patton
1. crazy American general2. planned D-Day3. Pacific American general4. 1st defeat of Japan5. turning point against Japan6. defeated by sonar7. German defeated in N.
Africa8. “soft underbelly,”
surrendered first9. June 6, 1944 2nd Front10. Americans captured in
Phillipines11. strategy against Japan
IV. Ending the war1944 FDR dropped
Henry Wallace for Truman
Defeated 42 year old NY Gov. Dewey 432-99; CIO support & was winning the war
VE DayBattle of Bulge:
Hitler’s last attack: “Nuts” at surrender command.
US/USSR troops met, discovered extent of Holocaust
FDR dead April 12, 1945; Hitler suicide April 30, 1945
May 8 VE Day
VJ Day – Sep 2, 1945Tokyo firebombed –
83,000 deathsIwo Jima and Okinawa –
esp. bloody fighting; kamikazes
Potsdam: Truman Stalin, ultimatum, a-bomb
Manhattan project $2b in New Mexico
Truman: atomic bomb saved lives; Hirohito stayed
match1. Harry Truman2. Gov. Dewey3. Battle of Bulge4. 2 deaths5. VE Day6. Tokyo7. Iwo Jima, Okinawa8. Manhattan Project9. Potsdam10. Atomic bomb rationale11. VJ Day
1. Victory in Europe2. Victory in Japan3. defeated by FDR in
19444. FDR’s new VP5. firebombed6. bloody island fighting7. save American lives8. ultimatum to Japan9. Hitler’s last stand10. a-bomb secret project11. FDR and Hitler
I. PostwarFears of unemployed
GIs, unions.Taft-Hartley Act
outlawed closed shop, required noncommunist oath.
GI Bill paid for veterans’ college, created VA for home, business loans
Ec. boomIncome doubled in
50s and almost again in 60s; 6% pop, 40% wealth.
60% middle class in 50s, a doubling. 60% owned homes; 90% tvs
Many new service jobs for women.
Why the boom?1. military spending –
10% of GNP2. cheap oil from Middle
East.3. rising productivity,
esp. farmers4. rising education 90%
kids in school; ½ in 1900(more or mope – military
oil productivity education)
reviewWhat two groups were feared after the war?What did Taft-Hartley do?What did the GI Bill do?Describe economic gains.Give 4 reasons for the boom (more or mope)
II. changes30m people moving
per year; Dr. Spock and other advice books instead of Grandma.
Sunbelt (S/SW) boomed – climate, jobs, low taxes, mil. spending; 35m in California today
Suburbs and white flightFHA and VA loans,
interstate helped people to mass produced tract house suburbs; Levittown first; car boom.
Businesses fled cities; loans denied minorities; builders and real estate followed racial composition rule
Baby boomMarriage boom 1st;
50m babies in 50s, followed by birth dearth; immigration replaces population today
Schools built, then hippies, yuppies, retirement
reviewHow many moved per year? To where?Who was Dr. Spock?Explain marriage boom baby boom birth
dearth pattern?What policies encouraged the rise of the
suburbs?What was white flight?How were the cities impacted? How did the baby boom affect society
through the years?
III. Truman and the Cold WarBig 3 at Yalta: 1. German occupation
zones2. free elections in
Poland, Bulgaria, Romania
3. Chinese concessions to USSR
“moon and the stars,” “Give’em Hell Harry,” “the buck stops here.”
Cold War: US-USSR stand-off, 1945-1990US USSRfreedomDemocracyCapitalistExpansionist: wanted
open worldWary after appeasement
equalityDictatorshipCommunistExpansionist: wanted
“sphere of influence” or world revolution
Resented slow second front
eventsIMF, World Bank,
and UN created (Senate approved 89-2)
UN Security Council – Big 5 get veto
Israel created
reviewDescribe TrumanList 3 agreements made at YaltaWhat was the Cold WarList 5 differences between the US and Soviet
Union.Explain 3 world institutions created after
WWII.How did the Security Council appeal to
strong nations?What country was created?
IV. Cold War eventsNuremburg Trials –
12 Nazis hungBerlin blockade and
airliftIron curtain –
Churchill speech – E. and W. Germany
Containment: 1947George Kennan –
prevent spread of communism
Truman Doctrine - $400m to Greece and Turkey to “resist armed subjugation.”
Marshall Plan - $14b to W. Europe, offered conditionally to USSR
Military strategyDefense Dept.
created 1947 with Pentagon headquarters.
NSC, CIANATO – North
Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949
matchNuremburgBerlinIron curtainContainmentTruman DoctrineMarshall PlanDefense Dept.NSCCIANATO
V. Asia7 Japanese war
criminals hungMacArthur created
Japan’s constitution; no military, ec. Miracle
1949 Mao Zedong and Chinese Communists defeated Jiang Jieshi and Nationalists, who fled to Taiwan
Arms race1949 Soviet A-bombTruman pushed h-
bomb, over opposition of Einstein, Oppenheimer
1952-US; 1953-USSR
Dennis v. U.S. – 11 communists convicted of violating antisedition law
Cold War politicsHouse Un-American
Activities Committee – HUAC – Nixon sent Hiss to prison
Rosenburgs executed for espionage 1953
Election of 1948: Southerners and Progressives abandoned Truman, who won by attacking “ do-nothing Republican Congress.”
Korean War, 1950-19531. N. Korea attacked2. UN (US) pushed
back, Inchon landing3. China pushed
back, Yalu River; MacArthur fired
4. stalemateNSC 68 – military
spending quadrupled
matchJapanese
constitutionMao ZedongH-bombRosenburgsNixon v. HissDewey beats
TrumanKorean War
StalemateNo military1948 mistaken
headlineEinstein objectedHouse Un-American
Affairs CommitteeChinese CommunistExecuted for
espionage