I. GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN DIVERSITY II. … · I. GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN DIVERSITY. A. Diversity and Endemicty. ... Bahaman Hutia Geocapromys ingrahami irrect 1760 southern Bahamas

I. G

EO

GR

APH

IC P

ATT

ER

NS

IN D

IVE

RSI

TY

A.

Div

ersi

ty a

nd E

ndem

icty

B.

Patte

rns i

n M

amm

alia

n R

ichn

ess

1 –

latit

ude

2 –

area

3 –

isol

atio

n4

–el

evat

ion

C.

Hot

spot

s of M

amm

alia

n B

iodi

vers

ity1

–re

leva

nce

2 –

optim

al c

hara

cter

istic

s of h

otsp

ots

3 –

empi

rical

pat

tern

s for

mam

mal

s

II.

CO

NSE

RVA

TIO

N S

TAT

US

OF

MA

MM

AL

SA

. Pr

ehis

toric

Ext

inct

ions

B.

His

toric

Ext

inct

ions

1 –

sum

mar

y (to

tals

)2

–ta

xono

mic

, mor

phol

ogic

bia

s3

–G

eogr

aphi

c bi

as

C.

Geo

grap

hy o

f Ext

inct

ions

1 –

preh

isto

ry a

nd h

uman

col

oniz

atio

n2

–ge

ogra

phic

que

stio

ns3

–ra

nge

colla

pse

in m

amm

als

Ende

mic

Mam

mal

s

Hot

spot

s of

Mam

mal

ian

Ende

mic

ity

Fig. 2. Global patterns of threat, for land (brown) and marine (blue) mammals. (A) Number of globally threatened species (Vulnerable, Endangered or CriticallyEndangered). Number of species affected by: (B) habitat loss; (C) harvesting; (D) accidental mortality; and (E) pollution. Same color scale employed in (B), (C), (D)and (E) (hence, directly comparable).

Fig. 4. Global patterns of knowledge, for land (terrestrial and freshwater, brown) and marine (blue)species. (A) Number of species newly described since 1992. (B) Data-Deficient species.

Species Richness (fig. 1)Schipper et al 2009 – Science 322:226.

(color pdf distributed to lab sections)

Mammal Extinctions 1500 to 2000COMMON NAME LATIN NAME DATE RANGE PRIMARY CAUSELesser Hispanolan Ground Sloth Acratocnus comes 1550 Hispanola introduction of rats and pigsGreater Puerto Rican Ground Sloth Acratocnus major 1500 Puerto Rico introduction of rats and pigsLesser Puerto Rican Ground Sloth Acratocnus odontrigonus 1500 Puerto Rico introduction of rats and pigsBubal Hartebeast Alcephalus bucephalus buceph 1925 Morocco to Arabia hunting for livestock competitor, sport, a Cape Red Hartebeast Alcephalus caama caama 1932 Natal, South Africa hunting as livestock competitor, and kill Freckled Marsupial Mouse Antechinus apicalis 1910 southwestern Australia deforestationNarrow-toothed Hutia Aphactreus montanus 1500 northwestern Hispanola deforestationAlgerian Wild Ass Asinus atlanticus 300 Atlas Mountains hunting for sportSyrian Wild Ass Asinus hemionus hemionus 1927 Syria to Iraq hunting for sportSt. Frances Ratkangaroo [Bettong] Bettong [Potorous, Tungoos] s 1889 St. Frances Island, South Australia introduction of catGould's Ratkangaroo Bettong penicillata gouldii 1920 South Australia devegetationBrush-tailed Ratkangaroo Bettong penicillata penicillata 1935 Queensland to Victoria introduction of foxGiamard's Ratkangaroo [Bettong] Bettonga gaimardi 1920 southeastern Australia introduction of foxesCaucasus Bison Bison bonasus caucasicus 1925 France to Siberia hunting for food, sport, and as a range cOregon Bison Bos bison oregonus 1840 Oregon to Idaho hunting for hidesEastern Woodland Bison Bos bison pennsylvanicus 1825 Cape Cod to Kentucky hunting for hides and meatAurochs Bos primogenius 1627 France to Siberia hunting for sport and foodCuban Spiney Rats Brotomys affella, torei 1600 Cuba introduction of ratsHispanolan Spiney Rat Brotomys voratus, contractus 1500 northern Hispanola introduction of ratsBornean Buffalo Bubalus bubalis hosei 1920 Miri and Baram River valleys, Borneo devegetation; hybridizationLong-horned Indian Buffalo Bubalus macrocerus 1850 Assam and Bihar, India devegetation; hybridizationJapanese Wolf Canis hodophilax 1905 Honshu, Japan hunting for predator control and museum Kenai Peninsula Wolf Canis lupus alces 1910 AlaskaNewfoundland Wolf Canis lupus beothucus 1911 Newfoundland, Canada hunting for predator controlBanks Island Wolf Canis lupus bernardi 1920 Banks and Victoria Islands, Canada hunted for furCascades Mountains Wolf Canis lupus fuscus 1940 British Columbia, Washington, and OregonNorthern Rockies Wolf Canis lupus irremotus 1940 Alberta to WyomingMongollon Wolf Canis lupus mogollonensis 1942 Arizona and New MexicoTexas Grey Wolf Canis lupus monstrabilis 1942 New Mexico and TexasGreat Plains Wolf Canis lupus nubilus 1926 North American Great PlainsSouthern Rockies Wolf Canis lupus youngi 1935 west-central USAFlorida Red Wolf Canis rufus floridanus 1925 southeastern USATexas Red Wolf Canus rufus rufus 1970 Oklahoma and TexasChialtan Markhor Capra falconeri chialtanensis 1900 Chialtan, Takatu, and Zarghan Ranges, Afghanistan hunting for food, sport, and livestock coSuleman Markhor Capra falconeri jerdoni 1940 Suleman Range and Punjab frontier, Afghanistan hunting for food, sportPortuguese Ibex Capra pyrenaica lusitanica 1892 Portugal to Galicia hunting for food, sport, and livestock coPyrenean Ibex Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica 1907 Portugal to Pyrenees Mountains hunting for food, sport, and livestock coWhite-maned Serow Capricornis sumatraensis argy 1940 Chekiang Province, China hunting for medicineJentink's [Black-headed] Duiker Cephalophus jentinki 1890 Liberia and Sierra Leone, West Africa hunting for collectionsBrooke's Duiker Cephalophus ogilbyi brookei 1915 Liberia to Cameroons, West Africa hunting for collectionsEastern Elk [Wapiti] Cervus canadiensis canadiensi 1880 east-central North AmericaArizona Wapiti Cervus canadiensis merriami 1907 Witchita Mountains (OK) to Sierra Madre (Sonora, Mhunting for sport and foodShanxi Sika Cervus nippon grassianus 1920 Shanxi and Chihli, China deforestationS th Chi [K h' ] Sik C i k hi 1920 l Y t B i h ti f di i

(151 species or subspecies; ~ 83 species)

pp g , South China [Kopsch's] Sika Cervus nippon kopschi 1920 lower Yangtze Basin hunting for medicineYarkand Stag Cervus yarkandensis 1930 Dzungaria and Tarim Basin, China hunting for medicineEastern Pig-footed Bandicoot [Wilalya] Chaeropus ecaudatus ecaudatu 1927 southeast Australia devegetation; also introduction of foxWestern Pig-footed Bandicoot Chaeropus ecaudatus occiden 1900 Swan River valley, Western Australia devegetationCrossley's Mouse Lemur Cheirogaleus major crossleyi 1900 northeastern Madagascar devegetationHairy-eared Mouse Lemur Cheirogaleus trichotis 1875 Madagascar naturalChristmas Island Shrew Crocidura fulginosa trichura 1897 Christmas Island, Indian Ocean introduction of rats and diseaseGeoffroy's Native Cat Dasyurus geoffroi geoffroi 1906 northeastern Australia introduction of cats, and possible zooepGiant Aye Aye Daubentonia robusta 1930 Madagascar hunting for fur and superstitionAntarctic Fox Dusicyon australis 1876 Falkland Islands hunting for fur and predator controlEuropean Wild Horse [Tarpan] Equus caballus, gmelini 1918 eastern Europe and Russia hunting as food and range competitor, a Lamut Wild Horse Equus ssp. 1905 northeastern Siberia hybridization with domestic horsesAtlantic Grey Whale Eschrichtius gibbosus gibbosu 1750 Atlantic Ocean hunting for foodPenasco Chipmonk Eutamias minimus astristriatus 1980 New MexicoWisconsin Cougar Felis concolor schorgeri 1925 north-central USACretan Wildcat Felis ocreata agris 1920 Crete hybridization with domestic catsRufous Gazelle Gazelle rufina 1894 Morocco to Algeria hunting for peltsCuban Short-tailed Hutia Geocapromys columbianus 1500 Cuba and Isla de Pinos deforestationBahaman Hutia Geocapromys ingrahami irrect 1760 southern Bahamas deforestationSherman's Pocket Gopher Geomys fontanelus 1950 Georgia (USA)Goff's Pocket Gopher Geomys pinetis goffi 1955 FloridaGray Lemur Hapalemur griseus griseus 1930 western Madagascar devegetation?Broad-nosed Gentle Lemur Hapalemur simus 1920 eastern Madagascar deforestation?Puerto Rican Agouti Heteropsmys insulans, antillen 1550 Puerto Rico deforestationHispanolan Hexolobodon Hexolobodon phenax 1500 northwest Hispanola deforestationPuerto Rican Caviomorph Hextaxodon bidens 1600 Puerto RicoQuagga Hippatigris quagga 1865 Namibia to Nata hunting for livestock competitor, sport, a Blaaubok Hippotragus leucophaeus 1800 Swellingdam District, South Africa hunting for pelts and museum specimenSteller's Sea Cow Hydrodamalis gigas 1768 Commander Islands, Russia hunting for foodBurchell's Zebra Hyppotigris burchelli burchelli 1909 Namibia to Orange Free State hunting for livestock competitor, sport, a Haitian Isolobodon Isolobodon levir 1500 northwest Hispanola hunting and domestication for foodPuerto Rican Isolobodon [Hutia] Isolobodon portoricensis 1550 Puerto Rico, eastern Hispanola, and Virgin Islands hunting and domestication for foodBrown Hare-wallaby Langorchestes leporides 1888 southeastern Australia devegetationEuropean Lion Leo leo europaea 100 France(?) to Balkans hunting for sport and predator controlBarbary Lion Leo leo leo 1922 Morocco to Tunesia hunting for livestock predator, sport, and Cape Lion Leo leo melanochaitus 1865 Namibia to Natal hunting for sport and predator controlNalpa Bilby Macrotis lagotis grandis 1900 southeast Australia introduction of rabbit and foxLesser [Rabbit-bandicoot, Urpila] Bilby Macrotis leucura minor 1900 central Australia introduction of rabbit and foxBarbuda Musk Rat Magalomys audreyae 1500 Barbuda, Lesser Antilles Islands deforestationCuban Ground Sloth Megalocnus rodens 1550 CubaMartinique Musk Rat Megalomys desmarestii 1885 Martinique, Lesser Antilles Islands deforestationSt. Lucia Musk Rat Megalomys luciae 1881 St. Lucia, Lesser Antilles Islands deforestationLouisiana Vole Microtus ochrogaster ludovicia 1905 Louisiana and TexasGull Island Vole Microtus pennsylvanicus nesop 1897 Gull Island, New York devegetationCaribbean Monk Seal Monachus tropicalis 1936 Bahamas to Central America hunting for fur and as fishing pestPuerto Rican Long-nosed Bat Monophyllus [plethodon] frate 1500 Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands naturalHairy fronted Muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons 1940 Chekiang Province China devegetation?

p g g pPuerto Rican Long-nosed Bat Monophyllus [plethodon] frate 1500 Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands naturalHairy-fronted Muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons 1940 Chekiang Province, China devegetation?Sea Mink Mustela macrodon 1894 Maine to Nova Scotia hunting for peltsBanded West Australia Numbat Myrmecobius fasciatus fasciatu 1945 western Australia devegetation; also hunted for fur and kill Rusty South Australia Numbat Myrmecobius fasciatus rufus 1935 central and southern Australia devegetation; also hunted for fur and kill New Zealand Short-tailed Bat Mystacina [Vespertilio] tubercu 1860 New Zealand devegetation; perhaps also killed by epizCuban Yellow Bat Natalus primus 1550 Cuba naturalPuerto Rican Nesophont [Shrew] Nesophontes edithae 1500 western Puerto Rico introduction of ratsCuban Nesophonts [Shrews] Nesophontes longirostris, micr 1550 eastern Cuba (longirostris ) and western Cuba (micr introduction of ratsHispanolan Nesophonts [Shrews] Nesophontes paramicrus, hypo 1550 Hispanola introduction of ratsJames Rice Rat Nesoryzomys swarthi 1906 James, Galapagos Islands introduction of cats, rats, pigs, and goatsJamaican Rice Rat Oryzomys antillarum 1877 Jamaica introduction of mongooseDarwin's Rice Rat Oryzomys darwini 1945 Albermarle, Galapagos Islands introduction of cats, rats, pigs, and goatsMartinique Rice Rat Oryzomys desmaresti 1902 Martinique, Lesser Antilles Islands introduction of ratsChatham Rice Rat Oryzomys galapagoensis 1835 Chatham, Galapagos Islands introduction of cats, rats, pigs, and goatsIndafatigable Rice Rat Oryzomys indefessus 1945 Indefatigable, Galapagos Islands introduction of cats, rats, pigs, and goatsSt. Lucia Rice Rat Oryzomys luciae 1881 St. Lucia, Lesser Antilles Islands introduction of rats and mongooseSt. Vincent Rice Rat Oryzomys victus 1897 St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles Islands introduction of mongooseAlaska Muskox Ovibos moschatus 1865 North Slope (AK) to Yukon and Mackenzie Districts, hunting for foodBadlands Bighorn Sheep Ovis canadiensis audubonis 1905 Saskatchewan to Nebraska hunting for hides and meatCyprian [Red] Mouflon Ovis ophion ophion 1950 Troodos Mountains, Cyprus hunting for food and sportBali Tiger Panthera tigrus balica 1980 Bali, Indonesia hunted and poisoned for superstitionJava Tiger Panthera tigrus sondaica 1970 Java hunting for predator controlCaspian Tiger Panthera tigrus virgata 1950 Iran to Crimea, Russia hunted and poisoned for trophies and pe Eastern Barred Bandicoot Parameles fasciata 1860 southeast Australia devegetationWestern Barred Bandicoot Parameles myosura myosura 1900 southwest Australia deforestationGreater Hispanolan Ground Sloth Parocnus serus 1500 Hispanola introduction of rats and pigsTarim Tiger Pathera tigrus lecoqi 1950 Dzungaria, Tian Shan, and Tarim Basin hunting for predator controlChadwick Beach Cottonmouth Mouse Peromyscus gossinypinus rest 1950 FloridaGiant Deer Mouse Peromyscus nesodytes 1870 Channel Islands, CaliforniaPallid Beach Mouse Peromyscus polionotus decolo 1946 FloridaRed-tailed Marsupial Mouse Phascogale calura 1930 southern Australia introduction of catPuerto Rican Long-tongued Bat Phyllonycteris major 1850 Puerto RicoHaitian Long-tongued Bat Phyllonycteris obtusa 1900 HispanolaHispanolean Fig Bat Phyllops haitiensis 1917 Hispanola deforestationLesser Falcate-winged Bat Phyllops vetus 1550 eastern Cuba naturalHispanolan Hutia Plagiodontia spelaeum 1750 HispanolaGilbert's Ratkangaroo [Wurrark] Potorus gilberti 1840 southwestern Australia introduction of catBroadfaced Ratkangaroo Potorus platyops 1908 southwestern Australia introduction of catSardinian Pika Prolagus sardus 1774 Sardinia devegetationMajor's Sifaka Propithecus verreauxi majori 1890 southwestern Madagascar devegetation?Western Ringtail [Oppossum] Pseudocheirus occidentalis 1940 southwestern Australia naturalHaitian Giant Rat [Quemis, Paca] Quemisia gravis 1550 Greater Antilles Islands deforestationDawson Caribou Rangifer dawsoni 1908 Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada hunting for sport and foodSouth Australian Spiney-haired Rat Rattus culmorum austrinus 1850 South Australia devegetation?MaClear's Rat Rattus macleari 1897 Christmas Island, Indian Ocean introduction of rats and disease