I. Costs of victory

I. Costs of victoryEmpire and war cost

money; 140 million pound debt

Proclamation of 1763 – colonists couldn’t move west of Appalachians – solve Indian problem/1000 wagons west in 1765; Quartering Act pays for soldiers

Political ideas thriving in coloniesrepublicanism –

government depends on involved, virtuous citizens (town meeting)

Radical Whigs – resist the threat to liberty posed by corrupt authority (king and his ministers)

Mercantilism – money is powerFavorable balance of

tradeMore exports than

imports==colonies (unplanned in Britain)

Colonies Produce Raw materials (gold, timber, tobacco, sugar); markets for manufactured goods (boats, snuff, rum)

reviewWhy was Britain hurtin’?What did the Proclamation of 1763 say?

How did colonists react?What is republicanism? What were Whigs

worried about?What’s the theory of mercantilism?What’s the role of colonies in mercantilism?

II. Mercantilism issuesNavigation Acts –

commerce to and from colonies had to be in British ships

Or they had to stop in Britain and pay tariff duties.

Salutary neglectBritain tolerated

smuggling (John Hancock) and bribes to get around Navigation Acts.

Colonial economy boomed, had British military protection, but resented the laws

Boston Gazette: “A colonist cannot make a button, a horseshoe, nor a hobnail, but some snooty ironmonger or respectable buttonmaker of Britain shall bawl and squall that his honor’s worship is most eggregiously maltreated, injured, cheated, and robbed by the rascally American republicans.”

beginning of tensionPrime Minister

Grenville enforced Navigation Acts, 1763

Sugar Act 1764 – increased tariff on sugar, 1st law to raise revenue; protested and lowered

reviewWhat did the Navigation Acts say?Name two problems created?What was salutary neglect?Why did colonists resent the Navigation

laws?

III. Stamp ActStamp Act 1765 – to pay debt/for soldiers, tax/stamp on paper goods like bills of sale, playing cards, marriage and death certificates - everything

“taxation without representation” - James Otis

controversyGrenville – virtual

v. direct representation – both a stretch

Admiralty courts with no jury tried offenders, guilty unless proven innocent

Taking actionStamp Act

Congress -9 colonies met in NY City; list of rights and grievances

Intimidation and Nonimportation/ – Sons and Daughters of Liberty; no tax agents

reviewWhat slogan?Two theories of representationStamp Act Congress – what and where?What two revolutionary groups?Who in England was hurt by the law?After repeal, what law did Parliament pass?

IV. Action reactionBritish merchants,

manufacturers, shippers, laborers hurt – pushed repeal

1766 – repeal/statue/Declaratory Act – British sovereignty over colonies

Action reactionNew Prime Minister

Townsend Acts – indirect tax on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea

Boston Massacre – Crispus Attucks and 10 others killed protesting; news spread by Committees of Correspondence

Tea ActTax on tea kept,

then tea act – monopoly for British E. India Company

Boston Tea Party – 100 colonists threw tea overboard when Hutchinson wouldn’t back down

reviewWho pushed for repeal of the Stamp ActWhat did Parliament pass immediately after

repeal?What was taxed by the Townsend Acts?What was an indirect tax?What resulted from the protests against the

Townsend Acts?What did the Intolerable Acts do?What did the Quebec Act do and why was it

misinterpreted?

v. Coercive Acts/Intolerable ActsClosed ports

(Boston) and legislatures (town meetings), new Quartering Act

Quebec Act – respect French Catholicism and culture in Quebec, including no rep. assembly or jury trial in civil cases

First Continental CongressAll but Georgia sent

delegates, including Washington, both Adams (John the star), and Patrick Henry.

Association boycott until grievances addressed; tar and feathers for violators

Lexington and ConcordApril 1775 British

sent to capture gunpowder stores, John Hancock, and Sam Adams; Paul Revere warned

8 minutemen killed at Lexington; 70 British killed at Concord

reviewWhat did the Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts

do?What did the Quebec Act do?Who came to the First Continental

Congress?What was its message to Britain?How did the fighting at Lexington start?How was fighting at Concord different?

I. Advantages/BattlesBritish AmericanNumbersMoneyNavyHessians , Indians,

slavesDisorganized colonistsWeak Continental

CongressColonial inflation (not

worth a continental)

FranceWhigs in BritainWashington, Franklin,

Marquis de Lafayette, Baron Von Steuben

Defensive war, supply lines for British

Belief in cause

I. Battles/eventsBunker Hill/Breed’s

Hill – British took hill because colonists ran out of ammo

Trenton/Princeton – Washington crosses Delaware Christmas

More battlesSaratoga – Arnold

beats Burgoyne, French help

South – bloody guerilla warfare; hero “fighting Quaker Nathanael Greene”

Yorktown – Cornwallis trapped by Washington, French navy, surrenders

Match ‘emBetter army, navy,

training, discipline, Hessians, Indians, slaves

Washington, home field, belief in cause

Bunker HillTrenton/PrincetonSaratogaSouthYorktown

Turning point/French help

British pyric victoryCornwallis surrendersGuerilla warfare,

GreeneWashington crosses

DelawareBritish advantagesAmerican

advantages

II. People and ideasThomas Paine – Common

Sense – Britain too small/far away/unrepublican

Jefferson Dec. Ind. – 1. Intro2. Political ideas –

universal equality, social contract, popular sovereignty, right/duty to revolt

3. Grievances4. Declaring independence

strategiesBritish – isolate

NE/ruined by Howe, control South/stopped by Greene and France

Americans – hold on/keep fighting (Washington), get French help (Franklin)

III. Taking sidesPatriots/rebels/whigs

– NE centered – Sam Adams, Patrick Henry (Va) – “give me liberty or give me death!”

Loyalists/tories – well off – NYC and Charleston, Quaker Penn and NJ, also Anglican Church, more slaves

Treaty of Paris, 1783Franklin, Adams, John

Jay made separate peace with Britain w/o French permission.

U.S. independent, stretched to Mississippi R., Great Lakes, and Florida.

Britain was promised good treatment of Loyalists and debts paid

Match ‘emThomas PaineThomas JeffersonPatriotsLoyalistsCapture NE/SouthHold on/get helpBritain too big, far

away, monarchicalSocial contractBritish Paris benefitsAmerican Paris benefits

British sideAmerican sideDeclaration of

IndependenceIndependence, NW

TerritoryDebts paid, lenience

for loyalistsCommon SenseAmerican strategyBritish strategy

III. Governing the New Nation10 state

constitutions, 2nd Continental Congress, but no real govt.

Articles of Confederation – a firm league of friendship - written 1777, ratification delay til 1781 over land

Structure/powers of government under Articles1 branch – legislative,

President for 1 year1 vote per state9/13 states to pass lawUnanimous vote to

amend ArticlesUnder the Articles

government could make laws, treaties, raise armies and declare war

achievements of ArticlesLand Ordinance of

1785 – how to get land; NW Ordinance 1787 – 60,000 to become a state.

Transition government/best possible

reviewWhat Revolutionary War government?What was our first plan for government?How many branches?States to pass a law?States to amend the Articles?4 “powers?”Name 3 government achievements under

the Articles.

IV. Weaknesses of the ArticlesIt couldn’t tax, Couldn’t settle

disputes between states,

Couldn’t regulate trade between states or with other countries

no executive or judicial branch

Shays’ RebellionIndebted W.

Massachussetts farmers about to lose land, faced high taxes and inflation (continentals)

Led by Daniel Shays, took over govt. buildings, broke farmers out of prison; national government could do nothing

Madison, Philadelphia, Constitutional ConventionOnly 9 states sent

delegates to the Annapolis Convention; 12 sent to Philadelphia

In Philly, James Madison, the “father of the Constitution,” proposed Virginia Plan, scrapping Articles in favor of a a strong government with 3 branches, based on Montesquieu’s ideas

compromisesGreat Compromise

– Va. V. NJ Plan3/5 compromise –

counting slavesSlave trade

compromise – ends 1808

reviewName 4 problems of government under the

Articles.Explain Shays’ Rebellion.Why didn’t Annapolis Convention

accomplish anything?Who is the “Father of the Constitution?Explain 3 compromises made in

Philadelphia.

reviewWhat was different about the Second

Continental Congress?What 3 key decisions were made by the 2nd

Continental Congress?What were the pros and cons of

Washington as general?Why was Bunker Hill a pyrrhic victory?What was Olive Branch Petition and King’s

reaction to it?

2nd Continental CongressAll 13 colonies -

Made demands, raised war money, chose Washington to head army

His leadership qualities - patient, brave, self-disciplined, fair, trusted, dedicated.

Battle of Bunker HillBritish attacked

straight up Breed’s (not Bunker) Hill, taking heavy casualties to take the Hill.

King George III rejected Olive Branch Petition, proclaiming colonies in rebellion.

II. 1776 - Common SenseThomas Paine,

1776, Common Sense – colonies are bigger and across the ocean

Republic - power from virtuous people, like practiced in the town meetings

Declaration of IndependenceJefferson, Adams,

Franklin, Sherman (judge), Livingston (lawyer)

Borrowing from Locke – social contract – government protects rights; people consent to be governed

Parts of Declaration1. Explain why2. all men have rights3. government

protects rights4. if it really doesn’t,

alter or abolish5. long list of

grievances (“He has…”)

6. declare independence

reviewWhen was Common Sense written, by

whom?Give two common sense arguments for

independence?What was a republic, to Paine?Who served on the committee to write the

Declaration of Independence?What is the social contract?List the 6 steps.

III. Taking sidesPatriots/rebels/

whigs – NE centered – Sam Adams, Patrick Henry (Va) – “give me liberty or give me death!”

Loyalists/tories – well off – NYC and Charleston, Quaker Penn and NJ, also Anglican Church

Loyalist fateAfrican-Americans

sought freedom as loyalists – NY to Nova Scotia (Canada), but some sold from Va to W. Indies.

Some Loyalists fled, others stayed and lost property or eventually became Americans.

Washington’s NJ CampaignBritish based in NYC

with huge navy, defeated Washington at Long Island.

Washington crossed Delaware River Christmas night, defeated Hessians at Trenton, British at Princeton a week later.

reviewFamous Patriots/other names/quotes?Who were the Loyalists/where/other

names?What became of African-American

Loyalists?What became of other Loyalists?

I. The war turnsThe British failed to

isolate New England when Gen. Howe stayed too long in Philadelphia rather than pursue Washington.

Washington’s troops suffered through winter at Valley Forge, trained by Prussian Baron Von Steuben.

French helpBritish Gen. Burgoyne,

needing Howe’s help, was defeated at Saratoga by Benedict Arnold, turning point of war.

American victory allowed Benjamin Franklin, dressed plainly and with news of the British offer of home rule, to convince France to aid U.S.

World warSpain and Holland

entered, and France provided its navy and ½ the soldiers.

British withdrew to New York with Washington close by for rest of the war.

Review match ‘emHoweValley ForgeBaron Von SteubenBurgoyneSaratogaFranklin

Awful winterTrained the troopsAmbassador to Paris

got French helpTurning point battleBritish general

defeated at SaratogaBritish general spent

too much time in Philly

II. WinningBritish Southern

strategy (lots of loyalists): captured Ga, Charleston, bloody fighting in Carolinas.

Nathanael “the fighting Quaker” Greene used hit and run tactics against British Gen. Cornwallis

Final fightingYorktown: Cornwallis

retreated to the Chesapeake, thinking he would get help from his navy.

Instead he was cornered by Washington’s troops and De Grasse’s French navy

Review – match ‘emGeorgia, CharlestonNathanael GreeneGen. CornwallisYorktownAdmiral de GrasseFranklin, Adams, JayAmerican Treaty of

Paris benefitsBritish Treaty of

Paris benefits

Independence, land to Mississippi R. and Great Lakes

Captured by BritishDebts paid, Loyalist

lenienceLed French fleet at

YorktownSouthern General, the

fighting QuakerLast battleAmerican Treaty delegationBritish Gen. at Yorktown

III. Governing the New Nation10 state

constitutions, 2nd Continental Congress, but no real govt.

Articles of Confederation – a firm league of friendship - written 1777, ratification delay til 1781 over land

Structure/powers of government under Articles1 branch – legislative,

President for 1 year1 vote per state9/13 states to pass lawUnanimous vote to

amend ArticlesUnder the Articles

government could make laws, treaties, raise armies and declare war

achievements of ArticlesLand Ordinance of

1785 – how to get land; NW Ordinance 1787 – 60,000 to become a state.

Transition government/best possible

reviewWhat Revolutionary War government?What was our first plan for government?How many branches?States to pass a law?States to amend the Articles?4 “powers?”Name 3 government achievements under

the Articles.

IV. Weaknesses of the ArticlesIt couldn’t tax, Couldn’t settle

disputes between states,

Couldn’t regulate trade between states or with other countries

no executive or judicial branch

Shays’ RebellionIndebted W.

Massachussetts farmers about to lose land, faced high taxes and inflation (continentals)

Led by Daniel Shays, took over govt. buildings, broke farmers out of prison; national government could do nothing

Madison, Philadelphia, Constitutional ConventionOnly 9 states sent

delegates to the Annapolis Convention; 12 sent to Philadelphia

In Philly, James Madison, the “father of the Constitution,” proposed Virginia Plan, scrapping Articles in favor of a a strong government with 3 branches, based on Montesquieu’s ideas

compromisesGreat Compromise

– Va. V. NJ Plan3/5 compromise –

counting slavesSlave trade

compromise – ends 1808

reviewName 4 problems of government under the

Articles.Explain Shays’ Rebellion.Why didn’t Annapolis Convention

accomplish anything?Who is the “Father of the Constitution?Explain 3 compromises made in

Philadelphia.

3 compromisesRepresentation –

Virginia Plan/Big State Plan; NJ Plan/Small State Plan

Great or Connecticut Compromise – bicameral legislature; House based on Virginia Plan, Senate based on NJ PLan

Count slavesSouth – yes

(increases its population); North- no

3/5 Compromise – count 3 of 5 slaves (3/5 of a person?)

Keep the slave trade?South – yes; North

– noCommerce and

Slave Trade Compromise – end it in 20 years (1808)

Review – explain:Great Compromise3/5 CompromiseSlave Trade Compromise

I. ratificationFederalists

supported the Constitution

Antifederalists opposed it and wanted to merely amend the Articles (NJ Plan); feared too strong national government

Antifederalist concernsConstitution

wouldn’t respect states’ rights or people’s rights

Strong central government would be remote from the people

The chief executivePresident under the

Constitution sounded too much like a King.

By creating the electoral college the founders showed their distrust for the people

reviewWhat were people who supported the

Constitution called?What were people who opposed the

Constitution called?List four concerns of the Antifederalists.

II. Federalist Papers written by

Hamilton, Madison, and Jay

Newspaper articles written to persuade New York Antifederalists to ratify (9 states needed, all eventually ratified)

Federalist 10Madison fears

faction, a group that works against the rights of others

Get rid of faction by taking away liberty or making everyone the same

Control effects with a large republic – “extend the sphere”

Federalist 51 “If men were angels, no

government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither internal nor external controls would be necessary

Control men with strong government; control rulers with elections and checks and balances

reviewWho wrote the Federalist Papers?What was the purpose?What does Federalist 10 say?What does Federalist 51 say?

Were the founding fathers Democratic Reformers?Traditional view –

Fiske founding to early 1900s – Founders were geniuses – “enlightened statesmen,” “Miracle at Philadelphia.”

Elite theory – Beard – Founders were rich creditors wanting their money from poor debtors – lawyers, well-educated, rich

Roche – they were democratic – coming up with a political deal that would win the support of the states

Young – they were trying to help the upper class as much as they could, but made some “accommodations” to the people.

III. President WashingtonUnanimous pick; chose

a Cabinet: Secretary of State Jefferson, Secretary of Treasury Hamilton, and Secretary of War Knox

Hamilton’s economics: debt is good - assume state debt, pay off national debt to encourage loyalty to government, sound credit rating

Excise Tax on Whiskey/Whiskey RebellionWhen farmers

revolted, Washington sent 13,000 militia to put down the Whiskey Rebellion.

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation said we wouldn’t help France fight Britain; Jay’s Treaty made peace with England

There must be some mistake – this has nothing to do with George Washington – what did you say to this young lady?

The Bank and Constitutional InterpretationHamilton’s program

included a National bank to stabilize the economy, provide national currency.

Jefferson – unconstitutional – strict construction; Hamilton – interstate commerce – loose construction/implied powers - elastic /necessary and proper clause

Elastic clause and implied powersArticle I section 8,

clause 18Elastic

clause/necessary and proper clause:

“to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any Department or officer thereof”

reviewName two ways Washington was different.Who was in Washington’s cabinet?What did Hamilton tax?What resulted?What did Washington do about it?What was the Neutrality Proclamation?What did Washington say in the Farewell

Address?

IV. Political parties developThe Federalists

formed a party led by Hamilton, Adams, and Madison – strong Federal government

They believed in strong government, business, and the protective tariff, New England/urban centered, pro-Britain, Jay’s Treaty

Republicans/Jeffersonian Republicans/Democratic-RepublicansLed by Jefferson,

Republicans favored strong state governments and weaker national governments (a more democratic-republic), pro-France, anti Jay’s Treaty

Also favored small farmers and debtors, South/agrarian centered

Both sides had their press, taverns

NeutralityCitizen Genet

headache; In his Farewell Address, Washington warned us to avoid political parties and permanent alliances; also set two term tradition

Parties cause dissension; alliances pull countries into war.

reviewWhat were the first two political parties?What did the Federalists believe in?Who were the Federalist leaders?What did the Republicans believe in?Who was the Republicans’ leader?

I. President AdamsJohn Adams (F),

was Washington’s Vice President.

1796 election – Jays Treaty , Whiskey Rebellion big issues; Adams (F)defeated Jefferson (D-R)for the Presidency, 71-68; Jefferson the VP

XYZ affair France – angry

about Jays’ Treaty, seized 300 U.S. ships and wanted a bribe to negotiate

Navy Dept, Marines created; Federalist calls for war, but Adams resisted; let the babies grow

Alien and Sedition ActsAdams got Congress to

pass the Alien and Sedition Acts – 14 years to be a citizen, no criticizing the government; unconstitutional but popular

Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions – states can to nullify (disobey) unconstitutional laws since the U.S. is a compact of states; later used by Calhoun/South

review What was Adams’ position before

becoming PresidentWho ran in 1796, from what party?What was the electoral vote, and from

where did each party draw support?What was the XYZ Affair?Why did Adams resist his party’s calls for

war?What did the Alien and Sedition Acts do?What was written in response?

II. Election of 1800

Nasty politicsFederalist in fighting

- Hamilton turned on Adams, who was called “Father of the American navy.”

Jefferson was accused of fathering kids with his slaves (true – Sally Hemings); Federalist ladies hid their Bibles

Results/12th amendmentJefferson won 73-65;

election turned by New York (250 votes) and the 3/5 Compromise

Jefferson and his running mate Burr tied; House breaks tie (Federalist controlled) 12th amendment resulted; peaceful transfer of power

Label/match ‘emUrban supportFrench alliesAgricultural economyLoose constructionNeedless military

spendingSlave kidsAaron BurrHouse of

Representatives

Democratic-Republican

FederalistJeffersonBreaks electoral tieJefferson’s VP who

tied himAdams

III. President JeffersonInaugural Address:

“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists…” - bipartisanship

“No entangling alliances”

“That government which governs least, governs best”

Jeffersonian politicsJeffersonian

Democracy - yeoman farmer, pro-slavery, slippers, eventual suffrage, written State of the Union

During lame duck period, Adams appointed 94 Federalist judges – the “midnight appointments

Marbury v. MadisonJefferson/Madison –

no commission; citing Judiciary Act, Marbury took case to Supreme Court.

Chief Justice Marshall , a Federalist, ruled: Judiciary Act unconstitutional, Judicial Review/nationalism for Supreme Court

reviewGive some famous Jefferson quotes.What was Jeffersonian democracy?What did Adams do during the lame duck

period?How did Jefferson and Madison respond?Where did Marbury take the case?What was Marshall’s ruling?Why was the case important?

IV. Jefferson’s foreign policyCut defense but

sent marines to “shores of Tripoli” against Barbary pirates – Tripolitan War.

1800 Louisiana was sold to France/Napoleon from Spain, who withdrew right to deposit – hurt farmers.

LouisianaWar with France would

require British allies, so pro-French Jefferson gave Monroe/Livingston $10m to France to buy New Orleans.

Fearing British Louisiana and despairing of Haiti/Santo Domingo, Napoleon sold all of it for $15 million to Livingston/U.S.

Strict construction – purchase illegal, so why do it?1. no time for

amendment.2. republican “empire

of liberty”3. isolationism possible

– Europe outLewis and Clark

mapped it out – Missouri River, Rockies, Columbia River, Pacific Coast – eventually Oregon Trail

reviewAgainst whom did Jefferson go to war?In 1800, who sold Louisiana to whom?Why did we care?Whom did Jefferson send to buy New

Orleans?Why did Napoleon sell all of Louisiana?Why did Jefferson violate the constitution (3

reasons)?