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Hypnosis
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Dr. Franz Anton Mesmer Austrian physician Late 18th century Discovered what he called “____________________”
– the belief that all animals had a special magnetic fluid flowing through their bodies and illness was simply an obstacle that temporarily stopped this flow
– also known as mesmerism
– theory was rejected by officials from the Royal Academy of Sciences
Franz Anton Mesmer. (2005 October 17). Retrieved October 24, 2005 from http://enwikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer. Brought to you by
James Braid Developed procedure known as “hypnosis” in 1842 Created the “mesmeric trance”
– movement of a bright object to achieve _____________– proposed “ocular fixation” caused a trance
Hypnosis. (2005 October 17). Retrieved October 24, 2005 from http://enwikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis.
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1880s and Later Uses of Hypnosis Dr. James Esdaile: used hypnotism as an
anesthetic for over 300 surgeries Jean Martin Charcot: used hypnotism for
treatment of __________ Sigmund Freud: developed abreaction therapy
using hypnosis Andrew Salter: combined hypnosis with
Pavlovian conditioning
.Hypnosis. (2005 October 17). Retrieved October 24, 2005 from http://enwikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis.
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Dissociation ____________________: a psychological state in which
certain emotions, thoughts, memories, or sensations are separated from the rest of the body
e.g., being captivated by a book or movie Joseph Barber and Ernest Hilgard:
– view hypnosis as “an altered ‘state’ of consciousness in which a person’s stream of consciousness is divided or dissociated”
Dissociation. (2005 October 17). Retrieved October 24, 2005 from http://enwikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation Brought to you by
Suggestibility Theodore X. Barber:
– views hypnosis as “ a more generalized ‘trait’, or a relatively permanent characteristic of people who respond well to suggestion”
Considered easily suggestible if readily _______________ and _____________ suggestions made from other
The more suggestible you are, the more hypnotizable you are
Can be measured with tests such as the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale– Set of exercises that score a subject on their level of reaction to
a stimulus after being placed in a trance
Suggestibility. (2005 October 17). Retrieved October 24, 2005 from http://enwikipedia.org/wiki/Suggestibility.
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Definition of Hypnosis American Psychological Association:
– “Hypnosis typically involves an introduction to the procedure during which the subject is told that suggestions for imaginative experiences will be presented.”
Hypnosis is not a form of ___________ (the subject is alert the whole time)
Most often compared to daydreaming, in that imaginary events seem real and can even cause emotions
Definition of the Process of Hypnosis and Trance States. (2005 October 17). Retrieved October 24, 2005 from http: //apmha.com/page 8.htm.
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The Process Different hypnotists have different methods but they all
follow some general guidelines:– The subject must want to be hypnotized.– The subject must believe he or she can be hypnotized.– The subject must eventually feel _________________
and relaxed. Subject is put into a trance, or an altered state of
consciousness, and then given suggestions by the hypnotist
How Hypnosis Works. Retrieved October 24, 2005. http://science.howstuffworks.com/hypnosis.htm.
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Trance Induction Methods ____________________ Induction or Eye Fixation:
– e.g., waving a watch in front of someone– Basic Idea: the subject focuses so intently on the object
that everything else is tuned out– Rarely used because it rarely works
Rapid:– Basic Idea: give the brain a large number of firm
commands at once– If the commands are forceful enough, the subject is likely
to submit their conscious control over their actions– Works well for stage-hypnotists
How Hypnosis Works. Retrieved October 24, 2005. http://science.howstuffworks.com/hypnosis.htm.
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Trance Induction Methods Progressive relaxation and Imagery:
– Basic Idea: Speak to the subject slowly in a _________ voice until the subject experiences complete relaxation
– Most commonly used by psychiatrists Loss of balance
– Basic Idea: Use slow, rhythmic rocking to create a loss of equilibrium
– e.g., rocking a baby to sleep
How Hypnosis Works. Retrieved October 24, 2005. http://science.howstuffworks.com/hypnosis.htm. Brought to you by
Hypnotherapy Therapy based on or using some form of
hypnosis. More effective with __________________
patients. More effective when coupled with
additional treatment, such as cognitive or behavioral therapy.
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Hypnotherapy Despite some controversy over the
nature of hypnosis and even its use, there is significant evidence that hypnotherapy is more effective than a placebo at dealing with a variety of health-related issues.
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How does Hypnotherapy Work? The first step is for a clinician to put the
patient into a trance-like state, then… Suggestions are made to alter the patient’s
train of thought. Metaphors are told that the patient
internalizes. Questions are asked to draw out memories.
Edmunds, Gafner (2003) Touching Trauma. Journal of Contemporary Hypnosis.
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Practical Applications for Hypnotherapy Cessation of ____________ Treatment of pain, including chronic back
pain, burn pain, cancer-related pain, childbirth pain, dental pain, surgery-related pain, and phantom limb pain
Treatment of general anxiety, disease-related anxiety, and PTSD
Treatment of phobias Treatment of _____________ disorders
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Belief in Hypnotherapy As with any other treatment, hypnotherapy will be
less effective for those patients _______________ of the process of hypnosis, or its potential medical benefits.
In most cases, effectiveness of hypnotherapy is correlated with the patients suggestibility level.
A recent study has shown suggestibility to be negatively correlated with academic achievement.
West, V (2003). Hypnotic Suggestibility and Academic Achievement. Journal of Contemporary Hypnosis
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Hypnotherapy Many medical professionals are unaware of the
benefits of hypnotherapy. Several scholarly journals publish articles only
related to hypnotherapy, including…
Journal of Contemporary Hypnosis International Journal of Experimental and
Clinical Hypnosis American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
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Negative ConsequencesA number of negative side effects have been
associated with hypnotherapy… Headaches __________ Neck Pain Reliving traumatic life experiences
Lynn et al. (2000)The Systematic Study of negative post-hypnotic effects. Journal of Contemporary Hypnosis
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Negative Consequences (ctd.) A rare number of cases exist in which legal action
has been brought about as a result of hypnosis (usually stage hypnosis).
Plaintiffs have claimed that being stage hypnotized resulted in depression, sexual dysfunction, and even psychosocial disorders.
Although not all claims are validated, these cases raise important issues on the potential dangers of hypnosis.
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Preventing Negative ConsequencesClinicians can reduce negative consequences by… Not hypnotizing patients with major psychological
disorders Dispelling common myths about hypnosis Explaining possible after-effects of hypnosis Conducting a thorough _________________
Page, Handley (1993) The Effects of Preventive Measures in reducing aftereffects of hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis Brought to you by
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