Hydrosphere

HydrosphereWater Water Everywhere…

Essential StandardsEEn. 2.3 Explain the structure and processes within the hydrosphere.• EEn.2.3.1 Explain how water is an energy agent (currents and heat

transfer).• EEn.2.3.2 Explain how ground water and surface water interact.EEn. 2.4 Evaluate how humans use water.• EEn.2.4.1 Evaluate human influences on freshwater availability.• EEn.2.4.2 Evaluate human influences on water quality in North

Carolina’s river basins, wetlands and tidal environments.

Water CycleWhere does water come from? Where does it go?

What are the parts of the water cycle?• Evaporation – water changes from a liquid to a gas• Transpiration – water changes from a liquid to a gas through intake

from plants• Condensation – water changes from a gas to a liquid through cooling• Precipitation – Water falls from clouds as rain, snow, sleet, hail, dew,

etc…• Infiltration / percolation – water moves through the ground becoming

groundwater

Are there other ways water changes phases?• Yes but these are less common• Deposition – water changes from a vapor to a solid without a liquid

phase – very cold temperatures and high altitudes• Sublimination – water changes from a solid to a vapor without a

liquid phase – snow seems to disappear without melting

What other factors make up the water cycle?• Flow – collection of water moving downhill• watershed – a ridge of land that funnels water into rivers or streams,

separates one river basin from another• River basins - an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries• Occurs on the surface and underground

Assignment!• Draw the water cycle• You will need:• 1 large sheet of paper• Colored pencils• Label everything!• Take up the whole page

Remember River Basins?• How many river basins are in NC? What do you remember about your

river water quality?• Carry freshwater to the ocean

Remember watersheds?• Define watershed:

A ridge of land that separates water flowing to different rivers, basins or seas

Where is water underground?• Much is in aquifers• Bodies of permeable rock that hold or transmit groundwater

• Humans tap into aquifers to use as wells

What is the water table?• Level below which the

ground is saturated completely• Can vary with season• Can vary greatly with

topography• Changes over time

How are groundwater and surface water connected?• Surface water percolates through

the regolith to become groundwater carrying substances with it which it has contacted• Groundwater replenishes through

surface water collected from precipitation• When water tables fill, flooding

events happen more frequently• The water table can vary from one

house to another

Ocean CurrentsMotion in the ocean

How does ocean water move?• Surface currents• Gyres• Density currents• Upwelling• Coreolis effect

What are surface currents?• Develop due to friction between ocean surface and wind• Short• Affect small areas• Subject to seasonal or local influence

What are gyres?• Circular moving ocean systems• 5 main gyres:• North Pacific• South Pacific• North Atlantic• South Atlantic • Indian Ocean

• Debris is pulled in with the current and continuously spirals in the ocean• Great Pacific Garbage Patch

Assignment!• Revisiting Journal Assignments• Watch the following video The Great Pacific Garbage Patch to:• Write a summary on the video (5 W’s)• Write a personal statement on what you think of the information you have

just seen, how you may contribute, and what specific solutions you have to fix the problem.• Follow up questions:

• Where does all the plastic come from?• How has it been damaging to ecosystems so far?• When will the plastic be out of the ecosystem?• How much more plastic is in the ocean than plankton in some places? Why is this

significant?

What are density currents?• Vertical ocean currents that result

from different densities• INCREASES in density can be

attributed to:• Higher content of salinity• Colder temperatures

• What do hot things tend to want to do? Because they are _______.Hot things tend to want to rise because they are less dense

How does temperature affect density?• As water molecules get colder, they begin to get closer together.

Think about ice forming• As water molecules get warmer, they have more energy and spread

apart, meaning there are less of them in an area.

How does temperature affect salinity?• As water freezes, freshwater

is stored in ice but salt is left out. • Cooler water has higher

concentrations of salt.• In areas such as the

Mediterranean, high tempeartures combined with low precipitation leads to increased evaporation. • Salt is left behind in higher

concentrations

Where do density currents take place?• At high latitudes (the poles) water

sinks• Water cools• Shrinks and becomes less dense• Salinity increases

• South of India and Alaska water is pushed upward• Water is heated• Expands and becomes less dense• Salinity decreases

• The Mediterranean• Water is trapped and heated• Evaporation increases salinity• Water sinks

thermohaline circulation

Assignment!• Group Quest• http://

www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es2202/es2202page01.cfm?chapter_no=investigation• We will do this together in preparation for lab

Assignment!• Thermohaline circulation lab:• You will need:• water• Large bin• 250 mL beaker (at least)• Salt• 2 different food colorings • Stirring rod• Hot plate• Ice water bath

What is upwelling?• Wind blow from the equator parallel to the

coast• Warm water is pushed away from the coast by

wind• In a normal year this piles up warm water in the

Western Pacific • What do we call it when these winds subside and

warm water is not relocated?• Cold water moves up from the depths of the

ocean to replace the warm water that has been blown away• Happens off the California Coast• Brings a rising of nutrients from the deep

• Increases fish populations • Fish markets thrive in affected areas

upwelling importanceupwelling demo

How do ocean currents affect climate?• Water is carried from the equator to the poles • Pushed along by density currents

• Water absorbs heat at the equator• Heat is released as water moves toward the cooler poles

Assignment!• Compare temperature trends for Fayetteville and Havelock from

September through the present• Create a graph to show temperature trends between the two cities

over time• Type a half a page in 12 pt font using Time New Roman on how

temperatures compare in the summer vs. the winter in an inland city and a coastal city

Assignment!• Complete the chapter sheet for 16.1 on ocean currents• Turn into box when complete

Honors Assignment!• Webquest • You will compare the climate in Maine and England• Using what you know about density currents and the “global conveyor

belt”, explain why you see the climate patterns you see in each location • Create a powerpoint explaining why you see these climate trends

How does the Coreolis Effect move ocean water?• Deflects currents from

their original source due to Earth’s rotation.• To the right of the source

in the northern hemisphere • To the left of the source in

the southern hemisphere

• How does this affect the climate of coastal climates compared to inland climates?

Assignment!• Ocean currents foldable• You will need• 3 different colored sheets of paper• Colored pencils• Stapler• To listen!

How else does water move on the surface?• Remember river basins?• What is a river basin?

• What is a watershed?

• What are our river basins used for in NC?

• What types of pollution do you see in our river basins?

Land are drained by a river and its tributaries

Ridge of land that divides one river basin from another

Drinking water, electricity, drain pollution, fishing

Point source – identifiable source (mercury, factory chemicals)Non – point source – unidentifiable source (sediment, fertilizer, pesticides)

How does water move under the surface?

• Infiltration and percolation – water absorbs through soil and makes its way to aquifers• Aquifers – underground water reserves• Confined – water surrounded by impermeable bedrock• Unconfined – water seeps directly into aquifer

• What are aquifers used for?

WELLS!

What kind of wells can be drilled from aquifers?• 3 kinds• Water table wells

• In unconfined aquifer• Artisian wells

• In confined aquifer • Above water table

• Flowing artisian wells• In confined aquifer• Below water table

How do groundwater levels affect surface water levels?• Streams form where the water table intersects with the surface• As more water enters water table, less water can percolate • Higher water tables = more flood events

Water Use“When tempted to fight fire with fire, remember the fire department usually uses water…” - unknown

How do we use water?• Cleaning• Drinking• Recreation• Transportation• Aquaculture• Irrigation

Assignment!• Use the following link to calculate how much water you use in your

home a month• http://www.saveourh2o.org/water-use-calculator• How do you compare with the household in California?• What do you think accounts for this difference?• Click to learn easy ways to lower water use• List 2 ways to conserve water in EACH area of the home• List 2 ways to conserve water in EACH area outside the home

Where does our potable water come from?

• Dams• Wells – from aquifers• What 2 types of aquifers are there?

• What 3 types of wells are there?

Unconfined – water not surrounded by bedrockConfined – water surrounded by bedrock

Water table well – drilled in an unconfined aquiferArtisian well – drilled in confined aquifer above the water tableFlowing artisian well – drilled in confined aquifer below the water table

How does water use affect aquifers?• Aquifers must be recharged through percolation and infiltration from

surface water• Aquifer depletion happens as aquifers are drained consistently for

long periods of time• Water in aquifers can be:• Transpired by plants• Released into streams• Used by humans

What are the consequences of aquifer depletion?• Worsens drought conditions• Lowers the water table• Salt water intrusion – problem at the

coast• Pressure is lowered in aquifer allowing

sea water to push its way into the aquifer

• Subsidence – land sinking • Coastal areas are drained allowing air in

the soil sparking decomposition making land sink

salt water intrusion

Salt water intrusion in the news

What are some positive and negative effects of dams?• Drinking water reserve• Flood control• Nutrients are cut from flood plain• Irrigation for agriculture• Recreation• Hydroelectric power• Can cut migration patterns of fish• Atlantic salmon • American shad

What happens to old dams?• They become dangerous, outdated, or ecologically damaging• Dams are removed

What are the effects of dam removal?• Can restore migration patterns

of fish • Increases spawning grounds

• Expensive• Flood control no longer possible• Eliminates problems associated

with dam failure and collapse• Increases rate of erosion until

water levels equalize dam removal affects on communitydam being removed

What is population growth doing to water resources?• Humans must have water• More humans = more pollution =

less potable water

• Higher demand on aquifers will increase depletion problems• What will happen to water

reserves in the future if population trends continue?• What is responsible for the spike

in population around 200 years ago? http://joshuaproject.net/world-clock.php

Review• How does agriculture use water?

• How does recreation use water?

IrrigationAquacultureFertilizerPesticide Herbicides

Home poolsWater parks Boating FishingWater fights

How does sharing watersheds affect people?• Many people may share

the same aquifer• Pollutants that

contaminate one person’s well, may travel through the aquifer to affect neighbors that have wells in the same aquifer

Assignment!• Water use lab• You will need:• Bin• Bucket• Water use chart• Sponge• To listen to the story

• Write! How did your location affect how much water you had to use? What happened to the water in the well as you used/dumped it?

How do we clean water?• Waste water treatment!• Cleans water before it goes into

homes and after it comes out• Has physical, chemical, and biological

components of cleaning water• Waste water treatment increases

quality and quantity of potable water• Removes effluent (liquid waste),

sediment, trash, some chemicals, and biological components (fecal matter, parasites) of water

How is water quality assessed?• Chemical means• pH, chemical analysis (what chemicals are present)

• Physical means• Color, smell, visible pollution

• Biological index• Pollution tolerant vs. pollution intolerant organisms

• Streams with high numbers of pollution intolerant organisms = good quality

• Streams with low numbers of pollution intolerant organisms and high numbers of pollution tolerant organisms = poor quality

• What if you have a high number of both?

What can we do to preserve water resources?• Install devices to use less water in homes and businesses• Low flow toilets and showerheads

• Turn water off when not in use• Brushing teeth, doing dishes

• Give business to companies with sustainable practices• Recycle water

• Drip line irrigation in agriculture• Less water centered recreation in arid areas• Prevent contamination

Assignment!• Create a game board where you will explore water conservation

efforts• Specific guidelines available online

Honors assignment!• Create a brochure explaining why water conservation is important

and ways to conserve water

Resources• http://www.education.noaa.gov/Freshwater/Water_Cycle.html• http://oldleathershoe.com/wordpress/?p=504• http://images.yourdictionary.com/transpiration• http://onlyhdwallpapers.com/tag/condensation/• http://shoalwater.nsw.gov.au/education/precipitation.htm• http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/phase-change-evaporation-condensation-freezing-melting.html#lesson• http://www.gowaterfalling.com/waterfalls/rainbow.shtml• http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwwells.html• http://216.27.39.101/Plan/NC_River_Basins_Map.htm• http://www.artinaid.com/2013/04/types-of-aquifers/• http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/hydro/hydrosphere/topics/water_table.html• http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article35489.html• https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth103/node/704• http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Water/ocean_currents.html• http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_gyre• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtewmJ78hzw• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FuOX23yXhZ8• http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/05conveyor2.html• http://leftface.wordpress.com/2012/05/16/a-zone-of-upwelling/• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gE0617WH0lU• http://dge.stanford.edu/labs/caldeiralab/Caldeira_research/Gibbard_Caldeira.html• http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/currents/05currents1.html• http://www.yarmouth.org/magazine/pollution_in_the_tusket/brochure_1/watershed.jpg• http://www.gulfallianceeducation.org/images/Educator%20Resources/aquifersandwells.gif• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aquifer_en.svg/350px-Aquifer_en.svg.png• http://i.imwx.com/web/news/2010/july/flood-generic-houses-071210-439x330.jpg• http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/wateruse.jpg• http://tobyneal.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/well-w-bucket.jpg• http://serc.carleton.edu/images/eslabs/drought/hoover_dam.jpg• http://www.ngwa.org/Fundamentals/use/PublishingImages/aquifer_types.gif• http://www.vtwaterquality.org/wqd_mgtplan/images/DamEffects02.jpg

Resources• http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8193/8146701081_d68ccaa5f5_z.jpg• http://thegrabmovie.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/elwha_dam_removal.gif• http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4149/5224275696_d41a326785.jpg• http://www.subdude-site.com/WebPages_Local/Blog/topics/environment/worldPopGrowth_charts/images_worldPopulation/WorldPopulationGraph_yearPre7000BCto2025AD_metalAges_703x578.jpg• http://www.thethemeparkguy.com/park/chime-long-waterpark/chime-long-waterpark-from-above-big.jpg• http://blog.machinefinder.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/spray-irrigation4.jpg• http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/environment/facts/06-115f1.jpg• http://www.rewaonline.org/treatment-process.php• http://35.8.121.139/edmodule/water/graphics/mayfly.gif