Hydrosphere

Earth’s Water Budget

• 97% saltwater

• 3% freshwater

• 2.59% ice caps, glaciers, deep groundwater • 0.41% surface freshwater, accessible

groundwater, soil moisture

WHY is it ESSENTIAL to LIFE?

PROPERTIES of WATERWATER has HYDROGEN

BONDS

• Responsible for other special characteristics of water

Water boils at 100 C and freezes at 0 C at sea level

• Water exist as a liquid in a wide range of temperature

High Heat Capacity

• Specific heat capacity of 4.184 j/g-C

• Helps protect living organisms from the shock of abrupt temperature changes

• Moderates earth’s climate

• Makes water as an excellent coolant

High Heat of Vaporization• It takes a lot of heat to evaporate liquid water• Makes evaporation of water an effective

cooling process

Water is Polar• Liquid water can dissolve a variety of

compounds– Carry nutrients– Flush waste products– Serve as an all-purpose cleanser– Help remove and dilute the water-soluble wastes

of civilization

Water is Transparent• Water is clear and allows light to pass through.Importance?

Density • Liquid = 1g/mlImportance?

Short Quiz What property of water is responsible for

the following: Explain.1. Ice floats on water.2. Water remains a liquid in most climates

on earth.3. Water is an excellent solvent.4. Animals rid their bodies of excess heat

through evaporation of sweat.

SOURCES of WATER

WATER available as:

• SURFACE WATER

• GROUND WATER

Surface Water

• Rivers, lakes, seas, reservoirs• Gets replenished through?

precipitation and run-off

Ground Water

• The water that works its way below the ground through voids of permeable rocks

aquifers aquitards – impermeable rocks

SPRING

• Ground water that comes out from fissure or cracks in aquifers solid impermeable base, and naturally surface out the ground.

Ground water is a major source of fresh water in the country. How can we extract it?

Depletion of Ground water, possible?

= land subsidence or sinking area

Sea Water

• Contains high concentration of dissolved solids than freshwater.

• Salinity = 35 ppt

• ESTUARY– Region where freshwater mixes with seawater

QUIZ #2 1. Discuss the Earth’s water budget.

a. Which part gets the largest percentage? The least?

b. What are the effects of this distribution on the different ecosystems?

2. Make a diagram of the ground water system. Label its parts.

c. Differentiate aquifer and aquitard.d. What are the effects of groundwater

depletion?

HW

• Research on El Nino – La Nina Phenomena (1 whole pad paper/bond paper)

• Bring the following: (Friday)– Sand– Clay– Gravel/pebble– 3 20ml colored liquid– Timer

Water and Atmospheric Conditions

Atmosphere : An important component of the Hydrologic Cycle?

HOW?

Water plays a major role in climate, or daily weather changes.

HOW?

Humidity in AIR

HUMIDITY

• Measure of the atmospheric water vapor content.

• Relative Humidity (RH) – one way of expressing humidity

RH= water vapor content in air water vapor capacity of air

RH =actual water vapor pressure x 100

Vapor pressure of saturation

Check-up

• Why do we feel sticky and warmer during summer days when the air is humid?

• When is the best time of the day to water the plants? Why?

El Niño - La NiñaEl Niño (ENSO) La Niña

Warmer surface along the coasts

Frequent and stronger typhoons; rainy seasons in southeast Asia

Sharp decline in fish harvestColder and longer winter season in the northern hemisphere

Long dry season resulting to critical water levels in reservoirs

Flooding in coastal regions and floodplains

Drying up of farmlands , resulting to poor crop harvest

Serious economic consequences

QUIZ #31. What are the consequences of a major event of ENSO?2.What should be done in the following situations:

a. It is high noon. The plants in the flowerbox look “thirsty” for water.

b. It is winter in Canada. Inside a room, friends huddle before the fireplace. RH is very low. Their skin is also becoming dry.

c. A rich farmer wants to venture into a piggery business along a river. Downstream, people use the river for irrigation.

WATER PROBLEMS

War in the Middle East

Seawater Intrusion

• Contamination of freshwater with saltwater

Land Subsidence

• Depression of the land above an area where massive extraction of water leaves voids underground

Water Scarcity

• Occurs in places surrounded by seas

• Seawater cannot be used for drinking and other purposes

• desalination

INDICATORS OF WATER QUALITY

Dissolved Oxygen(DO)

• Amount of diatomic oxygen dissolved in water• Comes from air which mixes with water• High DO = ?• Warm water has lower DO than cold water.

Why?• Water movement increases DO, presence of

pollutants decreases DO

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

• The amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms in the water to survive

• High BOD =?

Total Suspended Solids(TSS)

• Indicates turbidity• High TSS = ?

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

• A measure of the mount of dissolved contaminants in water

• High TDS = ?

Coliform Bacteria

• Microorganisms which come from the animal dung or human feces

• Presence of coliform bacteria = ?

• For drinking water coliform count = 0• Swimming pool = <100

WATER POLLUTION

• A condition in which water becomes unfit for its intended use.

• Uses of water ?

Pollutants

• Human and animal wastes• Organic wastes• Industrial wastes

– Organic chemicals– Heavy metals– Nitrates– Grease and oil– Radioactive chemicals

LEAD • Neurotoxin• Can cause hyperacidity and low attention span• Linked to low IQ and poor performance• High concentration in areas using lead in

water pipes

Mercury• Neurotoxin• Caused the Minamata disease (Minamata Bay,

Kyushu Japan)

Methyl mercury

Oil• Oil spill – most common problem in the

industrialized world• Prevents the entry of oxygen• Coats the gills of fish• Coats the feathers of birds

Nitrates and phosphates• used in fertilizers• Found in detergents• Eutrophication• algal bloom • Massive fish kills

Acids • Due to acid rain and acidic waste water from

industries• Dissolves and reacts with nutrients necessary

for algal growth

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)• Stable compound that persists or stays in the

environment for a long time• “dirty dozen”• Very toxic to humans and animals

Dead Rivers

• “one which is not suitable for any beneficial purpose”

• “physically lost”

• Biologically dead river – which could no longer support important aquatic species

• Tullahan River, Pasig River,

Thermal Pollution

• Happens when hot waste water is released in rivers or lakes

Mine Spills

• Spills from mine tailings • High concentration of mercury and cyanide• Boac in Marinduque• Mt. Diwalwal in Campostela Valley• Rapu-rapu, Albay

Quiz #3

• A group of students was assigned to investigate on the fish kill that happened in a certain lake. What parameters are they going to test. Explain your answer.