Hydropower 1700’s ~ Hydropower 1700’s ~ Early 1800’s Early 1800’s Bernard Forest Bernard Forest de Bélidor de Bélidor Architecture Architecture Hydraulique Hydraulique , ,
Hydropower 1700’s ~Hydropower 1700’s ~ Early 1800’s Early 1800’s Bernard Forest de Bernard Forest de
Bélidor Bélidor Architecture Architecture
HydrauliqueHydraulique, ,
Late 1800,sLate 1800,s
Michigan's Grand Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light Rapids Electric Light and Power Company.and Power Company.
Niagara Falls, New Niagara Falls, New York.York.
Fox River in Appleton, Fox River in Appleton, WisconsinWisconsin
Mid-1900’sMid-1900’s
Industrial ageIndustrial age
New technologyNew technology
Better Better ConstructionConstruction
Bigger BudgetsBigger Budgets
CurrentlyCurrently
1/10 of electricity, 1/10 of electricity, US.US.
20% World 20% World electricityelectricity
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dam Over one mile longOver one mile long
575 feet tall. 575 feet tall.
25-75 billion dollars. 25-75 billion dollars.
20 years of 20 years of construction construction
Completion in 2009Completion in 2009
Hydro-Electric SystemsHydro-Electric Systems
Sizes- large, small, Sizes- large, small, MicroMicro
Types- Types- Impoundment, diversion, Impoundment, diversion, pumped storagepumped storage
TurbinesTurbines- reaction and impulse- reaction and impulse
Home-Hydro-PowerHome-Hydro-Power
Large Hydro-systemsLarge Hydro-systems
Defined as greater Defined as greater than 30 megawatts than 30 megawatts by Department of by Department of EnergyEnergy
Hoover dam- (1300 MW)Hoover dam- (1300 MW)
LargestLargest in World in World Venezuela (Venezuela (10,000MW)10,000MW)
China- 18,600 MW China- 18,600 MW (2009)(2009)
Small Hydro-systemsSmall Hydro-systems
DOE 100kw – DOE 100kw – 30mw30mw
Industries, townsIndustries, towns
Thailand (9mw)Thailand (9mw)
Micro-hydro systemMicro-hydro system
DOE 0-100 kwDOE 0-100 kw
Farm, home, Farm, home, villagevillage
Increasing in Increasing in #’s Today#’s Today
Pumped StoragePumped Storage
Energy control- Energy control- produce power on produce power on demanddemand
70-80% efficency 70-80% efficency
Net electricity Net electricity consumersconsumers
Can be PV and wind Can be PV and wind poweredpowered
Turbines: Reaction or Turbines: Reaction or ImpulseImpulse
Depends on: head, flow, and Depends on: head, flow, and pressurepressure
Impulse- similar to water wheel Impulse- similar to water wheel (cupped Blades) Spins in the air(cupped Blades) Spins in the air
Reaction- used in large facilitiesReaction- used in large facilities (Blades similar to boat propeller) Submerged in (Blades similar to boat propeller) Submerged in
waterwater
Impulse-type TurbineImpulse-type Turbine
High-head use-High-head use- (Vertical drop > (Vertical drop >
10m)10m)
High pressure High pressure (PSI)(PSI)
Reaction-type TurbineReaction-type Turbine
Low-head Low-head situations (high situations (high flow/ low PSI)flow/ low PSI)
Home-Home-MicroMicro-Hydro-Hydro
How to determine power?How to determine power?
Watts= head x GPM/10 (53% Watts= head x GPM/10 (53% efficiency)efficiency)
Power usage- 300-400 watts/Typical Power usage- 300-400 watts/Typical N.A. home N.A. home (refrigerator, washing machine, lights, (refrigerator, washing machine, lights, entertainment, communication- standard efficiency)entertainment, communication- standard efficiency)
Efficient house (Efficient house (200200 watts) watts)
Micro-Hydro siteMicro-Hydro site
15 kw of power15 kw of power Servicing 25 Servicing 25
homeshomes $30,000$30,000
Inside of Micro TurbineInside of Micro Turbine
4 inch diameter 4 inch diameter impulse turbineimpulse turbine
Creates 200 watts Creates 200 watts of powerof power
Cost $1440Cost $1440
Micro-Hydro SystemsMicro-Hydro Systems
Easy and DurableEasy and Durable
Cost of Cost of turbine/alternator turbine/alternator $1000-$3000$1000-$3000
Legal regulationsLegal regulations
Hydropower – Pros and Hydropower – Pros and ConsCons
Current hydropower technology, while Current hydropower technology, while essentially emission-free, can have essentially emission-free, can have undesirable environmental effects, such as fish undesirable environmental effects, such as fish injury and mortality from passage through injury and mortality from passage through turbines, as well as detrimental effects on the turbines, as well as detrimental effects on the quality of downstream water.quality of downstream water.
Fish PassageFish Passage Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot
migrate upstream past impoundment dams to migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. downstream to the ocean.
Upstream fish passage Upstream fish passage Fish ladders or elevatorsFish ladders or elevators truckstrucks
Downstream fish passageDownstream fish passage aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using
screens or racks or even underwater lights and screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine. past the turbine.
Water Quality and FlowWater Quality and Flow
Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riparian habitats and is addressed harmful to riparian habitats and is addressed using various aeration techniques. Maintaining using various aeration techniques. Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a minimum flows of water downstream of a hydropower installation is also critical for the hydropower installation is also critical for the survival of riparian habitats. survival of riparian habitats.
Environmentally Friendly Environmentally Friendly TurbinesTurbines
Environmentally friendly turbines, also called Environmentally friendly turbines, also called "fish friendly" turbines, aim to reduce fish "fish friendly" turbines, aim to reduce fish mortality when passing through the turbine, mortality when passing through the turbine, while also increasing water quality by while also increasing water quality by maintaining dissolved oxygen concentrations. maintaining dissolved oxygen concentrations.
ProsPros
Control of floods and water flowControl of floods and water flow Generate electric cleanly and is Generate electric cleanly and is
renewable renewable Efficiency – Energy to Electricity at Efficiency – Energy to Electricity at
90%90%
ConsCons Disrupt natural flow patterns of the streamDisrupt natural flow patterns of the stream Fertilization of flood plainFertilization of flood plain Fish migrationFish migration Sediment and stratification Sediment and stratification Decommissioning and Dam removal Decommissioning and Dam removal Hydro licensing / re-licensing Hydro licensing / re-licensing
Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS), the National Marine Fisheries Service Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the Forest Service (FS), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), (NMFS), the Forest Service (FS), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the National Park Service (NPS), the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the the National Park Service (NPS), the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the Bureau of Reclamation (BuRec), Army Corps of Engineers, and the Bureau of Reclamation (BuRec), Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ConclusionConclusion
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) river basin studies show a potential of (FERC) river basin studies show a potential of 73,200 MW of additional U.S. hydroelectric 73,200 MW of additional U.S. hydroelectric capacitycapacity
ReferencesReferences
http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/water-power/wp-pump.aspgen-info/water-power/wp-pump.asp
http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.htmlhydro_plant_types.html
http://www.homepower.com/files/hp44-24.pdfhttp://www.homepower.com/files/hp44-24.pdf http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/
hydro/types.htmlhydro/types.html Hinrichs, Kleinbach. ENERGY, Its use and the Hinrichs, Kleinbach. ENERGY, Its use and the
Environment,Tompson Learning, 2002.Environment,Tompson Learning, 2002.