Hydrology and Water Resources - narod.ruiirc.narod.ru/4conference/Abstract/Sec4.pdf · 228 Section 4: Hydrology and Water Resources relative errors of peak flow have shown a similar

Hydrology and Water Resources

Comparison between unit hydrograph flood estimation methods for un-gauged watersheds, a case study Khanmirza catchment, Iran K. Abdollahi1 & M. Nekouyi Mehr2

1- Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources Researches, Shahrekord, IRAN, Email: [email protected]; 2- Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources Researches, ShahreKord, IRAN, Email: [email protected]

Unit hydrograph is one of the most common flood estimation methods for un-gauged watersheds. In order to determination of reliability of this methods due to regional climatic and physical change in northern Karoon of Iran, a physically based so called GIUH, compared with SCS synthetic unit hydrograph, triangulated SCS and Snyder methods. The output of simulated models were tested against observed data for

the 405 km2 Khanmirza watershed in western part of Iran. For each method percentages of relative error for peak flow, time to peak and sum square errors determined. Results has shown that sum of square errors was 0.64, 1.61, 0.96 and 0.54 for Snyder method, SCS synthetic unit hydrograph, triangulated SCS and geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph, respectively. Calculated values for

Section 4: Hydrology and Water Resources 228

relative errors of peak flow have shown a similar situation with mentioned order 69.8, 49.1, 49.0 and 24.9. Based on results it can be suggesting the same ranking to use flood estimation methods in hydrological similar ungauged Watersheds.

Key words: Unit hydrograph, flood estimation, watershed, Karoon basin

Effects of groundwater over-exploitation on water quality of the Azarshahr plain aquifer A. Asghari Moghaddam Department of Geology, University of Tabriz, Iran, Tel: 04113858964 Email: [email protected]

The fertile plain of Azarshahr is located 50 km southwest of Tabriz city and east of Orumiyeh Lake and its area is about 136 km2. The climate of Azarshahr area is semi-arid with average annual precipitation and temperature of 221 mm and 13

oC, respectively. The

plain is an active cultivated area with low annual precipitation and surface runoff; thus, the groundwater resources have a vital role in supplying agricultural, drinking, domestic and industrial water demands. Because of over-exploitation from fresh water aquifer, saline water intrusion into this aquifer is highly increased in recent years and some of abstraction wells have been abandoned. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of excessive groundwater abstractions on water quality of the Azarshahr plain aquifer. Therefore, from the previous hydrogeological data, the groundwater level data were analyzed for a 10-year period. The groundwater level in the aquifer is declined about 3 m during this period. For determining the groundwater quality deterioration, 34 samples (in June 2002) were collected from pumping wells and analyzed to determine the main physicochemical components. These data were compared with data from year 1992, which show high increases in TDS values in most of the wells. The groundwater budget for year 2002 is carried out by calculating water wells abstraction rates, spring and ducts (qantas) discharges and groundwater flow into and from the aquifer, direct infiltration from precipitation, return flow from irrigation and sewage water and seepage from river. The amount of total recharge to the aquifer from above-mentioned components is less than those of artificially and naturally discharge from the aquifer.

Key words: Azarshahr plain, groundwater fluctuations, hydrochemistry, over-exploitation, saline water intrusion


Evaluation of mud-rock flow hazard using remote sensing and gis in the arid land watersheds of central Iran M. Akhavan Ghalibaf 1 & V. Sergeivna Krutina 2

1-Combat Anthropogenic Desertification and Kevir Department, Yazd University, Iran; 2-Soil Science Department, Moscow Timiriazev Academy, Russia.

In the some subtropical mountainous regions in Central Iran mud-rock flows can be happened after high intensity rainfall in spring. This research investigates the effectiveness of pedogenic and litogenic parameters using remote sensing. Sediment sampling was done after mud-rock flows. The mechanical and physical properties of samples like granulometry and thermogravimetry were determined. The upperlands of watershed classified to homogeneous units regarding to morphology, geology and pedology characters. After field diagnostic of hazardous land units for mud-rock flows tried to classify the sensitive areas by Landsat7 data. As a result more sensitive land units for mud-rock flows in Central Iran were the lands on the violet micacious sandy shales and near by dolomites related to geochemical properties and the effectiveness of slope and aspect of land. These Cambrian period formations determined by image processing and GIS.

Key words: Mud-rock, pedogenic, lithogenic, RS.

Simulation of rainfall-runoff process by artificial neural networks and HEC-HMS model (case study Zard river basin)M. Akbarpour1 & M. B. Rahnama2

1- MSc. Graguate, Water Structures Engineer, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran, Phone: +98(916) 6522571, E-mail: [email protected]; 2- Assistant Pro. of Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran,E-mail: [email protected]

The rainfall-runoff modeling is nonlinear process according to the temporal and spatial, and it is not possible to explain it with the simple models. In the present research simulation of the rainfall-runoff process were done, by Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and HEC-HMS model. The ANN models of, Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) with two structures of one and two hidden layer, and Radial Basis Function (RBF), was used for simulation of this process. It has been applied to the Zard river basin in Khuzestan province using daily rainfall and runoff data, during the water-years of 1370-79. In this period, 14 flood


events were selected for simulation of the HEC-HMS model. The obtained results of the above models were compared with the observed data from Zard river basin. This comparison shows that RBF model has much more power than MLP and HEC-HMS models for simulating of the rainfall-runoff process in Zard river basin.

Key words: Artificial neural network, HEC-HMS, Rainfall-runoff process

Using GIS to derivation of Gamma GIUH, Khanmirza Watershed Case Study, Iran K. Abdollahi Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources Researches, Shahrekord, IRAN; Email: [email protected]; Website: www.iranhydrology.com

The hydrograph at watershed outlet can be expressed as hydrological response of watershed to geomorphological behavior. In this work with the aid of the GIS and the concept of geomrphological instantaneous unit hydrograph, watershed response was simulated. In present physical approach, the GIUH is derived from geomorphological characteristic and then is related to parameters of Nash instantaneous unit hydrograph model based on Rosso method. The basic idea of this model can be understood by considering the watershed as a linear reservoir system in witch geomorphological properties play controlling role of this system. Nash model determines watershed rainfall-runoff response using a Gamma probability function with two form and scale parameters. Based on Rosso method Horton laws, stream velocity and highest order average length of stream will be applied to estimate form and scale parameters of Nash model. Estimated hydrograph were tested against observed data. The hydrograph shape was compared both visually and statistically. Results indicate that in most cases model was underestimated. Ratio between observed and computed flow rate were used as calibration factor. In other hand scale factor is constant for each subwatershed. With take account these geomorphological index four forms of model were developed for each subwatershed.

Key words: Runoff modeling, GIS, GIUH, watershed, geomorphometerry, Iran


Markov processes in a problem of the Caspian sea level forecasting M. V. Bolgov Water problems institute Russian Academy of Science,119991, Russia, Moscow, Gubkin st., 3, E-mail: [email protected]

In hydrological applications, the problem of the definition of a type of the stochastic model of the process under investigation and its parameters estimation is important. One of the most interesting cases is the closed water body level forecasting. Being the integrated characteristic, the level of a closed water body is rather sensitive to the behavior of the processes determining the inflow and the outflow components of the water balance on long time intervals. To solve the problem of forecasting of the Caspian Sea level fluctuations, both Langevin approach to the solution of the stochastic water balance equation and the diffusion theory of Fokker-Planck- Kolmogorov are used.For the description of river runoff fluctuations there are used: - the solution of Markov equation in the form of the bilinear decomposition on systems of orthogonal functions; - stochastic differential equations (SDE) in the form Ito or Stratonovich; - diffusion equations of Fokker-Planck- Kolmogorov;

Key Words: Caspian Sea, water level fluctuations, Markov equation.

Water Deficit and Drought Forecast by a Markov-Chain Model: Case Study in Central Iran

P. Daneshkar Arasteh1 & M. Mianehrow2

1- Hydrology Department, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI), Tehran, Iran. P.O.Box: 13445-1136, Tehran, Iran Phone: 0098-21-4901240 ~ 47 Fax: 0098-21-4905709 E-mail: [email protected]; 2- Former graduate student of Climatology E-mail: [email protected]

Deserts emerge and expand as a result of destruction of vegetation cover. If the plant is watered and irrigated enough, in the proper time and place, the vegetation cover is firmed and desertification is stopped. If the time and magnitude of watering with the peak of water consumption of plant are unbalanced, the vegetation cover is weakened and if this shortage continues, the vegetation will be destroyed. Water deficit due to drought accelerates this vegetative destruction.


In this research the Thornthwait Moisture Index (TMI) is used to predict the drought. According to run theory, a threshold was determined and on the basis of this threshold, in respect to the gained index, the system is divided into three conditions: normal, water excess and water shortage. In addition to have a quantity, the above-mentioned threshold, needs a definition of a period of continuation. In this research, a band with a width of two times of standard deviation as threshold and a three-year continuation period are used. On this basis, if the TMI is in this band, the region is in normal condition, if not, provided that the index is out of the band for three years, depending on the absolute value of the index, the system is either improving or being destroyed. Using the achieved definitions of the system’s condition on the basis of the TMI and mentioned continuation period, the transition and static probability matrices were calculated according to forecast the long time probability of regional desertification as normal, excessive or short, is represented in this paper. The research was carried out on the Central Basin of Iran (CBI) and iso-probability maps of water deficit are provided. The maps show that the study area will be in normal condition with a probability of 50 to 60 percent and dry out with probability of 38 to 50 percent in future. Only with a maximum probability of 2 percent state of the CBI changes to improve. Drying gradually increases and is fixed after 25 to 40 months.

Key Words: Iran, Markov Chain, Thornthwait MOISTURE INDEX, TPSS, water deficit

Water resources development and water utilization in the Zayandeh Rud basin, Iran H. R. Salemi1, N. Heydari2 & H. M. Rust3

1-Isfahan Agricultural Research Center, Isfahan, Iran. Phone +98-311-7760061 Email: hr_

The Zayandeh Rud is the most important river in Isfahan Province in central Iran. For many centuries it has provided the basis for a rich and prosperous region based around the ancient city of Isfahan, the former capital of the Persian Empire, which remains the cultural center of modern Iran. During the second half of the 20th century the age-long balance between economic growth and the water resources available to support that growth has dramatically changed. Analysis of water supplies and demand over the past 50 years in the Zayandeh Rud basin indicate that despite large investments in water resources development,


the basin remains just as vulnerable to drought as it always has been. During the period of analysis two trans-basin diversions and a storage reservoir have been constructed which have more or less doubled the annual supply of water to the basin. But with each water resource development, extractive capacity for irrigation, urban and industrial use has increased by the same amount, so that all new water is allocated as soon as it is available. The most recent developments, since 1980, have actually increased vulnerability to drought because extractive capacity is greater than average flow into the basin. Whenever demand exceeds supply all water is extracted from the basin and the tail end dries up. During the past 50 years flows into the salt pan at the downstream end of the basin have been negligible for more than half the time. Prospects for the future are bleak because once the current phase of water resources development is completed no further water supplies are likely, but demand continues to rise at a steady rate. Ultimately agriculture will have to concede water to urban, industrial and environmental demands. The Zayandeh Rud provides an excellent example of how a chronically water-short basin has tried to match supply and demand over the past fifty years. The need for a more integrated approach to basin management is required, as well as a set of longer-term plans for reallocation of water among sectors to cope with the anticipate water deficits that will arrive in or around 2020.

Key words: Consumption, demand, supply, water resources, water short basin, Zayandeh Rud basin

Biological method for controlling gully erosion by using fast growing species of Salix Spp. R. Hoseinpour1& J. Goddousy2

1_Associate members of the Natural Resources and Animal Affair Research Center Of The W.AZ Address: P. O.Box 669 Uremia – Iran / Tel No: 098 441 2777662/ Fax No: 098 441 2775430 / E-mail: [email protected] 2_ Associate members of the soil conservation and watershed Institute – Tehran_ Iran

For studying the rate of survival and the role of fast growing species of Salix tree in controlling and improving the longitudinal profile of gullies (gully erosion) and presenting a biological method for controlling gully erosion in west Azerbaijan province and other areas with similar climates, fast growing species of Sallix (Salix alba, S.aegyptiaca) was used by selecting 6 gullies in a way that have enough resistance against mud runoffs in gullies in watershed baron which is


located in W.notht of Iran that is called West Azerbaijan province. This was carried out with 9 repeats in each type and at the end of first year active growth period, the results were analyzed using K square and X2 analysis for survival of these two types. The results showed that in % 5 levels there are significant differences between these two types. S. alba with %78 higher survival adaptability and stability than the other type, has a significant ability in controlling and prevention of gully erosions.

Key words: Biology, gully erosion, Salix, west Azerbaijan province

Social and economical evaluation of rainfall catchments in Larestan region

R. Fatahi1, M. Shirani 2& M. Shahvali3

1- Assistant professor, Shahrekord university, E-mail: [email protected] 2- instructor, University of Applied Science and Technology, Email: [email protected] 3- Assistant professor, Shiraz university

Deficit and unsuitable time distribution of rainfall in most parts of Iran cause both drought and flood as two serious problems in the country. Residents of those areas have used rainfall catchment in a wide range to adapt with nature and overcome the water shortage. The residents of Larestan region in south west of Iran have overcome water shortage and soil salinity using this method. The main objective of this study was economical and social evaluation of these water supply systems. The results show that the mentioned rainfall catchments are sustainable from social and economical point of view. The results also show that traditional water-harvesting systems are in accordance with socio-economic aspects in the region.

Key words: rainfall catchment, socio-economic, sustainabity, water storage

A Study on the effect of manure and different rate of boron application on alfalfa crop YieldR. Fatahi Nafchi1, M. Pakbaz2, K. Parvanak Borujeni3 & R. Amooaghaie4

1-Assistant prof. Shahrekord University,2 - Msc. Of Soil Science 3- Islamic Azad University, Branch of Yadgar Emam, 4-Biology Department, Shahrekord University

The effect of animal manure on amelioration of physical properties and improvement of soil fertility level is well known. Moreover boron


requirement of Lucerne is comparatively higher than of other field crops. Hence, to obtain maximum Lucerne yield, estimation of boron fertilizer level based on field trial for each area is needed. The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of manure and optimum level of boron for maximum yield of Lucerne. The results showed that the treatments had significant effect on yield, P, Ca, Cu, Zn and B in the plant tissues concentration. Nevertheless maximum B, Zn, Ca, Cu concentration was brought by T7 but the highest level of P concentration with no significant difference with the effect of T2, T5,and T7 recorded for T6 treatment. Maximum yield, protein content and nutrient uptake was obtained by T6 treatment. It is suggested that for yield increasing of alfalfa in arena spread 20-t/ha animal fertilizers and 20 kg ha-1 boric acid should be added to basic fertilizers and mix with soil before the last plow.

Key words: Alfalfa, boron, fertilizer, manure, nutrient

Numerical simulation of barrier slope effect on orographic rainfall

.H.Khaleghi zavareh1, F.Mohamadi2

1-Department of Irrigation, Shahrekord University.phone: +98-311-2251294, Email:[email protected]; 2-Iranian Meteorological Organization,phone: +98-21-6004799

In this paper a two-dimensional, time dependent and non-hydrostatic orographic rainfall model is presented. Using a terrain-following sigma coordinate conveniently incorporates the effect of topography. Cloud physical processes included in the model are condensation, evaporation, autoconversion, accretion and terminal fall velocity of raindrops relative to the air. The model also incorporates the effects of non-uniformities in surface temperature. The model was used to study the dependence of the orographically-induced cloud and rainfall on the characteristic of the mountain as well as the vertical profiles of the ambient or prevailing flow, moisture and temperature. The results show that the characteristics of orographic cloud and rainfall depend on the height of mountain ridge, steepness of its slope and the asymmetry of the mountain. A higher mountain and a steeper slope generate a more intense cloud. The asymmetry was shown in the distribution of rainfall over an asymmetrical mountain.the steeper slope received more accumulated rainfall amount.

Key words: Orographic,model, rainfall,simulation


Estimating crop areas and cropping patterns of Zayandeh-Rud irrigation networks in Iran using GIS A. R. Mamanpoush1, N. Heydari2 & H. Sally3

1-Isfahan Agricultural Research Center, Isfahan, Iran. Phone +98-311-7760061 Email: [email protected]; 2- Iranian Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Phone +98-261-2705320 Email: [email protected]; 3- International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, SriLanka. Phone +94-1-787404 Email: [email protected]

Determination of water supply and demand is a major issue in irrigation schemes. A good indicator of irrigation system performance is degree of matching of supply and demand. However determination of demand for this purpose has proved to be more difficult. It requires data on irrigation area, cropping pattern and intensity, and crop water requirement. In the water stressed Zayandeh Rud Basin in central part of Iran there are six major irrigation networks, which cover 238,000 ha of command areas. The information regarding the above data for this area is provided both by the Ministry of Agriculture and Planning and Budget Organization that is based on administrative-district level and village-level respectively. As these districts are not coinciding with irrigation system command areas, problems arise in the compilation of crop data for each command area. This research was conducted in order to convert village level and administrative- district level data on cropping area and cropping intensity to irrigation scheme level using GIS, Land use map, and Map overlaying method. Cropping patter was determined using both village level and administrative-district level data. Results provided indicated that using administrative-district level data, the values obtained for cropped areas and cropping intensities are much more realistic in comparison to village level method, and have been obtained with far less time and effort. Furthermore, the results obtained show fairly good agreement with estimates of irrigated areas made using NOAA images and NDVI values for February or September 1995.

Key words: Administrative- district, cropping pattern, GIS, Irrigation scheme, map overlaying, Zayandeh-Rud basin,


The comparison of hydraulic behavior of conventional furrow irrigation with cyclic furrow irrigation B. Moravejalahkami1 & B. Mostafazadeh2

1- Graduate Student, Irrigation Department, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. Phone: +98-311-5554229 Email: [email protected]; 2- Associate Professor, Irrigation Department, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. Phone: +98-311-391-3430 Email: [email protected]

Cyclic (snake shape) furrow irrigation (Gholam dar gardeshy) is a modified form of furrow irrigation which has being used in Iran traditionally for a long time in order to have better distribution of water along the field. However to date no research has being done about the hydraulic behavior of this ancient method of irrigation. Especially for soils with heavy texture and for fields with steep slope. The results of this method of irrigation can differ significantly in comparison to the conventional furrow irrigation method. To measure the performance of this method of irrigation and to compare the results with the conventional furrow irrigation method an experimental field with sandy clay loam soil was designed and equipments including constant headwater delivery system to the furrows were installed in the experimental field. To determine the parameters of the Kostiakov-Lewis infiltration equation, volume balance method was used. Field data including furrow inflow hydrograph, furrow outflow hydrograph, advance and infiltrated water along the furrows were determined for both methods. The results showed that the intake opportunity time is lower and water loss as runoff is higher for conventional furrow irrigation as compared to the cyclic furrow irrigation. As the slope of the field increases the differences between the infiltrated water along the field for two methods decreases.

Key words: furrow irrigation, cyclic furrow irrigation, efficiency


Water table profile under subsurface drainage system B. Mostafazadeh1, M. Faramarzi2, F. Mousavi3 & A. Liaghat4

1- Associate Professor, Irrigation Department, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. Phone: +98-311-3913430, E-mail: [email protected]; 2- Former Graduate Student, Irrigation Department, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. Phone: +98-311-3912659, E-mail: [email protected]; 3- Professor, Irrigation Departmetn, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. Phone: +98-311-3913435, E-mail: [email protected]; 4- Associate Professor, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Phone: +98-261-224022, Email: [email protected]

In the arid and semi-arid areas, it is important to consider salinity problems of agricultural soils. Results of different researches have shown that it is beneficial if crop rotation is considered for land reclamation programs to decrease the salinity of the soils. As water requirements of crops in crop rotation systems are different, discharge rate (can be equal to drainage coefficient) and the required water table height will be different in a drainage network. So, it is important to study the effects of discharge rate on water table height which influences soil salinity and crop yield. In this research, in order to have different discharge rates and water table profiles under steady-state conditions, a sand-box model (100×90×200 cm) was constructed. The model nearly simulated field conditions and was filled with a loamy sand soil to a depth of 1.5 m. Bulk density of the soil was 1.4 g/cm3

and its saturated hydraulic conductivity was nearly 0.5 m/day. Piezometric tubes were placed along the side of sand-box at equal intervals from the drain tube. Discharge of the drain tube was recorded for 19 water table positions at different time periods. After analyzing the data with Minitab and SAS softwares, the corresponding equation for water table profile was obtained. This equation, which relates height of water table and discharge rate, is a polynomial of order 6 and predicts water table profile between two parallel drain tubes with R2

=0.92.

Key words: Subsurface drainage, water table profile, discharge rate.


Water spreading impact on ground water resourcesin part of the Zanjan plain, Iran F. Bayat Movahhed Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources, No. 1216, 6th street, Phase 3, Shahrak Karmandan, Zanjan, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

Today’s, decreasing of ground water level and lack of existing enough water for agricultural activities is the most important factor which limits the sustainable development. Having knowledge of the function of water spreading systems and their effects on the ground water resources is one of the most important activities that could be assessed in managing water spreading and aquifers recharge projects. The study area is located in the part of the Zanjan plain, in northwest of Zanjan city that has been covered by quaternary deposition. In this study, the impact of amount of spread floodwater on water quantity changes of a duct (qanat) located in the spreading area has been investigated and compared with a duct (qanat) as control. Also changes of water table of 2 pizometric wells have been surveyed during 1996–2003. For this purpose, the amount of rainfall and diverted floodwater to the station were monitored and measured during all flooding time. Although during most of the study years, the amount of rainfall was about 30 % less than mean annual precipitation of a period 32 year, floodwater was harvested and spreaded 7 times. Comparing two ducts (qanats) showed that one located in spreading area was completely affected by water spreading and had extreme changes on spreading times (from 2.1 to 32 lit/s). Whereas the control one which has larger basin had not got much changes. This study also showed that not only the decreasing of water table in this part of area was stopped, but also some increasing on water table in wells around the spreading area (about 3 meters) was observed.

Key words: Water table, floodwater spreading, qanat, Zanjan plain, Iran.

The forecasting of drought using Markov method M. Nassaji Zavareh S.R.Mirhosseini [email protected]

Drought is one of the natural phenomena, which we can not be against it, but it is possible to reduce its effects. Drought is affected by several factors. The precipitation deficiency can be considering one of the


most important factors. It has different effects on inflow river, soil moisture, ground water. Therefore a suitable method is needed to forecast drought to design a favorable program for decreasing drought effects. One of the methods for forecasting of drought is Markov method. This method by considering the annual precipitation during several years, help us to the realize wet, normal and drought conditions. Finally will be estimated the probability of covert of wet, normal and drought condition to each other. In the present study Markov method has been used to estimate the happening of drought year for several sequence years in different arid region of Iran

Key words: Drought, Markof method, precipitation

The theory of the hydrobiological mechanism of water self-purification in water bodies: from theory to practice

S. A. OstroumovHydrobiology Department, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992; Russia; phone: (095) 939-11-48 (Moscow)Email: [email protected]

New data on effects of chemicals (surfactants) on water filtration by aquatic invertebrates are reported. The basics of the new theory of the polyfunctional role of biota in self-purification of water in aquatic ecosystems (lakes, rivers, man-made reservoirs) are formulated. The theory covers the following: sources of energy for the mechanisms of self-purification; the main functional blocks of the mechanism of water self-purification; the system of the main processes that are involved; analysis of the degree of participation of the main groups of aquatic organisms; degree of reliability and the main mechanisms providing the reliability of water self-purification; biotic regulation of the processes; the attitude of the mechanism of self-purification towards the external influences/impacts; applications and conclusions relevant to the practice of sustainable use of water resources, including some new approaches in preventing eutrophication and chemical pollution.

Key Words: Pollution, water quality, water self-purification, lakes, rivers


Effects of soil conditioner on amount of runoff and erosion in ShahreKord plain, Iran M. Pajuohesh1, H. Gh. Refahi2 & M. Shorafa3

1 Senior Researcher of Soil.Sci., Tehran.Univ.,Karaj.Iran; 2 Prof.of soil science., college of agric., Tehran univ., Karaj.Iran; 3 Assis. Prof. of soil science., college of agric., Tehran univ., Karaj.Iran

Forty five small bare plots (1 meter × 1 meter) on every slope were analyzed for run off and sediment yield on agricultural field. A rainfall simulator applied 25 mm/h to each plot after a soil conditioner mix treatment was applied. The following treatments: (no soil conditioner applied to dry soil (control, 2, 4, 6, 8 g m-2) soil conditioner applied to dry soil. Each treatment was repeated on three plots. When a solution of 8 g m-2 soil condirioner was applied to dry soil in 10% slopes and compared with the control plot, we found an average reduction of 95.4% in run off yield and 85.7% in sediment yield. A reduction of 74% in run off yield and 88% in sediment yield in 20% slopes. An reduction of 80.6% in run off yield and 84.4% in sediment yield in 30% slopes, when compared to the control.Our results show that the application soil conditioner was caused reduction amount run off and sediment. The easy of application, low maintenance, and relatively low cost associated with soil conditioner make it a practical solution to the costly methods being implemented today.

Key words: Sediment yield, run off, rainfall, soil conditioner, ShahreKord plain

An Algorithm to Mapping Snow, Cloud and Land in NOAA AVHRR Data, Formulation, Verification and Evaluation J. Porhemmat1; B. Saghafian2 & H. Sedghi3

1- SCWMRI, Opposite of Pakhsh-Hejrat Shafii Ave., Asheri Ave, Km 8 of Karaj Road,Tehran, Iran (P.O. Box: Tehran, 13445-1136)Tel: 4901415-16, 4901240-47;Fax: 4905876; mail:[email protected] 2-SCWMRI, Tehran, Iran3-Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran

Although snow cover extent represents a critical factor in predicting snowmelt runoff, sufficient spatial and temporal resolution is not achieved by field observations. On the other hand, satellite images are readily available and provide exceptional spatio-temporal


characteristics needed for snow mapping. In particular, NOAA satellite with AVHRR sensor provides daily images with 1.1-km spatial resolution, which may be quite suitable for snow mapping in large river basins. The snow cover area mapping based on satellite imagery has been mainly practiced using visual interpretation methods. Moreover, the presence of cloud in the images creates an obstacle in snow area delineation. In this article, a two-stage technique relying on feature reflectivity in AVHRR bands 2, 3, and 4 is proposed to classify ground, cloud, and snow. While visual interpretation is not required in this technique, the image classification is performed using image enhancement and multi-spectral analysis. ILWIS GIS served as the spatial data platform for imagery data manipulation and analysis. To examine the capabilities of the proposed technique, two of the available NOAA images corresponding to Jan. 9 and Feb 24, 1997, in an area of roughly 58000 km2 located between (48,05-50,29) E longitude and (31,40-33,29) N latitude were selected. The results conferred overall with those of visual interpretation in areas where snow, cloud, and ground could clearly be identified. Furthermore, the results of applying the proposed technique on a third image dated May 18, 1998, was favorably compared with processing of the same-day LANDSAT/TM image with 28.5 m ground resolution. One major limitation of the technique is the inability to recognize the snow under the cloud cover.

Key words: NOAA, AVHRR, snow, cloud, brightness temperature, Karoon of Iran

Role of Karst on Mazandaran water resources, IranS. L. Razavi, S. J. Sadatinejad & K. Solaimani 1.Dep. of Watershed management, Tarbiat Modarres University, E-mail: [email protected]; 2.Assitant Professor, Natural resources Dep. Faculty f Agricultural, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, P.O.B. 115, Iran, E-Mail: [email protected]; 3. Assistant Professor, watershed management, natural resources college, Mazandaran University, Sari, E-mail: [email protected]

Interaction between climate factors, carbonate formations and water resources as karst hydrology issues have been increasingly implemented in recent years in several parts of the world. Carbonate rocks cover approximately 11 percent of the territory of Iran, so knowledge of karst systems is important in water resources. In order to determination of karst forms distribution in the area and comparison runoff coefficient between karstic and non-karstic watersheds with


same climate, present study was carried out. Results indicate that the most karstic features located in Sari-Neka region in the eastern part of Mazandran. During the same time period in Neka karstic watershed runoff coefficient was 1.2 times higher than Behshahr non-karstic watershed in western part of Mazandaran. Specific discharge for Neka karstic and Behshahr non-karstic watersheds was 0.0024 CMS km-2

and 0.0014 CMS km-2, respectively.

Key words: Karst, watershed, discharge, run off coefficient, water resources

Temporal variations of rainfall erosivity factor in Mazandaran province, Iran

S.H.R. Sadeghi1 & M. Behzadfar2

1-Head and Assistant Professor, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, College of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 2- M.Sc. Student, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, College of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

The rainfall erosivity factor indicated as R in Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is one of the best quantitative indices for the evaluation of potential erosion risk in an area. The erosivity factor describes the ability of rainfall to erode the soil. Studying the magnitude of erosivity factor in different times and spaces is an important task that can be used for managerial purposes of soil erosion control. In order to study the temporal variation of R-factor, the Mazandaran Province located in the northern part of Iran was selected. The entire 25 years data of 4 stations in the Mazandaran province and one station in the Golestan province were collected for the study. The R-values were then calculated with the help of equation applied in USLE. The average annual rainfall erosivity of the study area was found to be 46.62 ton.m/ha.h with the maximum and the minimum values of 14.77 and 0.40 ton.m/ha.h respectively belonging to months October and May. The highest and the lowest values of R factor also occur in autumn and winter, respectively. The crop management treatments can therefore be easily suggested to protect the land against the raindrops based on the results obtained from the study.

Key words: Erosivity, Iran, Mazandaran province, temporal variation, USLE


Reservoir flood routing using one-dimensional flow model through rockfill dams M. Shayannejad Assistant Professor of Irrigation Dept., Shahrekord Univ., Shahrekord, Iran,Tel:(0098)0381-4424532; E-mail: [email protected]

For the sustainable management of watersheds and flood control, a model that can simulate the hydraulics of flow through rockfill dams is valuable. This paper describes a model of flow through rockfill dams. In the developed model an exponential relationship between Reynold’s number (Re) and Darcy-Weisbach coefficient (f) is suggested. Using real field data and a nonlinear optimization technique, the relationship coefficients are obtained. By introducing inflow hydrograph and rockfill characteristics as an input data and utilizing the above relationship with one dimensional continuity equation, flow rating curve of rockfill dam can be identified and employed in a storage flood routing model. Outflow hydrograph of rockfill dam is the objective of the developed model. The accuracy of the numerical solution has been shown to be reliable when compared to an exact analytical solution. The parametric sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the larger the rock, the less sensitive the water surface elevation would be.

Key words: Flood routing, rockfill dam

Flood routing in rivers by Muskinghum’s method with new adjusted coefficients

M. Shayannejad Assistant Professor of Irrigation Dept., Shahrekord Univ., Shahrekord, Iran,Tel:(0098)0381-4424532; E-mail: [email protected]

For determining of Muskinghum model coefficients, requires to an output hydrograph. Such hydrograph is not available in most rivers. In this research, the Muskinghum’s new coefficients are determined by the method that which is not requiring to output hydrograph and its accuracy is high. This coefficient is determined based on kinematic wave model with suitable scheme. The comparison between results of Muskinghum model with new coefficients and dynamic wave model showed that the new coefficients are valid at special conditions. The new coefficients were adjusted by optimization technique for all conditions. The new adjusted coefficients are function of bed slop,


bottom width and Manning’s coefficient of river. The results of this coefficient were validated by dynamic wave model.

Key words: Flood routing, Kinematic wave,Muskinghum

Simulation model for seasonal variation of infiltration in cracking soils with two crop residue management S. H. Tabatabaei1, H. Fardad1, M. R. Neyshabory2, & A. Liaghat1

1. Irrigation Department, Agricultural faculty, Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, Phone: +98 261 224 1119, Email: [email protected]; 2. Soil science Department, Agricultural faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran, Phone: +98 411 339 2019, Email: [email protected]

To determine the water application efficiency in furrow irrigation more accurately, considerations of seasonal and spatial variation of infiltration properties are needed. In addition, the effectiveness of different farm management on infiltration is significant. The main objective of this research was to simulate the seasonal variation of infiltration coefficients in Kostiakov-Louise equation (KLE) in a heavy soil under two traditional farm managements (soil with wheat residual and soil without wheat residual). Farm studies carried out in a clay-loam soil in Karaj. There were 22 furrows with 0.75 m width in the farm. KLE infiltration coefficients were measured using inflow-outflow and two point’s methods in six furrows. The results of this study showed that the seasonal variations of coefficients (a and k) are not significant, but variation of f0 is significant which was simulated with a logarithmic model. The effectiveness of seasonal variation of infiltration rate (I) and cumulative infiltration (Z) was also evaluated and shown to be significant. Both Z and I were simulated with a logarithmic model too. Finally, some dimensionless parameters such as I* and Z* were developed to predict Z parameters and I at different times, irrigation events and different residual managements.

Key words: Crop residue management, furrow irrigation, infiltration coefficients, seasonal variation and simulation model


An assessment of regional water endowments, water constraints to food production and implications for virtual water trade in Iran H. Yang Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Uberlandstrasse 1338600 Dubendorf, Switzerland, email: [email protected], Fax: 41-1-8235375

In general, water-abundant provinces rely on dry-land farming and surface water resources for their agricultural production, and the arid parts of the country depend highly on wells, springs and qanats (ducts). Due to the increasing water demand from industries, households and agriculture, over withdrawal of water occurs in many areas. As a result, water resources are depleting in the arid provinces, threatening the sustainability of agricultural production. The situation gets even worse in the case of droughts (e.g., in 1999-2001). In Iran, the efforts to feed the ever-increasing population (which doubles almost every twenty years) so far have focused mainly on the expansion of irrigated agricultural land. More and more water is extracted from surface sources and groundwater aquifers. The desire of self-sufficiency in the production of wheat (the main item in the food-basket of the people, which amounts to about 200 kg per capita) has put a tremendous pressure on the water resources. Despite this desire, however, agricultural production in many areas has been increasingly constrained by water scarcity and shortages, making self-sufficiency more and more difficult to accomplish. On the contrary, increasing amount of food has being imported from outside over the years. In 2000, Iran was the largest wheat importer in the world from the international market (the values are 3.535, 6.156, and 6.578 million tons for 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively. The cereal import values were 5.18, 8.438, and 9.929 million tons). The trend in the past has suggested that if the ‘business as usual’ practice continues in agricultural production, the gap between food production and demand is likely to widen further due largely to the constraint of water resources. Policies and measures have to be sought to deal with the challenges of water scarcity and safeguard the food security. The study aims to throw some lights on the relevant issues with a focus on the application of ‘virtual water concept’ for improving water use efficiency through crop structure adjustment and inter-provincial trade. The overall goal is to provide a preliminary assessment of regional


comparative advantages in crop production with respect to water endowments and water productivity. Specific issues tackled in line with this goal include: To investigate the historical trend in water demand in industry, domestic and agriculture (mainly irrigation) in different provinces; to estimate the water productivity of different crops across regions; to project the gap between food production and demand, and the requirement for food import in the coming years; to provide scenarios for regional crop structural adjustment based on the virtual water concept to improve the water use efficiency in different regions and enhance the food security for the nation as a whole.

Key words: Qanat, agriculture, irrigation, land, Iran

Economic optimization of wheat production under deficit irrigation in the Zayanderoud Region, Isfahan

A. Abedi Shapourabadi1 & A. A. Jafarpour Boroujeni 2

1- Asst. Prof. Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University Iran.Email: [email protected] 2. Lecturer of English language Dept.,Faculty of Humnities,Shahrekord university. Iran. Email: [email protected]

Water is indispensable in agriculture. Water shortage, along with low irrigation efficiencies in Iran, as a semi-arid country, justifies research in deficit irrigation. In the current study, the economic of deficit irrigation of wheat in Zayanderoud region, Isfahan was examined. The aim and the general expressions were used to derive a set of specific expressions for a particular case study involving a quadratic production function and a cubic cost function. The method was used to find out the crop water requirements. Required water was employed to evaluate the effects of over irrigation (dryland). Economic data for each farm were collected through interviews with farmers using two steps cluster sampling in the 2000-2001 years. The information was collected from the farmers facing limitation in land and water as well, and the irrigation was full. This investigation clearly demonstrates that maximum profit achieved naturally by full irrigation and the next preference would be limitation in water rather than the land. The findings of the study show that deficit irrigation will be more profitable than full irrigation in semi-arid regions, and the estimate of optimum water use as an exact prescription for amount of water to apply is recommended.

Key words: Deficit irrigation, production function, cost function


Sampling accuracy in erosion plot tanks D. Nikkami1, M. Arabkhrdri2, & P. Razmjoo3

1 Assistant Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, P.O. Box: 13445-1136, Tehran, Iran, Tel: (9821) 490-5875, Fax: (9821) 490-5709, e-mail: [email protected]; 2 Research Assistant, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI), P.O. Box: 13445-1136, Tehran, Iran, Tel: (9821) 490-1214, e-mail: [email protected]; 3 Research Assistant, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI), P.O. Box: 13445-1136, Tehran, Iran, Tel: (9821) 490-1214, e-mail: [email protected]

Effective factors in soil erosion process and sediment yield are usually evaluated in soil erosion and sediment study plots. Investigating and evaluating effective factors are based on runoff and sediment samples from tanks, which are located at the end of these plots. Although these plots and their accouterments are constructed precisely in right places, significant errors on samplings lead the researchers to wrong decisions. There are limited researches on sampling accuracy from these tanks. In this article that is the result of a research executed in the Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI) during 2003, the sampling accuracy of bottle, pipette, and cylindrical sampler made in SCWMRI was investigated. Three concentrations of 1.87, 4.68, and 9.36 grl-1 of sediment were prepared in 220 liter plot tanks with three mixing periods of 1, 2, and 5 minutes. The samples were taken from center and side of the tanks and from the depths of 20, 40, 60, and 80 centimeter from the water surface for bottles and pipette and the whole depth for cylindrical sampler. The cylindrical sampler showed the least error of 11.98% on concentration compared to two other methods. Sampling with bottle and pipette illustrated that the concentration of sediment increases and becomes more accurate with the depth of the tank. The results showed the most accurate concentration in the last 20-centimeter depth, i.e. 80 centimeter from the water surface. Computed concentration errors in 20, 40, 60, and 80 centimeter from the water surface for bottle sampling were 65.63, 56.13, 45.63, and 32.73 percent and for pipette sampling were 65.48, 57.02, 50.88, and 43.67 percent respectively. Also, at 1% there were no significant difference between sampling from center and side of the tanks and between mixing periods of 1, 2, and 5 minutes.

Key words: Sampling, concentration, sediment, erosion plot, runoff, sediment tank


South Teheran sewerage plant as a water resource for agricultural activities across Varamin lands S. A. Sadrnejad Civil Eng. Dept., K.N.Toosi Univ. of Technology, Teheran, Iran Phone:+98-21-2937010 Email: [email protected] and Head Principal of Shahid Rajaii University, Teheran, Iran

Tehran city is situated at the foot hills of Alborz Mountain in the north, surrounded by Damavand Mountain in the north east, Karaj road in the south west & Varamin road, Tehran refinery and Saveh road in the south. The decentralized approach is a new means of addressing wastewater management needs of sewerage area in a comprehensive fashion. The basic idea of that is to treat the wastewater (possibly together with refuses) on a centralized site by means of fairly low-cost treatment systems, and make direct use the treatment products (water, compost, and biogas). This alternative can meet a sustainable wastewater management requirement and has a promising future, especially for great city of Tehran, where the water and sanitation issues are becoming a more and more important issue as a water resource for agricultural activities. Such an integrated Waste Water Management plans demand all aspects of the water cycle are considered and our awareness and expertise in all the aspects enable us to apply individual capabilities effectively, economically and in context. For example, the design of individual process schemes takes in the wider implications of supply and demand of agricultural water. The development of treatment schemes can include quantitative environmental risk assessment. The project will cause a significant improvement in the chemical, biological and microbiological quality of polluted surface waters in Tehran, and this will be lead to considerable public health benefits for the population of Teheran. Furthermore, the discontinuation of the use of sewage wells will prevent further contamination of ground water resource with nitrates and microorganisms. Ground water levels within the city are expected to fall, reducing consequent damage to buildings and services. Also, the use of treated effluent and sludge for agriculture on the Varimin plane will lead to increased crop production, a reduction in dependence on artificial fertilisers and a more assured supply of irrigation water, allowing an expansion of the cropped area to 50000 hectares. The treatment plant effluent will be transferred to Varamin agricultural lands by pre-constructed Tehran Varamin canal in capacity


of 8 cubic meters per second to be used in agricultural irrigation. The selected biological treatment process is based on the activated sludge process. The possibility of monitoring of discharges to the environment from the sewage treatment plant and industry, treated slates, surface water quality, and soil quality in the Varamin plane set procedures in the event of non-compliance with standards. Presentation of an optimum sewerage plant design certainly is in need of proper estimation of all affecting parameters in operating mechanism during the life of system. In this paper the best choice of affecting parameters within the defined operating range of agricultural activities is obtained in a rationalized and justified manner and upon providing adequate margin and safety factor is presented.

Key words: Water resource for agricultural activity, low-cost treatment systems, Eco-toxicological studies.

Seasonal Precipitation-Runoff model for Eastern South Part of Caspian Sea, Iran S. H. R. Sadeghi1 & H. Razaghian2

1- Head and Assistant Professor, Dept. of Watershed Management Engineering, College of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres Univ., Noor, Mazandaran, Iran, E-mail: [email protected] 2- Master Student, Dept. of Watershed Management Engineering, College of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres Univ., Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.E-mail:[email protected]

The precipitation and the runoff are the important components of watershed hydrologic system and therefore their modeling is much necessary for managerial purposes. In the present study, an attempt has been made to find out the appropriate models for estimating the outflow discharge resulted from seasonal precipitation rates in Goorganrood watershed. The study watershed is located in eastern south of Caspian Sea, Iran, and recently faced with two catastrophic floods occurred in 2001 and 2002. In the present study, the 26 years daily precipitation data set i.e. 1974-2000 belonging to four climatologic stations viz. Robat-e-Gharabil, Cheshmeh Khan, Till Abad and Tangrah in Golestan Province were collected and then prepared for modeling processes. The precipitation data were ultimately modeled with the discharge data recorded for the same period at Tangrah hydrometric station for different seasons with the help of multi regression approach. The results of the study verified


that the precipitation-runoff models are much different during the studied seasons.

Key words: Caspian Sea, Goorganrood watershed, precipitation-runoff model, Iran

Agroclimatic zoning of Azarbayjan-Sharghi province for rainfed almond using GIS H. Yazdanpanah1 & Gh. Kamali2

1- Agricultural climatology, Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran, phone:+98-311-2676218, E-mail:[email protected]; 2-Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center (ASMERC), IRIMO, P. O. Box 14965-114, Tehran, I. R. of Iran), Phone:+98-21-6004048

Limitations in soil and water resources together with irregular rate of population increasing, cause that we choose a useful land use in our available resources. In order to do this, climatic investigations are necessary. The objective of this study was classification of Azarbaijan Sharghi Province in aspect of climatic potential of Almond in dryland farming. For this purpose, the precipitation and evaporation data as well as temperature parameters of ten meteorological stations of area were collected and analyzed. Following indices were selected for Almond in dryland farming: Probability of chilling occurrence on bud and flower of Almond. Probability of rainfall greater than 250mm. Spring and summer precipitation to annual precipitation ratio. Probability of occurrence of growing degree-days greater than 3500 G.D.D (base temperature 0° C). Amount of available moisture index For each of above parameters a coverage layer was prepared in GIS environment,in the second stage five mentioned coverage layers were crossed and overlapped to obtaining the agroclimatic map of area. Finally agroclimatic map reclassed to highly favorable, weak and not suitable area.

Key words: Agroclimate, GIS, almond

An Experimental Study of Soil-gravel Interface Effect on Drains Performance R. Fatahi Nafchi1

Assistant Prof. Shahrekord University, e-mail: [email protected]

When water nears the drain-pipes covered by the gravel envelope abrupt transition occurs when water flows from a medium of relatively


low hydraulic conductivity (soil) into a region of much higher conductivity, at the soil-gravel interface. To better understand the nature of this phenomenon, an upward-flow permeameter test apparatus was designed. The data from permeameter measurements in this study suggest that water leaving the soil and entering a perforated pipe or very permeable pipe envelope demonstrates an excess energy loss, the effects of which are evident not only at the interface itself, but which project into the soil away from the interface.

Key words: Drain, gravel, envelope, entrance resistance, porous media

Dams and development in Iran and the main concerns Rohollah Fatahi Nafchi1

Assistant Prof. Sharekord University, [email protected].

Land and water development in Iran is required to take care of the population pressures and the poverty level of society. As development reduces the poverty level and improves the standard of living mainly by providing employment generation, this in itself has positive effects. While large quantities of fresh water are yet flowing to seas through rivers, scarcity is engulfing many parts of the country. Dozen of dams are still to be built to store water and make it available, during the next century across the country. As a conclusion, it is stressed that dams have played and will continue to play an important role in the development of water resources, in developing countries. In order to develop and operate successful projects, a balance has to be struck between the requirements based on the needs of society, acceptable side effects and a sustainable environment.

Key words: Dam, development, flood, sustainable, rivers, reservoirs, water

Regional flood frequency analysis based on L-moment approach (case study Halil-river basin) M. B. Rahnama 1& R.Rostami2

Assistant Prof. Irrigation Dept., Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran. Phone: +98-913-140-4423 Email: [email protected] 2- Master of science, Irrigation Dept., Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran. Phone: +98-482-2563417 Email: [email protected].

Flood estimation with certain frequency is one of the fundamental factors for design of hydraulic structures, flood plain, river coastal


stabling, basin management, etc. Accurate estimation of flood frequency discharge increases safety of the structures. L-moment approach was used for flood frequency analysis in Halil-River basin. For identifying homogeneous regions, the Ward hierarchical cluster method was used. Site data were used for independent testing of the cluster of the station for homogeneity. The Halil-River basins were divided in to two regions (region A and B). In these regions parameters of the regional frequency distribution were evaluated by L-moment ratios. The L-moment diagram, goodness of fit test, and plotting position methods were used for the selection of appropriate distributions. In Halil-River basin, Generalized Pareto distribution for region A, Generalized extreme values, Pearson type III, Lognormal, Generalized Logistic, and Generalized Pareto for region B, were selected as appropriate distributions. The relative Root Mean Square Error (rRMSE) between observed and estimated data in all stations was calculated. The results show a good agreement between observed and estimated data. Regional model evaluated for determination of mean flood discharge magnitude by liner and multiple regression method.

Key words: Halil-River, homogeneity, L-Moment, regional frequency

Water resources management in Japan - our experience K. Someya JICA Expert (Japan International Cooperation Agency), Water Resources Management Company, the Ministry of Energy of Iran, Phone +98-21-891-6731 E-mail: [email protected]

This paper introduces water resources and their management in Japan. Although Japan is one of the rich countries in precipitation, the large population makes Japan a poor country in respect to annual water resources per capita. There have been a lot of problems in Japan concerning water resources management, such as flood control, water use, regulation of underground water use, and environment. The Japanese government has established or revised laws and systems in order to meet the needs at times, hence has handled those matters successfully.

Key Words: Japan, law, water balance, water resources management, water use


A case study on morphological characteristics of gully erosion in the northern sub basins of Karoon River M. Nekooeimehr1, R. Fatahi2

1-Researcher, Agriculture research center, Shahrekord, E-mail: [email protected];2- Assistant prof. Shahrekord University, E-mail: [email protected]

Daily progressive and intensifying of gully erosion in Karoon watershed has been caused serious damages to the agricultural land, soil resources and downstream water resource infrastructures. To prevent gully erosion initiation and expansion there is a need to collect some basic knowledge about types, adaphic and geomorphologic characteristics, land use and damage evaluation of gully erosion through applied researches. The results of this research indicate that the most sensitive location to gully erosion is the south and southwest part of the study area, and along the natural drainage network of the watershed. Plan shape of gullies are linear with medium depth of (1-10) meters. Mean dip of gullies faces are (4-19) percent in landscapes and 25 percent in marginal slopes. Most of the gullies are continuous with trapezoid cross section. The analysis of soil samples from gully sections shows that many of the gullies in this watershed have emerged on the moderate to heavy texture bare soils with high level of exchangeable sodium rate. The gathered data suggest that two main reasons for gully erosion are natural phenomena and human activities.

Key words: Gully erosion, Karoon River, Morphological characteristics

Chaos theory in hydrology: important issues and interpretations M. Vafakhah Watershed management Department, Natural Resources and Marin Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modarres University, Noor, Iran, Phone: + 98 -122-6253101-3, Email:[email protected]

The application of the concept of chaos theory in hydrology has been gaining considerable interest in recent times. However, studies reporting the existence of chaos in hydrological processes are often criticized due to the fundamental assumptions with which the chaos identification methods have been developed, i.e. infinite and noise-free time series, and the inherent limitations of the hydrological time series,


i.e. finite and noisy. This paper is designed: (1) to address some of the important issues in the application of chaos theory in hydrology; and (2) to provide possible interpretations to the results reported by past studies reporting chaos in hydrological processes. A brief review of some of the past studies investigating chaos in hydrological processes is presented. An insight into the studies reveals that most of the problems, such as data size, noise, delay time, in the application of chaos theory have been addressed by past studies, and caution taken in the application of the methods and interpretation of the results.

Key words: Chaos theory; Hydrological data; Identification methods, correlation dimension; Nonlinear

Canola response to different irrigation regimes M. H. Rahimian, H.R. Zabihi & M. Foroohar Soil and Water Research Department,Khorasan Agriculture and Natural Research Center,Mashhad,Iran E-mail: Rahimian45 @ yahoo.com

In a randomized complete block design, the effect of deficit irrigation on canola yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were investigated, also the sensitive phonological stages of canola to water application were determined. Treatments were as I1: without irrigation after germination (only rain received); I2: irrigation at stem elongation, bud formation, flowering and pod development stages;I3: irrigation at bud formation, flowering and pod development stages; I4: irrigation at stem elongation, flowering and pod development stages; I5: irrigation at bud formation and pod development stages; I6: irrigation at flowering and pod development stages .Results showed that irrigation treatments had

significant effect on grain yield and oil content percentage (OCP) of seed. Maximum grain yield (2337 kg ha-1) and WUE (0.531) were obtained for I4 treatment (irrigation at stem elongation, flowering and pod development stages). Grain yield and OCP were minimum for I1

treatment. Irrigation treatments had no significant effect on leaf mineral element concentrations namely: N, P, K, Na, Fe, and Mn.

Key words: Canola, deficit irrigation, water use efficiency, yield


Flood occurrence hazard forecasting based on GIS (case study: Kasillian watershed, Iran) K. Solaimani1, H. Mohammadi Domirchi & M. Z. Ahmadi2

1. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Mazandaran, Sari, Iran [email protected]; 2. Professor, College of Agriculture, University of Mazandaran, Sari, Iran

The phenomenon of flood causes substantial human and financial damages in different parts of the world. In Iran, the losses are huge, as the rainfall is unsuitable temporally and spatially. Most of Iranian watersheds either do not have hydrometric stations or the stations are not complete. Installation of flood forecasting systems in these watersheds may reduce the flood-induced damages. Using Geographical Information system (GIS) with its high ability to up to date the watershed data and estimation of SCS model parameters are considered for real time flood forecasting recently (1, 2). The main aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of the linkage between GIS with a comprehensive hydrologic model, especially HMS. The use of GIS could produce a suitable agreement between observed results with the calculated results of the hydrological model. The obtained results from rainfall-runoff process simulations of the model in this research showed that submergibility of the main watershed, Kasillian, does not depend on the outlet discharge rate of each one of its watershed independently, but it is related to how those two outlet hydrographs from main river watershed are combined. The model is capable of showing the flood characteristics temporally and spatially in each cross section of the channel network.

Key words: Flood, Geographical Information System (GIS), Kasillian Watershed

Remote sensing of environmental changes in Central Alborz, Iran F. Bayat1, K. Solaimani1 & S. R. Mousavi1

1- Dept. of Watershed Management, University of Mazandaran P.O. Box 737 Sari-Iran; Emails: [email protected], [email protected];

The region under investigation covers an area of approximately 1000 square kilometers, located to the east of the Lar dam, between Tehran in the south and the city of Amol to the north. This study investigates an area of the upper Haraz basin, located to the Central Alborz


mountainous. It’s an area of high to moderate relief consisting of sedimentary rocks of Quaternary, Tertiary Cretaceous and Jurasic formations. The study evaluates the utility of stereoscopic KFA-1000 image in erosion processes analysis. Fieldwork techniques and image interpretation were investigated. Field investigation is important because the presence and orientation of the surface features can have great significance, and correlations may exist between them and regions of weakness characterized by erosion, sediment concentration and stream activity.

Key words: Central Alborz, erosion, remote sensing, Iran.

Comparison between Water Resources of Russia and the NIS with Iran

S. J. Sadatinejad & Kh. Abdollahi 1- Department Natural Resources, faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Iran, Email: [email protected], 2-Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources Researches, Shahrekord, Iran, Email: [email protected]

The "Water resources" of any territory, refer to the aggregate stock of all types of surface and groundwater in different stages. What is important in view of everyday life only a small portion of the total stock of water resources is suitable mainly the fresh waters. This is why the assessment of water resources of a territory usually focuses on its fresh water supplies. One of the common criteria for magnitude of the annual stream flow is the Mean Annual Runoff (MAR).The total MAR of the territory of Russia and the NIS in question amounts to about 4400 km3, with Russia's share reaching 4000 km3 (nearly 10% of the world stream flow and is the second in the world after Brazil) while the total MAR of the Iran is only 110 km3.The rates of water resources per unit area in the NIS territory and Iran are 1.5 and 3 times less than the world average, respectively. In view of water resources utilization in different regions on average in the NIS, about 50% of water is used for agricultural purposes, mainly for irrigation, about 40% for industrial purposes and 10% - for household and personal consumption. The share of the Russian Federation amounts to about one third of the total water consumption of the NIS countries. Such a small share in the total NIS balance is related to comparatively low extent of irrigated agriculture. On average in Russia less than 20% of the total water


consumption is used for agricultural, household and personal needs, while two thirds are used by the industry. Water use differs considerably in Iran. About 88.8 percent is used for agricultural usage, 6.7 percent for drinking water and 4.5 percent for industrial utilization.

Key Word: Water resources, agriculture, Iran, Russia

Effects of using municipal wastewater in landscape irrigation P. Najafi & A. Mohamadi 1- Assistant Professor of Khorasgan Azad University, Esfahan, Iran, P. O. 81595-158, E-mail: [email protected]; 2- Assistant Professor of Khorasgan Azad University, Esfahan, Iran, P. O. 81595-158

Safety and development of the landscape in arid and semi-arid regions, where good quality water is scarce, is necessary for usage of marginal water quality. Municipal wastewater is marginal quality water and using of this for irrigation can be an important consideration when its disposal is being planned in arid and semi-arid regions. In other hand, usage municipal wastewater for landscape irrigation needs special management to avoided environmental and healthy hazard. With regard to health problems, this is very important to generated minimum contact between the effluent and people or the aerial parts of the plants. For this purpose, treated secondary municipal wastewater of Esfahan plant was used to irrigation of spot grass and five irrigation treatments were design included: basin irrigation with normal water (BN), drip irrigation with wastewater (DI), sub-surface drip irrigation in 15 cm depth with wastewater (SDI15), sub-surface drip irrigation in 30 depth with wastewater (SDI30), basin irrigation with wastewater (BW). The results of this research show that the application of DI and SDI sand filters caused to decreased wastewater index pollution included 50.1% BOD5, 98.92% total count, 97.61% total coliform, 93.24% fecal coliform, 57.14% nematode, 81% total nitrogen, 52% N-NO3, 84% N-NH4 and 44% total suspended solid. In addition application of SDI system caused to decreased moisture of soil surface, so decreased total coliforms and fecal coliforms in soil surface and aerial parts of grass. Such that the average of these parameters showed no significant difference (at 5% level) between SDI treatments and BN.

Key words: Wastewater, landscape, rrigation


Investigation wastewater in landscape irrigation Azerbaijan of Iran R. Sokouti1, E. Broshkeh2 & A. Najafi 1- PhD candidate of Islamic Azad University & Scientific Member of Research center of natural resources of W, Azerbaijan I.R.Iran. PO Box 669,Uromieh,Iran Tel: 0098 441 2770145, Email:[email protected]; 2 - Scientific Members of Research center of natural resources of W, Azerbaijan I.R.Iran.

All land located on an area, are recognized as land resources that could be used based on their capabilities. According to the soil and water Institute of Iran, such Land is classified based on their physiography shape to 9 Land types. Of these, 4 Land types could be recognized in flooding hazard such as alluvial piedmont plains, alluvial river plains, flood plains and Alluvial fans. By analyzing land physiography and Geomorphology based on aerial photo interpretation, one can classify the landscape based on flooding hazard. The land characteristics that could be used as criteria are stream form and its branches, flooded riverbeds, Gullies, sedimentation, flooding and water logging. This study is carried out in south part of provienc named Miandoab plain to map the flooding hazards of the area. In this map the area was stuied and classified to zones showed different levels of flooding hazard. As a result Mountain, Hills and Platues were classified as “none flood hazard except inside the valleys”. The Low land was classified as low hazaed. Piedmont and Alluvial plains were classified as moderate and Flood plains and Alluvial Fans were classifies as high flood hazard.

Key words: flooding hazard, remote sensing, physiography, W. Azerbaijan.

The study on the effect of Poldasht flood spreading scheme on the trend of soil infiltration rate in W. Azerbaijan providence R. Sokouti1, M. Mahdian, A. Majidi & M. Mehdizadeh 1- PhD candidate of Islamic Azad University & Scientific Member of Research center of natural resources of W, Azerbaijan I. R. Iran. Research Center Of Natural Resources and Animal Affairs,PO Box 669,Uromieh,Iran; Tel: 0098 441 2770145, E mail: [email protected]

Soil properties can influence flood quality and have an important role on the success of flood spreading systems, because developing of flood


spreading schemes in the unsuitable areas from viewpoint of the soil and flood qualities may lead to degradation of such areas. So, to find out the suitable methods to inhibit of soil degradation, there is a need to study of soil physico-chemical characteristics before and after construction of a flood spreading system. In this research work some soil qualities of Poldasht flood spreading station were studied during 4 years. The treatments were: 1- Control; without flood spreading and seedling 2- Flood spreading with seedling and 3-Flood spreading without seedling Some soil properties that measured and analyzed in this research, were infiltration rate, soil texture fractions, PH, EC, TNV, Mg 2+, Na +,SP%, OC% and Bulk Density. The means of measures were compared using LSD (Lowest Significant Difference) test. The results showed there are generated a significant difference among some soil properties during 4 years of examinations in 5% probability level. Some parameters such as EC, SP%, OC% and clay were increased whereas PH, sand and infiltration rate decreased in comparison with the first year. This means the flood spreading has some positive and some negative effects on the soil properties in poldasht flood spreading station but the rate and trend of differences are very slow. In this case also the land may led to degradation but the time needed to this proccess is long and to do some management activities may help to increase fertility of the soil.

Key words: Flood spreading, Poldasht flood spreading station, soil properties and infiltration rate

Application of time series analyses models for reconstruction of Missing precipitation events. S. J. Sadatinejad Assistant professor, ShahreKord University, ShahreKord, Iran, Email: [email protected]

The necessity of using from precipitation data in design and regional programming is an unavoidable matter following this matter; perfection of data has a lot of importance unfortunately in our country Iran.This paper describes a time series analyses approach for reconstruction of missing precipitation events. The working analyses are formulated from a set of past observations using a auto regression. A case study is carried out using the data from three precipitation station in West Iran. The study evaluates the performance of this


approach compared with traditional statistical approach consider normal ratio, coordinate axis, line regression and multiple regression. The results indicate that the time series analyses model provided solutions with low mean square error between observation and predictions. The problems that have yet to be addressed are overfitting and applicability outside the range of training data.

Key Word: Time series analyses models, reconstruction data, missing events

Application of new machine learning techniques in river modeling M. T. Dastorani1 & N. G. Wright2

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, The University of Yazd,Iran. Email: [email protected], tel. and fax: 00983518210312; 2- Professor, School of Civial Engineering, The university of Nottingham, UK.; Email: [email protected], tel: 00441159515151, Fax: 004411595138

In recent years some new machine learning techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithm and Fuzzy Logic have been widely used for modelling and prediction purposes indifferent aspects of science and technology. One of the fields which can get benefits from these modern techniques is the research areas related to hydrology, hydraulic and water resources. This research evaluated the application of artificial neural networks and hydrodynamic models for river flood modelling and prediction. The study has been completed in three main parts: First part focused on the application of artificial neural networks for flood prediction in ungauged catchments. Catchment descriptors were used as input data and the index flood was the output of the model. Different types and numbers of catchment descriptors (17 descriptors and more than 1000 catchment) were used to choose those that gave the best relationship with the hydrological behaviour and flood magnitude. ANN models with different architectures were developed and applied to training and validation sets of data to find the best type of ANN for this application. Selection of pooling groups of catchments either randomly or according to geographical proximity did not produce desirable results. Therefore hydrologically similar catchments were clustered using the FEH-Software before entering descriptors into the ANN model. This improved the accuracy of predicted floods. The second part of the research aimed to model river flow in a multi-gauging station catchment and provide real-time prediction of peak


flow downstream. Three types of ANN (Multi-layer Perceptorn (MLP), Recurrent, and time Lag Recurrent) were adapted to evaluate the applicability of this technique. The study area covers the Upper Derwent River, a tributary of the River Trent in the UK. River flow was predicted at the subject site with lead times of 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours. Tests were completed using different lengths of input data to evaluate the effect of input data size in model outputs. The number of gauging sites to be used as data sources in the model was also evaluated. In the final part, the application of artificial neural networks (ANN) to optimize the results obtained from a hydrodynamic model of river flow was evaluated. The study area is Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwest Idaho, USA. A hydrodynamic model was constructed to predict flow at the outlet using time series data from upstream gauging sites as boundary conditions. In the second stage,the model was replaced with an ANN model but with the same inputs. Finally the error of the hydrodynamic model was predicted using an ANN model to optimise the outputs. Simulations were carried out for two different conditions (with and without data from a recently suspended gauging site) to evaluate the effect of this suspension in hydrodynamic, ANN and the combined model. Using ANN in this way, the error produced by the hydrodynamic model is predicted and thereby, the results of the model are improved. According to the results of the research it can be said that neural networks are appropriate tool to predict river flow in different conditions.For ungauged catchments the MLP network can produce encouraging results for practical purposes by using existing catchment descriptors. However, efficient classification of the catchments seems necessary in preparing data for neural network models. For real – time forecasting of flow in gauged catchments the type of the neural network is an important factor and dynamic architectures, especially general recurrent networks, show a superior ability for longer prediction horizons. For improvement of the predictions produced by a hydrodynamic model, an MLP network worked as an error predictor for optimizing the results. The combination of these two techniques for this specific application uses the potential of both methods and shows good performance.

Key words: Learning techniques, river modeling


The study on watershed management plan for Karoon RiverK. Sasaki Forests, Rangeland and Watershed Management Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran Phone: + 98 -21-2446546 E-mail: [email protected]

In this study, the following items as criteria for selecting master plan study areas are taken into consideration:Natural-disaster damage; Evaluation for soil erosion; Necessity of structural or non-structural countermeasures; Possibility of development; Land capability; Accessibility and propagation and Existence of established plan for development.

Key words: Watershed management, Karoon, Iran

Estimating and mapping 24-h probable maximum precipitation by statistical methods in comparison with synoptic method for Iran M. Radfar1 & A. R. Sepaskhah2

1-Instructor of ShahreKord University, shahrekord, I.R. of Iran, 2- Professor, Dep. of Irrigation, College of Agric., Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. of Iran.

Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) is the maximum possible amount of precipitation which could occur in a gauging station, a region or a watershed. Probable maximum precipitation is usually estimated by two general methods: the first is synoptic method in which short period (hourly) meteorological parameters such as dew point, wind speed and air pressure are used. The second is statistical method which is based on the statistical analysis of the 24-h maximum precipitations. In this research, the amount of 24-h PMP was estimated by Hershfield, Bethlahmy and modified Bethlahmy methods using data obtained from meteorological and ministry of power stations over 15 or more years. The results showed that there is a large differences between statistical and synoptic methods,however, there is rather smaller differences between Bethlahmy and synoptic methods. For modified Bethlahmy method, the results were multiplied by a coefficient of relative humidity. Then the calibrated 24-h PMP values were estimated for all meteorological stations of Iran and a contour map of 24-h PMP for the country was prepared. Results showed that a minimum value of 24-h


PMP(110 mm) occurred in the central part of country and a maximum amount (260 mm) was found in both south and north parts of Iran.

Key words: Probable maximum precipitation. statistical methods. synoptic method. modified Bethlahmy method. 24-h PMP

Hydrology and Water Resources - narod.ruiirc.narod.ru/4conference/Abstract/Sec4.pdf · 228 Section 4: Hydrology and Water Resources relative errors of peak flow have shown a similar

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