Hydrological Systems as Hydrological Systems as a a Three Dimensional Three Dimensional Surface: Surface: Toward a Predictive Spatial Model Toward a Predictive Spatial Model for the Aquatic/Terrestrial for the Aquatic/Terrestrial Transition Zone Transition Zone Kevin Kane Kevin Kane Animal Ecology 518, Stream Ecology Animal Ecology 518, Stream Ecology Iowa State University Iowa State University
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Hydrological Systems as a Three Dimensional Surface: Toward a Predictive Spatial Model for the Aquatic/Terrestrial Transition Zone Kevin Kane Animal Ecology.
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Hydrological Systems as a Hydrological Systems as a Three Dimensional Surface:Three Dimensional Surface:
Toward a Predictive Spatial Model for the Toward a Predictive Spatial Model for the Aquatic/Terrestrial Transition ZoneAquatic/Terrestrial Transition Zone
Hydrological Systems as a Hydrological Systems as a Three Dimensional Surface:Three Dimensional Surface:
Toward a Predictive Spatial Model for the Toward a Predictive Spatial Model for the Aquatic/Terrestrial Transition ZoneAquatic/Terrestrial Transition Zone
Iowa State UniversityIowa State UniversityAnimal Ecology 518, Stream EcologyAnimal Ecology 518, Stream Ecology
Iowa State UniversityIowa State University
OR OR (You thought you had heard the end of it, but no...)
The Mr. Potatohead The Mr. Potatohead Hydrologic Model (MPHM)Hydrologic Model (MPHM)
What a Spud Can Teach Us About Modeling Spatial What a Spud Can Teach Us About Modeling Spatial Relationships to Predict the ATTZ Ecology Relationships to Predict the ATTZ Ecology
The Mr. Potatohead The Mr. Potatohead Hydrologic Model (MPHM)Hydrologic Model (MPHM)
What a Spud Can Teach Us About Modeling Spatial What a Spud Can Teach Us About Modeling Spatial Relationships to Predict the ATTZ Ecology Relationships to Predict the ATTZ Ecology
Study HypothesisStudy Hypothesis
Prediction of the Aquatic/Terrestrial Transition Zone ecology is possible through modeling spatial variables on a three dimensional flow surface.
Study DefinitionsStudy Definitions
Spatial VariablesAny variables that affect the ecology of the Aquatic/Terrestrial Transition Zone.
Aquatic/Terrestrial Transition ZoneAny place on the surface of the earth.
ModelSimplified Mathematical formulations that mimic real-world phenomena so that complex processes can be understood and predictions made.
Topics of DiscussionTopics of Discussion Summarize three stream models
presented in class. Revisit Mr. Potatohead analogy. Introduce a drainage model based on
runoff as a surface. Illustrate the interdependence of
spatial variables using raster GIS as a modeling tool for rivers and watersheds in Iowa.
Show how the results of this model can predict ATTZ ecology.
IntroductionIntroduction
Spatial relationships of climatic, terrestrial, and hydrological variables contribute to a runoff flow pattern. This pattern is not only linear, as viewed in the River Continuum Concept, nor only limited to the floodplain as in the Flood Pulse Concept.
It should be viewed as a three dimensional surface where each square centimeter of the earth is affected by the hydrologic cycle, thus having tremendous potential bearing on the stream network and the environment that this runoff creates (the ATTZ).
ReviewReview
Three Class Models: River Continuum Concept Flood Pulse Concept Hydologic Variability
The Mr. Potatohead Analogy (MPA)
River Continuum Concept River Continuum Concept (Vannote, et. al., 1980)(Vannote, et. al., 1980)
The physical basis of the RCC is Size of the river or stream (stream order) Location along the stream gradient
Four important physical parameters are Current Substrate Temperature Dissolved oxygen
Physical parameters of a stream define Structure of the biotic component Diversity of the biotic component
Identifies the predictable advance and retraction of water on the floodplain of a pristine system as the principal agent controlling the adaptations of most of the biota.
The flood pulse is not a disturbance; instead, significant departures from the average hydrological regimen, such as the prevention of floods, should be regarded as a disturbance.
Flood Pulse ConceptFlood Pulse Concept
The flood pulse is postulated to enhance biological productivity and maintain diversity in the system. The principal agents associated with this typically annual process are plants, nutrients, detritus, and sediments (next figure).
Flood Pulse ConceptFlood Pulse Concept
Schematic of the flood-pulse concept (derived from Junk et al. 1989) showing a vertically exaggerated section of a floodplain in five snapshots of an annual hydrological cycle. Right-hand column indicates typical life-history traits of fish. DO = dissolved oxygen
Hydrologic VariabilityHydrologic Variability(Poff and Ward, 1989)(Poff and Ward, 1989)
Reasonable geographic affiliation Constrains ecological and evolutionary
processes in streams Prediction based on constraints
Hydrologic Variability ExampleHydrologic Variability Example
So...So...
Each of these models deal with spatial variability in some way
Each models and predicts an aquatic environment although limited in its extent
Which brings us back to…
The Mr. Potatohead Analogy (MPA)The Mr. Potatohead Analogy (MPA) The ATTZ (Mr. Potatohead) can be
described and modeled by many factors (spatial variables - different eyes, ears, noses, etc.)
The sum total of these variables can predict and describe the ecology of the ATTZ at any particular point on the surface of the earth (what Mr. Potatohead ultimately looks like).
Spatial Variables for PredictionSpatial Variables for Prediction
Climate
Vegetation
Topography
Geology
Land use
Soil characteristics
Expanding the Boundaries...Expanding the Boundaries...
Diagram of the relative position of geomorphic features along streams (modified from Hupp, 1986).
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… … To The Entire ATTZTo The Entire ATTZ
Outside the stream Outside the floodplain
Looking at the earth as a Hydrologic Surface
Study Area Study Area Scott County,Scott County, Iowa Iowa
AlluviumAlluvium
Scott Co.
Scott County Study SiteScott County Study Site
Data Sets: Alluvium Soil Drainage Scott Co. Rivers
Dixon QuadDixon Quadand Studyand StudySiteSite
Data Sets: Alluvium Soil Drainage Scott Co. Rivers
Study factors and assumptionsStudy factors and assumptions
Proximity The closer, the more holding of water
Slope and Aspect Speed to stream (flow), and drying of land
Hydric conditions wetlands, hydric soils, and permeability
Quantitative Spatial Quantitative Spatial Modeling Using GISModeling Using GIS
Study DefinitionsStudy Definitions
GIS Coverage a data set containing spatial data
georeferenced to the earth Vector Data
a GIS coverage of points, lines and polygons
Raster Data a GIS coverage of cells (matrix)
DEM (digital elevation model) a raster data set that models the surface