Hydrogen Delivery Options and Fueling Station …/media/Files/PDF/industries/hydrogen...– ASME BPVC, ASME B31.3, NEC ... Hydrogen Delivery Options and Fueling Station Requirements

Hydrogen Delivery Options andHydrogen Delivery Options and Fueling Station Requirementsg q

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.B B BonnerB. B. Bonner

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)Commercial Hydrogen Measurement Standards Workshopy g p25 September 2008

© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008

Air Products at a GlanceAir Products at a Glance

US$10B i l US$10B in sales Diverse markets and geographies Over 50% of our revenues are outside U.S.

FY07 Consolidated SalesFY07 Consolidated SalesBy Reporting Segment

Electronics and Performance M t i l (21%)Equipment

Tonnage

Healthcare(6%)

Materials (21%)Equipment and Energy

(6%)

Merchant

Chemicals(9%)

TonnageGases (26%)

2© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008

MerchantGases (32%)

Leadership in Hydrogen Fuel I f t tInfrastructure

Worlds largest producer of Worlds largest producer of merchant hydrogen

Our capacity ~1 75 million TPY Our capacity 1.75 million TPYCould support 7-8 million vehicles

Active since 1993 – Built over 85 hydrogen y g

station projects– Exceeded 65,000 fuelings– in 12 countries

Strong and broad IP position.


g p

Emerging Hydrogen Economy Infrastructure RequirementsInfrastructure Requirements

HH2Production Storage

Onsite Reformers

Electrolyzers

Light weightVessels

Electrolyzers MetalHydrides

ChemicalGas Separation & Purification

D i ChemicalHydridesDevices

Central H2Production Carbon

SafetyDistribution

Compression

DeliveryDispensing

Systems

Compression


e e y Syste s

Properties – H2 is a FuelProperties H2 is a Fuel

Flammable Range 4 - 74% by vol. in airg yDetonable Range 18.3 – 59% by vol. in air

Wide flammability range Low ignition energy Tendency to ignite before large energy

accumulation Very hot, invisible flame (pale blue at night) Importance of ventilation

Siti i t f i iti Siting requirements away from ignition sources and compounding hazards


Properties Comparison

H2 NG Gasoline1- Color none none yes2 Toxicity no no yes2- Toxicity no no yes3- Odor odorless mercaptans yes4- Specific Gravity 0.07 0.424 liquid5- Environment - Leak none none CnHm

Impact - Fuel none CO2 / NOx CO2 / NOx6- Diffusion Coefficient (cm3/s) 0.61 0.15 liquid7- Flame Temperature ( C ) 2318 2148 22008- Flammablility Range (% in air) 4% - 75% 5.3% - 15% 1.4% - 7.6%9- Ignition energy (milli Joules) 0.02 0.29 0.2g gy ( )10- Auto Ignition Temp. ( C ) 520 < 500* 44011- Heat Value (kJ/kg) 119,972 50,020 42,84712 Energy Density (MJ/Nm3) 10 783 35 882 104 4


12- Energy Density (MJ/Nm3) 10.783 35.882 104.4

Ignition Energy of H2, CH4and Gasoline with Airand Gasoline with Air

100Fl bilit Li itFl bilit Li it

Automotive Spark Plug20

50

100Flammability LimitsFlammability Limits

Ener

gyEn

ergy

mj)

mj)

10

20

Brush Discharge

Human Spark1052

Igni

tion

Igni

tion ( m(m Brush Discharge

0 1

12

0.50.2 Common Static

0 20 40 60 80 100

0.10.050.02 0.02 CH4

H

Flammability Limits of H Are Seven Times Wider Than CH

Fuel (% Volume)Fuel (% Volume)0 20 40 60 80 100 H2

Gasoline


Flammability Limits of H2 Are Seven Times Wider Than CH4

Overall Approach to Safety -ElementsElements Inherently safe system design

– Managing risks– Quantification of risks / risk analysisy– Protective systems

Safe operation of systemsSafe operation of systems– Written procedures– Training and periodic retrainingTraining and periodic retraining– Accident / near miss Investigation

Audits of training records– Audits of training records– Periodic performance & leak checks of equipment

P l P t ti E i t PPE


– Personnel Protective Equipment - PPE

Hydrogen SourcingFuel StationDistribution

Central P d i

Hydrogen

Production

DistributedN t l GProduction Natural Gas,Propane,Methanol,Feedstocks


Feedstocks

Importance of Codes & Standardsp

Improves Safety– Paramount importance to allp

Provides Education to AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction) such as CGA or NFPA pamphletsJurisdiction), such as CGA or NFPA pamphlets

Provides Consistency Assists with Permitting, as helps AHJ’s make

decisions Levels playing field for all participants Key to long term liability issue


Key to long-term liability issue.

Delivered Hydrogen

Liquid Tank Trailer

Gas PipelineMobile Fueler


Gas Tube Trailer

Pipeline Standards and

CFR 49 Part 192 and as amended byRegulations CFR 49 Part 192 and as amended by

delegated state agency. Air Products standards employ minimum Air Products standards employ minimum

design to Class 3 location except for very remote unpopulated areas and typically

d th i t f P t 192exceed the requirements of Part 192. Environmental Impact Studies designate

dditi l d i id tiadditional design considerations. Local jurisdictions (City, Township, Parish,

C )County, etc.) have imposed additional requirements beyond basic regulatory requirements


requirements.

Pipeline Safety

Hydrogen Industry Has 500 Miles in Hydrogen Industry Has 500 Miles in U.S.

Conventional low carbon steel Conventional low-carbon steel pipelines.

Small variation in pipeline pressure Small variation in pipeline pressure pipe (low cyclic stress).

E i ti t l i li h Existing natural gas pipelines have been successfully converted to hydrogen.yd oge

No Fires at Hydrogen Pipelines in 35 Years at Air Products


Years at Air Products

Excess Flow Valve (EFV)( )


Hydrogen Pipeline Positions

Pl iLouisianaBaton Rouge Edmonton,

Canada40

40

Suncor

SarniaCanada

Plaquemine

Geismar

Lake Pontchartrain

C t

Cosmar

Geismar10 16

Canada

Petro-Canada16

Shell Refinery

40

ST.CLAIR RIVER

Air Products Canada

Convent

Taft

NolaNew Orleans

Chalmette14 630630

14

2121SherwoodPark

Petro-CanadaImperial Oil

Rotterdam

Corunna

RIVER

DominguezChannel

91405

SouthernCalifornia

Europoort

Pernis

otte da

BPVAN NESS

AVE.Sepulveda

LongBeachArpt.

190th

St.

Carson H2

710

405

110

California

Lake Charles

Zwijndrecht

To Moerdijk

Botlek

TBPCarson

ShellWilmington

Conoco PhillipsWilmington

Conoco Phillips Carson

SepulvedaBlvd

Anaheim Street

Wil i t H

405

1

APD HyCO facilitiesH2 pipelineCO pipelineSyngas pipeline

Mont Belvieu

Port ArthurBattlegroundCity of Houston

Baytown 2

10

610

Lake CharlesBeaumont

73

6910

ValeroWilmington

Texas

Wilmington Wilmington H2110

y g

BayportPasadena

Clear Lake

LaPorte

Texas City

45

225

December 2007© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 200815

Liquid Hydrogen DistributionLiquid Hydrogen DistributionTruck in liquid hydrogen

delivered at about –423°F and 100 psig.

SS inner vessel

CS outer jacket

Insulation space

No product release in shippingin shipping

excellent safety


yrecord

Liquid Hydrogen Trailer Safety

Trailers With Armored Type Construction Trailers With Armored Type Construction– Inner Tank With Outer Thick Steel Jacket

70 Milli G ll f Li id H2 / Y 70 Million Gallons of Liquid H2 / Year 8 Million Miles / Year 160 Million Miles Since Inception Without

Loss of Liquid Hydrogen onto the Road 1996 NASA Safety Award Winner

– 200 Million Pounds of Liquid H2 Over 25 q 2Year Period Without a Significant Incident

Vehicle Accidents Do Occur


Hydrogen Distribution

Truck in gaseous hydrogen

Standard Tube-TrailerDelivered at 2600 psig

Mobile FuelerTotally self-contained

Delivered at ~ 2600 psig300 kg capacity

y350 Bar fuelingDOT approved


Onsite Liquid Storageq g

Stored at –423°F <150 psig. many sites

SS inner vesselSS inner vesselCS outer jacketInsulation spaceProven technology


Underground Storage Tanks

Direct buriedDirect buried– Inaccessible secondary

containment Double walled design Nationally recognized y g

codes 2 ft below surface Safety features

– Relief & vent systems– Remote operated shut

off valves– Corrosion control


– Corrosion control

Distributed H2 Fueling Stations

Electrolyses

Steam MethaneReforming


Hydrogen Fueling Station

Compression and storage modularized

Hydrogen dispenser Hydrogen dispenser typically separate

Designed for any type Designed for any typeof H2 supply mode

Designed to service ll t l fl t fsmall to large fleets of

autos and buses Wide range of flows Wide range of flows Electric Drive

Compressor


p

Hydrogen Fuel Dispensing StationsHydrogen Fuel Dispensing Stations


H2 lmpurities Sampled from All Stations –All Suppliers – All Supply Modes

H I iti

Particulates

H2 Impurities

Data Range SAE J2719 Measured Less Than or Equal To (Detection Limited)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10g/L

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

(N2 + He + Ar)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

O2CO2 CO

NH3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

H20 Total HC

O2

mol/mol (ppm)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Total S*

nmol/mol (ppb)


Created: Feb-28-07 12:06 PM *Calculated from SO2, COS, H2S, CS2, and Methyl Mercaptan (CH3SH).

Alternate Applications build H2 infrastructure Off-road vehicles

H2 BusesHCNG BusesS b iSubmarinesCell-Towers


H2 Fueling Safety -Codes Standards and TrainingCodes, Standards, and Training

Adhere to Industrial Codes– ASME BPVC, ASME B31.3, NEC (NFPA 70)

Adhere to Hydrogen Codes– NFPA 55, CGA Guidelines55, CG Gu de es

Apply CNG Fueling Codes Where Applicable A ti R l i C d d St d d D l t Active Role in Codes and Standards Development

– SAEJ2600 & J2601, NFPA 50, NFPA 52 Provides Comprehensive Safety Training

– Dispenser, Hydrogen, KnowH2ow®.


100 Years of Gasoline FuelingPublic Dispensing 180 000Public Dispensing – 180,000

Safety Maintained

Hydrogen Fueling in InfancyDispensing ~ 100 today; 10,000 in ? years

Goal

50 year experience


as a chemical

Summary

The Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure Has Evolved to Meet y g ythe Specific Needs of a Hydrogen Economy.

Safety Risks Must Be ManagedI t t R l f G d E i i D i d W k– Important Role of Good Engineering Design and Work Processes

– Important Role of Codes and Standards Industry Stakeholders and The Public Must Gain

Confidence That Hydrogen Supply, Delivery, Fueling, and Driving Are As Safe (or Safer) As Conventional FuelsDriving Are As Safe (or Safer) As Conventional Fuels

– Achieve Thru Demonstrations– Improved Design to Make Differences Between Fuels

TransparentTransparent Today’s petroleum fuel infrastructure was not built in a

day….and doesn’t need to be replaced in a day! We are


y p yembarking on running a marathon and not a sprint.

Thank youThank youwww.airproducts.com/h2energywww.airproducts.com/h2energy

© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008

Hydrogen Delivery Options and Fueling Station …/media/Files/PDF/industries/hydrogen...– ASME BPVC, ASME B31.3, NEC ... Hydrogen Delivery Options and Fueling Station Requirements

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