HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION, OF THE BRACKISH WATERS DISCHARGE FROM THE DARDANELLES STRAITS INTO THE NORTH AEGEAN SEA Kyriakos I. Kopasakis, Panagiotis B. Angelidis, Anastasios N. Georgoulas, Nikolaos E. Kotsovinos Laboratory of Hydraulics and Hydraulic Structures Democritus University of Thrace 67100 Xanthi, Greece 1
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HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION, OF THE BRACKISH WATERS DISCHARGE FROM THE DARDANELLES STRAITS INTO THE NORTH AEGEAN SEA Kyriakos I. Kopasakis, Panagiotis B. Angelidis,
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HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION, OF THE BRACKISH WATERS DISCHARGE FROM THE DARDANELLES
STRAITS INTO THE NORTH AEGEAN SEA
Kyriakos I. Kopasakis, Panagiotis B. Angelidis, Anastasios N. Georgoulas,
Nikolaos E. Kotsovinos
Laboratory of Hydraulics and Hydraulic Structures Democritus University of Thrace 67100 Xanthi, Greece
1
PRESENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION OF THE BLACK SEA
The ecosystem of the Black Sea is sufferred by excessive loads of nutrients
and hazardous substances from the coastal countries as well as from various river discharges. Pollution inputs and other factors have rapidly changed Black Sea ecosystem since 1960 and have been seriously threatening biodiversity and the use of the sea for fishing and recreation. In addition to nutrient pollution, other pressures on the Black Sea ecosystems include organic pesticides, heavy metals and incidental and operational spills from oil vessels and ports.
2
ACCIDENTS IN DARDANELLES STRAITS: DECADE OF 1990-2000
In the Bosporus worst accident, on March 14, 1994, the 66,822-ton oil
tanker Nassia collided with the Shipbroker at the Black Sea entrance to
the Bosporus. In the conflagration that followed the vessel's port and
center tanks containing over 20,000 tonnes of crude oil ruptured and
polluted the Bosporus Straits. The channel was closed to shipping for a
week, and the accident caused $1 billion in damages. Tankers more than
four times as large as the Nassia now regularly travelling through the
Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits.
3
WATER CIRCULATION IN DARDANELLES STRAITS
The brackish water (salinity = 29.6ppt), that flows in the upper water sea layer (10m depth), with direction at the exit from the Sea of Marmara to the South Aegean Sea, has a mean volume of 1257km3. At the same time, the saline water (with a salinity of 38.9ppt), that flows in the lower water sea layer, with direction from the North Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara appears to have a mean volume about 957Km3. Thus, the annual water balance of the water inflow in the North Aegean Sea is 300Km3, and the hydrodynamic behavior of the North Aegean Sea surface is affected by the water inflow of 1257Km3/year (40,000 m3/sec).
1257 km3 /year
4
WATER CIRCULATION IN DARDANELLES STRAITS
Ακρ. Έλλη Bosporus
Aegean Sea
Black Sea
10m
50m
55m
3866km yr
325km yr
3957km yr
3416km yr
31257km yr
3566km yr
Water Inflow in the Aegean Sea = 300 km3/yr
5
WATER CIRCULATION IN DARDANELLES STRAITSThe direct water exchange between the North Aegean Sea and the South Aegean Sea is not achieved, for depths greater than 250m, due to the bottom topography. Therefore, the accumulation of pollutants in the North Aegean Sea is further increased.
6
CORIOLIS FORCEThe Coriolis force influence the direction of the water inflow from the Dardanelles Straits.