Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen Alkanes contain only single bonds Alkenes contain at least one double bond Alkynes contain at least one triple.

Basic Organic Nomenclatureand Functional Groups

(Chapter 16)

Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen

Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen•Alkanes contain only single bonds•Alkenes contain at least one double bond•Alkynes contain at least one triple bond

Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen•Alkanes contain only single bonds•Alkenes contain at least one double bond•Alkynes contain at least one triple bond

General Formulas:•Alkanes = CnH2n+2

•Alkenes = CnH2n

•Alkynes = CnH2n-2

Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:

Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:Two part names:• Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in

the chain• Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne

Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:Two part names:• Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in

the chain• Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne

Memorize these prefixes, in order:

1 – Meth2 – Eth3 – Prop4 – But5 – Pent

6 – Hex7 – Hept8 – Oct9 – Non10 – Dec

Meth + ane, ene, yne

Methane:

Methene: does not exist

Methyne: does not exist

Eth + ane, ene, yne

Ethane:

Ethene:

Ethyne:

Prop + ane, ene, yne

Propane:

Propene:

Propyne:

But + ane, ene, yne

Butane:

Butene:

Butyne:

Pent + ane, ene, yne

Pentane:

Pentene:

Pentyne:

Hex + ane, ene, yne

Hexane:

Hexene:

Hexyne:

Hept + ane, ene, yne

Heptane:

Heptene:

Heptyne:

Oct + ane, ene, yne

Octane:

Octene:

Octyne:

Non + ane, ene, yne

Nonane:

Nonene:

Nonyne:

Dec + ane, ene, yne

Decane:

Decene:

Decyne:

Functional Groups:• Common groups of elements added to

hydrocarbons that change their chemistry• Can be added on the end or interior•Names are changed to reflect the functional

group(s)

Cyclo-hydrocarbons• Carbons are in a ring• lowers expected C:H ratio by 2 hydrogens

Cyclohexane: Cyclohexene:

1, 3, 5 cyclohexene :Or benzene or phenyl

Alcohols: have a hydroxide functional group•Usually on the end, but doesn’t have to be•Name ends in “ol”

Ethanol:

Amines: contain nitrogen inside or on the end of the carbon chain•N can form up to 3 bonds, so either there is 1

chain and 2 H, 2 chains and 1 H, or 3 chains• The suffix “amine” is added• If there chains, the nitrogen is counted as being

attached to the longest chain, and an italic N is used to show the shorter chains are attached to the nitrogen• If the N is inside a single chain, an infixed

number is used

Methanamine:

Butan-2-amine:

N-methylethanamine:

Carboxylic acids: an end carbon is double bonded to O and to hydroxide• The carbonyl carbon counts as part of the chain• The suffix “ioc acid” is added• Can have one on each end of a chain, but

naming that is beyond the scope of AP (especially if there are several branches)

Ethanioc Acid:(Acetic Acid)