Hydro power-plant

HYDRO POWERHYDRO POWER

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

1) One of the most widely used renewable source of energy for generating One of the most widely used renewable source of energy for generating

electricity on large scale basis is hydropowerelectricity on large scale basis is hydropower

2) The power obtained from river or ocean water is called as hydropowerThe power obtained from river or ocean water is called as hydropower

3) Hydropower is the renewable source of energy since water is available in Hydropower is the renewable source of energy since water is available in large quantities from rain, rivers, and oceans and this is will be available for large quantities from rain, rivers, and oceans and this is will be available for unlimited time to comeunlimited time to come

HISTORYHISTORY

- Nearly 2000 years ago the Greeks used water wheels to grind wheat into - Nearly 2000 years ago the Greeks used water wheels to grind wheat into flourflour

- In the 1700's, hydropower was broadly used for milling of lumber and grain - In the 1700's, hydropower was broadly used for milling of lumber and grain and for pumping irrigation waterand for pumping irrigation water

- Appleton, Wisconsin became the first operational hydroelectric generating - Appleton, Wisconsin became the first operational hydroelectric generating station in the United States, in 1882, producing 12.5 kilowatts (kW) of power station in the United States, in 1882, producing 12.5 kilowatts (kW) of power

- The total electrical capacity generated was equivalent to 250 lights- The total electrical capacity generated was equivalent to 250 lights

- The largest and last masonry dam built by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation - The largest and last masonry dam built by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation was the was the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona between 1905-1911; its power output has in Arizona between 1905-1911; its power output has increased from 4,500 kW to 36,000 kWincreased from 4,500 kW to 36,000 kW

- Still in use today, - Still in use today, Niagra Falls was the first hydropower site developed for a was the first hydropower site developed for a vast quantity of electricityvast quantity of electricity

TYPES OF HYDRO POWER PLANTTYPES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

1) Water wheels1) Water wheels

2) Hydro power plants2) Hydro power plants

3) Wave energy from oceans3) Wave energy from oceans

4) Tidal energy4) Tidal energy

5) Damless hydro power5) Damless hydro power

Based on Quantity of Water AvailableBased on Quantity of Water Available

1) Run-off river hydro plants with pond1) Run-off river hydro plants with pond

2) Run-off river hydro plants with pond2) Run-off river hydro plants with pond

3) Reservoir hydroelectric power plants3) Reservoir hydroelectric power plants

Based on the Head of Water Available Based on the Head of Water Available

1) Low head hydroelectric power plants1) Low head hydroelectric power plants

2)Medium head hydroelectric power plants 2)Medium head hydroelectric power plants

3) High head hydroelectric power plants 3) High head hydroelectric power plants

Based on the Nature of Load Based on the Nature of Load

1) Base load hydroelectric power plants1) Base load hydroelectric power plants

2) Peak load hydroelectric power plants 2) Peak load hydroelectric power plants

PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO POWER PLANT PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

WATER CYCLEWATER CYCLE

Water cycle in nature:Water cycle in nature:

Water surface evaporationWater surface evaporation

Precipitation of cloudsPrecipitation of clouds Collected back to the oceansCollected back to the oceans

VAPORATION VAPORATION PRECIPITION PRECIPITION RAIN RAIN

The continuous cycle in which water changes from water vapor in the The continuous cycle in which water changes from water vapor in the atmosphere to liquid water through condensation and precipitation and then atmosphere to liquid water through condensation and precipitation and then back to water vapor through evaporation, transpiration, and respiration back to water vapor through evaporation, transpiration, and respiration

Water cycle in the hydraulic power plant Water cycle in the hydraulic power plant

Water energies: Kinetic energy , Potential energy

PROCESS / STAGES

1) Water in reservoir

2) Fall in turbine blade

3) Shaft rotation

4) Electric generation

5) Flow back of water

COMPONENT AND WORKING OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

1) 1) DamDam

LocationLocation

What is damWhat is dam

Classification of dams

Storage dams Diversion dams Detention dams Overflow dams Rockfill dams Gravity dams

Gravity damGravity dam

Dam structure and designDam structure and design

Storage damsTo impound waterTo impound water Purpose - IrrigationPurpose - Irrigation

- Flood control - Flood control

- Power generation- Power generation

Diversion dams For diversionFor diversion To provide sufficient pressureTo provide sufficient pressure

Detention dams To Minimize the effect of sudden floodsTo Minimize the effect of sudden floods To trap sedimentTo trap sediment Overflow dams They carry water discharge over their crestsThey carry water discharge over their crests

Rockfill dams Rock instead of earthRock instead of earth Embankment dams hold back water by the force of gravity acting upon Embankment dams hold back water by the force of gravity acting upon their masstheir mass

GravityGravity damsdams

Most gravity dams are made from concrete, a mixture of port land cement, Most gravity dams are made from concrete, a mixture of port land cement, water, and aggregates water, and aggregates They are much thicker at the base than the top They are much thicker at the base than the top

2) Water reservoir

Place behind the damPlace behind the dam Height of waterHeight of water Potential energy Potential energy

3) Intake or control gates

Gates inside of the dam. Gates inside of the dam.

Inlet gatesInlet gates

4) The penstock

To carries the waterTo carries the water Controlled by the control gatesControlled by the control gates

5) Water turbines

Convert HYDROLIC energy to MECHANICAL energyConvert HYDROLIC energy to MECHANICAL energy

6) Generators

Convert MECHANICAL energy in ELECTRICAL energyConvert MECHANICAL energy in ELECTRICAL energy

7) TransformerConverts the alternating current to high voltage current. Converts the alternating current to high voltage current.

Two coils: the supply coil and the outlet coil.Two coils: the supply coil and the outlet coil. Voltage required for various applications is 110V or 230V.Voltage required for various applications is 110V or 230V. Numbers of turns in outlet coil are double of supply coil, the voltage Numbers of turns in outlet coil are double of supply coil, the voltage produced is also double. produced is also double.

8) Tailrace

Pipeline to drain the waterPipeline to drain the water

The potential energy of water in the tailrace has been used to generate The potential energy of water in the tailrace has been used to generate electricity electricity

CASE STUDY OF “HIRAKUND DAM”

It was the first major multipurpose river valley project started after India's independence.

INTRODUCTION Built Built across the Mahanadi river

Located

about 15 km from Sambalpur in the state of Orissa in India.

HISTORY

Built in 1956

Length is about (26 km)

Construction historyConstruction history

Project was proposed by Project was proposed by Sir M. Visveswararya

Foundation stone was laid by sir HOWTHRONE LEWIS Foundation stone was laid by sir HOWTHRONE LEWIS on 15 march 1946 on 15 march 1946

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru laid the first batch of concrete on 12 April 1948.Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru laid the first batch of concrete on 12 April 1948.

The dam was completed in 1953 and was formally inaugurated byThe dam was completed in 1953 and was formally inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 January 1957Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 January 1957

The total cost of the project was Rs. 100.02 crores (in 1957). The total cost of the project was Rs. 100.02 crores (in 1957).

Power generation along with agricultural irrigation started in 1956,Power generation along with agricultural irrigation started in 1956, achieving full potential in 1966achieving full potential in 1966

Hirakund is located at 21°31′N 83°52′E21.52°N 83.87°E

Geography

It has an average elevation of 160 meters (524 feet)

As of 2001 India census Hirakund had a population of 26,397

Demographics

Hirakund has an average literacy rate of 70% Hirakund has an average literacy rate of 70%

Power generation Power generation

Nearly about 307 MW Nearly about 307 MW

People affected from the Dam Construction

StructureStructure

The Hirakud Dam is a composite structure of earth, concrete and masonry The Hirakud Dam is a composite structure of earth, concrete and masonry

Nearly 1.5 lakh people got affected by the Hirakud Nearly 1.5 lakh people got affected by the Hirakud project.Nearly 22,000 family were displaced under the Hirakud project.Nearly 22,000 family were displaced under the Hirakud dam project, dam project,

an amount of Rs 12 crores was provided for payment of an amount of Rs 12 crores was provided for payment of compensation to the affected people compensation to the affected people

Ten km north of Sambalpur, it is the longest major earthen dam in the world Ten km north of Sambalpur, it is the longest major earthen dam in the world

The main dam has an overall length of 4.8 km spanning between two The main dam has an overall length of 4.8 km spanning between two hills; the Lamdungri on the left and the Chandili Dunguri on the right. hills; the Lamdungri on the left and the Chandili Dunguri on the right. It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia, with a It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia, with a reservoir holding 743 km² at full capacity, with a shoreline of reservoir holding 743 km² at full capacity, with a shoreline of over 640 km..over 640 km..

Total length of Dam : 15,748 Feet or 4800 Meter

Concrete Dam : 3,937 Feet or 1200 Meter

Earth Dam : 11,811 Feet or 3600 Meter

Left Dyke : 32,274 Feet or 9837 Meter

Right Dyke : 35,299 Feet or 10759 Meter

Maximum Height of Masonary Dam :200 Feet or 61 Meter

Maximum Height of Earth Dam :195 Feet or 59.5 Meter

Catchment Area : 83,400 km²Total Power Capacity :275.5 MW

Details

(A)              HYDROLOGICAL :-

(a) Catchment - 83400 Sq. Kms (32200 sq miles)(b) Rain fall(mm) - Original Revised

SALIENT FEATURES

(B) DAM AND RESERVOIR

Top dam level R.L 195.680M. (R.L.642 ft.)Dead storage level R.L 197.830 M (R.L 590 Ft)

(c) SPILLWAYSpillway capacity 42450 cumecs (15 lakhs cusecs)Crest level - R.L. 185.928 M ( R.L. 610 ft.)

(D) POWER GENERATION:Installed Capicity

At Burla - 5 x 37.5                                                         -         2x24.0 = 235.50

MW  At Chiplima - 3x24 = 72.00 MW

Total = 307.50 MW 

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

AdvantagesAdvantages

1) No fuel required

2) Cost of electricity is constant

3) No air-pollution is created

4) Long life

5) Cost of generation of electricity

6) Can easily work during high peak daily loads

7) Irrigation of farms

8) Water sports and gardens

9) Prevents floods

DISADVANTAGES

1) Disrupts the aquatic ecosystems

2) Disruption in the surrounding areas

3) Requires large areas

4) Large scale human displacement

5) Very high capital cost or investment

6) High quality construction

7) Site specific

8) Effects on environment

9) Safety of the dams