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A

Seminar

On

“MULTI-MODE 2/4-STROKE INTERNAL COMBUSTION

ENGINE”

By

Mr. MOHAMMED HUSAIN ESMAIL MASALAWALA

Under The Guidance Of

Prf. !. P. SHINDE

Su"mi##ed In Par#ia$ %u$fi$$men# f #he &e'uiremen# %r

Bache$r f En(ineerin( )Mechanica$* De(ree

f 

Uni+er,i#y f Pune

De-ar#men# f Mechanica$ En(ineerin(

La#e G.N. Sa-a$ !$$e(e f En(ineerin(/

An0aneri/ Na,hi1233343

1

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354613542

7a$yani !hari#a"$e Tru,#8,

La#e G. N. Sa-a$ !$$e(e f En(ineerin(Sa-a$ 7n9$ed(e Hu"/ 7a$yani Hi$$,/ An0aneri/ Trim"ae,h9ar &ad/

Na,hi : 233 343/ Mahara,h#ra S#a#e/ India

!E&TI%I!ATE

Thi, i, # cer#ify #ha# Mr. MOHAMMED HUSAIN ESMAIL

MASALAWALA ha, ,ucce,,fu$$y cm-$e#ed hi, Seminar n

#he #-ic “MULTI1MODE 3;21ST&O7E INTE&NAL

!OMBUSTION ENGINESeminar Guide? > H.O.D.

Mechanica$ ?

2

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Dr. Ba,a+ara0 S. Ba$a-($

>E@aminer?

Princi-a$

!ONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

INDEX

Sr.N.

De,cri-#in Pa(eN.

1 Introdut!on "

1#1

1#2

1#$

Inr%&'% !n d%(&nd o) IC %n*!n%

S&r!t+ o) ,u%

.out!on

"

0

2

 2#1

Ar%&' O) Int%r%'t

.o%r 

$

2#2

2#$

$#1

$#2

$#$

E))!!%n+

E(!''!on'

T+3%' O) En*!n%Sut!on I*n!t!on En*!n%

Co(3r%''%d I*n!t!on En*!n%

o(o*%nou' Co(3r%''%d C5&r*%d En*!n%

16

1111

11

12

4

$#4

 $#7

+8r!d En*!n%

Boo't%d En*!n%

Con%3t O) Mut!-(od%

12

12

1$

7 T%5noo*!& R%9u!r%(%nt' 10

" Su%''!:% R%'ut' 10

,!%d O) I(3%(%nt&t!on' 1

0 Conu'!on 21

B!8!o*r&35+ 21

$

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%IGU&E INDE

  %IGU&E NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1#1#1 Inr%&'!n* d%(&nd "

1#2#1 S&r!t+ o) )u% $#1 Wor;!n* *r&35 1 1$

$#2 Wor;!n* *r&35 2 1$

#1 D!%'% %n*!n% )or o(8&t t&n;' 1

#2 I , < 1

#$ D!%'% %n*!n% )or (!!t&r+ tru;' 26

#4 S3%!& 3ur3o'% :%5!%' 26

4

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A!7NOWLEDGEMENT

  I t&;% t5!' o33ortun!t+ to %=3r%'' our d%%3 '%n'% o) *r&t!tud% &nd

r%'3%t to&rd' our *u!d% MR# C# .# SINDE> D%3&rt(%nt o) M%5&n!&

En*!n%%r!n*> L&t% G N S&3;& Co%*% O) En*!n%%r!n* > NASIK# I &(

:%r+ (u5 !nd%8t%d to 5!' )or t5% *%n%ro'!t+> %=3%rt!'% &nd *u!d&n%? I

5&:% r%%!:%d )ro( 5!( 5!% o%t!n* d&t& on t5!' '%(!n&r &nd

t5rou*5out our 'tud!%'# W!t5out 5!' 'u33ort &nd t!(%+ *u!d&n%> t5%

o(3%t!on o) (+ '%(!n&r oud 5&:% '%%(%d & )&r)%t5%d dr%&(# In t5!'

r%'3%t I )!nd our'%:%' u;+ to 5&:% 5!' &' our *u!d%# % 5&' *u!d%d u'

not on+ !t5 t5% 'u8@%t (&tt%r> 8ut &'o t&u*5t u' t5% 3ro3%r 't+% &nd

t%5n!9u% o) or;!n* &nd 3r%'%nt&t!on# It !' & *r%&t 3%&'ur% )or (% to

%=3r%'' (+ *r&t!tud% to&rd' t5o'% 5o &r% !n:o:%d !n t5% o(3%t!on o) 

(+ '%(!n&r r%3ort# I 5o%-5%&rt%d+ t5&n; to our OD Mr# T# #

BADGUAR )or t5%!r *u!d&n%# I &( &'o !nd%8t%d to & Sr# En*!n%%r' &nd

ot5%r' 5o *&:% (% t5%!r :&u&8% t!(% &nd *u!d&n%# T5% :&r!ou'

7

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!n)or(&t!on &nd 'our%' I u'%d dur!n* (+ r%3ort o(3%t!on )!nd 3&% !n

(+ r%3ort#

  I &( &'o *r&t%)u to S%n!or S%(!n&r Coord!n&tor' r%'3%t%d '!r'#

MOAMMED USAIN ESMAIL MASALAWALA

III year/ Semi,#er

D%3t# O) M%5&n!& En*!n%%r!n* L#G#N#S#COE> N&'5!; M&*n%t!

R%)r!*%r&t!on

ABST&A!T

  In & (ut!-(od%> 2-'tro;%/4-'tro;% !nt%rn& o(8u't!on %n*!n%

o3%r&t!on> 8+ '!t5!n* t5% %n*!n% 'tro;% )ro( 4-'tro;% o3%r&t!on to 2-

'tro;% o3%r&t!on 'o t5&t t5% o(8u't!on )r%9u%n+ !' dou8%d> dou8!n* o) 

t5% %n*!n% 3o%r !' &5!%:%d %:%n &t t5% '&(% or; out3ut 3%r +%# In

ord%r to (%%t t5% d%(&nd o) %=tr%(%+ 5!*5 3o%r> t5% %n*!n% o3%r&t%' !n

4-'tro;% 8oo't%d SI o3%r&t!on tr&n'!t!on%d )ro( 2-'tro;% CCI o3%r&t!on &t

 3r%-'%t %:% o) 3o%r &nd r&n; '3%%d r%9u!r%(%nt'# B+ o(8!n!n* t5%

(ut!-'tro;% 2-'tro;% CCI &nd 4-'tro;% CCI &nd (ut!-(od%

o3%r&t!on 2-'tro;% CCI &nd 4-'tro;% 8oo't%d SI o3%r&t!on> )u o&d

"

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r&n*% &nd o:%r& 5!*5 %))!!%n+ !t5 (!n!(& NO= %(!''!on &r%

&5!%:%d#

4. INT&ODU!TION

1#1 INCREASE IN DEMAND O, INTERNAL COMBUSTION

ENGINE

  S%:%r% tr&))! on*%'t!on &nd &uto(o8!%-r%&t%d 5%&t5 3ro8%('

! ont!nu% to 8u!d !nt%rn&t!on&+ un%'' t5% u'% o) &r' !' urt&!%d>

&ord!n* to & 'tud+ 8+ t5% Word-&t5 In't!tut%> & Un!t%d N&t!on'-

'3on'or%d *rou3#

  W!t5 n%&r+ 466 (!!on &r' !n u'% ord!d% &nd (&n+

d%:%o3!n* ountr!%' &**r%''!:%+ d%:%o3!n* FF&uto utur%'>FF 3out!on

! ont!nu% to !nr%&'%> t5% 'tud+ &rn'> &nd !t 9u%'t!on' t5% !'do( o) 

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5%&:+ t5!rd-ord !n:%'t(%nt !n tr&n'3ort&t!on '+'t%(' t5&t ! '%r:% FF&

'(&> 3r!:!%*%d &'' !t5 &(3% 3ur5&'!n* 3o%r#FF

  T5% 'tud+ r%o((%nd' t5&t !n !ndu'tr!& n&t!on' 5!*5%r t&=%' 8%

&''%''%d on &r' t5&t *%t o *&' (!%&*% &nd &' )or & *o:%rn(%nt' to

FFd!'our&*% &uto u'% 5%r% 3o''!8%FF !n )&:our o) 3u8! tr&n'3ort&t!on#

  FFGo:%rn(%nt 3o!!%' )&:our!n* 3r!:&t% &r on%r'5!3 8+ & t!n+ 8ut

&))u%nt %!t% &r% '9u&nd%r!n* '&r% r%'our%' &nd d!'tort!n* d%:%o3(%nt

 3r!or!t!%'>FF '&!d M!5&% R%nn%r> t5% 'tud+F' &ut5or# FFIn &!t!> )or %=&(3%>

on+ on% out o) %:%r+ 266 3%o3% on' & &r> +%t )u+ on%-t5!rd o) t5%

ountr+F' !(3ort 8ud*%t !' d%:ot%d to )u% &nd tr&n'3ort %9u!3(%nt#FF AutoIndu'tr+ C5&%n*%' R%3ort

,!*# 1#1#1 !nr%&'!n* d%(&nd

1#2 SCARCIT O, ,UEL

  Du% to tr%(%ndou' !nr%&'% !n u'&*% o) &uto(o8!%' t5% d%3%t!on

r&t% o) )o''! )u%' !' !nr%&'!n* # It 5&' 8%%n %'t!(&t%d 8+ USA oun! o)

R%'%&r5 !n ,u% &nd En%r*+ .rodut!on t5&t !) t5% on'u(3t!on o) )u%

oud ont!nu% t5% )u% d%3o'!t' oud *%t o:%r !t5!n 76 +%&r' 'o !t !'

utt%r (o't !(3ort&nt to on'%r:% our 'our% o) %n%r*+# T5% *r&35 8%o

'5o' u' & rou*5 !d%& &8out t5% !nr%&'% !n t5% on'u(3t!on o) )u%'

0

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u'&*%# A)t%r t5% +%&r 1"7 t5% )u% u'% !nr%&'%d &nd !n +%&r 17 !t

!nr%&'%d n%&r+ $666 t!(%'# T5%r%)or% !t !' :%r+ !(3ort&nt to 5%; on t5%

u'&*% o) )u%' on'u(3t!on t5% *o:%rn(%nt n%%d' to t&;% t5% r%9u!r%d

(%&'ur%(%nt' !n ord%r to (&;% & '&)% )utur%#

,!*# 1#2#1

1#$ .OLLUTION

  C&r' &nd tru;' 3rodu% &!r 3out!on t5rou*5out t5%!r !)%> !nud!n*

 3out!on %(!tt%d dur!n* :%5!% o3%r&t!on> r%-)u%!n*> (&nu)&tur!n*> &nd

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d!'3o'&# Add!t!on& %(!''!on' &r% &''o!&t%d !t5 t5% r%)!n!n* &nd

d!'tr!8ut!on o) :%5!% )u%#

  A!r 3out!on )ro( &r' &nd tru;' !' '3!t !nto 3r!(&r+ &nd '%ond&r+ 3out!on# .r!(&r+ 3out!on !' %(!tt%d d!r%t+ !nto t5% &t(o'35%r%?

'%ond&r+ 3out!on r%'ut' )ro( 5%(!& r%&t!on' 8%t%%n 3out&nt' !n

t5% &t(o'35%r%# T5% )oo!n* &r% t5% (&@or 3out&nt' )ro( (otor 

:%5!%'

 Particulate matter (PM).

 Hydrocarbons (HC)

 Nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Carbon monoxide (CO).

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Sulphur dioxide (SO2).

 Haardous air pollutants (toxics)

!reenhouse gases

  T5%'% *&'%' &r% tr&33%d !n t5% on:%rt%r' '!tu&t%d &t %=5&u't 3!3% o) 

& t5% :%5!%'# But & t5% *&'%' dont *%t tr&33%d 'o !t !' !(3ort&nt to

d%'!*n & %n*!n% 5!5 !' &8% to *!:% '&(% out3ut 3o%r 8ut '5oud 5&:%

%'' %(!''!on'#

3 A&EAS O% INTE&EST

2#1 .OWER  

16

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  ,!r't+ &uto(o8!%' %r% u'%d on+ )or tr&n'3ort&t!on 3ur3o'% 8ut

no & d&+' & t5% +out5 !' !nt%r%'t%d !n 8u+!n* & :%5!% 5!5 5&' (or%

 3o%r &nd !' &3&8% o) *%tt!n* 5!*5 &%%r&t!on' &nd &tt&!n (&=!(u(

'3%%d !n %'' t!(%# So !n ord%r to )u)! on'u(%r' d%(&nd t5% %n*!n% o)

t5% &uto(o8!% '5oud 5&:% 5!*5 out3ut 3o%r &nd '5oud 8% &8% to r%&5

t5% %=3%t&t!on' o) t5% dr!:%r'#

A3&rt )ro( t5!' t5% t5%r% !' r%9u!r%(%nt o) 3o%r !n I %n*!n% !n

t5% d%)%n% :%5!%' too# A' t5%+ n%%d to 'ur:!:% !n d!))%r%nt ond!t!on'

&nd 5&:% to o:%r un%:%n ro&d'# So o:%r& 3o%r o) t5% &uto(o8!% %n*!n%

5&' to 8% !nr%&'%d#

2#2 E,,ICIENC

A' % 5&:% '%%n !n t5% 3r%:!ou' 5&3t%r t5&t t5% d%(&nd o) I

%n*!n%' &r% !nr%&'!n* &nd 8%&u'% o) 5!5 t5% tot& u'&*% o) )u% !' &'o

!nr%&'%d# T5!' 3%tro%u( !'nt & r%n%&8% 'our% o) %n%r*+> 5%n% !t

n%%d' to 8% on'%r:%d )or t5% )utur% *%n%r&t!on'#

But &ord!n* to urr%nt r&t% o) u'&*% o) t5% )u% &nd t5% )u%

d%3o'!t' &:&!&8% !n %&rt5' ru'5 !t !' %'t!(&t%d t5&t !n n%&r )utur%

&33ro=!(&t%+ !n n%=t 26 +%&r' t5% )o''! )u% d%3o'!t' ! 8% )!n!'5%d#

So !n ord%r to 3r%'%r:% t5%( % n%%d to %!t5%r d%r%&'% t5% u'% o) :%5!%'

or % n%%d to !nr%&'% t5% &:%r&*% or %))!!%n+ o) t5% I %n*!n%#

U'&*% o) :%5!% &nt 8% ontro%d 'o t5% on+ o3t!on %)t !t5

5u(&n;!nd !' to !nr%&'% t5% %))!!%n+ o) t5% &uto(o8!%' &' (u5 &'

 3o''!8%#

2#$ EMMISIONS

T5% (&@or 'our% o) &!r 3out!on !' &uto(o8!%'# In &' '%%n t5&t

t5% "6H o) &!r 3out!on' !' &u'%d 8%&u'% o) t5% &uto(o8!%'# T5%

%(!''!on' )ro( t5% &uto(o8!%' &r% &' )oo'-

11

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• Par#icu$a#e ma##er )PM*. T5%'% 3&rt!%' o) 'oot &nd

(%t&' *!:% '(o* !t' (ur;+ oour# ,!n% 3&rt!%' %'' t5&n on%-

t%nt5 t5% d!&(%t%r o) & 5u(&n 5&!r 3o'% t5% (o't '%r!ou' t5r%&tto 5u(&n 5%&t5> &' t5%+ &n 3%n%tr&t% d%%3 !nto un*'# .M !' &

d!r%t 3r!(&r+ 3out!on and   & '%ond&r+ 3out!on )ro(

5+dro&r8on'> n!tro*%n o=!d%'> &nd 'u35ur d!o=!d%'# D!%'%

%=5&u't !' & (&@or ontr!8utor to .M 3out!on#

• Hydrcar"n, )H!*.  T5%'% 3out&nt' r%&t !t5

n!tro*%n o=!d%' !n t5% 3r%'%n% o) 'un!*5t to )or( *round %:%

oJon%> & 3r!(&r+ !n*r%d!%nt !n '(o*# T5ou*5 8%n%)!!& !n t5%

u33%r &t(o'35%r%> &t t5% *round %:% t5!' *&' !rr!t&t%' t5%r%'3!r&tor+ '+'t%(> &u'!n* ou*5!n*> 5o;!n*> &nd r%du%d un*

&3&!t+#

• Ni#r(en @ide, )NO@*. T5%'% 3out&nt' &u'% un*

!rr!t&t!on &nd %&;%n t5% 8od+F' d%)%n%' &*&!n't r%'3!r&tor+

!n)%t!on' 'u5 &' 3n%u(on!& &nd !n)u%nJ In &dd!t!on> t5%+ &''!'t

!n t5% )or(&t!on o) *round %:% oJon% &nd 3&rt!u&t% (&tt%r#

• !ar"n mn@ide )!O*. T5!' odour%''> oour%''>

&nd 3o!'onou' *&' !' )or(%d 8+ t5% o(8u't!on o) )o''! )u%' 'u5

&' *&'o!n% &nd !' %(!tt%d 3r!(&r!+ )ro( &r' &nd tru;'# W5%n

!n5&%d> CO 8o;' o=+*%n )ro( t5% 8r&!n> 5%&rt> &nd ot5%r :!t&

or*&n'#

•   Su$fur di@ide )SO3*.  .o%r 3&nt' &nd (otor 

:%5!%' r%&t% t5!' 3out&nt 8+ 8urn!n* 'u)ur-ont&!n!n* )u%'>%'3%!&+ d!%'%# Su)ur d!o=!d% &n r%&t !n t5% &t(o'35%r% to

)or( )!n% 3&rt!%' &nd 3o'%' t5% &r*%'t 5%&t5 r!'; to +oun*

5!dr%n &nd &'t5(&t!'#

• HaCardu, air -$$u#an#, )#@ic,*.  T5%'% 5%(!&

o(3ound' 5&:% 8%%n !n;%d to 8!rt5 d%)%t'> &n%r> &nd ot5%r 

'%r!ou' !n%''%'# T5% En:!ron(%nt& .rot%t!on A*%n+ %'t!(&t%'

t5&t t5% &!r to=!' %(!tt%d )ro( &r' &nd tru;' 5!5 !nud%

12

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/why-clean-cars/air-pollution-and-health/trucks-buses-and-other-commercial-vehicles/diesel-engines-and-public.htmlhttp://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/why-clean-cars/air-pollution-and-health/trucks-buses-and-other-commercial-vehicles/diesel-engines-and-public.htmlhttp://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/why-clean-cars/air-pollution-and-health/trucks-buses-and-other-commercial-vehicles/diesel-engines-and-public.htmlhttp://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/why-clean-cars/air-pollution-and-health/trucks-buses-and-other-commercial-vehicles/diesel-engines-and-public.html

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B%nJ%n%> &%t&d%5+d%> &nd 1>$-8ut&d!%n% &ount )or hal"  o) &

&n%r' &u'%d 8+ &!r 3out!on#

• Greenhu,e (a,e,# Motor :%5!%' &'o %(!t

 3out&nt'> 'u5 &' &r8on d!o=!d%> t5&t ontr!8ut% to *o8& !(&t%

5&n*%# In )&t> &r' &nd tru;' &ount )or o:%r on%-)!)t5 o) t5%

Un!t%d St&t%'F tot& *o8& &r(!n* 3out!on#

6 T=PES O% ENGINE

$#1 SUCTION IGNITION ENGINE

  A 3%tro %n*!n% ;non &' & *&'o!n% %n*!n% !n Nort5 A(%r!& !'

&n !nt%rn& o(8u't!on %n*!n% !t5 '3&r;-!*n!t!on> d%'!*n%d to run on

 3%tro *&'o!n% &nd '!(!&r :o&t!% )u%'# It &' !n:%nt%d !n 10" !n

G%r(&n+ 8+ G%r(&n !n:%ntor N!o&u' Au*u't Otto# In (o't 3%tro

%n*!n%'> t5% )u% &nd &!r &r% u'u&+ 3r%-(!=%d 8%)or% o(3r%''!on

&t5ou*5 'o(% (od%rn 3%tro %n*!n%' no u'% +!nd%r-d!r%t 3%tro

!n@%t!on# T5% 3r%-(!=!n* &' )or(%r+ don% !n & &r8ur%tor> 8ut no !t !'

don% 8+ %%tron!&+ ontro%d )u% !n@%t!on> %=%3t !n '(& %n*!n%'

5%r% t5% o't/o(3!&t!on o) %%tron!' do%' not @u't!)+ t5% &dd%d

%n*!n% %))!!%n+# T5% (%t5od o) (!=!n* t5% )u% &nd &!r> &nd !n u'!n*

'3&r; 3u*' to !n!t!&t% t5% o(8u't!on 3ro%''

$#2 COM.RESSED IGNITION ENGINE

  A d!%'% %n*!n% &'o ;non &' & o(3r%''!on-!*n!t!on %n*!n% !'

&n !nt%rn& o(8u't!on %n*!n% t5&t u'%' t5% 5%&t o) o(3r%''!on to !n!t!&t%

!*n!t!on &nd 8urn t5% )u% t5&t 5&' 8%%n !n@%t%d !nto t5% o(8u't!on

5&(8%r # T5% %n*!n% &' d%:%o3%d 8+ G%r(&n !n:%ntor Rudo) D!%'% !n

10$# T5% d!%'% %n*!n% 5&' t5% 5!*5%'t t5%r(& %))!!%n+ o) &n+ 't&nd&rd

!nt%rn& or %=t%rn& o(8u't!on %n*!n% du% to !t' :%r+ 5!*5 o(3r%''!on

r&t!o# Lo-'3%%d d!%'% %n*!n%' &' u'%d !n '5!3' &nd ot5%r &33!&t!on'

1$

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark-ignition_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_August_Ottohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark-ignition_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_August_Ottohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio

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5%r% o:%r& %n*!n% %!*5t !' r%&t!:%+ un!(3ort&nt &n 5&:% & t5%r(&

%))!!%n+ t5&t %=%%d' 76H

$#$ OMOGENUOS COM.RESSED CARGED ENGINE

  CCI 5&' 5&r&t%r!'t!' o) t5% to (o't 3o3u&r )or(' o)

o(8u't!on u'%d !n SI '3&r; !*n!t!on %n*!n%'- 5o(o*%n%ou' 5&r*% '3&r; 

!*n!t!on *&'o!n% %n*!n%' &nd CI %n*!n%' 'tr&t!)!%d 5&r*% o(3r%''!on

!*n!t!on d!%'% %n*!n%'# A' !n 5o(o*%n%ou' 5&r*% '3&r; !*n!t!on> t5%

)u% &nd o=!d!J%r &r% (!=%d to*%t5%r# o%:%r> r&t5%r t5&n u'!n* &n

%%tr! d!'5&r*% to !*n!t% & 3ort!on o) t5% (!=tur%> t5% d%n'!t+ &nd

t%(3%r&tur% o) t5% (!=tur% &r% r&!'%d 8+ o(3r%''!on unt! t5% %nt!r%

(!=tur% r%&t' '3ont&n%ou'+

$#4 BRID ENGINE

  R%%nt+> o(o*%n%ou' C5&r*% Co(3r%''!on I*n!t!on CCI

%n*!n%' 5&:% 8%%n !ntrodu%d> W5!5 5&:% 5!*5%r %))!!%n+ o(3&r&8% to

CI %n*!n%' &' W% &' (!n!(u(

 3&rt!u&t% &nd NO= %(!''!on' 5&r&t%r!'t!'> !t5 t5% :%r'&t!!t+ o) u'!n*

*&'o!n% &' % &' d!%'% )u%# In CCI %n*!n%'> & '3&r; 3u* or & 5!*5-

 3r%''ur% !n@%tor !'

not u'%d )or !n!t!&t!on o) t5% !*n!t!on o) t5% )u%? !n't%&d> &uto-!*n!t!on o)

t5% )u% %!t5%r *&'o!n% or d!%'% &nd &!r (!=tur% &t t5% %nd o) t5%

o(3r%''!on 'tro;% !' &5!%:%d 8+

 3ro:!d!n* &n %%:&t%d 't&rt!n* t%(3%r&tur% &t t5% 8%*!nn!n* o) t5% 'tro;%#

T5!' %%:&t%d t%(3%r&tur% !' &5!%:%d (o't+ 8+ to W&+'

5%&t!n* t5% !nt&;% &!r or u'!n* t5% %=5&u't *&' )ro( t5% 3r%:!ou' +%# In

t5% &tt%r '+'t%(> on% &n r%-!ndut or tr&3 t5% 5ot %=5&u't *&' )ro( t5%

 3r%:!ou' +% 8+ 5&n*!n* t5% :&:% t!(!n*'#

T5% &(ount o) t5% %=5&u't *&' tr&33%d !n CCI %n*!n%' !' u'u&+ &8out

76H !n (&'' o) t5% tot& *&' !n'!d% t5% +!nd%r# At5ou*5 t5!' %=5&u't *&'

14

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine

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!nr%&'%' t5% (!=tur% t%(3%r&tur% 8%)or% o(8u't!on> !t &tu&+ d%r%&'%'

t5% 3%&; t%(3%r&tur% &)t%r o(8u't!on du% to d!ut!on %))%t#

A' & r%'ut> t5% NO= %(!''!on> 5!5 !' %=3on%nt!&+

 3ro3ort!on& to t5% *&' t%(3%r&tur%> !' &8out to ord%r' o) (&*n!tud%

o%r t5&n t5&t !n

on:%nt!on& SI or CI %n*!n%'# On% &n &'o &5!%:% 5!*5%r %))!!%n+

o(3&r&8% to CI %n*!n%' du% to t5% d%-t5rott!n* o) t5% !nt&;% (&n!)od

&nd o(8u't!on '5&3% o'%r to !d%& Otto +%#

$#7 BOOSTED ENGINE

  To o:%ro(% t5% o&d !(!t&t!on> urr%nt 't&t% o) &rt ut!!J%' &

5+8r!d o) CCI/ SI or 8oo't%d CCI# In & 5+8r!d &33ro&5> & (od%

'!t5!n* )ro( SI to CCI our' 5%n t5% o o&d !' r%9u!r%d W5%r% SI

5&' 3oor %))!!%n+# o%:%r> !n t5!' &'%> t5% %(!''!on &nd %))!!%n+

 8%n%)!t' o) CCI o3%r&t!on &r% o't !n t5% (%d!u( to 5!*5 o&d r&n*%> &nd

t5% tr&n'!%nt o(8u't!on ontro o) CCI !n (od% '!t5!n* !' not & 'u8t%

!''u% !n urr%nt r%'%&r5 &nd !ndu'tr!%'# S%ond+> 8oo't%d CCI (&+ *!:%

5!*5%r 3o%r> 8ut !t !' &'o !(!t%d '!n% t5% o(8u't!on 8%o(%' too no!'+

&nd d%'trut!:% du% to t5% 5!*5 r&t% o) 3r%''ur% r!'% )ro( r&3!d 8urn r&t%#

2 !ON!EPT O% MULTI1MODE

17

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,!*# $#1 or;!n* *r&35 1

,!*# $#2 or;!n* *r&35 2

  In t5% &8o:% ,!*# $#1 &nd $#2 '5o t5% o(3&r!'on o) %n*!n%

o3%r&t!on 'tr&t%*+ 8%t%%n (od% '!t5!n* &nd (od%/ 'tro;% '!t5!n* !n

t%r(' o) out3ut 3o%r :%r'u' %n*!n% '3%%d# ,!*# $#1r%3r%'%nt' t5%

1"

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on:%nt!on& 4S SI/CCI (ut!-(od% 'tr&t%*+# At o 3o%r out3ut> t5%

on:%nt!on& SI %n*!n% 'u))%r' o%r %))!!%n+ (&!n+ du% to t5% !nt&;%

t5rott!n*# T+3!& CCI %n*!n% u'%' W!d%-o3%n-t5rott% &nd ontro' t5%

out3ut 3o%r 8+ :&r+!n* t5% r&t!o 8%t%%n %=5&u't *&' &nd )r%'5 5&r*%>

&%d r%'!du& )r&t!on R,# T5!' d%-t5rott!n* o(8!n%d W!t5 n%&r+

on't&nt :ou(% o(8u't!on 3ro%'' r%'ut' !n 5!*5%r %))!!%n+ o) CCI

o3%r&t!on &t o 3o%r#

In &dd!t!on to t5% %))!!%n+ 8%n%)!t> CCI %n*!n% (!n!(!J%' t5%

 NO>C %(!''!on' )ro( t5% d!ut!on %))%t &' (%nt!on%d &8o:%# ,or t5%'%

r%&'on'> t5% (ut!-(od% %n*!n% !' o3%r&t%d !n 4S CCI &t o 3o%r

out3ut r%*!on# On t5% ot5%r 5&nd> &t 5!*5 3o%r !(!t> t5% R, !n CCI

o3%r&t!on '5oud 8% d%r%&'%d to 3ro:!d% %nou*5 )r%'5 5&r*%> 5!5

r%'ut' !n 5!*5 r&t% o) 5%&t r%%&'% &nd 5!*5 3%&; 3r%''ur% &nd t%(3%r&tur%

du% to o%r d!ut!on o) %=5&u't *&'> W5!5 !' :%r+ d%'trut!:% to t5%

%n*!n%#

T5%r%)or%> t5% (od% '!t5!n* )ro( 4S CCI to 4S SI our' to

(%%t t5% 3o%r r%9u!r%(%nt &' t5% 3o%r d%(&nd !nr%&'%'# At 5!*5 3o%r 

out3ut> SI o3%r&t!on r%o:%r' t5% %))!!%n+ 8+ o%r!n* t5% %:% o)t5rott!n*> 8ut t5% %))!!%n+ &nd %(!''!on 8%n%)!t' o) CCI o:%r SI &r%

't! '&r!)!%d# At 5!*5 %n*!n% '3%%d> t5% 4S CCI o3%r&t!on !' !(!t%d du%

to !nr%&'%d tr&33%d *&' t%(3%r&tur% &nd 5%n% 'u))%r' r&3!d 5%&t r%%&'%

dur!n* o(8u't!on# T5!' '%t' t5% 5!*5%r %n*!n% '3%%d !(!t o) 4S CCI &nd

t5% %n*!n% !' o3%r&t%d !n 4S SI> %:%n &t o 3o%r out3ut# Con'%9u%nt+>

t5% !nt&;% t5rott!n*

!' !n%:!t&8% &nd t5% (ut!-(od% %n*!n% 'u))%r' t5% o %))!!%n+ !n t5!'

r%*!on o) o3%r&t!on#

A'o !t !' '%%n !n ,!*# $#2 '5o' t5% o3%r&t!on& 'tr&t%*+ o) t5%

 3r%'%nt !n:%nt!on o(8!n!n* (ut!-(od% &nd (ut!-'tro;% o3%r&t!on

'tr&t%*!%'# At o 3o%r out3ut &nd o-to (%d!u( %n*!n% '3%%d> t5%

%n*!n% !' runn!n* !n 4S CCI )or t5% '&(% r%&'on' &' !n t5% on:%nt!on&

(ut!-(od%# A' t5% !nt%r(%d!&t% or 5!*5 3o%r !' r%9u!r%d> t5% %n*!n% !'

'!t5%d to 2S CCI !n't%&d o) 4S SI# O3%r&t!n* !n 2S CCI 5&' to

&d:&nt&*%' o:%r

1

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u'!n* 4S SI# ,!r't> W5!% dou8!n* t5% o(8u't!on )r%9u%n+ !n 2S CCI

 3rodu%' 3o%r out3ut o(3&r&8% to 4S SI> t5% 8%n%)!t' o) 5!*5 %))!!%n+

&nd o NO>C %(!''!on' o) CCI o3%r&t!on &r% r%t&!n%d#

10

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  S%ond> t5% 'tro;% '!t5!n* !' &8% to 8% &5!%:%d (or%

'(oot5+ t5&n (od% '!t5!n*# T5% t%(3%r&tur% r&n*% o) %=5&u't *&' !'

'!(!&r !n 4S CCI &nd 2S CCI> 8ut t+3!& 4S SI 5&' 266-$66 d%*r%%'

5!*5%r %=5&u't t%(3%r&tur%# Con'!d%r!n* t5&t CCI 35&'!n* !' '%n'!t!:% to

t5% t%(3%r&tur% o) tr&33%d *&'> t5% 'tro;% '!t5!n* &5!%:%' '(oot5%r

tr&n'!%nt o3%r&t!on t5&n t5% (od% '!t5!n*#

Add!t!on&+> 2S CCI &n o:%r t5% 5!*5 %n*!n% '3%%d r&n*%

!t5 (od%r&t% r&t% o) 5%&t r%%&'%# In 2S o3%r&t!on> t5% (!=tur% do%' not

5&:% %nou*5 t!(% to (!= o(3%t%+ du% to '5ort%n%d *&' %=5&n*%

 3ro%'' &nd o(3r%''!on 'tro;%> &nd 5%n% t5!' %'' 5o(o*%n%ou' (!=tur%

r%'ut' !n 'o%r 5%&t r%%&'% t5&n !n 4S CCI &nd (&;%' 2S CCI &

)%&'!8% 'out!on to o3%r&t% &t 5!*5%r '3%%d# In &dd!t!on> )or %=tr%(%+ 5!*5

 3o%r &nd %n*!n% '3%%d r%9u!r%(%nt'> t5% %n*!n% (&+ 8% '!t5%d to 4S

 8oo't%d SI o3%r&t!on 'o t5&t t5% 5!*5%r !(!t o) t5% out3ut 3o%r &n 8%

%=t%nd%d o:%r 2S CCI o3%r&t!on#

T5!' (od% '!t5!n* !' &'o r%&d!+ 3o''!8% du% to t5% )%=!8%

:&:% t!(!n* &nd !nt&;% 8oo't '+'t%(# Con'%9u%nt+> !n &ord&n% W!t5

t5% 3r%'%nt !n:%nt!on> t5% %))!!%n+ &nd %(!''!on 8%n%)!t' o) CCI &n 8%%=3o!t%d !n t+3!& o3%r&t!n* r&n*% o) t5% (ut!-(od% 'tr&t%*+ &nd 4S

 8oo't%d SI o3%r&t!on %=3&nd' t5% o3%r&t!n* r&n*% to t5% 5!*5%r 3o%r &nd

'3%%d r%*!on#

,!*# $#$ '5o' & 8o; d!&*r&( o) &n %=&(3% %n*!n% '+'t%( !n

&ord&n% !t5 t5% 3r%'%nt !n:%nt!on# T5% %n&8!n* t%5noo*!%' )or

(ut!-(od%/(ut!-'tro;% o3%r&t!on !nud% :&r!&8% :&:% &tu&t!on 'u5 &'

&n E d!r%t

!n@%tor &nd o(8!n&t!on' o) 'u3%r5&r*%r> o(3r%''or &nd tur8!n%# In

&dd!t!on> t5% %%tron! ontro un!t ECU (on!tor' t5% 3o%r d%(&nd &nd

%n*!n% '3%%d> &nd d%t%r(!n%' t5% o3t!(& o(8u't!on 'tr&t%*!%' &(on* 4S

CCI> 2S CCI &nd 4S 8oo't%d SI &ord!n* to t5% 3r%-'%t o3%r&t!on&

(&3#

T5% !n)or(&t!on o) t5% %n*!n% '3%%d &nd t5% 3!'ton o&t!on )or

'tro;%/(od% '!t5!n* !' tr&n'(!tt%d )ro( t5% !nr%(%nt& %nod%r "

5!5 !' onn%t%d to t5% r&n; '5&)t# T5% !n +!nd%r 3r%''ur% tr&% !'

1

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(%&'ur%d 8+ & 3r%''ur% tr&n'du%r or !on '%n'or &nd (on!tor%d 8+ ECU

7# ,ro( t5% 3r%''ur% '!*n&> ECU 7 o&t%' t5% o(8u't!on 35&'!n* o) t5%

urr%nt o3%r&t!n* ond!t!on &nd 3%r)or(' t5% )%%d8&; ontro o)

o(8u't!on t!(!n* 8+ 5&n*!n* :&:% t!(!n* or )u% !n@%t!on t!(!n*# T5%

(%&'ur%(%nt !n &(8d& '%n'or 14 3ro:!d%' t5% (!nut% !n)or(&t!on> &nd

!nt&;% &nd oo&nt t%(3%r&tur% '%n'or'> 5!5 &r% not '5on !n ,!* $#2> &r%

u'%d to 3ro:!d% & )%%d8&; '!*n& to r%@%t d!'tur8&n%' )ro( r%&

%n:!ron(%nt o3%r&t!on#

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  ,!* $#1 &nd $#2 '5o t5% :&:% t!(!n* d!&*r&('> !#%#> %=5&u't &nd

!nt&;% :&:% t!(!n*'> )or d!))%r%nt o(8u't!on 'tr&t%*!%'# In ,IGS# $&> $8

&nd $> SOI 't&nd' )or 't&rt o) !n@%t!on> BDC )or 8otto( d%&d %ntr%> &nd

TDC )or to3 d%&d %ntr%# Co(8u't!on TDC !' %=3!!t+ &8%%d W!t5 TDC

&nd o(8u't!on> 5!% !nt&;% TDC !' '!(3+ &8%%d TDC# In %&5 o)

,IGS# $&> $8 &nd $6> to %n*!n% r%:out!on' &r% '5on> !#%#> 26 r&n;

&n*% d%*r%% CAD o3%r&t!on#

,!*# $#1 '5o' t5% :&:% t!(!n* )or 4S CCI# To tr&3 'o(%

&(ount o) %=5&u't *&'> t5% %=5&u't :&:% o'%' 8%)or% TDC &nd !nt&;%

:&:% o3%n' &)t%r TDC# T5%r% !' no :&:% o:%r&3> &%d n%*&t!:% :&:%

o:%r&3 N %=5&u't :&:%

o'!n* t!(!n* E t5% o(8u't!on 35&'!n* our' n%&r TDC> &' '5on !n

r%d# T5% :&:% t!(!n*' &nd !n@%t!on 'tr&t%*!%' '5on !n ,!*# $#1 r%3r%'%nt

on% %=&(3% %(8od!(%nt o) 4S CCI#Ot5%r %(8od!(%nt' !t5 ot5%r :&:% 'tr&t%*!%' 'u5 &' &t% !nt&;%

:&:% o'!n*> &nd ot5%r !n@%t!on 'tr&t%*!%' 'u5 &' (ut!3% !n@%t!on

'tr&t%*!%'> &r% 3o''!8%#

,!* $#2 '5o' t5% :&:% t!(!n* )or 2S CCI o3%r&t!on# It '5oud 8% not%d

t5&t t5%r% !' on% o(8u't!on %:%nt 3%r r%:out!on> 5!5 !' dou8% t5%

)r%9u%n+ t5&n !n 4S o3%r&t!on# T5% %=5&u't :&:% o3%n' dur!n* %=3&n'!on

'tro;% &nd o'%' &)t%r BDC# T5% !nt&;% :&:% o3%n' &)t%r E &nd !t !' 5%n t5% '&:%n*!n* t&;%' 3&%#

T5% &(ount o) :&:% o:%r&3 !' u'%d to ontro t5% 3o%r out3ut

&t &r*%r :&:% o:%r&3> t5% &!r )o !nr%&'%' du% to 5!*5%r '&:%n*!n* &nd

t5% 3o%r out3ut W! 8%

!nr%&'%d# Co(3%t% '&:%n*!n* do%' not n%%d to our '!n% CCI

o3%r&t!on r%9u!r%' '!*n!)!&nt &(ount o) 8urnt *&' r%(&!n!n* !n'!d% t5%

+!nd%r> W5!5 (&;%' t5% '+'t%(

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'!(3%r 8%&u'% t5% o(3%t% '&:%n*!n* 5&' &&+' 8%%n &n !''u% o) 2S

o3%r&t!on#

T5% !nt&;% 8oo't '+'t%( !' r%9u!r%d )or %))!!%nt '&:%n*!n* &nd d%!:%r+

o) t5% !nt&;% &!r dur!n* o(3r%''!on 'tro;%# I %&r+ I

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  T5% !n@%t!on t!(!n* &nd dur&t!on '5oud 8% o3t!(!J%d to %n'ur%

t5&t o3t!(& o(8u't!on 35&'!n* our'# It !' &'o 3o''!8% to o3t!(!J% t5%

%))!!%n+> %(!''!on' &nd 3o%r 8+ ontro!n* t5% ot5%r :&:% t!(!n*'#

,!*# $#$ '5o' t5% :&:% t!(!n* )or 4S 8oo't%d SI# At5ou*5 !t 5&' 'o(%

'!(!&r!t!%' to t5% t+3!& :&:% t!(!n* o) 4S DISI d!r%t !n@%t!on '3&r;

!*n!t!on> !nud!n* :&:% o:%r&3 dur!n* *&' %=5&n*%> !n@%t!on dur!n*

!nt&;% 'tro;%> &nd '3&r; !*n!t!on 8%)or% TDC> t5% d!))%r%n% !' !n t5&t t5%

!nt&;% 5&' 8oo't 3r%''ur% W5!5 !nr%&'%' t5% 3o%r out3ut> &nd I

'3&r; t!(!n*> &nd !n@%t!on t!(!n* '5oud 8% &d@u't%d to 3r% :%nt ;no;!n*

)ro( ourr!n* !t5 5!*5 8oo't 3r%''ur% &nd o(3r%''!on r&t!o t5&n !n t5%

t+3!& DISI %n*!n%# To '!t5 t5% 'tro;%/(od% &ord!n* to t5% 3o%r

&nd '3%%d r%9u!r%(%nt'> t5% :&:% t!(!n*' (%nt!on%d &8o:%> &' W% &'

'3&r; !*n!t!on> 8oo't o) !nt&;% &!r &nd !n@%t!on t!(!n*' &r% 5&n*%d &'

 3r%'%nt on)!*ur&t!on# T5!' '!t5!n* '5oud our &t o(8u't!on to3 d%&d

%nt%r TDC 8%&u'% t5!' &o' t5% %n*!n% to 8% r%&d+ )or d!))%r%nt

'tro;%/(od% o3%r&t!on !n t5% n%=t +%# T5% d%t&!' o) o3%r&t!on !n %&5

(od% &r% %=3&!n%d 8%o#

In 4S CCI o3%r&t!on> t5% %=5&u't *&' !' tr&33%d dur!n* N 'o t5% (!=tur% W! 8% !*n!t%d &t t5% %nd o)

o(3r%''!on 'tro;%# To :&r+ t5% 3o%r out3ut> t5% R, !' 5&n*%d 8+

&d@u't!n* t5% dur&t!on o) N &nd o(8u't!on 35&'!n* !' ontro%d 8+

!n@%t!on t!(!n*# T5% 'u3%r &nd tur8o 5&r*%r' &nd '3&r; !*n!t!on '+'t%(

&r% turn%d

o)) !n t5!' o3%r&t!on#

W5%n t5% o(8u't!on (od% !' '!t5%d to 2S CCI> t5% 'u3%r

&nd tur8o 5&r*%r' &r% &t!:&t%d# T5!' 'u3%r &nd tur8o 5&r*!n*

o(8!n&t!on !' on)!*ur%d to o3t!(!J% t5% o:%r& %))!!%n+ o) t5% %n*!n%#

,or %=&(3%> &t & o %n*!n% '3%%d 5%r% t5%r% !' not %nou*5 %n%r*+

&:&!&8% !n t5% %=5&u't> t5% 'u3%r 5&r*%r !' (&!n+ o3%r&t!n*> 5!%> &t &

5!*5 '3%%d> 8ot5 t5% 'u3%r &nd tur8o 5&r*%r' &r% &t!:&t%d to 8oo't t5%

!nt&;%

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&!r# T5% %=&t 8&&n% o) o3%r&t!on 8%t%%n t5% 'u3%r &nd tur8o 5&r*%r'

d%3%nd' on t5% %n*!n% o3%r&t!n* ond!t!on# An !nt%roo%r (&+ 8%

!nor3or&t%d to !nr%&'% t5% %))!!%n+ o) t5% 8oo't!n* '+'t%(# T5% %n*!n%

 3o%r out3ut !' ontro%d 8+ t5% dur&t!on o) :&:% o:%r&3> t5&t !'> t5%

%=t%nt o) t5% '&:%n*!n*# Du% to '5ort%n%d *&' %=5&n*% 3ro%''> 2S CCI

&n 8% (or% 'u'%3t!8% to +! :&r!&t!on'> 5!5 r%9u!r%' t5% )%%d8&;

ontro on t5% o(8u't!on %:%nt# T5% o(8u't!on ontro !' &5!%:%d 8+

to )&tor' I %:%n &t t5% '&(% or; out3ut 3%r +%> t5% %n*!n% &n dou8% t5%

 3o%r W5!5 !' o(3&r&8% to t5&t !n t5% on:%nt!on& SI/CI %n*!n%'#

At5ou*5 t5!' 'tro;% '!t5!n* o) t5% 3r%'%nt !n:%nt!on 3rodu%' &8out t5%

'!(!&r 3o%r r&n*% &' t5% (od% '!t5!n* )ro( 4S CCI to 4S SI do%'>

t5% d!))%r%n%' &r% !n t5% %(!''!on &nd %))!!%n+# CCI o3%r&t!on !'

!n5%r%nt+ %&n &nd %))!!%nt o(8u't!on %:%n !n 2S o3%r&t!on#

Add!t!on&+> t5% 'tro;% '!t5!n* 8%t%%n t5% '&(% o(8u't!on 'tr&t%*!%'

!' (u5 '!(3%r &nd '(oot5%r t5&n t5% (od% '!t5!n* 8%t%%n t5%

d!))%r%nt 'tr&t%*!%'# Con'%9u%nt+> t5% 'tro;% '!t5!n* !' 'u3%r!or to (od%

'!t5 to o3%r&t% !n 2S CCI (od%> t5% )oo!n*' &r% r%9u!r%d>

T5% )!r't !' t5% )%=!8% :&:% '+'t%( 'u5 &' E%tro-+dr&u!

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*&' !' u'%d !n t5% n%=t +%> 5!5 (&;%' t5% '+'t%( &nd ontro '!(3%r t5&n

!n & 5+8r!d o) 4S/2S SI W5!5 5&' &dd!t!on& !nt&;% '+'t%( )or 2S o3%r&t!on#

F SU!!ESSIE &ESULTS

  T5% %n*!n% !t5 t5% 3ro3o'%d !(3ro:%(%nt' !' &3&8% &(o't to

dou8% 1# 2#6 t!(% !nr%&'% !t' out3ut 3o%r &nd 5od !t u3 )or & '5ort

 3%r!od o) t!(% t5!' '5ort 3%r!od d%3%nd' on & t+3% o) t5% %n*!n% !t5out

o:%r5%&t!n*# T5!' )%&tur% &o' t5% :%5!% 3o%r-to-%!*5t r&t!o to 8%

dou8%d u3on n%%''!t+ !n &ord&n% !t5 t5% :%5!% o3%r&t!on

ond!t!on'#

27

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%IELD O% IMPLEMENTATION

4 Die,e$ en(ine, fr cm"a# #an,

 #ig. $.% &iesel engines "or combat tan's

3 Die,e$ en(ine, fr infan#ry fi(h#in( +ehic$e, )I%*

2"

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 #ig. $.2 #

6  Die,e$ en(ine, fr mi$i#ary hea+y #ruc,

FIG. 7.3 Diesel engines for militaryheavy trucks

2 Die,e$ en(ine, fr ,-ecia$ -ur-,e +ehic$e, )i.e. emer(ency

+ehic$e,/ fire #ruc,/ e#c.*

2

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 #!. $.* special purpose +ehicle 

!ON!LUSION

  S%:%r& 3ro@%t' &r% d%:%o3%d )or d!))%r%nt !%nt'# A(on* t5%(

on% !' t5% 4-2-'tro;% D!%'% %n*!n% 3rotot+3% 8u!t )or t5% :%r+ o((on

tr&tor %n*!n%# Anot5%r %n*!n% )or '3%!& 3ur3o'% (&5!n% !' '!*5t+

(od%rn!J%d !n 'u5 & &+ t5&t t5% '&(% %n*!n% &n 3rodu% &8out 12H

(or% 3o%r 5!% t5% or!*!n& &+ out> %!*5t> d!(%n'!on'> &nd '3%!)!

)u% on'u(3t!on 3%r 5our&r% &(o't un5&n*%d# But t5!' 3ro@%t !'

&3&8% o) *!:!n* & t5% 3o'!t!:% '!d%' !%# !t !nr%&'%' t5% %))!!%n+!nr%&'%' t5% 3o%r &nd &'o r%du%' t5% %(!''!on'#

BIBLIOG&APH=

• Andr% KuJ%r> An'*&r C5r!'t> M&rt!n R&u'5%r> C5r!'t!n& S&u%r>

G%rnot Wur)% &nd T5o(&' B&n;> T5%r(od+n&(! &n&+'!' &nd

20

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 8%n5(&r; o) :&r!ou' *&'o!n% o(8u't!on on%3t'> SAE 3&3%r 

266"-61-62$1> 266"#

• C&ton> .# A#> S!(on> A# #> G%rd%'> #C#> &nd Ed&rd'> C#,#

R%'!du&-E))%t%d o(o*%n%ou' C5&r*% Co(3r%''!on I*n!t!on

&t & Lo Co(3r%''!on R&t!o U'!n* E=5&u't R%!ndut!on> Int# #

En*n% R%'#> :o# 4> No# $> 266$#

• G# &r&d''on &nd B# o5&n''on> O3%r&t!n* Cond!t!on' U'!n*

S3&r; A''!'t%d CCI Co(8u't!on Dur!n* Co(8u't!on Mod%

Tr&n')%r to SI !n & Mut!-C+!nd%r SAE

 3&3%r 2667-61-616> 2667#

• # A# En*> C5&r&t%r!J&t!on o) .r%''ur% W&:%' !n CCI

Co(8u't!on> SAE 3&3%r 2662-61-207> 2662#

• # &n*> T# Cu3> &nd T# K%nn%+> D%:%o3(%nt o) & G&'o!n%

En*!n% S+'t%( U'!n* CCI T%5noo*+-T5% Con%3t &nd t5%

T%'t R%'ut'> SAE 3&3%r 2662-61-20$2> 2662#

• K&&5&&!n&> N#> S!(on> A#> C&ton> .#> &nd Ed&rd' C# U'% o) 

D+n&(!

SAE Tr&n'&t!on'> ourn& o) En*!n%'> :o# 116> S%t!on $> 33#

760-71> 2661-61-674#

2

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