HƯỚNG DẪN GIẢI BÀI TẬP HÓA HỌC 11 CHƯƠNG TRÌNH NÂNG CAO - TRẦN TRUNG NINH

8/21/2019 HNG DN GII BI TP HA HC 11 CHNG TRNH NNG CAO - TRN TRUNG NINH

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TS TRN TRUNG NINH - INH TH NGA - INH TH H N G NHUNG

Hng dn

GII BI TPHO HC 11

(CHNG TRNH NNG CAO)

(Ti bn ln th nht)

NH XUT BN I HC QUC GTA H NI

WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/DAYKEM.QU

WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/BOIDUONGHOAHOCQU

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W.DAYKEMQUYNHON.UCOZ.COM

ng gp PDF bi GV. Nguyn Thanh T


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NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI

16 Hng Chui - Hai B Trng- H Ni

in thoi: (04) 39724852; (04) 39724770; Fax: (04) 39714899

Chu trch nhim xut bn :

Gim c : PHNG Qc BO

Tng bin tp : PHM TH TRM

Bin tp : NGUYN THY

Sa bn in : TRN VN THNG

ch bn : TRAN VN THNG

Trnh by bia : Qc VIT

i tc lin kt xut bn:

CNG TY SCH - TBGD C TR

;:-S

;-;:v _ y; _________________ SCH LIN KT

HNG DN GII BI TP HA HC 11 ____________________

M s: 1L-184H2009

In 3.000 cun, kh 16 X 24 cm ti Cng ty In Song Nguyn

S xut bn: 598-2009/CXB/07-94/HQGHN, ngy 30/06/2009

Quyt nh xut bn s: 184 LK-TN/XB

In xong v np lu chiu qu III nm 2009.



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V

NI U

Nm hc 2007 - 2008 l nm u tin shvgio khoa ho hc 11 nng

cao c p dng trn phm vi ton quc. : thm mt t liu tham. V . . . V r v v " " " '

kho cho cc em hc sinh lp 11 yu thch mn Mo hc, chng ti bin

son cun sch H ng d n g i i b i t p n n g q ho hc 1 1 .

Sch c bin son theo chng tr nh rri ip IC lp 11 nng cao.

Sch gm chn chng, tng ng vi chn chng ca sch gio khoa. Cu

trc ca mi chng gm:

- Tm tt cc kin thc c bn cn nh.

- Cc bi c Sp xp th t theo bi.

- Hng dn gii.

Chng trnh ho hc lp 11 iig cao c nhil ni dung mi v c nhiu

ng dng thc t nh thuyt in li, axit, bak, mui, cc ngun t phi kim

nhm TVA v VA v phn Ho hc Hu c.


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CHNG 1: S IN LI

TM TT KIN THC c BN CN n h I. S IN LI

1.1. nh ngha

- S in li: l qu trnh phn li cc cht trong nc ra ion.

- Cht in li: l nhng cht tan trong nc phn li ra ion. Do dungdch cht in li dn in c.

1.2. in li (a) v cht din li mnh, yu

- in li a (anpha) ca cht in i l t s' phn t phn li ra ion (n) vtng s phn t ho tan (n0).

na = ; 0< a < 1 , nu tnh theo phn trm th 0%< a < 100%no

Khi pha long dung dch, in li ca cc cht in li u tng.

II. AXIT, BAZ, M V PH

II. 1. Thu yt axit~baz ca Areniut

- Axit: l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra ion H+- Baz: l cht khi tan trong nc phn li cho ion OH~

- Hiroxit lng tnh: l cht khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nhaxit, va c th phn li nh baz. Th d:

Zn(OH)2^ Zn2+ + 20H~ (phn li kiu baz)

Zn(OH) (hay H2Zn02) i; 2H++ Zn022'

Hiroxit lng tnh thng gp l: Al(OH)3, Pb(OH)2, Cr(OH)3, Sn(OH)2.

11.2. Thu yt axit-baz c a B ron -stt

- nh ngha: axit l cht nhng proton (H+), baz l cht nhn proton

Theo thuyt ny, HvO l hp cht lng tnh:

H20 + H20 H30 + + OH~

- Hng s phn li axit: S phn li ca axit yu trong nc l qu trnhthun nghch, hng s cn bng phn li axit ny c k hiu l Ka.Ging nhtnh cht ca hng s cn bng, Ka ch ph thuc vo bn cht axit v nhit .

Gi tr Ka ca axit cng nh, lc axit (tnh axit) ca n cng yu. Th d, 25c, Ka ca CH3COOH la 1,75.1(T5 v ca HC10 l 5.1(T8. Vy lc axit caHCIO yu hn ca CH3COOH.

- Hng s phn li baz: Hng s cn bng phn li baz c k hiu l Kb,n ch ph thuc vo bn cht baz v nhit . Gi tr Kb ca baz cng nh, lc baz (tnh baz) ca n cng yu.

- Mui: l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hocN H /) v anion gc axit.

11.3. Khi nim v pH- Quy c pH = -lg[H+] hay [ET] = 10"pHth nu [H+] = l


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+ Mi trng trung tnh, [H+] = [0H~] = 1(T7, pH =7+ Mi trng axit: [H+] > 10~7nn pH 7

III. PHN NG THAO i ION

iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion

- Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta:

- Phn ng to thnh cht in li yu:- Phn ng to thnh cht kh:

K,t lu n: Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy rakhi c t nht mt trong cc iu kin: to thnh cht kt ta, to thnh chtkh, to thnh cht in li yu.

BI1. S IN LI

BI

1 . S in li, cht in l l g? Nhng oi cht no l cc cht in li? Ly

mt s th d v cht in li v ch\ khng in li?2. Cc dung dch axit, baz v mui dn in c l do nguyn nhn g?

3. Trong s cc cht sau, nhng cht no l cht in li?

H2S, S02, Cl, H2S 03) CH4j NaHCOa, Ca(OH)2, HF, C6H6, NaCl.

4. Chtno sau dy khngn in c?

A. KC rn, khan.

B. KOH nng ciy

c. MgCl2nng chy.

D. HI trong ung mi nc,

. Cht no di y khng phn l ira ioii khi ho tan trong nc?A . 'M g C h ' B . H C IO 3

c. C6Hi206(glucoz) D. Ba(OH)2

6. rig dch no sau y khngdn in c?A HC1 trong C6H6(benzen). B.Ca(OH)2trong nc,

c. CH3COGNa trong nc. ^D. NaHSCXi trong nc.

7. Vi cht in li l hp cht ion v hp cht cng ho tr c cc th c chca qu trnh in li nh th no?

BI GIIX. S in li: L qu trnh phn li cc cht trong nc ra ion.Nhng cht tan trong nc phn li ra ion c gi l nhng cht in li.

Cc cht in li: cc xit, ec baz, cc mui tan c trong nc.

Th d cht in li: H2SO4, H2S, NaH, Ba(OH)2, MgCNOgk Na2S04...

H2S04 2H+ + SO42'

r Na2S04 -> . 2Na+ + SO42'

fy



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3. Cht in li yu c in liA. a = 0. B. a = 1 .c. 0


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B dng c th nghim l mt mch in gm c: ngun in, dy dn bng n, hai in cc.

Nhng hai in cc vo hai cc ng dung dch NaF v HF. ng machin, dung dch no lm cho bng n sng hn th l dung ch cacht in li mnh. Dung dch no lm cho bng n sng yu hn th l dung dch ca cht in li yu.

5. Cc cht cho u l cc cht inli mnh. Vit phng trnh in li cacc cht v tnh theophng trnh in li.

Gi s ta u c 1 lit dung dch cc cht trn

a. Ba(N03)2> Ba2+ + 2NC>3~

lmol lxnol 2mol[Ba2+ = 0,10(M)

[NO:] =2 x0 ,1 =0,20(M)

b. HNOa H+ + NO.f

lmol lmol lmol

[H+ = 0,02 (M)[N031 = 0,02 (M)c. KOH - K+ + OH

lmol lmol lmol

[K+J= 0,01 (M)[OH "1= 0,01(M)

6. a. Nng mol ca cht ho tn l Co c ngha l c Gq.N (N = 6,023.1023) phnt cht tan (no). 'C l nng mol ca cht ho tan in li ra ion, ngha ls phn t in li ra ion l C.N =n.

_ . n Cx6,023x102 cT cng thc a = -------------TT- - n0 C0X6,023 X10 C0

b. Phng trnh in li

C H 3C O O H ^ C H 3CO O + H +

c = cc.Co => c = 0,02 X0,043 = 8 ,6.1CT4

=> [CH3C 001 = [H+] s 8,6.10 '4mol/L.

=i>[CH3COOH] = 0,043 - 8,6.104 0,042 mol/L

7. a. in li a s gim do [H+] tng lm cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu

lm gim [ H+].b. in li a tng v ion dng v ion m xa nhau hn t c s va chmvo nhau ti to thnh phn t CH3COOH.

c, in li a tng v c phn ng: H+ + OH V' - H20 lm gim [H+],nn cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu lm tng [H+], chiu thun.

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BI 3. AXIT, BAZ V MUI

BI

1. Pht biu cc nh ngha axit v baz theo thuyt A-re-ni-ut v thuytBron-stt. Ly cc th d minh ha.

2. Th no l baz mt nc v nhiu nc, axit mt nc v nhiu nc, hiroxilng tnh, mui trung ha, mui axit? Ly cc th d v vit phngtrnin li ca chng trong nc?

3. Hng s phn li axit, hng s phn li baz l g? Ly th d.

4. Kt lun no sau y ng theo thuyt A-re-ni-ut?

A. Mt hp cht trong thnh phn phn t c hiro l axit.B. Mt hp cht trong thnh phn phn t c nhm OH l baz.

c. Mt hp cht trong thnh phn phn t c hiro v phn li ra H+trongnc l axit.D. Mt bazkhng nht thit phi c nhm OH trong thnh phn phn t.

5. Theo Bron-stt th cu tr li no sau y l ng?

A. Trong thnh phn ca baz phi c nhm OH.B. Axit hoc baz c th phn t hoc ion.

c. Trong thnh phn ca axit c th khng c hiro.

D. Axit hoc baz khng th l ion.

6. Chn cu tr i ng trong s cc cu di y:A. Gi tr Khca mt axit ph thuc vo nng .

B. Gi tr Ka ca mt axit ph thuc vo p sut,

c. Gi tr Ka ca mt axit ph thuc vo nhit .D. Gi tr Ka ca mt axit cng nh lc axit cng mnh.

7 . Vit phng trnh in li ca cc cht sau trong dung dch: K2CO3, NaClO,Na2HP04, Na3P04, Na2S, NaHS, Sn(OH)2

8. Hy cho bit cc phn t v ion sau l axit, baz hay lng tnh theo thuytBron-stt: HI, CH3COCr, H2P(V, PO43', NH3, s 2~, HP042~. Gii thch.

9. Vit biu thc ca hng s phn li axit Ka v hng sc phn li baz Kb chocc trg hp sau: HF, CIO-, NH4+, F ~

10. C hai dung dch sau:a. CH3COOH 0,10 M (Ka = 1,75.105). Tnh nng mol ca ion H+.

b. NH30,10M (Kb= 1,8.10~5). Tnh nng moi ca ion OH~.

BI GII1. Theo thuyt A-re-ni-ut

- Axt l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H+.

Th d: H2S H+ + HS~

HS- ^ H+ + s 2~ HNO3 -> H+ + N03"

- Baz l nhng cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra OHT



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NaOH Na+ + OH

Ba(OH)2 -> Ba2+ + 20H-

Ba(OH)2 -> Ba(OH)+ + OH

Ba(OH)+ 7 ^ Ba2++ OH~

Theo thuyt Bron-stt:

Axit l cht nhng proton.

Th d: HC1 + HoO H30++ cr

axit

N H / + HO H ,0++ N il

L . Jaxit

Baz l nhng cht nhn proton.

Th d: s p 32- + H |0 HS03' + OH~

Baz axit

HS" + HjjO ;---- H2S + OH"

l L _ JBaz axit

HS - + H20 s 2- + H30 +

I_____JAxit bazHP- va l axit va J baz (lng tnh)

2. Bazo mt nc: l nhng baz khi tan trong nc ch T>hn li mt nc ra ionOH ( chng hn nh: NaOH, KOH...

NaOH ----- -> Na+ + OH

Baz nhit! nc: l nhngbaz khi tan trong nc phn li nhiu nc ra ionOH~ nhBa(OH)2, Ca(OH)2

B(OH)2 ----- -> Ba(H)+ + OH:

Ba(OH)+ Ba2+ + OH"

Axit mt nc: l nhng axit ch phn li mt nc ra ion H+th d nh HC1,HBr...

HC1 ------> H+ + c r

Axit nhiu nc l nhng axit phn li nhiu ln ra H+

Th d: H2S ^ H+ + .. HS"

H S" ^ H+ + s 2-H2S l axit hai nc.

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HsPCX

h 2p o ;

HPO:~

H+ + FLPO:

H+ + HPOl~

H+ + PO]~

H 3P O 4 l a x i t b a n c .

Hiroxit lng tnh: l nhng cht khi tan trong nc va c th phn li

nh axit va c th phn li nh baz.Th d: Zn(OH)2, AI(OH)3, Be(OH)2....

Al(OH)3 ^ Al3+ + 30H .phn li kiu baz

AI(OH); vit di dng axit HAIO2.H2O

HAIO2 ^ AIO' + H+

phn li kiu axit Mui trung ha: l nhng mui l mui m anion gc axit khng cn kh nng phn li ra ion H+. Th d: NaCl, K2SO4, NaHP3, CaC03, A1(N0 3)3....

AKNO^a A3+ + 3N03'

Mui axit: l mui m anion gc axit vn cn hiro v c kh nng phn l ra ion H+. Th d: NaHS04) NaHCOg, KH2P04 K2HP04...

NaHS04 ---- Na+ + HSO4-

Gc axit HS04_ li phn lira H+

HSO.f H+ + SO.J2

3. S phn li axit u hoc baz yu trong nc l qu trnh thun nghch.

T s nng ca cc cht su v trc phn ng (c k n h s't i) ca

cc axit v baz lc cn bng c gi l hng sin li axit (Ka), hng s"in li baz (Kb). Th d:

HF H+ + F~

K*= [HF]

h 2s H++ HS~

HS H++ s 2-

NH3+ H20 ; = * NH4++ OH -

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M M[aw3]

Ka, Kb cng nh th lc axit, lc baz cng yu.

Ka, Kb i vi axit xc nh hoc baz xc nh ch ph thuc vo nhit

NaClO - Na+ + CIO

Na2HP04 - 2Na++ HP 042-

HPO' H+ + PO4'

Na2S - 2Na+ + s 2~NaS -* Na+ + HS'

H S- ^ H+ + s 2

Sn(OH)2 Sn(OH)+ + OH"

Sn(OH) Sn2+ + OH~

8. Cc cht l axit: HI

HI +H20 - H30 ++ r

Cc cht l bz: CH3COCr, P 043~, NHg, s 2~

CHgCOO; + H20 CH3CGO H + OH

PO/~ + H20 HP042" + 0H -

NHs + H2O ; = NH*++ OH"s 2' + H20 ;= = HS~ +OH" '

Cc cht l lng tnh: H2P0 4~, HP042H2P04- + H20 ^ HPO /- + H30 +

4.p n c.

5. p n B6.p n c.

7. K2C03 - 2K++ CO32"

a-xit xHoP04- + HoO

H3P04 + OH~

Baz

axit

HRO42- +H H2P04" + OH

Baz

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9. HF + H 20 ^ H30 + + F -

K..{H F)= ----- J hoc K (H F )= ~ ~ "v [HF] a ' [HF]

C 1 0 '+ H 20 ^ H C10+0H -

[h c i o ][o h ]

n h 4++ h 2o ^ h3o ++ n h3

[ ^ 0 ] [a w3 ]

MF" + H ,0 HF +OH"

[HF}[OH-] '

10. a. CHgCOOH ^ H+ + CH3COCrGi nng ca H+khi t n trng thi cn bng l X (M).

Tac6: K - CH'C0 0 ' H1 ^ C O r ]Ta c: a [CHjCOOH] 0,10- [ h *]

CH.jCOOH l axit yu (K = 1,75.10 5) nn / / +j 0,10 => b qua c

//+Jmus

=> 1s75.10~5 = x= J 5 T ~ = 1,32.10-3(M)0,1 ^

n h3+ h 20 ^ n h 4++ OH -b. n-h3+

Gi OH~J l X

- ' V //: | w ] = \ m ; j Q H - }

b [A7/J 0, 1 .- [ o / r ]

[ o h J 0,1 v NH3 l baz u, nn mu s'coi 0 , 1 [ / / ] =0,1

X2=> 1,8.105= => X =1,34.10~3 (M)

0,1

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BI 4. s IN LI CA NC.pH. CHT CH TH AXIT-BA2

BI

1. Pht biu cc nh ngha mi trng axit, trung tnh v kim theo nng H+v pH.

2. Mt dung dch c j JH- J = 2,5.1 (T10M. Mi trng ca dung dch l:

A. Axit B. Kimc. Trung tnh D. Khng xc nh c.

3. Trong dung dch HNO3 0,010 M, tch sion ca nc l:

A. [ / r ] . [ / r ] = i , 0 .icF14

B. [ / r ] . [6> /r ] >1,0.10 14

c. [ / r ] . [ / r ] < l ,.' 14

D. Khng xc nh c.

4. Mt dung dch c \jJH~J = 4,2.1Cr3M, nh gi no di y l ng?

A. pH= 3,00 B. pH= 4,00

c . pH< 3,00 D. pH> 4,00

5. Mt dung dich c pH = 5,00 nh gi no di y l ng?

A. [ /r]=2,0.10 ~5M B. [ / / +]=5,0.1(T4 M

c. [ / r ] = l , 0 .10~e M D. [ / r ] = l , 0 .10- M

6. Ka (CH3COOH)=1,75.10-5;Ka(HN02)=4,0.104. Nu hai axit c nng mol

bng nhau v cng nhit , khi qu trnh in li trngthi en bng,

B . H + 1 H + 1L Jch3coh L Jhn o2

D. [CH3G 0 0 ' ]> [N 0 2- ]

7. Hai dang dch axit a ra cu 6 c cng nng molv cng nhit ,axit no c in li a n hn?

8. Cht ch th axit-baz l g? Hy clio bit mu ca qu v phenolphtalciitrong dung dch cc khong pH khc nhau.

9. Cn bao nhiu gam NaOH pha ch 300,0 ml dung dchc pH = 10,0?10. a. Tnh pH ca dung dch cha l,46g HC1 trong 400 ml?

b. Tnh pH ca dung dch to thnh sau khi trn 100 ml dung dch HC11,00M vi 400,0 ml dung dch NaOH 0,375 M?

BI GII

1 . nh ngha mi trng axit:

nh gi no di y l ng?

A. H +] ^ > rH ]L jch3cooh L jhno2

C- pH (CH3COOH)


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- L mi trng trong / / +J >^OH~J hay ^//+J>1,0.10 7M.

(L mi trng trong pH < 7).

nh ngha mi trng baz:

- L mi trng trong / /+J Ka (CH3COOH) m hai axit c cng nng => s phn't phnli ra ion ca HNO2ln hn ca CHgCOOH => HN02 c in li ? In hn.

8. Cht ch th axit-baz l: cht c mu bin i ph thuc vo pH ca ccdung ch.

Mu ca qu trong cc khong pH khc nhau nh sau: __-*

pH pH 8

Qu Tm Xanh

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17/192

Mu ca phenolphtalein trong cc khong pH khc nhau: , cpH pH 8,3

Phenolphtaiein khng mu1rv14

hng

9. pH=io=[w*]=io- =>[O/r]=j^=i0- =cum)H

= =10-.0,3=> mMW =10-, x0 .3 x4 0 = 12.10-1(g)

Cn 12.1(T4g NaOH pha c 300,0ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 10,0.

10- a. H(, = ^ | = 0,04(m o/ )= > CMr, = ^ = 0 ,l(M ) = [ / * ] = 10- 1

=>pH = 1

nm = 0 , 1.1= 0 ,l(mo/)

n NaOH - 4 -> 3 7 5 = 1 5 ( /H O / )

NaOH + HC1 -> NaCl + H2

n trc p. 0,15 0,1 (mol)n p. 0,1 0,1 (mol)n sau p. 0,05 0 (moi)

[ o t f - ] = ^ = o , i = i o - N ; M ) ^ [ / r ] = ^ = i o - 13= > /7 / /= i3

BI 5. LUYN TP

BI

1. Vit cc biu thc hng s phn li axit Kav hng s phn li baz Kb ca ccaxit v baz sau: HC10, BrO-, HN02, N 02-.

2 . i vi dung ch axit yu HN020,10 M, nhng nh gi no sau y l ng?

A. pH > 1,00 B. pH = 1,00

c. [ / T ] > [ / r o ; ] D . [ / T ] < [ J W ]

3. i vi dung dch axit mnh HNO3 0,10M, nu b qua s in li ca nc thnh gi no sau y l ng?A. pH 1,00

C. [ / T ] = [ M ] . [ H ' } > [ N O ; ] 4. in li a ca axit yu n tng theo pha long ca dung dch. Khi

gi tr ca hng s phn li axit Ka

. Tng.B. Gim.

c. Khng i.D. C th tng, c th gim.



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18/192

5. a. Ho tan hon ton 2,4g Mg trong 100,0 mi dung ch HC 3,OM. TnhpH ca dung dch thu c,

b. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c sau khi trn 40,0 ml dung dch HC10,50 M vi 60,0 mi dung dch NaOH 0,50 M.

6. Vit phng trnh in li ca cc cht sau trong nc: MgS4, HCIO3, H2S,Pb(OH)2, LiOH.

7. Ion no di y l axit theo thuyt Bron-stt?

A. s o j B. n h ; c. NO3 D. s o *

8. Theo thuyt Bron-stt, ion no di y l baz?

A. Cu2+ B. Fe3+ c. BrCT D. Ag+

9. Ion no di y l lng tnh theo thuyt Bron-stt?A. Fe2+ B. A13+ c. HS~ D.cr

10. Tnh nng mol ca ion H+trong dung dch HNO20,10M, bit rng hngs in li axit ca HNO2 l Ka= 4,0.104.

BI GII1. H C 1 0 ^ H + +C 1 0 -

_ [ H - ] [C 1 0 ] _ [ h 3o - ] [ c i o ]

[HCIO] [HCIO]

BrO - + HsO ^ HBrO + OH"

[HBrO ][OH:]

b [BrCr]

h n o 2 ^ h ++ n o 2-

: j ;

[h n o 2]

: N02~ + H20 ^ HN 02+ OH~

[ m o ] } \ o h -}

[/vo2-]

2. p n A

- V l axit yu / / +J< 0,1 hay 10 1=> pH > 1 .

3. p n cHNO3 -> H++ NO3-

0,1 0,1 0,1 (mol)

=> [ H ' ] = [n o ; ]

18



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19/192

0,1 (mol) nnci :

Mg + 2HC10,1 0,3

0,1 0,20 0,1

V

4. p n c

Hng s phn li ca axit xc nh ch ph thuc vo nhit .2,4

. a.n Mg =0,1 (moi) Ihci = 0>l-3=0,3 (moi)

2HC1 -* MgCl2+ H2T

(mol)

n p. 0,1 0,2 -> 0,1 (mol)n sau p. 0 0,1 -> 0,1 (moi)

[H '] = j = l(M) = !0=>pH=0

//r/ = 0,04.0,5 = Q,Q2(mo)

nNNaCl + H20

n trc p. 0,03 0,02 (mol)

n p. 0,02 0,02 (mo)n sau p. 0,01 0 (moi)

c =c - ^ = . w = l 0"' => *}= ^ = 10- =>pH =13

6. Phng trnh in li:

MgS04 -> Mg2+ + SOj

HC13 -> H+ +C10'3

H2S H+ + HS~H S ~ H+ + s 2-

Pb(OH)2 ^ Pb2+ + 20H"

LiOH -> Li+ + OH-

7. p n B

8.p n c

9.p n c

n h ; +H 20 NH3 + H30 +

BrO' +H 20 ^ HBrO + OH"

HS + H20 H2S + OH"HS~ + H20 ^ S2- + H30 +

10. Gi s c 1 lit dung dch axit. nHNO = 0,10.1 = 0,10(mol)

Gi s' mol axit in li l X



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20/192

HND2 JF ^J T + NCVn ban u 0,10 (mol)n i n l i X X X ( m o l )

n lc cn bng 0,10-x X X (mol)

---- -- 4.10"4 0,10 JC

HN2 l axit yu (Ka = 4.10-4) nn ^ +]


21/192

y X*/ , ' 'r\ "V\i / ' Y-

\ *I fi}l-- XI - ^&iadis)

im/i v 2.Cc ng dung dch axit H2SO4

7. Khi nhng cp in cc vo ccng dung dch H2SO4 trong b

dng c nh hnh v 2, thy bngn sng r. Sau khi thm vo cc mt lng dung dch Ba(OH)2,bng n sng yu i. Nu cho d

Ba(OH)2vo, bng n li sng r.Gii thch.

8 . Vit phng trnh ho hc di dng phn t v ion rt gn ca phn ngtrao i ion trong dung dch to thnh tng kt ta sau:

a. CuS b. CdS c. MnSd. ZnS e. FeS

9. Dung dch cht no di y c mi trng kim?

A. AgNOs B. NaClOa

C. KaCOa . SnC2

10. Dung dch cht no di y c mi trng axit?A. NaN03 B. KCIO4c. Na3P04 D. NH4CI

11. Tnh nng H+(mol/I) trong cc dung dch sau:

SLCH3COONa 0,10M (Kb ca CHsCOO" l 5,71.icr10)

b. NH4C1 0,10M (Ka ca NH4+ l 5,56 .i0c).

BI GII

1. xy ra phn ng trao i ion troag dirag lch cht in li cn c t nhtmt trong cc iu kin sau, phn ng:

To thnh ch t k t ta. To thnh ch t d bay hi.

To thnh ch t in li yu.

Th d:

- To thnh cht kt ta

N2CO3 + CaCl2

2Na++ CO32' + Ca2+ 2Cr

Ca2+ + C032-

- To thnh cht d bay hiNa2S + 2HC1

2Na+ + s 2- +2H++ 2c r ---- -

2H++ s 2

- To thnh cht in li yu

2CH3COONa + H2S04

2CH3C 00> 2N a++2H++S042-

2NaCl + CaCOa l

-> 2Na+ + 2C1- + CaC03i

> CaCOg

2NaCl + H2S r

2Na+ + 2C1' + H2S T

H2S T

2CH3COOH + Na2S04

2CH3C00H+2Na++S042-

21



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22/192

CHaCOCr + H+ < = CH3COOH

2. Phg truh ion rt gn cua cc phn ng nh sau:

, Fe2(S0 4)3 + 6NaOH ------^ 3Nfl2S04+ 2Fe(QH)3 1

Fe3+ + 30H" ------ > Fe(OH)3 i b. KNO3+ NaCl khng xy ra phn ng.

c. N0HSO3 + NaOH ------ Na2S 03 + H20Hp3- + OH" ------> CO32- + H20

d. Na2HP4 + 2HC1 ------> 2NaCl + H3PO4

HPO42* + 2H+ ------ H3P04

e. Cu(OH)2(r) +2HC1 ------> CuCl2+ 2H20

Cu(OH)2(r)+ 2H+ ------> Cu2+ + 2H20

g. FeS(r) + 2HC1 . FeCl 2+ H2S V' ! .

FeS(r) +2H+ ------ > Fe2++ H2S

h. Cu(OH)2(r) + 2NaOH(c) Na2Cu0 2+ 2H20.

i. Sn(OH)2(r) + H2SO4 ->SnS04+ 2H2O

Sh(OH)2 + 2H+ > Sn2+ + 2H20

3. CuCl2 + H2S -> CuS+2HClCu(N03)2+ Na2S -> CuS + 2NaNC>3

Cu(No)2 + (NH4)2S > CuSi + 2NH4NO3.Bn cht ca cc phn ng ny l phn ng trao i ion, c s kt hp gia cation Cu2+ v anion s 2_ to thnh kt ta CuS.

4. p n c 5. a. C th loi b c Ca2+ bng phn ng ho hc.

C&(N03)2+ Na2C03> CaC03 i+ 2N&NO3

Ca + CO32' ->CaCo ib. C th loi b c Br bng phn ng ho h* : ,

KBr + AgNOa -AgBrivng + KNO3 "

Br" + Ag+ ->AgBrivng

6. Gii thch bng phng trnh phn ng xy ra di dng rt gn.

HC1 + NaHCOs -> NaCl + H20 + C02rH+ + HCO3- -> H2O + C02t

Phn ng trn lm gim nng H+ trong dy.

7. H2SO4l cht in li mnh nn n sng r.

Khi thm Ba(OH>2s c phn ng:Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 -* BaS04i + 2H20

Ba + 20H - + 2H +SO42- -> BaS04 i + 2H2

22



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23/192

Phn ng ny lm gim nng cc ion trong dung dch (H+v S042') nn bng n sng yu i.

Khi cho d Ba(OH)2 n li sng r v Ba(OH)2 l cht in li mnh lm tng lng cc ion trong ung ch.

Ba(OH)2 - Ba2+ + 20H-

8. a. Cu(N03)2+ H2S -> CuSi + 2HNO3

c2++ H2S > CuS +2

H+b. Cd(N03)2+ K2S -> CdSl + 2KNO3

Cd2++ s 2- C d S i

c. MnSO + Na2S -> MiS-l +Na20 4

Mn2+ + s 2~ -> MnSi

- d. ZnC2'+ Na2S toSi +2NaCl-" Zn2+ + s ?- -> ZnSie, FeCl2+ Na2S FeS i +2NaCl

9. p n c

K2C03 ->2K++ cccc$~ + H20 HCOr + OH => mi trng kim.

10. p n D

NH4CI ->NH*+ cr

NH4++ H20 ^ NH3+ H30 +=> mi trng axit.

1 1 . Gi s c mt lit ung dch mi mui.

a. NaCHaCOO Na+ + CHgCOCr0,1 0,1 0,1

CH3COO- + H 20 ^ CH3COOH + OH~

Khi c n bng X X



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24/192

X2 =5,56. 1( r,0.0,l X= 0,746.1 O'5=> [ / r ] = 7,46.10"6

B1 7. LUYN TP

PHN NG TRAO l ION TRONG UNG DCHCCCHTNL

BI

i . Vit phng trnh ion rt gn ca cc phn ng sau (nu c) xy ra trongdung dch gia cc cp cht sau:

2. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi:A. Gc cht phn ng phi l nhng cht d tan.

B. Mt s ion trong dung dch kt hp c vi nhau lm gim nng cachng

c. Phn ng khng phi l thun nghch.D. Cc cht phn iag phi l cht in ii mnh.

Hy chn cu tr li ng.

3. Rau qu kh c bo qun bng kh S thng cha mt lng nh hpcht c gc SO32". xc nh s c mt ion SO32" trong hoa qu, mt hcsinh ngm mt t qu u trong nc. Sau mt thi gian lc ly dung dchri cho tc dng vi dung deh H20 2 (cht oxi ha), sau cho tc dng trctip vi dung dch BaCl2. Vit cc phng trnh ion rt gn xy ra.

4. Nhng h cht sau c dng trong cng vic ni tr: mui n, gim, btn NH4HCO3, phn chua K2SO4.A12(S04)3.24H20, mui iot (NaCl+ KI). Hydng cc phn ng ho hc phn bit chng. Vit phng trnh ion rt gn ca cc phn ng.

5. Ho tan hon ton 0,1022g mt mui km loi ho tr hai MCO3 trong 20,0mi dung dch KG1 0,080M. trung ho lng HC1 d cn 5,64 ml dungdch NaOH 0,10M. Xc nh kim loi M?

6. Dung dch cht no i y c pH=7,0?

a. MgS04+ NaNC>3

c. Pb(OH)2+ NaOH

e. Cu(N0 3)2+ H20 h. NazSOa + HC1

b. Pb(N03)2+ H2Sd. Na2S03+ H20g. Ca(HC03)2+ Ca(OH)2

i. Ca(HC03)2+ Hci

A. SbCl2c. Cu(N0 3)2

B . NaF

D . KBr

7. Dung dch cht no di y c pH


25/192

8 . Dung dch cht no cu 7 c pH >7,0?

9. Vit phng trnh ho hc di dng phn t v ion rt gn ca phn ngtrao i ion trong dung dch to thnh tng kt ta saua. Cr(OH)3 b. Al(OH)3 c. Ni(OH)2

10. Tnh nng moi ca cc ion H+v OH' trong dung dch NaN0 2 1OM bithng s' phn li baz ca NOjla Kb= 2,5.10"11.

BI GII

1. a. Khng xy rab. Pb2+ + H2S -> PbSi + 2H+

c. Pb(OH)2+ 20H- -> Pb022- + 2H20

d. S032- + H20 ^==H S03- + 0H~

e. Cu2+ + H20 = C u(OH)+ + H+

g. HC0 3 + OH- -> cc%-+H20

h. S032~ +2H+ H20 + S 02t

i. HC(V + H+ - H20 + C02

2. p n B

3. Cc phng trnh ion rt gn L:

S032- + H20 2 -> SO42' + H20

Ba2+ + SO42- -> BaS04

4. - Cho vi git axit HC1 vo cc dung dch nu thy dung dch no c' kh bayra l NH4H03: H+ + HCOjf H20 +C02t

- Khi ho tan vo nc thy xut, hin kt ta keo, trng l phn chua:Al3++ 3 0H -A l(O H )3i

- Cho mt mu vi vo cc cht trn, nu c kh thot ra th l gim.2CH3COOH + CaC03 -> (CH3COO)2Ca + H20 + C02t

- Cho vi git oxi gi v vi. git h tinh bt thy xut hin mu xanh (cI2) l mui iot: H2O2+ 2~ -> I2+ 20H"

- Cho vi git AgN03vo thy c kt ta trng l NaCl:Ag+ + Cl- - AgCl

5.

nHa = 0,02.0,08 = 0,00 16(mo)

n NaOH - 0 00564.0, = 0 ,000564(w/) .

MCO3 + 2HC1 -> MC12+ H20 +C02r (1)

HC1 + NOH NaCl + H20 (2)

5,64.104 5,64.10-4 moiS' mol HC1 tham gia .phn ng (1) l 16.l"4 - 5,64.10-4 = 10,36.10-4=> S mol MCO3 = l/2s mol HC1 = 5,18.10~4



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26/192

Mmco = 0,10-2- - = 197MCO' SJS.IO-4

=> nguyn t khi ca M l 19760=137Vy nguyn t' ny l Ba

6. p n D

L mui ca bazmnh v axit mnh.7. p n cFeBr2 > Fe2+ + 2Br~

Fe2+ + H20 v^Fe(OH)++ H+=> pH pH>7

9. Ta thy y u l cc bz khng tan trong nc nn mun iu ch chng

ta dng ung dch mui tc dng v dung dch baz.a. CrCl3 + 3NaOH (va ) - Cr(OH)3i+ 3NaCl

Cr3+ + 30H" Cr(OH)3i

b. A1(N03)3+ 3NH3+ 3H20 -> Al(OH>3 + 3NH4N 03

Al3+ + 3NH3+ 3H20 -> Al(OH)3 i+3NH4+

c. NC12+ 2NaOH Ni(OH)2 i+2NaCl

Ni2+ + 2 0 HT -* Ni(OH)2 i

10. Gi s c 1lit ung dch sraol ca NaNC>2 l 1moi

NaN02 - Na++ NO'

1 1 1 (mol)

Gi s mol n o 2tham gia phn ng thy phn l X

NOj+ H20 ^ HN 2+ 0 H~

n trc 1n ph n n g X X X (m oi)

n sau ph n ng 1 -x X X (moi)

K.b 2.5.10 1!

1 XV Kb rt nh c th b qua c gi tr X mu s (x l)

=> ta c X2 = 2,5.10_n =>X= V25.10"12 =5. 10'6

OH~1 = 5.10-6(M)

1 0 " M=> f / r 1 = = 2 . O"9 (M)

L J 5.10'

26



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27/192

C h ng 2. NHM NIT' - :

TM TT KN THC c BN CN NH

I. KHI QUT V NHM NIT

Nhm nit gm cc nguyn t N, p, As, Sb, Bi. Chng u thuc nguyn t

p v nhm VA.1.1. S bin i tnh cht ca cc n chtTrong iu kin thng, nit l cht kh, cc cm cht cn li l cht rn.

- Trong cc hp cht cc nguyn t' nhm nit c s oxi ho cao nht l +5ngoi ra cn c cc s oxi ho +3 v -3. Ring N cn c thm cc s oxi ho +1, +2, +4.

- Cc nguyn t' nhm nit c th th hin c tnh oxi ho v tnh kh vkh nng oxi ho gim n t nit n bitmut.

1.2. S bn i tnh c h t ca cc hp cht

- Hirua ca cc nguyn t nhm nit c cng thc chung RH3 vi bnnhit gim dn t NH3 n BiH. Dung dch ca nhng cht ny trong nc ct nh baz. ,

- T nit n bitmut, tnh axit ca cc oxit v hiroxit tng ng gim dnng thi tnh baz tng dn.

II. NIT V HP CHT CA NIT

11.1.Nit

- Tnh cht: C cng thc cu to N N. Do phn t c lin kt 3 nn iu kin thng kh tr v mt ho hc (ch tc dng vi Li), nhit cao

n hot ng hn do N c m in kh ln v th hin tnh oxi ho tri hnt n h k h '

+ Tnh ox ho:xt, 40C

N2+ 3H2 2NH3

N2 + 6Li > 2L3N

+ Tnh kh: No + Oo 2NO

Ngay iu kin thng, NO kt hp vi 0 2(khng kh) -> N02mu nu

- iu ch:

+ Trong phng th nghim: NH4NO2 - N2+ 2H20

+ Trong cng nghip: Chng ct phn on khng kh lng.

11.2. Amonac v m ui amoni

a. Amonac- Tnh cht l ho: l cht kh khng mu, mi khai v xc, tan nhiu trig

nc. *' .

+ Tnh baza yu: NH3+ H20 NH4+ + OH" Kb = 1,8.10"5V '

Do NH3lm xanh giy qu m



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28/192

n h 3+ H+-> n h 4+

--------- - .....-M+-3 NH 3+ 3H20 -> A1(0H)3 t + 3NH4++Kh nng to phc: Cu(OH)2+ 4 NH3 [Gu(NH3)4](OH)2

AgCl + 2 NH3 -* [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

+ Tnh kh: . 4 NH3 + 3 O2 -> 2 N2 + 6 H2O

4NH3 + 502 (kk) 850"CPl > 4N0 + 6H20

2NH3+ 3C12-> N2+ 6HC1(sn phm sinh ra khi trng l d kh HCl va to thnh ho hp vi NH 3)

3CuO + 2NH3> 3Cu + N2+ 3H20

- iu ch:

+ Trong phng th nghim:2 NH4CI + C(H)2-> 2 NH3 t + CaCl2+ 2 H2O

+ Trong cng nghip: N2+ 3H2 ^==== 2NH3

b. Mui amoni:Tt c cc mui amoni u tan trong nc v khi tan in lihon ton thnh cc ion.

+Phn ng trao i ion:NH4CI + NaOH - NaCl + NH31 + H20 (phn ng nhn bit mu amoni)

Hay: NH4+ + OH~ -> N H at + H20

+Phn ng nhit phn:

NH4CI > NH3+HC1

N H 4N0 3 1,1 > N20 + 2H2O

II.3. Axit nitric v mui nitrat

a. Axt nitric '- Tnh cht l ho: l cht lng, bc khi mnh trong khng kh, khi un

nng n b phn hu mt phn tho phng trnh: 4HNO3-* 4N02+ 0 2+ 2H20+ Tnh axit mnh: Mang y tnh cht chung ca Iiit axit. Lu HNO3

tc dng vi kim loi khng gii phng H2.+ Tnh oxi ho mnh:Tu thuc vo nng axit v v bn cht ca cht

kh m HNO3c th b kh n mt s' sn phm khc nhau ca nit nh:

I-------- -I----------1 ------- 1------ --3 0 +1 +2 +4

NH4) (NH,) n 2 N20 n o n o 2

HNO3tc dng vi hu ht kim loi tr Au v Pt, khi kim loi b oxi hon mc oxi ho cao nht. Vi kim loi yu th HNO3 c cho sn phm N 02,cn long cho sn phm NO. Vi kim ioi mnh HNO3long c th b kh nN+, N hoc N-3. Fe, b th ng ho trong dung dch HNO3c, ngui;

- iu ch:

+ N a N O a t i n h t h + H 2 S 0 4 d c - > N a H S 0 4 + H N O 3 1

+ Trng cng nghip:4NH3+ 502 (kk) -> 4NO + 6H20; NO + 0 2>N 02

28



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29/192

4N 0 2 + 0 2 + 2H20 -4HN0 3b. Mui nitrat: Tt c cc mui nitrt u tan nhiu trong nc v l cht

in li mnh. Chng km bn vi nhit v d b phn hu khi nung nng- Mui nitrat ca kim loi mnh phn hu thnh mui nitrit v oxi*

2KNO3 ^ 2KNO2+ O2

- Mui nitrat ca a s' kim loi nh Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu... phn hu thnh oxit

+ nit ioxit v oxi: 2Cu(N03)2 2CuO + 4N2+ O2III. PHOTPHO V HP c h t c a PHOTPHO

111.1. Photpho

- Tnh cht vt l: p tn ti mt s dng th hnh trong quan trngnht l p trng (P4) v p (poime).

- Tnh cht lio hc:p trng hot ng hn p .+ Tnh oxi ho: 2P + 3Ca - Ca3P2

+ Tnh kh: 4f> +302 (thiu) -> 2P20 3; 4P +02 (d) -> 2P20 5

111.2. Axt photphorc v mu i ph otph ata. Axit photphoric- Tnh cht l ho:Axit photphoric cn gi l axit orthophotphoric (H3PO4),

l cht rn, khng mu, tan trong nc theo bt c t l no.

+ Tnh ox ho kh: H3PO4 kh b kh v khng c tnh oxi ho

+ : H 3 P O 4 " H 4 P 2 Q 7 5 0 > H P O 3

+ Tnh xit: l axit 3 ln axit vi hng s phn li axit Ki = 7,6.103,K2 = 6,2.10'8, K3 = 4,4.1013. y l axit c mnh trung bnh v s ph lich yu xy ra theo nc . N mang y tnh cht chung ca axit.

- iu ch'.+ Trong PTN: p + 5HNO3-> H3PO4 + 5N02+ H20

+ Trong cng nghip : Ca3(P04)2+ 3H2SO4 - 3CaS04 + 2H3PO4ho c p -> P2O5 ->H3P 0 4b. Mui photphat

Axit photphoric to ra ba loi mui: mui photphat trung ho (Na3P04) v haimui axit l mui ihirophotphat (NaH2PO,t), mui hirophotphat (NaaHPO).

I 9. KHI QUT V NHM NIT

BI

1. Vit Gu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t asen, antiinon v bimut trng thi c bn v trng thi kch thch.

2. Da vo m in ca cc nguyn t, hy gii thch:a. Ti sao t nit n bitmut tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t gim dn?b. Ti sao tnh phi kim ca nit li th hin yu hn so vi oxi v cng yu hom so vi nguyn t' lo?

29



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30/192

3. Nu mt s' hp cht trong nit v photpho c s' oxi ho -3, +3, +5.

4. Ti so trong cc hp cht nit ch c cng ho tr ti a l 4, trong khi i vi cc nguyn t' cn li cng ho tr ti ,a ca chng l 5.

5. Lp cc phng trnh phn ng sau v cho bit As, Bi v Sb20 3th hin tnhcht g?

a. S+HNO3 ------>H3ASO4 + N 02+ H20

b. Bi + HNO3 ->Bi(N03)3 + NO+ H20c. Sb20 3 +HC1 -S bC l3 + H20

d. Sb20 3 + NaOH -> NSb02+H20

BI GII

1. Tr li

+ Vi As

- Th t mc nng lng: 33As:ls22s22p63s23p64s23dl04p3

- Cu hnh e: 33As:ls22s22p63s23p63I04s24p3

- Trng thi kch thch: 33As:ls22s22p63s23p3dl04s, 4p34d

q p L'J-2

t T kch thich t

4ps 4s 4pa4s

+ Vi At Th t mc nng lng:

5!At: 1s22 s22p63s 3p64s23d104p65s24d105p3

- Cu hnh e: 33As:ls22 s22p63s23p63,04s24p64d105s25p3

4d*

u T T kch thich T 1 t 1 T t T

5s2 5p3 5s1 5p3 5d+Vi Bi- Th t mc nng lng:

83B i:l 22s7 2 p 6 3s23p 6 4s23 d i0 4 p* 5s24 d i0 5 p66s24 f H5dw6p 3

- Gu hnh e:

83

Gu hnh e:

B i: 22r 2p 3s23p b3d 4s24p 64f104f u5s25p6 106s26p 3

- Trng thi kch thch:

SJB : l i 22 i22 p 3 J3p63104 2V v 5 . s 25 / 5 < r 616 p 56 /

n T kch thch 1 f 1 j i T W

6s2 6p3 6s l 6p3 6dJ

T nit n bitmut m in gim dn nn tnh.phi kim cng gim dn.

30



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31/192

Nguyn t Nit Photpho Asen Antimoan Btmut m in 3,04 2,19 2,18 2,05 2,02

b. Tnh phi kim ca nit th hn yu hn so vi oxi v cng yu hn so vinguyn t flo v m in ca iiit (3,04) nh thua ca oxi (3,44) v caflo (3,98), v hn na lin kt ba trong nit cng bn vng.

3. - Hp cnt trong nit v photpho c s oxi ho -3

\ N H 4C1, 3 2

Hp cht trong d nit v photpho c s oxi ho +3+3 -2 +3 -2 +3 +3

Hp cht trong nit v phtpho c s oxi ho +5

H l y , H3P0 4 , N a N 0 3, K . p ,

Cu hnh e ca N l 7N:s22s22p3 c 3e c thn V mt cp e ghp

i nn c th hnh thnh 4 lin kt ho hc (3 lin kt cng ho tr v mt lin kt cho nhn).Cn cc nguyn t khc nhm II t lp th 3 tr i nn cn c thm phn lp d vi mc chnh lch nng lng c th b p bng cc phn ng ho hc, o trng thi kch thch to r c ti a 5e c thn.

Th d

4.

t t tTi I TFt I t kch thch I T T p T t 1 1 I I t L "L: I I - L_J I L- LJ I I. J.

3s2 3p3 3s1 3p3 3d1

5. a. As+5tf NO^de) - 3 ^ ^ 8 0 4 + 5^ 0 2 1+H2Q

1 As0 -> As+5 + 5e

5 N+5 +e -> N+

As l cht kh

b. Bi +4H N 0 3------- > Bi (N 0 3)3+ NO +2H20

1 Bi Bi+3+3e

1 N+5+3e -> N +2Bi l cht kh

c. Sb2O3+6HCI ---------- >2SbCl3+3H20

d. st>20 3+2NaOH------ >2NaSb0 2+H20

Sb20 3 l oxit lng tnh.



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32/192

BI 10. NIT

Br1. Ion ntrua N3- c cu hnh e ging cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh tr

no, ca on haogenua v ca ion kim loi kim no? Hy vit cu hnh electron, ca chng.

2. Trnh by cu to ca phn t N2. V sao iu kin thng nit l mt cht

tr? iu kin no nit tr nn hot ng hn?3. Xut pht t nhit phn thnh nguyn t (A H) cua cc phn t cho di

y, hy cho bit iu kin thng cht no (nit, hiro, oxi, clo) tham gia phn ng ho hc kh nht v chtno d nht? V sao?

N2 ->2N A = +946kJ/mol

H2 2/ / ,AH= +431,SkJ/ mol

02 ^ 20, AH = +49\kJ/mol

C2 2Ci,AH= +238kJ / mol

4. Nu nhng tnh cht ho hc c trng ca nit v dn ra nhng phn ngho hc minh ha.

5. Bng th nghim no c th bit c nit c cha cc tp cht: clo, hiroclorua, hiro sunfua? Vit phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng xy ra.

6. Trn 200,0 ml dung dch natri nitrit 3,OM vi 200*0 ml dung ch amoniclorua 2,0M i un nng cho n khi phn ng thc hin xong. Xc nh thtch ca kh clo sinh ra (o ktc) v nng mol ca cc mui trong dungd Su phn ng. Gi thit th tch ca ung dch bin i khng ng k.

BIGI

1. Cu hnh electron ca N :l^ 2s22 /?3.Cu hnh electron ca N3": ls 22s22p6

N3 c cu hnh electron ging cu hnh electron nguyn t kh tr 10Afe

Ging cu hnh electron ca ion halogenua 9F_: ls22s22p6

Ging cu hnh electron ca ion kim loi kim uNa+: ls 22s22p6

2 . Cu hnh e ca nit 7N: ls 22s22p3

CTCT ca phn t nit : N 5N.Gia hai nguyn t trong phn t N2hnh thnh mt lin kt ba bn vng.

Mi nguyn t nit trong phn t N 2 c 8e lp ngoi cng, trong c bacp e dng chuiig v mt cp e ring ghp i.

iu kin thng nitcr l cht tng i tr v c lin kt ba r tbn vng(Eii! kt - 946kJ/mo), lin k*t ny ch b phn hy r rt thnh nguyn tnhit trn 3000c. nhit co nit tr nn hot ng v phn t N 2 phn hy thnhnguyn t nit c 5e lp ngoi cng v c m in tng i n (3,04) nn tr nn hot ng.

32



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33/192

3. iu kin thmg nit tham gia phn ng ho hc kh n h v A ln nh t

iu kin thng clo tham gia phn ng ho hc dl nht v AHnh nht.V nhit phn li thnh nguyn t l nhit lng cn cung cp chuyn 1moi phn t thnh nguyn t tham gia phn ng ho hc.

4. Nit va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh.

a. Tnh-0X1ho (kh tc dng vi cht kh):

N 2+3H2 ^ = = 2 N H 3

N 2+ 6 N a - 2 N a 3N

0 0 +2-2b. Tnh kh (khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha): N2+ 0 2> 2N o

5. - n hn hp kh qua nc ct thy dung dch thu c lm qu tm hohng l c cha HC1 v HC1 tan rt tt trong nc.

- Dn hn hp kh qua dung dch NaOH nhit phng,thyung dchthu c c kh nng ty trng l c cha Cl2

Cl2+ 2NaOH - NaCl t NaClO + H20Nc Gia-ven c tnh ty trng (ty mu)

- Dn hn hp kh qua dung dch CuCl2 thy xut hin kt ta en ccha H2S

H2S + GuClg r>CuS + 2HC1

H2S+Cu- -CuSi+ 2H+

6- nNuNol - 2-3- 6(m/) nNHC = 0,2.2 = 0,4(mo)

NaN02+ NH4C1 NaCl + N2+ 2H20

n ban u 0,6 0,4n phn ng 0,4 0,4 -* 0,4 0,4n sau phn ng 0,2 0 0,4 0,4

VN=0,4.22,4=8,96 lit

_ ' . 0 2C L . ..... = = 0,5(M)

M(NaN02)|/U 0,2 + 0 ,2

0 4CM = 1,0(M)

MNaCI O'4 '

BI 11. AMONIC V MUI AMONI

BI

1. M t v gii thch hin tng xy ra trong th nghim chng minh amoniactan nhiu trong nc?

2. C 5 bnh ng ring bit 5 cht kh: N2, 0 2, NH3, Cl v CO2. Hy a ramt th nghim n gin nhn ra bnh ng kh NH3.



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34/192

3. Nu tnh cht ho he c trng v nhng ng dng ca amonac. Ti saongi ta n i amoniac l mt baz yu? ,

4 . Dun ch amoniac c th ho tan c Zn(OH>2l do:A. Zn(OH)2l hiroxit lng tnh.B Zn(OH>2l mt baz t tan.

G. Zn(OH>2c kh nng to thnh phc cht tan tng t nh Cu(OH)2.

D. NH3l mt hp cht c cc v l mt bazcf yu.5. Vt cc phn ng thc hin s chuyn ho sau:

K h A g > d d A > k h A c HH* D + H 20

6 . Cho cn bng ho hc:N2(k) + 3H2 (k)^=i 2NH3 (k), AH=-92kJ

Cn bng trn s chuyn dch theo chiu no (c gii thch) khi:a. Tng nhit .

b. Ho lng amoniac tch amoniac ra khi hn hp phn ng.

c. Gim th tch ca h phn ng.

7. C th phn bit iii amoni vi cc mui khcbng cch cho n tc dngvi dung dch kim, v khi

A. Thot ra mt cht kh mu lc nht.

. Thot ra mt cht kh khng mu, mi khai, lm xanh giy qu m.

c. Thot ra mt chtkh mu nu , lm xanh giy qu m.

D. Thot ra cht kh khng mu, khng mi.

8 . Ngi ta c th sn xut amonac iu ch ur bng cch chuyn ho cxc tc mt hn hp gm khng kh, hi nc v kh metan (thnh phnchnh c kh thin nhin).

Phn ng iu ch H2 v C02 : CH4+ 2H20 -> C 02+ 4H2 (1)Phn ng thu N2(t khng kh) v C02: CH4+ 202 - C 0 2+ 2HO (2)

Phn ng tnghp NH3 : N2+ 3H2 ^ 2NH3

sn xut kh amonac, nu ly 841,7 m3 khng kh (cha 21,03% 0 2 ;78,02%N2 ; cn li l kh him), th cn phi ly bao nhiu m3kh metan vbao nhiu m3 hi nc c lng N2 v H2 theo t l 1:3 v th tch dng cho phn ng tng hp amoniac. Gi thit cc phn ng ( 1) v (2) uxy ra hon ton v cc th tch kh u c o cng iu kin.

BI GII

1. M t th nghim:- Kh amoniac c np vo y bnh thy tinh, y bnh bng nt cao suc ng thy tinh nhn xuyn qua.- Nhng u ng thy tinh vo chu nc c pha vi git phenolphtalein.

Hin tng:

Nc dng ln rt nhanh trong ng thy tinh nhn sau phun ln thnh tia c mu hng.

34



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35/192

Gii thch:

- Kh amoniac tan rt nhanh trong nc im gim p sut trong bnh nnp sut ngoi khng kh nn vo mt thong c chu nc lm nc phunln trong ng thy tnh thnh dng.

- Amoniac tan t r ong nc to t h n h dung dch c tnh baz.

2. Cch 1.Dng giy qu tm tm t a vo ming cc bnh kh, nu thy bnh

no lm qu tm chuyn thnh mu xanh l bnh ng NH3 v NH3 tan rttt trong nc to dung dch baz nn lm i mu qu tm thah xanh.

Cch 2. Dng que tm dung dch HC1 c, a n ming mi bnh, nu xut hin khi trng th l bnh eha NH3.

3. Tnh cht ho hc c trig ca amoniac:a. C tnh kh:

AN Hy + 50 2 4 N O + 6H20

2N Hy + SCuO'~>3Cu + N t +3H20b. C tnh baz (yu):

NH3 + HC1 - NH4CI2NH3+ 2H2O+MgCla->Mg(OH)2+ 2NH4Cl

c. Kh nng tp phcvi hiroxit hocmui ca Ag, Cu, Zn....

AgCl + 2NH3->Ag(NH3)2] a tn

Zn(OH)2 i+ 4NH3-> [Zn(NH3)4] (OH)2 tan

n g dng c amoniac

- Sn xua't axit nitricJV7/3-* NO- N0 -> HNO

- Lm phn bn.

- iu ch cc loi phn m.-r iu ch hidrazin N2H4 lm cht t cho tn la.

- Cht gy lnh trong my lnh (thay th cho CFC).Ngi ta ni amoniac l mt baza yu v khi tan trong nc ch mt phnnh amoniac tc dng vi nc: NH3+H2O ^ N H 4+ + OH"

Gn phn ln ch tan trong nc theo kiu vt l (khng xy ra phn ng ho hc)

4. p n c

5. Cc phng trnh ho hc

NH3+ H2O to thnh dung ch NH3(A)

NH3+HCI -> NH4CI (B)

NH4Cl+NaOH ->NaCl+NH3T+H20

NH3+HN03 - > n h 4n o 3 (C)

35



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36/192

NH4NO3 nung- > N20 + 2H20

(D)

6. Ta da vo nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng L sa-t-l - gii thch.a. y l phn ng ta nhit nn khi tng nhit cn bng s dch

chuy n theo chiu lm gm nhit , l chiu n g h c h .b. Khi tch amoniac ra khi phn ng lm nng amoniac gim vy cn

bng ho hc s chuyn dch theo chiu thun. V chiu ny lm tngnng amoniac.

c. Khi gim th tch ca hn hp phn ng tc l lm tng p sut ca h,cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu lm gim p sut l chiu thun, to ra nhiu amoniac.

7.p n BNH4CI + NaOH NaCl + NH3 + H20

Kh NH3khng mu c mi khai v xc.

T/ _ 841,7x21,03 _ 1#r7/_3X 841,7X78,02 c c n( 3,

8. vn =-----

-------= 177(m ) ; VN= --------

------= 656,7(w )0 2 1 0 0 V N , 1 0 0 J

T phn ng tng hp N2+ 3H2 ^ 2NH3

=>VH =3Vn =3 .656,7 = 1970w3

T phn ng. CH4+ 2H2O -> CO2+ 4H2

~Vc, = = ^.19 70 = 492,5m5

K , o = 2VCHt= 9S5 m 1

1 1 , T CH4+ 202 - C0 2 + 2H20 => VCH = - . V 0 = - J 77= 88,5n f

V nc gii phng ra: VHa :=V0 =M in t

Vy tng th $ ch CH4= 492,5 + 8S,5~581(m3)

Th tch hi ie l: 985 - 177 = 808 (m3)

BI 12. AXIT NITRIC V MUI NITRAT

BI1. Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to* ca axit nitric v cho bit

nguyn t nit c s' oxi ho l bao nhiu?

2. Lp phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng sau y:a. Fe+HN03(c nng) N 02 T+...

b. Fe+HN03(lng) -> NOt

c. Ag+HN03(c) N 02 T+...

d. P+HN03(c) -> N 0 2T+ H3P04 +...

36



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37/192

3. S phn ng sau y cho thy vai tr ca thin nhin v con ngi trong vic chuyn nit t kh quyn vo trong t, cung cp ngun phn m cho cy ci:

. NO - >N 02 - >Y -+z >Ca{N03)2N2~ \

\ >M >M92^ l h. >Y +L>NH4N 03

Hy vit cc phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng trong s chuynho trn.

4. Hp cht no ca nit khngc to ra khi cho HNO3tc dng vi kim loi:A. NO B. NH4N03c. n o2 d. n20 5

5. Ti sao khi iu ch axit nitric bc khi phi s dng H2SO4dc v NaN03dng rn?

6 . Phn ng gia HNO3 vi FeO to ra kh NO. Tng cc h s trong phngtrnh oxi ho kh ny bng:

A. 22 B. 20. c. 16 D. 12

7. Cho 13,5g nhm tc dng va vi 2,2lit dung dch HNO3, phn ng to ramui nhm v mt hn hp kh gm NO v N20. Tnh nng mol cadung dch HNO3. Bit rng t khi ca hn hp kh i vi hiro bng 19,2.

8 . t chy hon ton 4,4g mt sunfua kim loi c cng thc MS (kim loi M c cc s oxi ho + 2v +3 trong cc hp cht) trong lng d oxi. Cht rn thu c sau phn ng c ho tan trong mt lng va dung dch HNO337,8%. Nng phn trm ca mui trong dung dch thu c l 41,7%.

a. Xc nh cng thc ca mui sunfua kim loi.

b. Tnh khi lng dung dch HNO3 dng.

BI GII

1. Cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca axit HNO3

.-. oH:0:N H - O - N

' No

Nguyn t nit c ho tr 4 v s' oxi ho +5

2 . a. Fe+6HN03 (c nng) ------ Fe(N03)3+ 3 N 0 2+3H20

+31 Fe -> Fe + 3e

3 N+5 +le-> N"*4

b. Fe+4HNO3 (long) F e( N 03)3+ N 0 1 + 2 H 20

1 Fe Fe3+ + 3e

1 N+5+3e -> N+2

37



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38/192

c. Ag + 2 HNO3 (c) -> N 0 2 T+ AgNOa + H20

1 Ag -> Ag+1 +le1 N + le-> N+4

d. P+ 5 H N 0 3(c) -> 5+N 0 2 t + H 3 P 0 4+H20

1 p - p +s +5 e

5 + le-^ N 443.

1 . N2+ 0 2 < = = > 2NO ;

. NO +G2 NO

3 4N0 2 +0 2 + 2H20 > 4HN0 34. 2HNO3+ Ca(OH)2 -> Ca(N03)2+2H20

5. N2 +3H2 " f t * 2NH3

6. 4N H 3 + 502 < z = 4NO + 6H 207. 2NO+02 NO8 . 4N02+O2+ 2H2O >4HN03 ,

9. HNO3+ NH3 ->NH4N 03

4. p n D5. V dung dch HNO3 63% to nn hn hp ng ph. Nu dng H2SO4 long

v dung ch NaN3 th khi chng ct ch thu c dung ch HNO363%. Vvy mun iu ch axit nitric bc khi (HNO3 tinh khit) phi s dngH2SO4 c v NaN3 dng rn.

6 . p n A3FeO+10HN03 -> 3Fe(N03)3+ NOt + 5H20

7. Gi n o = x; nNOj = y

Cch 113 5

nAI= ~ 1=0,5(mol) 19,2.2 = 38,4

AI + 4HNO3 ->A1(N03)3 + NOt + 2H20 (1)

X 4x


39/192

n HNO, =4x+10y= 1,9(mol)

C M(H N 0 3) = = i |= 0 , 8 6 ( M )

Cch 2N20 44 ' 8 , 4

38,4

NO 30 / Nk. 5,6

nN2Q = 8,4 _ 1,5

nNO 5,6 1Gi s' mol ca NO = X th s mol ca N20 =l,5x

+3 ")

AI -+ AI + 3e

0,5 1,5 (mol)

' N*5 + 3 N+ 2

X ' 3x - X

2N+5+ 4e.2 -> 2N+1

3x 12x ' 3x

Theo nh lut bo ton e ta c 15x - 1,5 =>'X= 0,1

n ca HN03= n NQ + 2n N 0 + 3nAl =0,1 + 0,3 + ,5.3 = 1,9I 2 - '

CM 2M(N 0 3)3+ 3H 20 (2)

_ 44nUK= ...m M + 32

T (1 ) v (2 ) => W//WO, = ^ n M S r iM (N Oi )i ~ n MS9 ~ ~ ^ n K4S

^ 3 . ^ . 6 3 . 1 0 0m d d m ( \ 3 7 8 ->*'MS

m ddsaup.u = m dd HN, + m M20 ,

c% mui = - - -.100% =41,7%

5 0 0 ^ ms + % s ( 2 + 4 8 )



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40/192

=> 58,3.M.o.ms = 3250,8.nMs => M =56 (l Fe=>mui sunfua l FeS.b. Khi lng dung dch HN03

= ^ = 0,05(mO/)

T (1 ) v () suy ra nHNO=3 nyeS= 0,05x3 = 0,15 (mol).Khi lng ca dung dch HNO337,8% cn dng l:

0,15x63x100

37,8= 25,0 (gam)

BI 13. LUYN TP

TNH CHT CA NI Td V H p CHT CA NIT

BI

1. Vit cc phng trnh ho hc thc hin cc dy chuyn ho sau:a) NH3 - -> A - ^ - NH3 >c >D >E

( kh )

+,NaOH_.>G _ _ tl_ > H (r n )

b) N 0 2 N2^ NO/N (3)

(6)rHN03 Cu

2. Cht kh A c mi khai, phn ng vi kh clo theo cc cch khc nhau sauy, ty theo iu kin phn ng.a. Trong trng hp d kh A th xy ra phn ng sinh ra cht rn c v kh D:

8A+3CI2 6C + D r'b. Trong trng hp d kh clo th phn ng sinh ra klii D v kh E:

2A + 3CI2 D + 6ECht rn c mu trng, khi t nng b phn hy thun nghch, bin thnh cht v cht E. Khi lng ring ca kh D l ,25 g/1 (ktc).

Hy xc nh cc cht A, c, D, E v vit phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng.3. Hy chn p n ng trng cc trng hp sau:

a. Phn ng gia kim loi Mg vi axit nitric c gi thit ch to ra initoxit. Tng cc h s trong phng trnh ho hc bng:

A. 10 B. 18 c. 24 D. 20b. Phn ng gia kim loi Cu vi axit nitric ong gi thit ch to ra nitmonooxit. Tng cc h s trng phng trinh ho hc bng:A. 10 B. 18 c. 24 D. 20

40



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41/192

4. Trnh by phng php ho hc phn bit cc dung dch sau: NH3,(NH4)2S0 4>NH4C1, Na2S0 4. Vit cc phng trnh ho hc.

5. Trong qu trnh tng hp amoniac, p sut trong bnh phn ng gim i10,0% so vi p sut lc u. Bit nhit ca bnh phn ng c gikhng i trc v sau phn ng. Hy xc nh thnh phn phn trm thtch ca hn hp kh thu c sau phn ng, nu trong hn hp u lng

nit v hiro ly ng theo h s' t lng.BI GII

1. a) 1. 2NH3 + 3CuO > 3Cu + H20 + N2T(A)

2. N2+3H2 ^=^= 2NH3

3. 4NH3+ 50 2 - - px> 4NO (C)+ 6H20

4 . 2NO +02 2NO2(D)5. 4N02+2+ 2H2O -> 4HNO3(E)

6 . HNO3 + NaOH -> NaNOa (G)+ H20

7. NaNOa > NaNOa (H) + l/202b)

TLD1. N2+O2 4=^ 2NO

2 . 2NH3 100"c N2+3H2

3. N2+3H2 , A 2NH3 I

4. 4NH 3 + 50 2 ~ - P;.xt= 4NO + 6H2Q

5. 2NO +02 ^ 2N02

6 . 6HN03(c) + Fe Fe(N03)3+ 3N02t + 3H20

Hoc 4HNO3 ^ 4N 02T + 0 2t + 2H20

7. 4N0 2 +0 2 + 2H20 >4HN0 3

8 . Cu(N03)2 + H2S >CuSi + HNO3

9. CuO + 2HNO3 ->Cu(N03)2+ H20

10. 2NH3 + 3CuO > 3Cu + 3H20 + N2t

Hoc CuO + H2 > Cu + H202 . - Theo u bi Md = 1,25.22,4=28. Vy D l N2

Cht rn c b phn hy thun nghch khi t nng, c l NH4CI, A v El NH3v HC1 (hoc ngc li).

NH4CI NH3+ HCI

Nu A l HC1 khng hp l v khng tc dng vi Cl2

A l NHa cn E l HC1



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42/192

a. 8NH3 +3 Cl2 - 6NH4CI + N2

(A) (C) (D)b. 2NH3+ 3C12 N2+ 6HC1

3. a.p n c4Mg + IOHNO3 >4Mg(N03)2 + N 20 t + 5H20

b. p n D

3Cu + 8HNO3 ->3Cu(N03)2+ 2N0t + 4H204. Tr li

Cho qu tm vo cc dung dch trn.- Nu thy cu chuyn sang mu xanh l dung dch NH3.

- Nu thy khng i mu l dung dch Na2S0 4.- Hai dung ch lm qu chuyn thnh mu hng l (NHi^SO.*,NH4CI.

Cho Ba(OH>2yo 2 dung dch lm hng giy qu.- Nu thy c kh bay ra c mi khai v xut hin kt ta. trng l dung

dch (NH4)2S04

(NH4)2S04 + Ba(OH)2 ->2NH3T+ BaS04 i + 2H20 Nu ch thy c kh bay ra mi khai l dung dch NH4CI

2NH4CI + Ba(OH)2 ->2NH3 T+ BaCl2 + 2H20

5. - Gi s mol lc u ca N2l X ca H2l 3x, trc phn ng c 4x moi kh.- p sut trong bnh gim 10,0% tc l s moi kh (hay V) gim 10 ,0%, haygim 0,4x mol kh. Vy sau phn ng cn 3,6x mol kh.

- Gi s mol ca N2tham gia phn ng l a

Ta c: (x-a)+ (3x-3a) + 2a=3,6x=> a=0 ,2x

Vy sau phn ng c: 0 ,8x moi N2; 2,4x mol H2; 0,4x mol NH3

% N ,= ^ .1 0 0 % = 22,2%2 3,6x

0 4x%H, =-1^. 100% = 66,7%2 3, 6x . ". . . ,

%NH3= l0%-22,22%-66,67%= 11,1%

N2 + 3H2

n trc phn ng X 3xn phn ng a 3an sau phn ng x-a 3x-3a

2a (mol)

2a (moi)

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43/192

BI 14. PHOTPHO BI

1. Ti sao p trng v p li khc nhau v tnh cht vt l? Trong iu kinno p trng chuyn thnh p v ngc li?

2 . Da vo hnh v 3 em hy m t thnghim v kh nng bc chy khc

nhau ca p trng v p , v chobit dng th hnh no ca photphohot ng hn?

3. Vit cc phng trnh ho hoc thc hin s chuvn ho sau: Hnh v 3

' C a ,< P O J 2 ) A ^ > B a U C f ^ D

4. Magie photphua c cng thc l:

. Mg2p207 B, Mg2P3 ;c. Mg3P2 D. Mg3(P04)2 "

5. trung ho hon ton dung dch thu c khi thy phn 4,54g mt photphotrhagenua cn dng 55 m dung dch natri hiroxit 3M. Xc nh cngthc ca photpho trihalgenua , bit rng phn ng thy phn to ra haiaxit, trong c axit H3PO3l axit hai nc.

6. t chy hon ton 6,2g p trong oxi d. Cho sn phm to thnh tc dngva vi dung ch NaOH 32%, to ra mui Na2HP04a. Vit cc phng trnh ho hc.

b. Tnh kh lng dungdch NaOH dng.

c. Tnh xxng phn trm ca mui trong ung dch thu c.

BIGIi1. Tr li

- Do c cu trc mng tinh th khc nhau nn p trng v p khc nhauv Unh cht vt l.

+ p trng c cu trc mng tnh th phn t m cc nut mng l ccphn t hnh t in (P4) lin kt vi nhau bng lc Van-e-van yu v vy p trng mm, d nng chy.

+ p c c u t r c p o l' m e n n b n , k h n n g c h y v k h b a y h i.

- S chuyn di gia p trng v p

250- 30CP,khng c KKp trng .... P

'P, khng c KKHoc di tc dng ca nh sng p trng chuyn dn thnh p .

2. Tr lip c t trn thanh st gn ngn a hn p trng (t cao hn).

Hin tng: p trng bc chy cn p th khng.



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44/192

- Chng t p trng d phn ng vi oxi hn p rt nhiu. Thc t p trngc th b ox ho trong khng kh nhit thng (hin tng pht quangh h c ), c n p e h b c c h y k h i un n n g n h i t 2 5 0 c

4P + 5O2 > 2P2O5Chng t p trng hot ng hn p .

3. Cc phng trnh

1. Ca3(P 04)2+ 3Si02+5C 3CaSi03+ 2P + 5CO(A)

2 2P + 3C Ca3P2 (B)

3. Ca3P2+ 6HC1 -3CaCl2+ 2PH3 (C)

4. 2PH.J + 402 P2O5 + 3H 20

v (D)4. p n c5. Gii: nNa(iH- 0,055.3 = 0,165(wo/)

Gi cng thc ca photpho trihalogenua l PX3, moi l XPX3 + 3H20 -> H 3P03+ 3HX (1)X X 3x

H3PO3 + 2NaOH >Na2HP03+ 2H20 (2)

. X 2 x

HX + NaOH -> NaX +H20 (3)

3X' ' 3 x

T (1), (2), (3) ta c 5x= 0,15 => x= 0,033 (mol). 4 54 137 5 - 3 1

M px = - ^ - = 137,5 => Mx = - - -=35 ,5 (l Cl )

0,033 . ; 3Vy cng thc ca mui l PCI3

6 . a. 4P + 5 2. ^>.2f20 5. ; . (1)P25+ 4NaOH-> 2Na2HP04+ H20 (2)

b. = = (),,2(mo/)

T (1) v (2) => nNOH= 2.np = 0,4(mo) => mNa0H=0,4.40=16 (g)

mM(NaOH) = - = 50(g)

c. T (2) 0.2(io/) 0,2.142 = 28 ,4(g)

Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng = khi lng P2C>6+ khi lng dd NaOHs 0,1.142+50=64,2 (g)

c s =11^ . 100% = 44,24%

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45/192

B115. AXIT PHOTPHORIC V MUI PHOTPHAT

BI ' , '

1. Vit eng thc cu to ca axit iphotphoric, axit metaphotphoric v cho bit trong cc axit ny s' oxi ho ca photpho l bao nhiu?

2. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng thc hin dy chuyn ho sau y:

Qung photphrit-* photpho iphotpho pentaoxit >axit photphoric> a m o n i p h o tp h a t - a x it p h o tp h o ric > ca nx i ph otphat.

3. in cht thch thch hp vo ch c du ? trong cc s sau:a . H 2 P O 4 - + ? H P O 4 + ?

b. HPO42- +? -> H2P04~ +?

4. Bng phng php ho hc, hy phn bit dung dch HNO3 v dung dchH3PO4.

5. Axit A l cht rn, trong sut khng mu, d tan trong nc. Khi thm canxioxit vo dung dch A th to thnh hp cht B mu trng, khng tan trongnc. Khi nung B nhit cao vi ct v than th to thnh n cht photpho c trong thnh phn ca A. Cho bit A, B l nhng cht g? Vitphng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng?

6. Thm 0,15 mol KOH vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol H3PO4. Sau phn ng, trongdung dch c cc mui;

. KH2P04v K2HP04 B. KH2P04v K3PO4c. K2HPO4 v K3PO4 D. KH2PO4, K2HPO4 v K3PO4

7. Thm 6g p20 6 vo 26 ml dung dch H3PO4 6,0% (D != 1,03 g/ml). Tnh nng, phn trm ca H3PO4 trong dung dch thu c.

8. Rt dung dch cha 11,76 g H3PO4 vo dung dch cha 16,8 g KOH. Tnh khilng ca tng mui thu c sau khi cho dung dch bay hi n kh.

BI GII

1. Cng thc cu to ca axit iphotphoric, axit metaphotphoricAxit iphotphoric Axit metaphotphoric

OH OHI I H - o - p = o

o = p - o - p = o III o

OH OHS' oxi ho ca photpho trong cc axit ny l +5.

2. Cc phng trnh ho hc

1. Ca3(P0 4)2+ 3Si02+5C 12.'c .-> 3CaS03+ 2P + 5CO

2. 4P + 502 ->2P20 5

3. PO+ 3H20 > HPO

4. H3PO4 + 3N H 3 (N H 4)3P04

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46/192

5. (NH4)3P04 + 3HC1 H3PO4 + 3NH4CI

6 . 2 H 3 P O 4 > 3C a O - C a 3 ( P 0 4 > 2 + 3H 20

3. a. H2PO4" + 0H ~ HP042~ + H20

b. HPO42" + H+ -> H2P04-

4. Cho mt mu Cu vo 2 ung dch, nu thy Cu tan v xut hin kh khngmu ho nu trong khng kh l dung dch HNO3, khng thy hin tng g

l dung dch H3PO4.3Cu + 8HNO3 >3Cu(N03)2+ 2NO + 4H20

2NO + 0 2 -2N02T

Khng mu nu

5 . A l H3PO4 ; B: Ca3(P 04)22H3PO4 + 3CaO -> Ca3(P04)2+ 3H20

(A) (B)

Ca3(P 04)2+ 3Si02+ 5G 3CaSi 03+ 2P + 5CO

6. p n AHm L. U- = 2 to ra mui K2HPO4nHPOi

2 < Jj2 - < 3 to ra 2mui K2HPO4v K3PO4nH,ro4

> 3 to ra mui K3PO4n Hl ,Oi

7. Gii

WddHM =25.1,03 = 25,75(g)

25,75.6 mHiPOi(ng.c) - J0Q - 1 5.45(g)

p20 5+ 3H20 2H3PO4_ 6.98.2 _ Q .

mkv, - 142 ^

m dung dch sau phn ng l: 25,75+ 6=31,75 (g)

c : %( / / , m) = = 3 0 , 9 4 %

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47/192

11,76 - 7.//,t o 4 = - ^ - = 0 ,1 2 (m o / )

16,8 _JW = I77 : = 0,3(wo/)

DO

'w//3to; = 0,3 :0 ,1 2 = 2,5 => To ra hn hp 2mui K2HP04v KgPO2KOH + H3PO4 -* K2HPO4 + 2H20 (1)

2x X X ^

3KOH + H3PO4 > K3PO4 + 3H20 (2)

3y y y

f x + y = 0,12 x =0,06 Ta c < => < /Y\

[ 2^ + 3^ = 0,3 \ y = 0,06

=0,06.174 = 10,44(g) V

" V o 4 = 0,06.212 = 12,72(g)

B116. PHN BN HO HC BI1. Cho cc mu phn m sau y: amon sunfat, amoni clorua, natr nitrat.

Hy dng cc thuc th thch hp phn bit chng. Vit phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng dng?

2 . Mt trong nhng phng php iu ch canxi nitrat l cho vi hoc

phn tc dng vi axit nitric ong. Cn amoni nitrat c thc iu chbng cch cho canxi nitrat tc dng vi amon cacbonat. vit cc phngtrnh phn ng v cho bit ti sao cc phn ng ny xy ra hon ton?

3. T khng kh, than, nc v cc cht xc tc cn thit. Hy lp s iuch phn m NH4NO3?

4. Ti sap khng c trn supephotphat vi vi? Gii thch v vit phngtrnh phn ng.

5. Supephotphat n c iu ch t mt loi bt qung c cha 73,0%Ca3(P0 4)2, 26,0% CaC3, 1,0%Si02.a. Tnh khi lng dung ch H2SO4 65,0% tc dng vi 100,Okg bt

qung .b. Supephotphat n thu c gm nhng cht no? Tnh t l % P 2O 5 trng

loi supephotphat n trn?

BI GII

1. Ta ho tan mt t cc mu phn m vo nc th c 3 dung ch mui:(NH4)2S04, NH4C, NaNOa



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48/192

Cho t t dng dch Ba(OH)2vo tng dung dch:- Nu thy dung dch no c kh bay ra c mi khai v xut hin kt tatrng l (NH4)2S04(NH4)2S0 4 +Ba(0 H)2 ->BS0 4i + 2NHsr+2H20

- Nu thy dung dch no c kh bay ra c mi khai l NH4CI.

2NH4CI + Ba(OH)2 -* BaCla + 2NH3+ 2H20

- ng dch khng c hin tng g l NaN 032 . Gii thchCaC03+ 2HNO3 -* Ca(N03)2+ H20 +C02t (1)

viCa(N3)2 +(NH4)2C03 - GaCOgl + 2NH4N 03 (2)

Amoni cacbonatPhn ng (1) xy ra hon ton do sau phn ng to ra cht d bay hi.Phn ng (2) xy ra hon ton do sau phn ng to ra cht kt ta.

3. T khng kh, than, nc v cc cht xc tc cn thit. Hy lp s i

ch phn m NH4NO3?c . >H.

\ NHs-/NO - NO2 - HNO3KK Chng ct phn N / j 7 I - ^ N H 4NQ 3lng on ' ^

T S trn, vit cc phng trnh ho hc tng ng.

4. Gii thchKhi trn supephotphat vi vi c phng trnh phn ng:

Ca(H2P04)2 + Ca(OH)z - 2CaHP04l+ 2H20

Ca(H2P04)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 -> Ca3(P 04)2i+ 4H20 Vy l t mui tn Ca(H2P4)2 li to thnh cc mui khng tan.

5. a. 100 kg qung c 73 kg Ca3(P04)2, 26 kg GaCO, lkg Si0 2

Ca3(P 04) 2+ 2H2SO4 ->2CaS04+ Ca(H2P04)2310 > 196 272 234 (kg)

73 > X a t ( kg)

_ 196.73 - 1c/7 , _ 2 7 2 x73 , 73.234 _ .= > x~ -- - = 46,15(kg) a = -= 64(kg) t - = 55 ,l(Ag)

310 310 v 310 v

C&CO3 + H2SO4> CaS04 + H2O + C02t100 98 136 (kg)

26 y b (kg)

26.98 AO/1-S L 136.26=> y : = r=25,4S(kg) ; b = 35,36(kg) 100 100 6

Khi lng H2SO4 = 25,48+46,15=71,63(kg)

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49/192

Vy khi lng dung dch H2SO465% l ,7 *>63x100 _ J 2(kg)65

b. Supephotphat dn thu c gm Ca(H2P04>2, CaSG4v Si02T l %p20 5trong loi supephotphat n trn:1 Ca(H2P04)2 c 1P2Os234(kg) 142(kg)

142 55 155,1 (kg) z(kg ) => 2. = = '3 3 ,44( k g )234 6

Tng khi lng supephotphat n = 64+55,1+ 35,36 +1=155,46(kg)33 44

%p20 5= - - .100%= 21,51%155,46

BI 17. LUYN TP

TNH CHT CA PHOTPHO V CC HP CHT

CA PHOTPH O BI

i Nu nhng im khc bit trong cu to nguyn t gia nit v photpho.

2. Lp cc phng trnh phn ng dng phn t v dng ion rt gn xy ra trong dung dch ca cc cht:a) Kai photphat v bari nitrat.

b) Natri photphat v nhm sunfat.

c) Kali photphat v canxi corua.

d) Natri hirophotphat v natri hiroxit.

e) Canxi ihirophotphat (1moi) v canxi hiroxit (1iol).

g) Canxi ihirophotphat (1mol) v canx hiroxit (2 moi).

3. Chn cng thc ng ca apatit :

A. CaaPO,}) 2 B. Ca(P03)2;c. 3Ca3(P 04) 2.CaF2; . CaP20 7

4. Cho 44g NaOH vo dung dch cha 39,2g H3PO4. Sau khi phn ng xy rahon ton, dem c dung dch thu c n cn kh. Hi nhng mui no c to nn v khi lng mui khan thu c l bao nhiu ?

A. NaaPCU v 50g B. Na2HP04v 15gc. NaH2PQ4v 49,2g ; Na2HP04 v 14,2g;

D. Na2HP04v 14,2g ; Na3P0 4v 49,2 g.

5. Thm 10,0 g dung dch bo ho bar hiroxit ( tan l 3,89 g trong lOOgnc) vo 0,5 m dung dch axit photphoric nng 6,0 mol/l. Tnh lng cc hp cht ca bari c to thnh.

BI GII1. Nguyn t N (Z=7): ls 22s22p3

---------------------49



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50/192

Nguyn t N c hai lp electron, lp th hai khng c obitan trng.Nguyn t p (Z =15): l s 22s22p63s23p3Ngun t p c ba lp electron, lp th ba c obitan 3d trng.

Ging nhau: N v P u c 5 electron lp ngoi cng.

2. Cc phng trnh phn t v ion rt gn -

a) 2K3PO4 + 3Ba(N03)2 -> B3(P04 )2i + 6KN03

2 P043- + 3Ba Ba3(P04)ib) 2N3.3PO4 + AlaSO^s > 2A lP 0 4 + 3NS04PO/~ + Al3*-> AlP04

c) 2K3PO4+ 3CaCl2-> Ca3(P 04)2 + 6KC1

2PO43" + 3Ca2+ -> Ca3(P 04)2'l'd) Na2HP04+ N a O H N a 3P04 + H20

H P O 4 2 - + O H " - > H 20 + P O 4 3 -e) Ca(H2P 0 4)2+ Ca(OH)2-> 2CaHP04i + 2H20

2H2p4" +20H" -> HPO42" + H20 "

g) Ca(H2P 0 4)2+ 2Ca(OH)2- Ca3(P04)2 + 4H20 3Ca + 2H2PO4- + 40IT -> Ca3(P04)2 + 4HO

3. p n c

4. p n D.NaOH + H3PO4-> NaH2P04+ H20 2NaOH + H3P04 -> Na2HP04+ 2H20 3NaOH + H3PO4 Na3P04+ 3H20

n NOH ~ ~Q =

nH,w>4 = = 0.4(mol) .

= 2,75 => tao ra hai mui Na2HPO-j v Na3P4n H ,P04 4

=> ch c p n hp l.

5. S'mol Ba(OH= ------ = 2 ,2 X10 (mol)103,89x171

Smol H3PO4 = 0,0005 x 6= 3xl0"3(mol)

' Khi cho Ba(OH)2tc dng vi H3PO4c th c cc phn ng sau:Ba(OH)2+ 2 H3PO4 Ba(H2P0 4)2+ 2 H20 (1 )Ba(OH)2+ H3P 04-> BaHP4+ 2H20 (2)

3Ba(OH)2+ 2H3PO4-> Ba3(P04)2+ 6H20 (3)

-T-3- = - = 1,36 = ch c phn ng (1) v (2)n Ba(OH)j 2 , 2 . 1 0

50



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51/192

G i n Ba(OH)2 ph n ng ( 1 ) l x ; phn ng ( 2 ) l y

Ba(0H>2 + 2H3PO4 > Ba(H2P04)2 + 2H2O (1)Sr X 2x ' X

Ba(OH)2+ H3PO4-> BaHP4+ 2H20 (2)

; ; y y y 7 .. , 'uy

V, , , x + y = 2,2.10~3 fx = 1 ,L 10 "3

Ta c h phng trnh: { => 7 (2x + y = 3,3.10-3 [y = 1,1.10~3

m Ba(H2po4)j = 1,1 .10 -133 1 = 0 , 36 41 (g )

=l,1.10 -3.234 = 0 ,2574(g)

Da vo t l s' mol gia Ba(OH)2v H3PO4b it c c 2 phn ng:

Ba(OH)2+ 2 H3PO4 -> Ba(H2P04)2+ 2H20 (1 )

Ba(H2P04)2 + Ba(OH)2-> 2BaHP04+ 2 H20 (2 )

Lng Ba(0 H>2d l 2 ,2 X10~3 - 1 , 5x i o -3 = 0,7x l0-3(mol)

(2) - S moi mui BaHP04 l 0 ,7xio -3 X2= 0,0014(mol)Vy sau phn ng ng mui Ba(H2P04)2cn li l:

l , 5x l03- 0 ,7x l0 ' 3 = 0 ,8xl03(mol)

Chng 3. NHM CACBON

TM TT KIN THC c BN CNn h

Cacbon - silic thuc nhm IVA ca bng tun hon. Trong nhm c ccnguyn t' cacbon (C), silic (Si), gemani (Ge), thic (Sn) v ch (Pb). Nguyn tca cc nguyn t ny c 4 electron lp ngoi cng. Cacbon (C) v silic (Si) lcc phi kim r rt, thic (Sn) v ch (Pb) l cc kim loi, gemani (Ge) l nguyn

. t' trung gian.

Ta ch tm hiu hai nguyn t c nhiu ng dng nht l cacbon (G), silic (Si) ;

: I. CACBON V H 0P c h t c a CACBON

1.1. Trng th i t nhin :.. Trong t nhn c chim khong 0,023% khi lng v Tri t. Hp chtMv c l cc mu cacbonat c khi lng khong 1016 tn. Ngoi ra c cn cKtrong cc m than , than nu, than bn, du m, kh t nhin. Trong c th,'fsng, trung bnh c 18% cacbn.

% 1.2. Cc dang th hn h v tn h ch t v t l- '



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52/192

Kim cng: Trong tinh th kim cng, ccbii c lin kt cng ho tr vi4 nguyn t cacbon xung quanh, to thnh t din u. Khong cch gia cc nguyn t c l bng nhau, bng 0,154 nm. s ng nht v bn vng ca lin kt ny khin cho kim cng rt cng, l vt liu cng nht trong t nhin.Kim cng c mu sc rt p, cho nn t ngn xa l trang sc rt qu gi. Trong cng nghip, kim cng c s dng ch to mi khoan, dao ctknh, thit b lase. Ngy nay, loi ngi sn xut c kim cng nhn to,tuy nhin chng khng p nh kim cng t nhin. Kh ng ca kim cng c o bng cara, mt cara bng 0,2gm.

Than chi: Tinh th than ch (graphit) c cu trc nhiu lp. Trong mi lp,mt nguyn t c lin kt vi 3 nguyn t c khc bng cc lin kt cng hotr, c khong cch bng nhau (0,1415 nm). Cc lin kt gia cc nguyn t c trong cng lp rt bn vng. Lc lin kt gia cc lp l rt yu, khong cch ln (0,335 nm). cc lp d trt ln nhau, do than ch rt mm, c th lm rut bt ch. Than ch dn in tt, nn c s dng rng ri lm in ec trtrong in phn, sn xut pin.

Fuleren; Mt dng th hnh ca cacbon c 60, C70mi c piht hin vo nm1985. Ngi ta d on fuleren v ce dn xut ca n s c nhiu nig dng c sc trong vt liu mi, ho hc, y hc, siu dn. Cng trnh pht minh ira fulerenc tng gii thng Noben nm 1996.

1.3. Tnh ch t ho hc nhit . thp tt c cc dng th hnh ca cacbon u hu nh tr.

Nhng nhit ao, chng tc ng cc vi rihiu ch't.

Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca cacbon l tnh kh._ _ 300"c .Tc dng vi oxi: c + O- * C02 (1)

iu kiirthiu oxi v nhit snh ra c o * . >300"c , V ____

2C + 0 2 - > 2CO (2)

Tpdng vi nhiu oxit kim loi nh: CuO, Fe2O... nhit d cao.

c + 2CuO ~ * 2Cu + C0 2 (3). Tc dng vi hi nc nhit cao:

c + H20 ^ CO + H2 (4)Cc phn ng ho hc (4) v (5) l c s chuyn ho nhin liu rn

thnh nhin liu kh.Tc dng vi cc axit c tnh cht ox ho mnh nh HNO3, H2SO4c, nng.

c + 4HNOs C02 + 4N02 + 2H20 (5)1.4. M t s hp ch ca ccbonCacbon monoxit (CO) mt cht kh khng mu, khng mi, rt c, nng

gn bng khng kh, t tan trong nc. nhit cao, cacbon monoxit th hin tnh kh mnh.

2CO + 0 2-> 2CO2phn ng to nhiu nht.



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53/192

3C0 + Fe20 3~ > 2Fe + 3C02Cacbon ioxit (CO2) l kh khng mu, nng hn khng kh, dco&k *5

I,52. Nc kh l cacbon ioxit rn. Cacbon ioxit lmt oxt axit v c6tnh oxi ho yu. ,

Tc dng vi dung dch kim;C02 + NaOH - NaHCOa

CO2 + 2 NaOH NE2CO3+ H2OTc dng vi kim loi:

C02 + 2Mg 2MgO + cMui cacbonat v mui hirocacbonat: Na2CQ3, CaC03, NaHC03, Ga(HG03)a

II. SILIC V CC HP CHT CA SILIC

1. Silic l mt trong nhig nguyn t' ph bin nht trong v Tri t (ng hng th hai sau nguyn t oxi)

Silic l nguyn t t hot ng ho hc.

S i + F 2 > S 1 F 4

S i - + O 2 * ^ S 1 O 2

Si + 2NaOH + H20 > Na2Si0 3+ 2H2iu ch Si trong cng nghip:

2C + Si0 2 Si. + 2CO t

2. Hp ch t c a sca. Slic ioxit (S O)

Si0 2 l cht rn khng tan trong nc, kh nng chy (160C), c tn gi

l thch anh. Ct trng l nhng ht thch anh nh.SOl oxit axit. nhit cao, SOtc dng vi oxit baz, kim, cacbonatkim o kim to ra siIicat.Si02 c tnh cht ho hc c trng tan ctrong dung dch axit flohidric HF:

Si0 2 + 4HF - S1F4 + H20V vy ngi ta dng axit flohidric dj khc hnh trn thu tinh.

b. Ax it silicic v m u i silicat

Axit silicic c cng thc ho hc l H2SO3, l axit yu, t tan trong nc.

B 119. KHI UT v NHM CACBON BI

1. Hy cho bit quy lut bin i tnh kim loi - phi kim ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm cacbon v gii thch?

2. Cho cu hnh e nguyn t sau y:a. ls 22s22p63s23p63d104s24p2



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54/192

c. ls 22s22p63s:3p3

' d. ls ^ s ^ p 3Hy cho bit:

- Cu hnh e no trng thi c bn? Cu hnh e no trng thi kch thch?- Cu hnh e no trng thi c bn cho trn l ca nguyn t nguyn t no?

3. Trong s cc n cht ca nhm cacbon, nhm cht no l kim loi?. Cacbon v silc B. Thic v ch

c. Silic v gemani D. Silic v thic

4. Tim nhng hp cht trong nguyn t cacbon c cc s oxi ho -4, +2, v +4?

BIGI( ^ ,'i 1. Tr li

T cacbon n ch tnh phi lm gim dn v tnh kim loi tng dn.Do bn knh nguyn t tng, nng

HƯỚNG DẪN GIẢI BÀI TẬP HÓA HỌC 11 CHƯƠNG TRÌNH NÂNG CAO - TRẦN TRUNG NINH

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