Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans Pest Management Plan (PMP) Consigned by: WB Loan Project Management Office of Hunan Provincial Development and Reform Commission Compiled by: Changsha Environmental Protection Career Technical College Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
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Hunan Integrated Economic
Development Demonstration Town
Project (Zhentou Town Subproject,
Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans
Pest Management Plan (PMP)
Consigned by: WB Loan Project Management Office of
Hunan Provincial Development and Reform
Commission
Compiled by: Changsha Environmental Protection
Career Technical College
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December 15, 2011
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)
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Table of Contents 1. General..........................................................................................................................1
1.3 Distributions of Flowers and Seedlings in the Project Area
The site proposed for the flowers and seedlings demonstration base is located
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)
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in Jintian Village, Shuangqiao Village and Jiangdong Village, Zhentou Town,
Liuyang City, Hunan Province. The base consists of three plots distributed
across the Liuyanghe River 100-Mile Flowers and Trees Corridor and on both
sides of the Provincial Highway S211. The research and training center is
deployed in Shuangqiao Village, Zhentou Town, adjacent to the Provincial
Highway S211 in the south. The flowers and nursery stock e-commerce
transactions center is located in the center of Zhentou Town, with the Liuyang
100-Mile Flowers and Trees Corridor to the south. The project site is
accessible by highways that lead to Changsha to the west, Liuyang to the east
and Zhuzhou to the south.
The flowers and seedlings base is built on the land leased from the farmers.
The base is divided into three sections: the first is centered on the Jintian
area, where soil-less grass carpet, turf and flowers are grown, a flower
demonstration base covering 600 mu; the second has the Shuangqiao area at
its core, where camphor tree, Podocarpus and a variety of seedlings are
grown, forming a seedling demonstration base of 800 mu and a fresh cut-
flower demonstration base of 200 mu; and the third is the Jiangdong area,
where all kinds of sweet-scented osmanthus, Photinia fraseri, ginkgo,
magnolia and other flowers are grown to take advantage of the proximity with
Zhuzhou, a big city. It is a high-end flower and trees demonstration base
covering 500 mu.
The Jintian area mainly grows Cynodon dactylon, ryegrass and Tifdwarf
bermudagrass. The Shuangqiao area has 100 mu of Camellia sinensis, 20 mu
of sweet-scented osmanthus, 10 mu of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and
10 mu of Myrica rubra, and most of the remaining area is wasteland. The
Jiangdong area has 5 mu of magnolia grandiflora, 2 mu of Elaeocarpus and 4
mu of sweet-scented osmanthus, and the rest of the area grows rice and a
small amount of other crops. The status and planning flowers and seedlings in
the project area is shown in Table 2.
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Table 2 Distribution of Flowers and Nursery Stocks in the Project Area
Flowers and Seedlings
Jintian Area Shuangqiao Area Jiangdong Area
Current distribution of flowers and nursery stock
Tifdwarf bermudagrass, 180 mu Lolium multiflorum, 180 mu Cynodon Dactylon, 100 mu
Camellia sinensis, 100 mu Osmanthus, 20 mu Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, 10 mu Myrica rubra, 10 mu
Camphor, 10 mu Magnolia grandiflora, 5 mu Elaeocarpus, 2 mu Osmanthus, 5 mu
Total 460 mu 140 mu 22 mu
Planned distribution of flowers and nursery stock
Violet, 30 mu Kumquat, 20 mu Plum blossom, 30 mu Dianthus, 20 mu Cynodon dactylon, 100 mu Tifdwarf bermudagrass, 200 mu Lolium multiflorum, 200 mu
Camphor, 120 mu Podocarpus, 100 mu Elaeocarpus, 150 mu Koelreuteria paniculata, 130 mu Taxus chinensis, 100 mu Metasequoia,100 mu Michelia chapensis, 50 mu Michelia maudiae, 50 mu Chrysanthemum, 50 mu Rosa chinensis, 50 mu Rose, 50 mu Lily, 50 mu
Osmanthus, 100 mu Ginkgo, 100 mu Magnolia grandiflora, 20 mu Magnolia 20 mu Purple Magnolia denudate, 20 mu Pine ,80 mu Sabina chinensis, 60 mu Photinia fraseri, 100 mu
Total 600 mu 1000 mu 500 mu
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1.4 Contents and Purpose of the Report
This Pest Management Plan (PMP) is developed as required by the World
Bank's business policy, "Integrated Pest Management" (OP 4.09), and aimed
to facilitate pest monitoring and control for “Hunan Integrated Economic
Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject,
Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans”.
This report contains: investigating the background and significance of the
project, investigating pest and disease problems related to the flowers and
nursery stock industry, investigating China and World Bank policies on pest
management and pesticide use, identifying goals of pest management for this
project, developing pest management plans and pesticide usage, making
clear assessment objectives and implementation plans, proposing monitoring
and evaluation programs, estimating capacity building for pest and disease
control and explaining the funding resource to ensure that all management
actions can be implemented.
1.5 Concept of Integrated Pest Management
In agricultural terms, Integrated Pest Management is a pest control strategy
implemented in three phases that are closely linked: prevention, monitoring
and intervention. This strategy uses a series of complementary control
methods, such as agricultural, physical, ecological and chemical methods. It is
a managerial approach involving ecology, and its goal is to cut back on or not
to use pesticides at all to reduce the pollution of the natural environment and
ecological environment as a result of using chemicals.
This project supports Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which involves the
following aspects:
pest management is meant to prevent pests from causing financial damage,
rather than eliminate pests and diseases;
Whenever possible, non-chemical measures shall be used to contain the
pests and keep them at a minimum level;
Where pesticides have to be used, such pesticides and their usage shall be
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made as harmless as possible to beneficial organisms, human beings and the
ecological environment.
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2 Status of Flowers and Seedlings Pest Management
2.1 Main Pests Plaguing Flowers and Seedlings
Flowers and seedlings are mainly plagued by: (1) infectious diseases,
anthracnose, blight, rust, powdery mildew, leaf spot and gray mold caused by
fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and other pathogens; (2 ) harms inflicted
by insects, mites and molluscs, including Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies,
Homoptera aphids and scale insects, and Coleoptera beetles and ladybugs,
as well as ants and red spiders.
2.1.1 Diseases Common with Flowers and Seedlings
(1) Anthrax
It is a hazard to leaves, but also infects stems, young shoots, buds and fruits,
such as those of Loropetalum chinense var.rubrum, orchids, Clivia, Prynne,
magnolia and hydrangea. When infected, most plants will exhibit symptoms
starting from the leaves and leaf edges as circular spots appear on leaves
with mostly purple-brown or dark brown specks, light brown or gray in the
center. In the late stage, black dots in ring lines appear on the specks, harmful
enough to kill the leaf when it gets serious. The disease is the most rampant
during the rainy season in July and August. The pathogen is Actinomyces sp.
The bacteria live through the winter in form of hyphae on the diseased leaves,
where they launch the invasion the following year.
(2) Damping-off
When the temperature is 20 degrees Celsius and the soil is too wet, flowers
and trees susceptible to root rot are prone to damping-off if they were planted
recently or sowed in the previous autumn.
(3) Rust
Begonia rust can infect plants in large numbers after rain in April and May,
while Rose rust is mostly epidemic when roses are in bud.
(4) Powdery Mildew
It is a major hazard to Rosa multiflora, rose, Rosa chinensis and plum
blossom, infecting in mostly in May and June and easily causing yellow or
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)
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withered leaves and slump shoots in summer. In most cases, it harms young
shoots, buds and leaves. In the early stage of the disease, the affected parts
exhibit chlorotic spots that later become white spots, as if covered with white
powder. In the late stage, the lesions turn gray. Affected plants stop growing,
with curved young shoots and uneven leaves and flowers fewer and smaller
or failing to bloom or becoming distorted. When the disease gets serious,
leaves curl and dry up and even the whole plant dies.
(5) Leaf Spot
It harms leaves, widespread with bulbous plants Begonia and also harmful to
Prynne, Lagenaria, Japan Begonia, sweet-scented osmanthus, azalea and
cockscomb. Symptoms show local necrosis on leaves, leading to different
kinds of spots, common ones including angular spots, streaks and circular
spots in gray, black and brown. In serious cases, leaves turn yellow, appear
scorched and fall off.
(6) Botrytis Cinerea
It damages leaves, stems, flowers and fruits, mostly roses, rosa chinensis,
aster, camellia and other plants. Water spots appear in early stages, gradually
expanding into brown or purple-brown spots on which gray hairs appear in
humid weather. In serious cases, the whole plant dies.
(7) Bacterial Soft Rot
Bacteria infect roots, corms, bulbs, tubers and other vegetative organs, mostly
of lily, gladiolus, iris, cyclamen, hyacinth, Clivia and dahlias. The affected parts
usually exhibit water spots that later turn brown, sticky and rotten. In case of
high humidity, they turn into rancid liquid, and in case of dryness, powdery
stuff.
(8) Root Cancer
Bacteria infect the roots, leading to tumors of varying sizes, and harm plants
such as plum blossom, chrysanthemum, rosa chinensis, carnation, cherry,
lilac, crape myrtle, dahlia and geranium. In their early stage, tumors are light
brown, rough, soft or spongy. Later they turn darker, with lignificated internals
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)
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turning into hard nodules. Or even the whole plant may die.
2.1.2 Pests Common with Flowers and Seedlings
(1) Nematode
Nematodes invade the roots, leaves, flower buds and flowers, causing
disease mainly to Compositae, Primulaceae, Rosaceae, Impatiens and
Begoniaceae. Nematodes invading the roots of seedlings results in nodules of
varying sizes in the main roots and lateral roots with rough and brown
surfaces. In serious cases, fine root will rot and leaves turn yellow and die. As
the nematodes penetrate into the leaves’ internal organization, those leaves
will turn light green with yellow spots, which later become brown and the
leaves turn dry and black. In serious cases, flowers are subject to deformity
and wilt.
(2) Aphid
Hibiscus, Prunus persica, hibiscus, rosa chinensis and honeysuckle are
susceptible to aphid damage. As the temperature rise, this pest will grow in
numbers and severity. Early detection and prevention are recommended.
(3) Red Spider Mite
Jasmine, hibiscus, asparagus fern, rosa chinensis and dahlias usually attract
spider mites, which start causing harm in early April.
(4) Scale Insect
Scale insects plaguing magnolia, rosa chinensis, boxwood and Pittosporum
start hatching mostly between mid-April and mid and late-May.
2.2 Current Pest Control Measures for Flowers and Seedlings
Pest control measures in the project area include horticultural or agricultural
control, chemical control, biological control, and other physical and
mechanical control measures, but mainly chemical controls supplemented by
agricultural or horticultural measures and simple physical and mechanical
measures. A majority of such measures are summarized based on growers’
experience in years of field work and lack scientific foundations.
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2.2.1 Status of Major Pests and Diseases Afflicting Flowers and
Seedlings
Local growers in Zhentou Town know very little about pests and diseases
afflicting flowers and seedlings. Instead, they group them into two categories.
According to the descriptions of the local grower and cooperative, one is pest,
including a variety of moths, mites, scale insects and whitefly, as well as
aphids, spider mites, termites, and cutworms. The other is disease, including
leaf spot, damping-off, anthracnose, rust, powdery mildew and other leaf
diseases. Specific pests and diseases are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Major Pests and Diseases of Flowers and Trees in Zhentou Town
Types of Flowers and
Trees
Pests and Diseases
Disease Proportio
n Possible Diseases and Pests
Osmanthus Fragrans
Leaf spot disease Leaf hopper Termite
30% 100% 80%
Main diseases including brown spot, leaf blotch and anthracnose are common diseases of osmanthus fragrans. Main Pests includes cupmoths, mites, scale insects,whiteflies, Psilogramma menephron, bagworm moths, Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar, etc.
Camphor Tree
Powdery mildew Moth Termite
20% 30% 50%
Main pests and diseases include powdery mildew, tortrix, camphor sawfly, camphor bollworm, and camphor silkworm.
Elaeocarpus Scarab Cutworm Termite
60% 20% 50%
Disease is seldom happened to elaeocarpus, especially pests. Main pests include leaf-eating insect verdigris scarab and soil insect grub and cutworm.
Koelreuteria Laxm
N/A No main diseases and pests are found dangerous to Koelreuteria Laxm
Grapefruit Tree
Leaf Spot Disease
30% Main diseases and pests include mite, scale insect, leaf miner and anthracnose.
Redleaf Cherry Plum
Leaf spot disease Red spider Aphid
30% 25% 30%
Main diseases include black spot, bacterial shot-hole disease and sooty mould caused by aphid, and main pests include red spider, cupmoths, and bag moths.
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)
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Types of Flowers and
Trees
Pests and Diseases
Disease Proportio
n Possible Diseases and Pests
Michelia maudiae
N/A No main diseases and pests are found dangerous to maudia michelia.
Michelia chapensis
N/A No main diseases and pests are found dangerous to michelia chapensis.
Metasequoia Leaf blight Moth Termite
100% 20% 50%
Main pests and diseases include damping-off (leaf blight), metasequoia glyptostroboides red blight, choristoneura fumiferana, black wings big termites, etc..
Taxus chinensis
Damping-off Aphid
10% 25%
Main diseases and pests include damping-off, stem rot, southern blight, mildew, spider mites, aphid, scale insect, etc.
Podocarp Red spider cryptothelea variegata snellen
30% 50%
Main diseases and pests include leaf spot disease, anthracnose, scale insect, red spider and cryptothelea variegata snellen.
Magnolia Conspicus
Leaf spot disease Leaf hopper Red spider
30% 100% 50%
Common diseases and pests of magnolia conspicus are anthracnose, leaf spot disease, cryptotympana atrata fabricius, Ceroplastes rubens, cottony-cushion scale, red spider, cryptothelea variegata snellen, capricorn beetle, etc.
Loropetalum chinense var.rubrum
Leaf spot disease Aphid Scarab
30% 30% 10%
Main diseases include anthracnose, damping-off, etc. Main pests include aphid, geometridae, noctuidae, cutworm, scarab, etc.
Prunus persica f. atropur purea
Powdery mildew Leaf curl Red spider
10% 25% 10%
Pests are aphids and spider mites. Diseases are mainly white rust and leaf curl.
Pine Rust disease Red spider Moth
10% 30% 20%
Main diseases and pests include rust disease, conifer moth and red spider.
Cypress Rust disease Red spider Moth
10% 50% 20%
Prone to have red spider, damping-off, dead arm, etc.
Diseases are brown spot, canker, trunk blight, twigs blight and Corticium Saimonicolor. Pests are Lepidosaphes cupressi Borchsenius, pseudaonidia duplex, Clania minuscula Butler, Buzura suppressaria Guenee, leaf rollers and Psychidae. Psychidae is commonly known as bagworms found in three variations, Clania variegate, Clania minuscuta and Chalioides londonis.
Lorpetalum Leaf spot 10% Major pests and diseases are
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)
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Types of Flowers and
Trees
Pests and Diseases
Disease Proportio
n Possible Diseases and Pests
chinense var. rubrum
disease Aphid
50% black spot, damping-off, aphids, wax cicadas, longhorn beetles, red spider mites and scale insects.
Rhododendron
Leaf spot disease Psychidae Leaf roller
30% 20% 10%
Diseases are mainly root rot, leaf spot, black spot, leaf blight, iron-deficiency chlorosis. Pests are spider mite, Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya, bag moths, terminal bud rollers and terminal bud leaf rollers, and geometrids.
Main pests are aphids, scale insects, and red spider. Diseases include sooty mould and powdery mildew.
Violet Leaf spot disease
Rot
30% 10%
Major pests and diseases are fusarium wilt, leaf spot, aphids, spider mites, scale insects, damping-off, and rot.
Dianthus Leaf spot disease
10% Major diseases are brown spot, epidemics, and bacterial leaf
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)
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Types of Flowers and
Trees
Pests and Diseases
Disease Proportio
n Possible Diseases and Pests
spot. Plum blossom Aphid
Red spider 50% 20%
Major pests and diseases are anthracnose, gummosis, and scale insects, aphids, spider mites and leafhoppers.
Sago cycas Speck 10% Major pests and diseases are scab, anthracnose, red spot disease and white spot disease.
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2.2.2 Current Pest Control Measures for Flowers and Seedlings
The investigation into the current situation shows that florists at Zhentou Town
have little knowledge about diseases and pests prevention and control, mainly
relying on chemical control, which is slow at the monitoring of diseases and
pests, and the controlling begins only after large area of pests; they have little
knowledge about the use of chemical pesticides, protective measures,
environmental pollution and the harm to the human body, and their disposal of
chemicals and waste package is casual. No use of pesticides banned by the
state has been discovered. Investigation reveals that florists at Zhentou Town
mainly use three methods to prevent and control diseases and pests of
flowers and plants:
Garden Planting Prevention and Control
Current garden planting prevention and control measures in the project area
include: timely watering, maintaining the sanitation inside the greenhouse,
improving environment condition, deep plowing in winter, timely trimming,
disposing infected plants, adjusting sowing time, reasonable rotation,
selection and cultivation of insect resistance breed and other simple protective
measures.
Physical and Mechanic Prevention and Control
Physical measures to prevent and control diseases and pests in the project
area used by the florists are also very few, mainly simple unarmed pests
killing or clear, labor removing infected branches or plants, rarely related to
the more contemporary light, heat, electricity and radioactivity, temperature,
humidity, sound waves, and other physical diseases and pests control
measures.
Chemical Prevention and Control
Chemical prevention and control measures are most widely used in the
project area, mainly large-scale usage of chemical pesticides, which is highly
dependent on chemicals, and blind medication, failure to grasp the best spray
timing and lag in control technology are existed.
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2.2.3 Current Situation of Pesticides for Flowers and Plants Diseases
and Pests Prevention and Control
The florists divide the diseases and pests of flowers and plants into two kinds
based on the experience. They mainly use fenvalerate, trichlorfon, dimethoate
and other pesticides to control pests. And they mainly use fenaminosulf,
carbendazim and other bactericide to control the diseases. Main diseases and
pests, controlling methods and pesticides dosage are presented in Table 4
and Table 5.
Table 4 Pest and Disease Control Measures and Pesticides Usage in the Project
Area
Pest Diseases Control Measures Pesticides Dosage
Leaf spot disease, rust disease, powdery mildew and other leaf diseases
100-300ml 50% carbendazim diluting with 60l water per mu (diluting for 200-600 times) 100-200ml 75% chlorothalonil diluting with 60l water per mu (diluting for 300-600 times)
100-300ml 50% carbendazim per mu 100-200ml 75% chlorothalonil per mu (replacing benzene)
Aphid, phalaenae, mite, scale insects, capricorn beetle and other pests eating leaves and stems
100-300ml 40% dimethoate emulsion diluting with 60l water per mu (diluting for 200-600 times) 200-300ml 20% fenvalerate emulsion oil diluting with 60l water per mu (diluting for 200-300 times)
100-300ml 40% dimethoate per mu (organic phosphorus) 200-300ml 20% fenvalerate per mu (ester)
Cutworm, termite and other soil insects
30-50g of 3% carbofuran per plant or 3-6kg per mu
3-6kg 3% furan per mu (carbamic acid ester)
Table 5 Pest Control Measures and Pesticides Usage for the Turf of the Project
Area
Category of Diseases and Pests
Category of the Lawn
Control Measures Pesticides Dosage
Brown Spot Disease
Cynodon dactylon, Tifdwarf Bermudagrass and
Spray 150ml 50% carbendazim diluting with 60l water per mu (diluting for 400 times) once during the period of disease
150ml 50% carbendazim per mu
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)
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ryegrass
Spot Blight
Cynodon dactylon, Tifdwarf Bermudagrass and ryegrass
Spray 150ml 50% carbendazim diluting with 60l water per mu once during the period of disease
150ml 50% carbendazim per mu
Blight
Cynodon dactylon, Tifdwarf Bermudagrass and ryegrass
Spray 150ml 50% carbendazim diluting with 60l water per mu once during the period of disease
150ml 50% carbendazim per mu
Armyworm
Cynodon dactylon, Tifdwarf Bermudagrass and ryegrass
Spray 150ml chlorphrifos diluting with 60l water per mu every 20 days during the period of disease, totaling 6-8 times.
900ml chlorphrifos per mu/6 times
Lepidoptera
Cynodon dactylon, Tifdwarf Bermudagrass and ryegrass
Spray 50ml Avermectins and 50ml Potassium ammonium salt diluting with 60l water per mu every 20 days during the period of disease, totaling 6-8 times.
300ml Avermectins and 300ml per mu
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Table 6 Control Measures for Pests and Diseases and Current Status of Pesticides Usage in the Project Area
Trees and Flowers
Main Pests and Diseases Control Measures and Current Staus of Pesticides Usage
Osmanthus Major diseases include Cercospora leaf spot, rot spot and anthracnose that afflict leaves of sweet-scented osmanthus.
Major pests include cup moth, mites, scale insects, whitefly, cream moths, bag moths, plant hoppers and Atractomorpha locusts.
Common disease control measures: Spray 50% Carbendazim WP 1,000 times solution or 50% Benomyl WP 1,000 to 1,500 times solution. In disease stricken areas, seedlings need to be disinfected by immersion in 1,000 times potassium permanganate solution after removed from the nursery. Common pest control measures: Spray 20% Fenvalerate 2,000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 1,000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1,000 times solution.
Camphor Major pests and diseases are powdery mildew, leaf rollers, Mesoneura rufonota Rohwer, Orthaga achatina Butler and camphor silkworms.
Powdery mildew control method: pay attention to nursery hygiene, thin out seedlings and remove and burn any diseased plant whenever discovered. If symptoms are obvious, spray 0.3-0.5 degrees Baume lime sulfur once every 10 days for continuous 3-4 sprays, or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 800 to 1,000 times solution. Leaf roller control method: kill larvae by spraying 40% dimethoate 200 ~ 300 times solution, and also weeding and ridging when larvae are pupating in large numbers. Leaf roller control method: spray 40% dimethoate 200 ~ 300 times solution. Mesoneura rufonota Rohwer control method: spray 90% trichlorfon or 50% malathion emulsion 2,000 times solutions. Orthaga achatina Butler control method: spray 90% trichlorfon 4,000 to 5,000 times solution. Caligula japonica control method: spray 10% cypermethrin 800-1,000 times, or 50% malathion EC 800-1,000 times solution, or 65% trichlorfon emulsion 500-800 times solution, which has better insecticidal effect.
Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpus rarely suffers from disease, and the main problem is pests. Main pests are leaf-eating insects, Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky and soil pests, grubs and cutworms.
In preventing or killing Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky, shake them off and kill or set light traps at night, or use 50% dichlorvos emulsion 800 times solution. In controlling grubs, cutworms and other soil pests, pour 0.125% -0.167% solutions of dichlorvos or methamidophos EC into the holes digged with bamboo sticks in the bed surface.
Koelreuteria paniculata
No major pest and disease have been found with Koelreuteria paniculata.
Grapefruit Major pests include mites, scale insects, leaf moths and anthrax.
Common disease control measures: Spray 50% Carbendazim WP 1000 times solution or 50% Benomyl WP 1,000 to 1500 times solution. Common pest control measures: Spray 20% Fenvalerate 2,000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 1,000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1,000 times solution.
Prunus cerasifera Diseases are by black spot, bacterial shot hole and sooty mould caused by aphids. Pests mainly include spider mites, slugs and bag moths.
Use 50% Carbendazim WP 800 times solution, or 70% thiophanate-methyl superfine WP 1,000 times solution for prevention. In case the disease has already occurred, spray 40% omethoate EC 1,000 times solution.
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)
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Trees and Flowers
Main Pests and Diseases Control Measures and Current Staus of Pesticides Usage
Michelia maudiae No major pest and disease are found with Michelia maudiae.
Michelia chapensis
No major pest and disease area found with Michelia chapensis.
Metasequoia Major pests and diseases are damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani), metasequoia red blight, Choristoneura fumiferana and Odontotermes formosanus.
Damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani): in the autumn after the leaves have fallen, remove the fallen leaves and spray to the ground 3-5 Be calcium polysulfide. Metasequoia red blight: immediately after the rainy season, spray the tree tops with 1% Bordeaux mixture once every10-15 days for 4-5 times, and the disease can be prevented. Choristoneura fumiferana: the period immediately after the larvae wake up from hibernation hazard (eary and middle April) is the best tiem for prevention and treatment. Use 50% fenitrothion, 40% dimethoate, 80% DDVP and pyrethroid agents. In the dry season (July and August) when outbreak occurs, manually remove the larvae and burn them (with bags), or spray 1,000 times fenitrothion to kill the larvae. Odontotermes formosanus: the most effective way to prevent is spraying mirex between May and June, or use 3% carbofuran (U.S.), l0-l5g per plant. Avoid rain or exposure to sun during administration in order that the efficacy may stay longer.
Taxus chinensis Main pests and diseases are damping-off, stem rot, Sclerotium rolfsii, Phytophthora mildew, spider mites, aphids and scale insects.
Common disease control measures: Spray 50% Carbendazim WP 1000 times solution or 50% Benomyl WP 1,000 to 1500 times solution. Common pest control measures: Spray 20% Fenvalerate 2,000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 1,000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1,000 times solution.
Podocarpus Main diseases are leaf spot and anthracnose. Pests include scale insects, spider mites and Cryptothelea Variegata Snellen.
For leaf spot and anthracnose, spray 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 500 times solution. For pests, use 40% omethoate EC1,500 times solution.
Magnolia Common pests and diseases are anthracnose, leaf spot, Antheraea pernyi, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, Icerya purchasi Maskell, spider mites, Cryptothelea Variegata Snellen and longhorn beetles.
Anthracnose control methods: in early stages, spray 84.1% Haoduobao WP and 77% Kocide WP or 1:2:200 Bordeaux mixture solutions once every 15 days for 2-3 times. Spray 75% chlorothalonil WP 600-1000 times solution, 70% thiram 500 times solution, 65% Zineb WP 500-800 times solution, 50% Carbendazim WP + 75% Chlorothalonil WP 800 times solution, 50% sulfur flowable formulation 500 times solution, and 70% thiophanate-methyl ultrafine WP 1500 times solution. Leaf spot control methods: in early stages, spray 1:1:160 Bordeaux mixture or 0.3-0.5Be lime sulfur, 77% Kocide WP, 30% copper oxychloride SC, 25% aqueous copric tetramminosulfate, 50 % Tuzet WP 600-800 times solution, 75% thechlorothalonil WP 800 times solution, or 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 1000 times solution once every 10-15 days for 2-3 times. Cnidocampa flavescens control methods: in the young larvae period, spray 20% Dimilin SC or 20% Chlorbenzuron III SC, or Entobacterin emulsion in the entire larval stage. Spray fenpropathrin phoxim, fenitrothion and other pesticides in the larval stage, if necessary.
Loropetalum Major diseases are anthracnose and Common disease control measures:
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Trees and Flowers
Main Pests and Diseases Control Measures and Current Staus of Pesticides Usage
chinense var.rubrum
damping-off. Major pests are aphids, geometrid moths, Ophiusa tirhaca, Pantheahonei, cutworms and beetles.
Spray 50% Carbendazim WP 1000 times solution or 50% Benomyl WP 1,000 to 1500 times solution. Common pest control measures: Spray 20% Fenvalerate 2,000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 1,000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1,000 times solution.
Prunus persica f. atropur purea
Pests are aphids and spider mites. Diseases are mainly white rust and leaf curl.
For pests, spray 40% omethoate EC 1,000 times solution. For white rust, spray 50% Carboxin WP 2,000 times solution. For leaf curl, use lime sulfur.
Pine Pests and diseases are rust, oriental arborvitae tussock, and spider mite.
Rust: bacteria invade shoots and form gall clusters on twigs. Leaf will turn yellow and the twigs die. Control methods: spray Bordeaux mixture 100 tiimes solution on the trunk once every 10 days for 3 times between July and August. Use 1 - 3 degrees lime sulfur between March and April. Oriental arborvitae tussock: After the occurrence of pests, spray dicofol 1,000-1,500 times solution.
Cypress Prone to spider mites, damping-off and dead-arm.
To control spider mites, alternately spray 20% Mitac EC 3,000 times solution and 1.8% abamectin EC 5,000 times solution, or 15% triazone EC 3000 times solution. In the early stages of blight, water with 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 700-800 times solution. To control dead-arm, spray 50% Tuzet WP or 70% chlorothalonil WP 1000 times solutions.
Ligustrum lucidum Ait
Leaf spot, sooty mould, fusarium wilt and mealybugs
Leaf spot: 80% Dithane WP is effective. Alternatively, spray 25% carbendazim WP 500 times solution, or 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times, 80% Zineb 500 times, or 75% chlorothalonil WP 600 times solutions. Sooty mould: in the peak period, spray 70% thiophanate 800-1000 times solution or 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution to contain the disease. Fusarium wilt: spray pesticides in later May in disease prone areas for prevention. Water with 70% thiophanate-methyl 500 times, 40% carbendazim SC 600 times or 75% chlorothalonil WP 500 times solutions, once every month between May and August at the beginning of the month and once every half month if signs of the disease appear. Mealybugs: In the period of nymph to adult, spray 40% Supracide 1500-2000 times, 10% imidacloprid 2000 times or 40% omethoate 1000 times solutions. If nymphs are serious, use Superacide or imidacloprid mixed with omethoate for better effect. Spray continuously 2-3 times depending on the result.
Myrica rubra Diseases are brown spot, canker, trunk blight, twigs blight and Corticium Saimonicolor. Pests are Lepidosaphes cupressi Borchsenius, pseudaonidia duplex, Clania minuscula Butler, Buzura suppressaria Guenee, leaf rollers and Psychidae. Psychidae is commonly known as bagworms found in three variations, Clania variegate, Clania minuscuta and Chalioides londonis.
Diseases Brown spot. Prevention measures: spray 1: 2: 200 Bordeaux mixture, 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times solution or 65% zineb 600 times solution, all of which inhibit the growth of the bacteria. Generally, spray once before and after fruit picking, preferably Bordeaux mixture before and thiophanate-methyl after fruit picking. Canker. Prevention measures: (3-4 days) before sprouting, cut off the canker or the twigs with canker and apply 20% MBAMT 50 times solution, copper sulfate 100 times solution or veterinary streptomycin 500 units to the cuts, or spray 1: 2: 200 Bordeaux mixture. Trunk blight. Prevention measures: improve cultivation and management to protect trees against injuries, which is the main way to combat the disease. Prune diseased branches, which should be collected and burned. Remove the lesions and apply 402 smear antimicrobial agent 50 times solution to the wound. Twigs blight. Prevention measures: remove or cut off diseased twigs and apply 402 antibacterial agent 50 times solution to heal the wounds.
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Trees and Flowers
Main Pests and Diseases Control Measures and Current Staus of Pesticides Usage
Corticium Saimonicolor. Prevention measures: strengthen orchard management by preparing drainage ditches for the rainy season and administer organic fertilizers and potash to enhance tree vigor and resistance to disease. Spray Mepronil 1000-2000 times solution in early April each year. Before spraying, brush off the red bacteria from the infected twigs and trunks from top downwards, and spray the solutions once every 20 days for 3-4 times, the level of concentration depending on the temperature, which should be higher, 1,000 times, in early April when the temperature is low, and lower, 2,000 times, in June when the temperature has rise. Ferrous sulfate can be used as well, with concentration of 5%, and the same timing and methods with the use of Mepronil. Pests Lepidosaphes cupressi Borchsenius. Prevention measures: The early stage when nymph is hatched is the best time for prevention and treatment as the parasites have no wax covered on them. Pray 28% Jiebao EC 1200 times solution, 48% chlorpyrifos EC 800 times solution plus 10% imidacloprid 1,000 times solution, and 40% Supracide EC 1000 times solution. Pseudaonidia duplex. Prevention measures: protect its natural enemies like Encyrtidae and Encarsia amicula. No chemical pesticides shall be used in the emergence period of those natural enemies. Spray 28% Jiebao EC 1200 times solution, 48% chlorpyrifos EC 800 times solution with 10% imidacloprid WP 1000 times solution, or 40% Supracide EC 1000 times solution. Clania minuscula Butler. Prevention measures: spray 0.3% hypertonic abamectin EC 1500-2000 times, Bt WP 500 times, 4.5% efficient Cypermethrin EC 1000 times, and 3.2% pyridaphenthion EC 1000 times. Buzura suppressaria Guenee. Also known as big looper. Prevention measures: mid to late May is the best time for combating the first generation larvae. Spray 40% isocarbophos 3000 times, 20% fenvalerate 1500 times or 40% Methidathion 2500-3000 times solutions. Leaf rollers. Prevention measures: Early or mid-April is the time when leaf rollers start feeding on the plants after overwintering. Spray 20% sterilization EC 4000 times solution or 80% dichlorvos EC 1000 times solution. Psychidae. Prevention measures: spray 20% Fenvalerate EC 4,000 times solution or 80% dichlorvos EC 1000 times solution twice in mid-July and mid-August. Termite nests and traps can be used to kill termites.
Camellia sinensis Major diseases are tea anthracnose, Cercospora theae Breada De Haan, tea algae leaf spot, tea grey blight, tea gall, tea netted blister blight, Coccochorina hottai Hara, tea bud blight, Meloidogyne sp., lichen and moss. Major pests are tea Empoasca leafhopper, mites, aleurocanthus spiniferus, Euproctis pseudoconspersa Strand, Dasychira baibarana Matsumura, Myllocerinus
Use pesticides in strict accordance with the indicators of prevention and treatment instead of rushing to them as soon as pest or disease is discovered. Where density of pests exceeds the control indicators, for instance, 5% of the plants are damaged by Polyphagotarsonemus latus, 20% are affected by mite eggs, or one mu has 7,000-9,000 caterpillars or 10-15 lesser green leaf hoppers, pesticides can be used safely and reasonable in line with the national standard for the production of pollution-free tea. Pesticides with high toxicity and high residual, such as methamidophos, methyl parathion, fenvalerate and dicofol are prohibited. Use the right pesticides with proper concentration and safe intervals in a proper way. If Bt preparations 300-500 times solution are used against Euproctis pseudoconspersa, Ectropis oblique, Dasychira baibarana Matsumura and Adoxophyes honmai, the safety interval is 3-5 days. If 0.2% matrine 1000-1500 times solution is used against Euproctis pseudoconspersa, Dasychira baibarana Matsumura and Adoxophyes honmai, the safety interval is 5 days. The safety interval for
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)
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Trees and Flowers
Main Pests and Diseases Control Measures and Current Staus of Pesticides Usage
phoxim is 10 days. Pesticides should be used alternately, with each pesticide used only once during the tea picking season. This is to prevent pest resistance and reduce residual.
Lorpetalum chinense var. rubrum
Major pests and diseases are black spot, damping-off, aphids, wax cicadas, longhorn beetles, red spider mites and scale insects
Black spot: spray 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution, 75% chlorothalonil 800-1000 times solution or Zineb solution. Damping-off: disinfect the soil with 40% formaldehyde solution or 70% PCNB powder before planting, and spray Dexon 800-1000 times solution in case of infection. Aphids: before sprouting, spray 5% diesel emulsion or Baume 3-5 degrees lime sulfur to kill overwintering adults and eggs, or use 40% dimethoate emulsion 2000 times, or 50% malathion emulsion 1000 times solutions. Wax cicadas: during the nymph and adult periods, spray 40% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times or 80% dichlorvos 1500 times solutions. Longhorn beetles: capture adults and eggs to kill, block the wormholes with cotton swabs soaked with 50 times tetrachlorvinphos or dichlorvos, or omethoate, and seal them with mud, or kill the larvae by sticking a steel wire into the wormholes. Red spider mites: spray dicofol EC or propargite EC 800-1000 times solution. Scale insects: spray dichlorvos EC or fenvalerate EC 1000 times solutions.
Rhododendron Diseases are mainly root rot, leaf spot, black spot, leaf blight, iron-deficiency chlorosis. Pests are spider mite, Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya, bag moths, terminal bud rollers and terminal bud leaf rollers, and geometrids.
Leaf spot: in the late and early flowering phase, spray thiophanate 800 times solution once, increase low-light illumination in the morning and afternoon, improve ventilation, and burn sick plants and leaves. Stem rot: improve ventilation and administer potassium in the morning and afternoon when the sunshine is good to enhance resistance to disease. In May, apply thiophanate 200 times solution to the trunk once every 7-10 days for several times. Spider mite: after the pest appears, spray Dimite 1000 times solution or 40% dimethoate 1500 times solution, once every 7 days for 3 times. In winter, clean the field by burning dry branches and fallen leaves. Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya: in the active period, spray dimethoate 1500 times solution or dichlorvos, and eliminate overwintering parasites and fallen leaves in the winter. Bag moths: capture the kill. Spray trichlorfon crystal 1500 times solution to kill the larvae. Terminal bud leaf rollers: remove the buds infected by the worm and kill larvae and pupae by spray dimethoate
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Trees and Flowers
Main Pests and Diseases Control Measures and Current Staus of Pesticides Usage
and dichlorvos 1500 times solution.
Camellia Major diseases are anthracnose, Cephaleuros virescens, dead-arm, root rot, red leaf spot (red leaf blight), flowers rot, and sooty mould. The main pests are aphids, scale insects, stem borers, Parametriates theae Jus, Euproctis pseudoconspersa, leaf miners and Ectropis oblique.
Anthracnose: spray chlorothalonil 600 times solution once every week for continuous 3-4 times. In the spring, administer additional phosphorus and potassium, and spray 0.15% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution before leaves unfold. Cephaleuros virescens: spray 0.2% -0.5% copper sulfate solution. Dead-arm: spray thiophanate-methyl, thiram or chlorothalonil before sprouting, especially to the injuries on the twigs. Root rot: remove diseased plants and contaminated soil around them, and disinfect the surrounding soil with 1% copper sulfate solution to prevent germs from spreading. Red leaf spot (red leaf blight): in the early stages, spray 70% thiophanate 1000-1500 times solution or 25% folpet 400 times solution. Flowers rot: before flowering, use fungicides, such as carbendazim, to spray the buds 2-3 times. Aphids: during the peak of aphid infestation, spray 50% phosphorus amine emulsion 2000 times solution or 50% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times solution once every 3-5 days for 3 times to destroy the aphids. Immerse 0.5 kg of tobacco stem and 0.25 kg of quick lime in 10-15 liters of water for 24 hours before filtered. Spray the liquid to the plants. Scale insects: common pesticides include a mixture of rosin and caustic soda boiled in water (rosin:caustic soda: water = 3: 2: 10). The dark brown liquid contains an excessive amount of free alkali and rosin soap, strongly corrosive to the wax covering of the scale insects. It is an effective agent to combat a variety of scale insects. In general, use 10 times solution in summer and 20 times solution in winter. A 40% omethoate 5 times solution can be used as well. Stem borers: in the peak of adult emergence, spray 20% dimethoate emulsion 500 times solution or 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution. In the larval stage, spray 90% trichlorfon 500 times solution. Spiny whitefly: in the peak of nymphs hatching, spray 25% Phosmet and 50% malathion 800-1000 times solution, or 40% dimethoate, 50% phosphorus and 50% fenitrothion 1000 times solution, or buprofezin 1000 times solution, once every 7 days. Parametriates theae Jus: in the larvae period, spray trichlorfon 500-1 000 times solution, or fenitrothion or omethoate 1000 times solution, either is effective. Euproctis pseudoconspersa: spray omethoate, trichlorfon or malathion 1000-1500 times solution. Capture the adults with light trapping by making advantage of their phototaxis. Leafminers: spray fenvalerate 5000 times solution or omethoate 1000 times solution for 3 times before and after the pest onset. Ectropis obliqua: commonly used pesticides include 90% trichlorfon 2000-4000 times solution, Phosmet 800-1000 times solution, fenvalerate 2000 times solution, phoxim 1000 times solution, dichlorvos, folimat and malathion 1000-1500 times solutions. Spray the liquid to contain the pest.
Rosa chinensis Major pests and diseases are black rot, powdery mildew, aphids, scarabs, scale
Black rot: bactericidal protection should remain in place through summer when leaves are just unfolding until winter. Spray pesticides 1-2 times a week in the rainy season and once every 7 to 15 days during the rest of the
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)
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Trees and Flowers
Main Pests and Diseases Control Measures and Current Staus of Pesticides Usage
insects, slugs, Arge przherialskii Guss, carmine spider mites, bollworms, tiger moth, noctuids, bag moths, leafhoppers, stinkbugs, and stalk bees.
year, depending on the infection and the type of pesticides, including 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution, 50% carbendazim WP 500 ~ 1000 times solution, 80% Zineb 500 times solution, 1% Bordeaux mixture, or 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 ~ 1000 times solution. Among them, 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution is the best effective. Apply once every 7 to 10 days. Pesticides should be used alternately to prevent drug-resistant pathogens. Powdery mildew: spray 3 to 4 degrees Baume lime sulfur before germination in early spring. For incidence in the growing period, spray 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 to 1500 times solution, or 15% Triadimefon WP 1000 times solution; either is effective. The Triadimefon residues can linger up to 20 to 25 days. After spraying, the white powdery layer on the affected parts turns grey, shrinks and disappears. It is also effective to spray lime and water solution 1:20 and wash it off after a few minutes. Aphids: spray water to wash them off. If necessary, spray 2.5% deltamethrin EC 4,000 to 5,000 times solution or 10% imidacloprid WP 2000 times solution. It would be more effective if 1/1000 neutral laundry detergent is added. Scarabs: when the adults are out feeding on the plants, spray 50% malathion EC 1000 times solution. Scale insects: in the nymphs hatching period, spray 25% buprofezin WP 2000 times solution.
Rose Major pests are similar to those of Rosa chinensis, including noctuids, beetles, and black cutworm.
Leaf insects can be killed with spray of 10% imidacloprid WP + new lipid membrane 800 times solution. Root pests can be killed with spray of fenitrothion and quinalphos EC + new lipid membrane 800 times solution. For other pests, refer to control measures for rosa chinensis.
Botrytis cinerea: spray chlorothalonil 600 times solution once every week for 3-4 times. Leaf spot: in the early stages, pray 70% thiophanate 1000-1500 times solution, or 25% thefolpet 400 times solution. Aphids: in the peak of aphids infestation, pray 50% phosphorus amine emulsion 2000 times solution or 50% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times solution to the camellia plants, once every 3-5 days for 3 times, and aphids can be destroyed. Immerse 0.5 kg of tobacco stem and 0.25 kg of quick lime in 10-15 liters of water for 24 hours before filtered. Spray the liquid to the plants. Spider mites: spray dicofol EC or propargite EC 800-1000 times solution. Scale insects: spray dichlorvos EC or Pyretrin-fenitrothion EC 1000 times solution. Whiteflies: in the nymphs hatching period, spray 25% Phosmet and 50% malathion 800-1000 times solutions, or 40% dimethoate, 50% Naled and 50% fenitrothion 1000 times solutions, or buprofezin 1000 times solution, once every 7 days.
Kumquat Main pests are aphids, scale insects, and red spider. Diseases include sooty mould and powdery mildew.
For pests, spray 40% omethoate EC solution with mass fraction of 0.067%, or 40% Supracide solution with mass fraction of 0.67%. For diseases, use 70% thiophanate-methyl 0.125% -0. 142% solution.
Violet Major pests and diseases are fusarium wilt, leaf spot, aphids, spider mites, scale insects, damping-off, and rot.
Leaf spot: spray 1% Bordeaux mixture, 25% carbendazim WP 300-600 times solution, 50% thiophanate 1000 times solution, or 80% Mancozeb 400 -600 times solution. Damping-off disease, rot and fusarium wilt: spray 50% zineb 300 400 times aqueous solution or 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 1000 times solution.
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)
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Trees and Flowers
Main Pests and Diseases Control Measures and Current Staus of Pesticides Usage
Aphids: spray 20% Fenvalerate 2000 times solution, 90% trichlorfon crystal 1000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1000 times solution. Scale insects: in the nymphs hatching period, spray 25% buprofezin WP 2000 times solution. Spider mites: spray dicofol EC or propargite EC 800-1000 times solution.
Dianthus Major diseases are brown spot, epidemics, and bacterial leaf spot.
Leaf spot: in the early stages, spray 50% benomyl 1500-2000 times solution to the whole plant. Epidemics: water the transplants with thiophanate-methyl 1500 times or Etridiazole 2000 times solution once every 10 days. In the early stages, spray 69% Acrobat MZ 1500 times solution, 58% Ridomil MZ 1000 times solution, 64% oxadixyl.mancozeb 1500 times solution, or 50% chlorothalonil smoking, using 1000 g /mu. Bacterial leaf spot (bacterial disease): in the early stages, spray streptomycin sulfate 2000-2500times to the whole plant.
Plum blossom Major pests and diseases are anthracnose, gummosis, and scale insects, aphids, spider mites and leafhoppers.
Aphids and spider mites: upon onset, spray 80% dichlorvos 1500 times solution, or dicofol 1000 times solution. Longhorn beetles: inject 80% dichlorvos EC 30 times solution into the wormholes, or plug the wormholes with dichlorvos poisoning mud, or, during the peak of emergence, spray the branches with 90% crystal trichlorfon 1000-2000 times, or 50% of the phoxim emulsion 1000-1500 times, or 50% malathion emulsion 1000-1500 times solution. For pest control, dimethoate pesticides are prohibited in order to avoid phytotoxicity causing leaves to fall.
Sago cycas Major pests and diseases are scab, anthracnose, red spot disease and white spot disease.
Scab: in the early stages, spray 1: 1:200 Bordeaux mixture or 75% chlorothalonil WP 600 times solution once every 10 days spray or more frequent, depending on the severity of disease. Anthracnose, also known as red spot disease: when leaves are coming out, spray 27% lipid membrane 150 times solution. When infected, spray thiram 500-800 times solution once every 7 days for 2-3 times. White spot disease: in the early stages, spray 70% thiram 500 times or 50% carbendazim 500 times solution. As cycas leaves contain keratin, 0.1% adhesive should be added to the solution for better effect.
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2.3 Overall Assessment of Current Flowers and Seedlings Pest
Management in the Project Area
At present, the flowers and plants in the project area are mainly planted by
individual investors with less specialized, intensive and large-scale planting.
They mainly use chemical control method supported by agricultural or
horticultural control and simple physical and mechanical prevention measures
with weak sense of integrated management of pests and diseases.
(1) Surveillance and prevention of diseases and pests lags behind, monitoring
mainly relying on the investigation of the florists; the communication with
superior diseases and pests regulators is untimely; the monitoring of diseases
and pests is not accurate; the investigation, surveillance and prevention of the
diseases lags behind.
(2) Pest control methods are mainly dominated by chemical control methods,
highly relying on chemicals, with a wide usage of chemical pesticides. There
are phenomena such as blind medication and failing to grasp the best time,
large amount of pesticides and few varieties of the pesticides.
(3) Have little knowledge about the use of chemical pesticides and its
protective measures, environmental pollution, harm to the human body and be
casual to the disposal of chemicals and waste packages. There is a big
hazard of environmental pollution. No use of pesticides banned by the state is
discovered.
(4) Have comparatively low knowledge on the integrated management of
diseases and pests, merely based on chemical control method and supported
by agricultural or horticultural control and simple physical and mechanical
prevention measures, lack advanced knowledge on diseases and pests
prevention and control such as prevention first, combining prevention with
control, suiting our measures to differing conditions in terms of locality and
time and integrated usage of various prevention measures.
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3 Policies, Management Structure and Institutional Capacity
3.1 Pest Management Policies in China and Hunan Province
Major legislation and regulations on management of forestry development and
diseases and pests management in Hunan province and China are outlined
as follows:
Forestry Law of the People's Republic of China (promulgated by NPC
Standing Committee on January 1, 1985);
Seed Law of the People's Republic of China (promulgated by NPC
Standing Committee on August 28, 2004);
Regulations on Plant Quarantine (promulgated by State Council on May 13,
1992);
Regulations on Forest Pest Control (promulgated by State Council on
December 18, 1989);
Regulations for the Implementation of Forestry Law of the People's
Republic of China (promulgated by State Council on January 29, 2000);
Rules for Implementation of Regulations on Plant Quarantine
(promulgated by the State Forestry Administration on July 26, 1994);
Forest Pest Prediction and Forecast Management Method (promulgated
by the State Forestry Administration on July 18, 2002);
Measures for Administration of Production and Operation License of
Forest Seeds (promulgated by the State Forestry Administration on
December 15, 2002);
Regulations on Approving and Supervising the Quarantine of Introduced
Forest Seeds, Seedlings and Other Propagating Materials (promulgated
by the State Forestry Administration on May 30, 2003);
Measures for the Treatment of Unexpected Harmful Forest Biological
Events (promulgated by the State Forestry Administration on July 1, 2005);
Regulations on Forest Harmful Biological Control and Quarantine in
Hunan Province (promulgated by the People’s Congress of Hunan Province
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on March 1, 2009);
Regulations on Quality and Safety of Forest Products in Hunan Province
(promulgated by the People’s Congress of Hunan Province on March 1,
2010);
Implementation Methods of Hunan Province on Seed Law of the People's
Republic of China (promulgated by the People’s Congress of Hunan
Province on March 1, 2004);
Implementation Methods of Hunan Province on Plant Quarantine
(promulgated by the People’s Congress of Hunan Province on March 12,
1996);
Administrative Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on
Pesticides (promulgated by State Council on November 29, 2001);
Regulations on Safe Use of Pesticides (promulgated by Department of
Agriculture, Herding and Fishery and Department of Heath on June 5, 1982);
Implementation Methods on Administrative Regulations on Pesticides
(promulgated by Department of Agriculture on January 8, 2008);
Pesticide Safe Use Standard GB4285-89 (promulgated by State
Environmental Protection Administration in September 1989);
3.2 Regulatory Framework and Institutional Responsibilities
3.2.1 Diseases and Pests Control and Management
Duties of the Institutions:
Provincial Department of Forestry:
Implement national forestry guidelines, and policies and laws and regulations,
research and work out the draft of the guidelines and policies of forest
ecological environment construction, forest resources protection and land
forestation in our province, and organize to draw up relevant local forestry
regulations and supervise the implementation; organize, coordinate, guide
and supervise provincial forest fire prevention; guide provincial forest public
security; organize and guide the control and quarantine of provincial forest
diseases, pests and rodents; guide forestry industry development; audit the
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declaration of key forestry construction project; guide the development and
cultivation of various commodity forest (including timber forest, economic
forest, firewood forest, Medical forest, bamboo forest and forests for special
use) and scenic forests and flowers; organize and guide forestry science and
technology, education, foreign affairs and publicity work; guide the provincial
construction of forestry group.
Provincial Forest Diseases and Pests Control and Quarantine Station
(provincial office managing the prevention of the invasion of alien forest
pests):
Organize the technology training and promotion for the business of provincial
forest diseases and pests control monitoring and forest plants quarantine;
manage and guide provincial forest diseases and pests control and monitoring
and plant quarantine according to law, coordinate related departments to dealt
with administrative cases which violates forest plant quarantine regulations;
guide district and county forest plants quarantine agencies to establish
seedling breeding base with no quarantine objects; handling quarantine
approval procedures for the introduction of forest seeds, seedlings and other
propagation materials into the province; propose the draft of dividing or
cancelling epidemic area and protected area, and organize to approve and
draw up provincial supplementary quarantine objects list; guide and the
coordinate the blocking, eliminating and quarantine to epidemic area and
protected area of quarantine objects; regularly organize general investigation
to the provincial risk forest diseases and pests, and prepare epidemical report;
develop provincial main forest diseases and pests forecast approach, master
the development trend of the occurrence of provincial main forest pests and
diseases, regularly publish provincial pests forecast and report it to superior
competent department; established and perfect provincial monitoring network
node and forest diseases and pests file; be responsible for the supervision
and management of provincial forest pesticide and medical devices.
Organize to set up relevant policy measures, and supervise the
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implementation to prevent harmful biological invasion; to set up plans and
prevention schemes to prevent harmful biological invasion; to coordinate and
cooperate with departments concerned; to conduct a survey on harmful
biological invasion and have international exchanges and cooperation; to curb
the invasion of forestry pest and make risk assessment.
Provincial Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Station:
Actively develop forestry science and technology promotion services,
promoting the progress of science and technology; make plans and implement
professional training work; have trials, pilots and technical promotion and
assist to build forestry science and technology institutions and non-
governmental organizations at all levels.
Provincial Tree Seedlings Management Station:
Make plans, produce and adjust tree seedlings and do import and export as
well as quality management, ratify and issue Forest tree seed production
license and Forest tree seed business licenses. Be responsible for forest tree
introduction and germplasm resources management; be responsible for the
breeding, introduction, ratification and promotion of improved varieties of
forest tree; be responsible for the introduction, implementation and promotion
of new technology; be responsible for the training and ratification of
technicians and administrative staff.
Changsha Forest Protection Station:
Be responsible for the forest pest forecast and control guidance; master the
situation of forest pest occurrence and development; be responsible for forest
plant quarantine management, prevention of the invasion and spread of pest
diseases.
Changsha Forest Techniques Promotion Station:
Participate in the formation, investigation and respond, forestry technology
development and technology promotion; give guidance to set up
demonstration base for forestry science and technology promotion and
technology development; organize technical training; develop technology and
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provide information; initiate forestry comprehensive service entity; attend
achievements appraisal; summarize and promote technological experience;
guide promotional agency of subordinate units to have forestry promotion
activities.
Figure 1 Schematic Diagram of Pest Control and Management Institutions
3.2.2 Pesticide Supervision and Administration Department
Duties:
Agricultural administrative authority:
Agriculture bureaus of all levels are responsible for agricultural development
planning, comprehensive management activities related to agriculture; for the
implementation of policies, legal rules and regulations relating to crop and
plant cultivation, animal husbandry, agricultural mechanization and rural
economic development; for the research, planning and implementation of
agricultural and rural economic development strategy and middle and long
term development; draft the development plan of agricultural research,
education, technology promotion and team construction; the implementation
Hunan Provincial Department of Forestry
Provincial Forestry Science
and
Province Forest Pest Control and
Quarantine Station
Provincial Tree
Seedlings
Changsha Forest
Techniques Promotion
Changsha Forest Protection
Station
Liuyang Forestry
Bureau
Changsha
Forestry bureau
Pest Monitoring Stations (Flower Nursery Stock Base\ Growers)
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of developing agriculture with the education and science; organize the
selection and implementation of key agricultural research and technical
promotion projects; give guidance to the construction of high-yield and high-
quality agricultural bases, agricultural education and agricultural skills
development.
The industry and commerce administrative authority:
The industry and commerce administrative authorities of all levels are
responsible for the management of the pesticide market; for market
supervision, management and administrative law enforcement; for the
standardization and maintenance of operational order in various markets in
accordance with law; for registration and supervision of market entities; for the
management of trademark registration; for advertising supervision and
management.
Quality and technology supervision authority:
Quality and technology supervision authorities at various levels are
responsible for the supervision and management of pesticide production and
products quality; for carrying out the national and provincial policies relating to
the supervision of quality and technology; for the unified management,
organization and coordination of quality and technical supervision work in the
administrative area; for the supervision of the behavior of quality
authentication agencies and the use of authentication marks; for quality and
technical supervision and administrative law enforcement.
Agricultural administrative authority:
Agricultural administrative authorities of all levels are responsible for the
quality supervision and management in agricultural chemical markets; for the
supervision, administrative penalty and administrative compulsion in
agricultural resources and environment protection, the supervision of quality
and safety of agricultural products and agricultural intellectual property rights
protection in accordance with laws and regulations; for the investigations and
punishments of agricultural foreign-related cases and important case cross
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provinces and cities as well as the cases submitted or should be avoided by
junior agriculture departments; for provincial crackdown on fake agricultural
products, the supervision of quality and safety of agricultural products,
agricultural resources and environment protection and agricultural intellectual
property rights protection.
Safety and environment protection supervisory authority:
Agricultural resources and environment protection stations of all levels and
environment protection bureaus are responsible for the supervision and
management of agricultural environment protection; for the guidance to build
agricultural resources and environment protection mechanism; for the
supervision and management of the prevention of pollution caused by three
industrial wastes to agricultural environment and pollution from the overuse of
fertilizers and pesticides; for the provincial agricultural environment appraisal
and the construction of agricultural environment pollution comprehensive
prevention and control demonstration areas.
Plant protection departments and agricultural technique centers:
Be responsible for monitoring, quarantine prevention and control of diseases
and pests; for drug and equipment management; for drug registration; for the
demonstration tests, development and promotion of new technology, new
pesticide and new equipment; for the training, supervision and management
of professional techniques such as pesticide use.
Professional agencies of pest disease prevention and control:
Be responsible for professional prevention and control of major diseases; for
the publicity and training of pest prevention and the safe use of agricultural
chemicals.
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Figure 2 Pesticide Supervision and Management Authorities
Agricultural administrative authority
Quality
inspect
ion
organiz
ation of
agricult
ural
produc
ts
Quality
and
technology
supervisio
n authority
Pestici
de
detecti
on
identifi
cation
organiz
ation
Agricultura
l
administrat
ive
authority
Plant
protection
departme
nts and
agricultur
al
technique
centers
Industry
and
Commerce
Administra
tive
Authority
Production and processing of pesticides
Selling of pesticides
Professi
onal
agencie
s of
disease
preventi
on and
control
Produc
tion
base
and
grower
s
Safety
and
environ
ment
protecti
on
supervi
sory
organ
Use of pesticides
Pesticides
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3.3 Pesticide Management and Distribution Systems and the Use of
Pesticides
3.3.1 Pesticides Management
In accordance with the Pesticide Management Regulations of the People's
Republic of China and Pesticide Regulation Executive Method issued by
the Ministry of Agriculture in December 2007:
The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for national pesticide registration,
use and supervision; for the making or taking part in making national or
industrial standards for the safe use of pesticides, the pesticide quality and
pesticide residue.
The department of agriculture administration under the State Council shall be
in charge of national pesticide registration and supervision. The competent
administrative department of agriculture in provinces, autonomous regions or
municipalities directly under the central government shall help the department
of agriculture administration under the State Council to do national pesticide
registration and supervision. The department of agriculture administration at
the county level, in a city divided into districts and autonomous prefecture
shall in charge of pesticide supervision within their own administrative areas.
The various levels of people's governments at or above the county level shall
be in charge of pesticide supervision within their own administrative areas.
Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals under the Ministry of Agriculture
shall be in charge of pesticide registration. Pesticide verification institutions
under the competent administrative departments of agriculture in provinces,
autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government
shall help with the pesticide supervision within their own administrative areas.
3.3.2 Pesticide Operation (Distribution Systems)
The following agencies can sell pesticides: The agricultural production
material business unit under the supply and marketing cooperatives, plant
protection stations, soil fertilizer stations, agricultural and forestry techniques
popularization institutions, forest pest control agencies, pesticide production
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enterprises and other units specified by the State Council.
According to the principle of direct supply, the agricultural production material
business units under agricultural reclamation system and agricultural
techniques popularization institutions can sell pesticides; the business units
which specially provide pesticides to grain depots and stations can sell
pesticides for storage grain, such as storage and trade companies and
storage companies under food security system.
Any unit and individual must get business license before getting involved in
pesticide production and selling.
3.3.3 Use of Pesticides
The use of pesticides and matters needing attention are mainly dependent on
the promotion by media and the pesticide business units as well as farmers’
self-learning through the instructions, lacking of professional training and the
education in environment, health and safety.
We shall make full use of radio, television, network and tabloid magazines to
broadcast laws and regulations, supervise work progress and effectiveness
and expose illegal cases and illegal business pesticide behavior.
While selling pesticides to farmers, the business units shall be in charge of
providing pesticide use technology and matters needing attention to ensure
safe use.
Good Agricultural Regulation issued in 1982 includes the content of the
purchase, transportation and storage of pesticides, the matters needing
attention to ensure safe use, the choice of spraying personnel and individual
protection. However, this regulation is relatively backward, lacking
professional training and education, and it does not correspond with the
current stage of the pesticide use.
3.4 Description and Evaluation of Pest Management
Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City is a seedling miniascape base in
Hunan Province and a national wholesale center for flowers and trees seed.
There are flowers and trees in 13 villages of the town covering more than
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20,000 mu. Flowers and trees production is taking shape of the relative
concentration of the production and the flowers and trees industry have an
initial shape. In 2002, Zhentou Town was named as Hunan Flowers Town by
Hunan provincial forestry department and Provincial flowers association.
Since it is the flowers and trees base without quarantine objects, it pays great
attention to pest management. In recent years, with the development of the
local flowers and trees market and the need of provincial agricultural
department, several regulations were carried out so as to regulate local
pesticide management, promote agricultural techniques and improve pest
management ability: Notice by the General Office of Hunan Provincial
People's Government on Promoting Professional Prevention and Control
of Crop Pests, Implementation Plan about Reforming and Improving
Agricultural Technology Services in Villages and Towns and The
Implementing Measures on the Operation Conditions of Pesticide in
Hunan Province. However, since there are limited number of technical
personnel in agricultural technology promotion departments at various levels,
the research and promotion process of physical and biological control
technology goes slowly, and physical and biological control technology are
simple and the effect is not satisfying. What’s more, a survey has showed that
biological comprehensive prevention and control technology is not widely
promoted and used. Although some work has been done to prevent pests, the
prevention system of pests is imperfect in the project area and people are not
fully aware of the danger of pests. As a result, the area is unable to achieve
the effective and comprehensive prevention and control. Specific aspects are
as follows:
Comprehensive prevention and control technology lags behind: Growers
are mainly local farmers who are lack of professional pest prevention and
control technology. Drugs are employed blindly, missing the best time for
using, and prevention and control technology are lagging behind.
Promotion for pest prevention and control training is not enough: There
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is no sound pest prevention and control authority and the upper supervision
authorities are not doing enough promotion, education and training about pest
prevention and control measures and the safe use of pesticides.
Poor knowledge for pest disease supervision: The flowers and trees are
mostly planted by retail investors and the supervision depends mainly on the
growers who have poor knowledge of pest disease supervision. As a result,
pests monitoring accuracy is not high and the investigation, monitoring and
prevention always lag behind.
Pest control technology lags behind: Financial shortage deficiency results
in insufficient attention on pest control and little focus on scientific research.
The lack of basic research of biological and ecological characteristics of pest
diseases leads to poor knowledge of the occurrence law of pest diseases and
the lagging behind of pest control measures. Pest supervision authority is
unable to make effective, easy, environment friendly and integrated pest
management technology.
Pest control system is not perfect enough: There is no perfect pest
prevention and control authority and the upper supervision authorities are not
doing perfectly to introduce advanced supervision and integrated prevention
and control measures, promote the demonstration effect and organize the
corresponding training. People are not fully aware of the danger of pests. As a
result, the plant diseases and insect pests in this area cannot be controlled
comprehensively and effectively.
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4 Project Objectives and Priorities of Pest Management
4.1 Objectives of Pest Management
The overall goal of Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration
Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans is
to control the damages on flowers and nursery stocks caused by pests and to
reduce the need for chemical pesticides.
(1) To improve the government’s capacity in terms of popularization of
integrated pest management method and to enhance the awareness,
realization and utilization in terms of integrated pest management for flowers
and nursery stocks;
(2) Demonstrate and popularize the integrated pest control technology,
introduce the non-chemical control technology and lessen the dependency on
agro-chemicals gradually;
(3) Promote the capacity of safe usage and management of chemicals, and
train the pesticide sellers and florists regarding integrated pest management
method and enhance the florists’ ability to use the pesticides scientifically;
(4) Strengthen the management on selling and usage of chemical pesticides
and prohibit the florists to use chemical pesticides which are high toxic and
violating the regulations and policies of the State.
Specific Goals:
a) Reduce the damages caused by pest and control the incidence of diseases
below 10%;
b) Reduce the chemical pesticides by 20%-50% within three to five years;
c) Eliminate intoxication accidents resulting from storing and irrationally
disposing discarded wastes;
d) Make sure that the amount of pesticide residue on agricultural products
comply with Hunan Forest Products Quality Security Regulation.
e) Stop using the pesticides which are listed in Ia, Ib and II class by WHO.
4.2 Priorities of Pest Management
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Integrated Pest Management is a kind of strategy used to control pests. The
implementation of this strategy covers three closely-related phrases:
prevention, monitoring and intervention. This strategy makes use of a series
of control methods that can complement each other, such as agricultural
method, physical method, ecological method and chemical method. It is a
management method that involves ecology and aims at effectively reducing or
disusing pesticides and thus decreasing the chemical pollution on natural
environment and ecological environment.
As the priorities of pest management, the prevention and intervention of
pests are known collectively as Integrated Pest Management.
The prevention mainly involves three aspects:
(1) To wipe out disease-carrying insect origin or reduce the base number of
disease-carrying insect occurrence. For example, plant quarantine is an
effective measure to prevent dangerous diseases and pests from spreading
along with seeds and nursery stocks. Decreasing the base number of
disease-carrying pest occurrence means to reduce the amount of germs and
pests that live through the winter.
(2) To worsen the environment where the pests breed and do harm. We can
create or make full use of the conditions which are not conducive to diseases
and pests to change or eradicate the conditions which are conducive.
(3) Take prompt and effective measures to eliminate the diseases and pests
before they occur with large quantities and do remarkable damages. For
example, we can employ pesticides on a sound basis and take man-made
and physical effective measures.
Based on agrotechnical control, in order to control and eliminate pests
economically, conveniently, safely and effectively, IPM suits measures to
different conditions in terms of locality and time, uses appropriately the above-
mentioned measures such as inspection and quarantine, chemical control,
biological control, physical control, mechanical control and so on, gives full
play to the positive roles of various control measures and integrates these
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measures organically which coordinate and complement each other.
The pest control measures of flowers and nursery stocks include such various
measures as garden or agricultural prevention, physical prevention, chemical
control and biological control and so on. According to situations of project
areas, the combination of environment-friendly control measures such as
Flower farmers, demonstration families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations
200
3
2nd season
ZhentouTown demonstration base and flower seedlings planting site
6
Zhentou Town flower seedlings association Provin
ce Project Office
Disease & insect pest identifying methods
Flower farmers, demonstration families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations, disease and insect pest monitoring personnel
200
3
2nd season
ZhentouTown demonstration base and flower seedlings planting site
6
Province Project Office
World Bank
Disease & insect pest monitoring
Flower farmers, demonstratio
200
2 2nd season
ZhentouTown
4 Province Project
World Bank
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monitoring methods
demonstration families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations, disease and insect pest monitoring personnel
on demonstration base and flower seedlings planting site
Project Office
Disease & insect pest control
Flower farmers, demonstration families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations, pesticide dealers
200
3
3rd season
ZhentouTown demonstration base and flower seedlings planting site
6
Province Project Office
World Bank
Resonable&safe usage of pesticides
Flower farmers, demonstration families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations, pesticide dealers
200
2
3rd season
ZhentouTown demonstration base and flower seedlings planting site
4
Province Project Office
World Bank
Disease & insect pest integrated control
Flower farmers, demonstration families,
200
3
4th season
ZhentouTown demonst
6
Zhentou Town flower seedling
Province Project Office
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control methods in winter
n families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations,
ration base and flower seedlings planting site
seedlings association
Office
Safe usage of pesticides and human body health
Flower farmers, demonstration families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations, pesticide dealers
200
2
4th season
ZhentouTown demonstration base and flower seedlings planting site
4
Province Project Office
World Bank
Total 400,000
Note: The budget of training at provincial and municipal flower and seedling bases is RMB 1000 yuan
every person every day, the budget of training at bases and sites is RMB 100 yuan every person every
day;
8.2 Construction of the Flower Demonstration Base
Establish an integrated flower disease and insect pest control base according
to the specific situation in Zhentou Town, and choose one to two flowers
cooperatives or large flowers families as demonstration family to demonstrate
integrated flower disease and insect pest control technology, and to promote
disease and insect pest control technology in the whole Zhentou Town and
surrounding flower planting areas.
Flower seedlings association to be established in Zhentou Town is
responsible for the selection, construction and management of the
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demonstration bases of integrated flower disease and insect pest control. The
demonstration families, and the government will provide certain economy and
policy support. Demonstration bases and demonstration families must carry
out disease and insect pest control in accordance with the requirements of the
integrated diseases and insect pest control, and are responsible for the
training of the integrated disease and insect pest control technology, and for
the promotion, technical support and guidance and so on of integrated flower
disease and insect pest control technology.
Demonstration base and demonstration families must exhibit the fruits,
technology and experience in integrated disease and insect pest control to the
local flower farmers, provide free of charge support the local flower farmers for
integrated disease and insect pest control management to finally realize the
aim of realizing integrated flower disease and insect pest control and
reasonable and safe use of pesticides in the whole Zhengtou Town. After the
implementation of integrated disease and insect pest control measures, the
whole town will be able to reduce losses caused by disease and insect pest,
and morbidity of disease and insect pest can be controlled below 10%. And
the whole town can reduce the use of chemical pesticides by 20%-50% in
three to five years; eliminate poisoning accidents caused by improper storage
and unreasonable waste processing; and achieve the aims that pesticide
residues of agricultural products can comply with the standards of Hunan
Safety Regulations of Forest Products Quality and others.
Responsible unit for the demonstration base construction:
Zhentou Town government and flower seedlings association.
Construction purpose of the demonstration base:
Demonstrate integrated flowers disease and insect pest control technology,
and promote integrated disease and insect pest control technology in the
whole Zhentou Town and the surrounding flower seedlings planting areas.
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Supervision unit of the demonstration base:
Province Project Office, the World Bank Project Office.
Main functions of the demonstration base:
(1) Demonstration of the results of integrated flowers disease and insect pest
management;
(2) Demonstration of the technology of integrated flowers disease and insect
pest control;
(3) Demonstration of the safe, scientific and reasonable use methods of
chemical pesticides;
(4) Promotion of the technology of integrated flowers disease and insect pest
control;
(5) Promotion of the safe, scientific and reasonable application methods of
chemical pesticides;
(6) Provision of guidance materials for technical support and field training;
(7) Selecting technology supervisor to provide technical support and guidance
for the local flower farmers.
Through the construction of disease and insect pest control base, enhance
the fostering of science and technology demonstration family, at the same
time, exert the radiating and leading role of science and technology
demonstration family to develop science and technology training work of new
farmers and enlarge training coverage.
8.3 Team Building for Professional Pest Control:
Through the construction of integrated disease and insect pest control base
and training, choose flower farmers, principals of cooperations and staffs of
agricultural technology station with solid experience in integrated disease and
insect pest control technology as professional personnel of integrated disease
and insect pest control, and hold trainings for them. The township government
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provides certain funds for the economic compensation, further learning and
training and etc of professional personnel of disease and insect pests control,
and improve their learning and receptivity ability, self development capability
and radiating leading competence. So that science and technology
demonstration families can become important members of agricultural
Flower farmers, demonstration families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations, disease and insect pest monitoring personnel, etc
40
Project Management Office of Hunan Province, Zhentou Town flower seedlings association
Provincial project office, World Bank
Disease and insect pest monitoring
3
Zhentou Town flower seedlings association
Provincial project office, World Bank
Disease and insect pest supervision and management
Project’s integrated disease and insect pest management
10
World Bank, Project Management Office of Hunan Province
World Bank
Total (yuan)
607,000 yuan
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Appendix 1 Identification of Major Flower and Seedlings Diseases in the
Project Area and Integrated Control Program
1.1 Anthrax
Flowers’ anthrax is a common kind of flower and plant disease, anthrax often
occurs in plant flowers, woody flower, etc. Anthrax can be counted as the
most frequent disease among flower diseases, and its harm is also very
severe. Flowers, such as lucky grass, dwarf lily turf, day lily, JinZhan
chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum, cockscombs and so on, are often attacked
by anthrax.
Basic features:
Flowers and trees suffer anthrax, the disease often infects all the parts except
the root. If seeds, bulb, bulb are infected, it may cause decay in seeds,
seedlings or bulb, and the seedling can not sprout out of the earth; and
disease spots appear on those leaves shooting out of the earth,
photosynthesis is suppressed, seedlings become emaciated or dead. When
the squama of lily or other flower are infected, shallow brown spots grow on
them, then the squamas turn dark brown and slightly concave, at this time, the
bud stops growing, and can blossom; if anthrax happens in the seedling
stage, it often causes lack of seedlings and vacancy in the ridge, also, the
disease can harm stems, branches and lowers. Its harm on flowers can rot the
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inflorescence, for instance, of the fire crane spathes. Its harm on fruit of, for
instance, the citron, will bring irregular form of fruit spots on the citron.
Most of the anthrax will bring harm to the lamina, cause leaf spots, such as Xi
spots, which is a major kind of common leaf diseases. For example, the round
or irregular forms of disease spots on the leaves of Philodendron, they are
brown or beige, with darker edge, sometimes they have yellow halo of
different size scattering on the spots, there are small black wheel-line shaped
grain points or reddish brown sticky conidia group. The anthrax disease spots
of schefflera, rubber trees, Hoya carnosa, and maguey are pale, the leaf spots
are depressed or not obvious, with obvious darker edge, and there are
irregular small black grain points on them. The anthrax disease spots of
peony, gardenia, cinnamon, jasmine, cockscombs are auburn. When anthrax
attacks China orchids, moth orchids, paphiopedilum and so on, nearly round
or elongated brown spots will appear, the moire edges with the healthy part is
deep and wider, when it happens on the tip, it often causes the tip spot.
Although the various kinds of the above flower and tree anthrax shape has
different colors and shapes, the common point is that, after the conidia dish of
the later germ has matured, they will produce small black grain spots of
homocentric wheel vein shape or scattering, they will overflow with reddish
brown sticky conidia group. Pick these small black grain points under the
microscope, according to the conidia dish, conidia and the shape of the
adhesive spore, they can be diagnosed as epiphyte of thorn dish spore
category, that is, the etiology of the disease.
These anthrax bacteria exist as conidia dish on the infected flowers and trees
or enter into the earth to pass the winter with infected leaves, in the next
spring when conditions are met, the bacteria will produce a lot of conidia in the
infected parts, spread through wind, rain or they are sputtered, or they may
invade directly from wounds. The suitable temperature for conidia germination
is 20 to 25 �, they require relative humidity of 80% or higher, in the condition
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of pH3-11, pH4-8, germination rate is the highest. If flowers and trees grow in
moisture retention environment or with too much nitrogen, and if plants’ cell
gaps are big because plants are thin and weak, bacteria will invade easily.
After several days of hidden nourishing, when plants enter into the period of
blossom and fruits or when their disease resistance performances are
weakened, the bacteria will often causes disease. The disease has the
characteristics of latent infection, sometimes the disease does not come on
for a long time, and only shows symptoms when the plants become
debilitating.
Prevention treatment:
(1) Inspection and quarantine
Strengthening seedlings management in transportation and transplanting. For
seedlings to be transported, spray drugs once before digging them up, such
as 1000 times liquid of 50% carbendazim and other systemic fungicides.
(2) Garden control
Water and fertilize scientifically and reasonably according to the biological
characteristics of flowers and trees, and enhance the flowers and trees
disease resistance, which can reduce the occurrence of the disease.
Select anthrax resistance species of flowers and trees.
(3) Physical control
When flowers and trees are infected by anthrax, pick off the leaves and
branches infected, and promptly remove the diseased leaves and branches,
and destroy them collectively. Or it will be effective to daub medical 'better
ointment.
(4) Chemical control
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When the seeds or seed squamas are infected by the bacteria, soak them
with warm water of 50 � for 20 minutes or with warm water of 55 � for 10
minutes, then spoon out and make dry. Also they can be soaked in 500 times
liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder for 1 hour to perish the bacteria
on the seed surface.
When flowers and trees are attacked, spray 1000 times liquid of 50% benomyl
wettable powder, or 1000 times liquid of 50% Sporgon wettable powder.
1.2 Damping off
Damping off is also called as “dead plants”, which is a kind of seedling
diseases caused by fungus infection. The bacteria often infect roots and stem
bases from the surface soil, the suffering parts cave in and shrink, and look
dark brown. If it happens just when seedlings are shooting out of the soil, the
symptom is a sudden fall; if the seedlings’ tissues have bee lignified, the
symptom is damping off. When the environment is damp, white mycelia or
pink mildew layer will appear on the diseased parts. When the disease is
serious, the infected plants will become withered and dead.
Basic features:
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Damping off occurs in the middle and late period of seedling culture and it
mainly harms stem bases or underground roots of seedlings. It begins with
oval or irregular dark brown disease spots, and at the early stage, the
diseased seedlings early wilt during the day and recover at night, the infected
parts become depressed, shrinked and gradually change brown and black.
When the disease spots expandingly circle stems for a week, the plants finally
dry to death, but do not fall. Lightly diseased plants only show brown sag
disease spots and do not die. When the seedbed’s humidity is high,
unobvious spider-filaments-shaped mould can be seen on the diseased parts.
Because of its features that it does not produce garrulous white mold, does
not fall and it has long disease course, damping off can be separated from
pythium aphanidermatum.
The bacteria live in soil or diseased tissues to pass the winter as mycelia and
sclerotia, they have strong saprophyticus nature, and general they can live in
the soil for 2-3 years. They are spread through the rain, water, compost and
farm tools infected. The optimum temperature for germ development is 20 to
24 �. Both the seedlings just shooting out of the soil and the grown up plants
can suffer from it, generally it happens in the middle or later period of seedling
culture, when the seedling bed temperature is higher, the weather is rainy and
wet, and the soil is too sticky. And it often happens repeatedly in continuous
cropping. So, dense planting, delayed seedling thinning and excessive high
temperature will easily induce the occurrence of the disease.
Control methods:
(1) Inspection and quarantine
Disinfect the soil before sowing with 0.15 0.3% formalin, 0.25-0.5% thiram,
0.5% nitrobenzene five chlorine and etc; and disinfect seeds with 0.1%
potassium permanganate;
(2) Garden control
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It is required to use new uninfected soil or disinfected soil for seedbed soil and
potted soil. The soil disinfection method is: for every square metre, water the
soil surface with the mixture of 50 ml 40% formalin and 8-12.5 kg water, cover
the soil with plastic film for 4 to 5 days, take off the covering, and sow 7 to 10
days later; or�before planting and sowing, apply in furrow 8-10 grams of
equal quantity mixture of 70% five chlorine nitrobenzene powder and 80%
zineb for every square meter of soil.
(3) Physical control
Irrigate before sowing or planting, keep the soil wet enough, and strictly
control the irrigation for 20 days after the seedlings have grown out of the
earth.
(4) Chemical control
At the initial stage of seedling’s disease course, irrigate with 200-300 times
seedling bacteria cure liquid or 70% 700-800 times topsin-m liquid, which will
have the function of sterilization and seedling protection.
At the initial stage of disease course, spray and water with 500 times liquid of
50% captan, or with 800 times liquid of 75% chlorothalonil.
1.3 Rust disease
Rust is common disease on flowers, especially for the rose, Jangmi,
chrysanthemum, Chinese rose, and so on. It can produce great harm,
severely influence growth and development, and reduce flowers’ ornamental
value.
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Basic features:
Rust can injure flower’s lamina, petioles and bud with three types of
symptoms. In the first type, laminas and scapes are injured. At the beginning,
bubbly spots (germs and uredinium) appear on the laminas and scapes.
Initially, the spots are covered by the epidermis, when the epidermis breaks,
tawny power-shape uredospores scatter out. Sometimes a lot of spores
merge into one piece, the epidermis turn up, and the leaves are covered with
a layer of tawny power-shape uredospores. Chlorosis happens around the
uredinium, and leaves turn pale yellow. In serious conditions, the leaves turn
yellow, even leaves of a whole plant become dead, pedicels turn red-brown,
bud become dry or shed off. Another type mainly harms the leaves and also
the stems. At the beginning, light yellow blobs appear, then, they change into
brown, bulge like small pustules, when they burst, yellow-brown powders will
be exposed. Later, dark brown or black brown oval swollen spots grow out on
the laminas, petiole and stem, and chestnut brown powders appear after they
burst. In serious situation, the laminas of the whole plant will die, and when it
happens to flowers like the chrysanthemum, etc, the state of the disease will
be very graze. In another type, in the next spring, the germs enter into the
plant from tender stems and the veins of the reversed side of the leaf base. In
May, orange yellow uredinium may appear on the leaves, then, it generates
dark brown telium. In serious situation, all the laminas will suffer, the leaf back
is covered by a layer of yellow powders, and leaves become withered and fall
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off early. The disease will seriously affect growth and development, and it
often occurs in the rose, Jangmi, etc.
There are kinds of rust pathogenic bacteria, including rose rust polytope, rose
short sharp rust polytope, Manshan rust polytope, rose davurica rust polytope,
chrysanthemum rust fungus, day lily stem rust fungus. The bacteria live
through the on the diseased host plant body. The disease often occurs in
September, when the temperature is 24-26 �, and the relative humidity is
about 85%, which are suitable for its spread. The urediospore of the bacteria
will easily die in the high temperature and high humidity of summer; in winter,
temperature is too low, the teliospore will easily die. So, in the long and cold
winter and the hot summer, the disease is not serious, but, in a year when the
four seasons are warm, rainy and foggy, its harm will be very severe. The
disease will easily occur in the following situations: poor cultivation
management, planting too close, bad ventilation, low-lying terrain, bad
drainage, hard soil, heavy and stick soil, too much nitrogen or lack of fertilizer,
too sterile soil, etc. Conversely, flowers, that are cultivated and managed
properly and grow robustly, are infected lighter. There is great difference in
the host’s disease resistance.
Prevention and treatment:
(1) Inspection and quarantine
Strengthen the inspection and quarantine, and choose plants free from
disease as breeding materials.
Many tree branch rusts are the object of quarantine. Introduce seedlings from
area free from the disease, and collect asexual reproduction materials, such
as inarching branches, from uninfected stock plants.
Different types and varieties of flowers and trees have different rust resistance
abilities. Therefore, selecting rust resistance breeds is the effective and
economic way to control rust disease.
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(2) Garden control
Strengthen culture management, fertilize reasonably, add more phosphorus
and potassium fertilizer, and do not only use nitrogen. If the soil humidity is
high, drain water timely; open windows frequently to ventilate and reduce the
humidity.
Control planting density, it should not be too close; drain water promptly;
fertilize scientifically, add more rotten organic fertilizer and phosphorus and
potassium fertilizer, do not only use nitrogen; prune regularly, eliminate weak
branches attacked by diseases and pests, better the light transmission and
ventilation; Facility culture to strengthen the ventilation of facilities and
cultivation, reduce the humidity of the greenhouse.
(3) Physical control
Pay attention to sanitation and hygiene, cut off diseased leaves and branches
immediately if discovered, and burn them collectively.
(4) Chemical control
Winter spray
Winter spray is carried out from late autumn to the next year before sprouting.
Clean the field and cut diseased branches before spraying of prevention. Lime
and sulfur mixture of 2-5 degrees or 100 150 times liquid of 45% crystal lime
sulfur mixture can be sprayed. To prevent the rust on the seedlings from
changing hosts, spray 1-2 times in early spring march to kill the bacteria
source teliospore.
Spray in growing season
Spray lime and sulfur mixture of 3-4 Baume degrees before germination. In
growing season, the spray of the following drugs will achieve better results:
1000 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder liquid, 250-300 times
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sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate liquid, 10% bordeaux mixture and other
bactericides can also be used.
At the initial stage of the disease course, the following drugs can be used: 0.2-
0.3 Baume degrees lime and sulfur mixture, 300 500 times liquid of 45%
crystal lime and sulfur mixture, 500 times liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable
powder and 1000 times liquid of 70% topsin-M.
1.4 Powdery mildew (PM)
Powdery mildew
It is harmful to many flowers, in serious cases, and it can lead flowers to
death. It belongs a kind of worldwide disease, brings great loss to flowers
production and ornamental value. Due to the different varieties and disease-
resistant ability, powdery mildew can cause different degree of injure to the
flowers below: Chinese rose, rose, Jangmi, dahlia, Cineraria, peony, gardenia,
Examine the chemical supply stores and project famers’ pesticides cabinets to verify whether unregistered pesticides are sold/used in the project area
Pesticides registration
Examine pesticides registration list to verify the registration of new pesticides
Use of pesticides of
Type�
Examine the chemical supply stores and project famers’ pesticides cabinets to verify whether pesticides listed as Type�by the world health organization are sold/used in the project area
government’s subsidies for the use of pesticides (if any)
Relevant policies
evaluate the effectiveness of loans application system in the control of rejecting to use unregistered pesticides
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local government’s policies and regulations about pesticide use and the technology promotion of integrated disease and insect pests management
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