1 Departement Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering • Faculty of Engineering Human Vibration in the Workplace Measurement, Analysis and Assessment Prof Wikus van Niekerk Sound & Vibration Research Group Sound & Vibration Research Group South African Society of Occupational Medicine 15 April 2008 2 Outline • Introduction to human vibration • Standards and references • Hand-arm vibration • Whole body vibration • Risk management • Concluding remarks
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Departement Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering•
Faculty of Engineering
Human Vibration in the WorkplaceMeasurement, Analysis and Assessment
Prof Wikus van NiekerkSound & Vibration Research GroupSound & Vibration Research Group
South African Society of Occupational Medicine15 April 2008
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Outline
• Introduction to human vibration• Standards and references• Hand-arm vibration• Whole body vibration• Risk management• Concluding remarks
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Human vibration
• Hand-arm vibration, or hand-transmitted vibration, refers to vibration entering the body at the hand, i.e. power tools and rock drills.
• Whole body vibration occurs when the body is supported on a surface, which is vibrating, i.e. the seat of an earth-moving machine.
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Vibration
• Vibration is defined as oscillatory motionoscillatory motion of a particle, body or surface from some reference position and is described by at least two quantities, one relating to the frequency, or frequency content and the other to the amplitude of the motion.
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Physical quantities for measurements
• Typically acceleration levels are measured: Rate of change of velocity
• Units: metres/second/second, m/s2
• Frequency is expressed as cycles per second, or Hertz, Hz
Handbook of Human Vibrationby Prof M.J. Griffin (University of Southampton), Academic Press, London, 1990
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Reference and standards (ISO)
• ISO 2631-1 (1997) Mechanical vibration and shock - Evaluation of human exposure to whole body vibration – Part 1: General requirements
• ISO 2631-2 (1989) Guide for the evaluation of valuation of human exposure to whole body vibration – Part 2: Continuous and shock induced vibration in building (1 to 80 Hz)
• ISO 2631-4 (2001) Evaluation of human exposure to whole body vibration – Part 4: Guidelines for the evaluation of the effects of vibration and rotational motion on passenger and crew comfort in fixed-guideway transport systems.
• ISO 5349 (1986) Mechanical vibration – Guidelines for the measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration
• ISO 5349-1 (2001) Mechanical vibration – Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration – Part 1: General requirements
• ISO 5349-1 (2001) Mechanical vibration – Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration – Part 2: Practical guidance for measurement at the workplace
• ISO 8041 (1990) Human response to vibration – Measuring instrumentation• ISO 8662-1 (1988) Hand-held power tools – Measurement of vibration at the handle. Part1: General (Parts 2 to 14
relates to specific tools)• ISO 8662-3 (1988) Hand-held power tools – Measurement of vibration at the handle. Part 3: Rock drills and
rotary hammers• ISO 8662-4 (1988) Hand-held power tools – Measurement of vibration at the handle. Part 4: Grinders
• ISO 10819 (1996) Mechanical vibration and shock – Hand-arm vibration – Method for the measurement and evaluation of the vibration transmissibility of gloves at the palm of the hand
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Legislation
• South Africa• Very little legislation and/or regulations• SANS 2631-1:1997; SANS 8662-1 to 14• Act No. 130 of 1993: Compensation for occupational injuries and
• Vascular disorders• Vascular disorders include impeded blood circulation to the fingers and
attacks of blanching on one or more digits. Occasional necrosis and rarely, gangrene, has been reported.
• VWF, Primary Raynauds
• Bone and joint disorders• Bone and joint injuries mostly associated with percussive pneumatic
tools.
• Neurological disorders• Neurological disorders lead to numbness and reduced tactile sensitivity
that are not necessarily restricted to areas affected by blanching.
• Muscle disorders: loss of dexterity
• Other general disorders: e.g. central nervous system
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Blanching
Adapted from: Wasserman,D.E & Wasserman,J.F.
The nuts and bolts of human vibration exposure to vibration, Sound and Vibration, January 2002
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Scoring finger blanching
Griffin introduced a method of scoring finger blanching:
For more detail, see
Griffin, M.J. Handbook of Human Vibration. Academic Press, 1990.
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Evaluation of effects of vibration
• Objective tests:
• Thermal aesthesiometry: Time to perception of heat/cold• Vibrotactile thresholds: Amplitude of vibration for
perception• Cold provocation: Rewarming time measured• Grip strength• Evoked potentials: nervous system
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Location and orientation of transducershandgrip position
• Basicentric coordinate system originating in vibrating appliance• Hand grips on cylindrical bar• Measure in 3 orthogonal directions (preferably simultaneously)• As close as possible to centre of gripping zone
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Location and orientation of transducersflat palm position
• Hand presses down onto sphere
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Rock drill comparative measurements
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Quantity to be measured
• Primary quantity to be measured is the root-mean-square (rms) frequency weighted acceleration in m/s2.
• This requires the application of the Wh frequency weighting which reflects the assumed importance of different frequencies in causing injury to the hand.
• The rms value shall be measured using a linear integration method.
• Recommended that frequency spectra be obtained.
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Wh frequency weighting curve
Octave bands from 8 Hz to 1000 Hz (nominally 5.6 Hz to 1400 Hz)
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Multi-axis vibration
• It is assumed that vibration in all 3 directions equally detrimental – all 3 directions should be measured.
• The frequency-weighted rms acceleration values for 3 directions ahwx, ahwy and ahwz shall be reported separately.
• Evaluation is based on• If measurements can only be taken in 1 direction, the total
value will be estimated using a multiplying factor (typically 1.0 – 1.7 where axis of greatest vibration has been measured.)
222hwzhwyhwxhv aaaa ++=
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8h Energy equivalent frequency weighted vibration total value
Exposure to one magnitude ahv
T is total daily duration of exposure to vibration ahv
T0 is the reference duration of 8 h (28 800 s)
0)8,( )8(
TTaAa hvheqhv ==
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8h Energy equivalent frequency weighted vibration total value
Several operations with different magnitudes
ahvi is the vibration total value for ith operation
n is number of individual exposuresTi is duration of ith operation
Example:2 h – 3 m/s2
3 h – 4 m/s2
1 h – 8 m/s2
∑=
=n
iihviTa
TA
1
2
0
1)8(
[ ] 2222 /0.418342381)8( smh
A =×+×+×=
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Prevalence of vibration-induced white finger
Dy lifetime exposurein yearsA(8) daily vibration exposure
06.1)8(8.31 −×= ADy
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• It is assumed that the exposure time required to produce symptoms is inversely proportional to the square of the frequency weighted acceleration, i.e. if the vibration magnitudeis halved then the daily exposure time may be increased by factor 4.
• Exposure should not be extrapolated to very short durations and large accelerations.
• The graph is used for assessment of all biological effects of hand-transmitted vibration (not only vascular).
Prevalence of vibration-induced white finger
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Factors likely to influence the effects of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration
No standardised methods available to account for:• The direction of the vibration• Method of working and operator skill• Operator age and health• Temporal exposure pattern (rest spells, etc.)• Coupling force and pressure on the skin• Posture of the arm• Type and condition of vibrating machines• Area and location of parts of the hands exposed to vibration• Climatic conditions• Agents affecting peripheral circulation (e.g. nicotine)• Noise
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Preventative measures
• Medical measures• Workers who may have to expose their hand to vibration
should, prior to employment• Be physically examined• Have previous history of vibration be recorded
• Workers should be advised of the risks involved • Persons with certain medical conditions might be at greater
risk and should be particularly carefully assessed• Primary Raynaud’s disease• Disease caused by impairment of blood circulation• Past injuries causing circulatory defects/bone deformity• Disorders of the peripheral nervous system• Disorders of musculoskeletal system
• Regular medical check-ups and reporting of symptoms
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• Technical measures• Choose process resulting in lowest vibration exposure• Use tool with lowest resulting vibration exposure• Carefully maintain equipment • Prevent tools from expelling cold gases or fluids• Heat handles where appropriate• Avoid tools with handle shapes resulting in high pressure• Choose tools with low contact forces• Keep mass to minimum (provided vibration not increased)• Anti-vibration gloves can be beneficial for high frequencies
Preventative measures
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• Administrative measures• Ensure adequate training• Arrange work-schedules to include vibration-free periods• Keep workers warm (where appropriate)
• Comfort• Vehicles and equipment (Trucks and cars)
• Health• Severe vibration environment (Earthmoving
equipment)
• Motion sickness
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Introduction (WBV)
• Physiological effects of whole body vibrationBack problems (lower back pain)Gastrointestinal problemsVestibular disordersVisual disorders
• No consensus on dose-effect relationship for whole body vibration
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Human Response
1Uncomfortable>1,25 for 8 hours*Health risk
0.1Easily noticeable~0.01Perseption threshold
RMS acceleration [m/s2]
Vibration level
* EU Directive that has now become law in Europe
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Human Response
• Vibration inteference with:• Input: Vision, e.g. Display• Output: Hand control e.g. Writing
• Vision: Eye natural frequency >30 Hz (Griffin)• Can follow below 1 Hz if low velocity• 1 – 3 Hz eye will jump to anticipated position• Above 3 Hz the eye will be directed to the node
• Manual control:• Vert. ~3 – 8 Hz, Horiz. < 2 Hz (Max shoulder transmissibility)• Spilling liquid from a hand-held cup 4 Hz, Writing 4 – 8 Hz
• Vibration induced fatigue: no direct evidence yet
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ISO 2631(Introduction)
Scope• Measurement methods (for periodic, random, transient with high peak
values)• Mounting of transducers• Directions• Recumbent, seated (back, buttocks and feet), standing person
• Guidance (NO LIMITS)• Health• Comfort• Perception• Motion sickness
• Not covered• Performance (depend on task)• Single shocks (blast, vehicle accidents)• Direct transfer to limbs (e.g. power tools) – ISO 5349
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ISO 2631(Introduction)
• Frequency range:• Health, comfort and perception – 0,5 Hz to 80 Hz• Motion sickness – 0,1 Hz to 0,5 Hz
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ISO 2631(Definitions)
• Basicentric coordinate system
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ISO 2631 (Measurement)
• Seatpad• ISO 103261 Mechanical vibration – Laboratory method for
evaluating vehicle seat vibration – Part 1 Basic requirements
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ISO 2631(Frequency weighting)
Frequency weighting Health Comfort Wk z-axis, seat surface z-axis, seat surface
• Seat: x, y, z-axes: k = 1, rx: k = 0.63, ry: k = 0.4, rz: k = 0.2• Backrest: x: k = 0.8, y: k = 0.5, z: k = 0.4• Feet: x: k = 0.25, y: k = 0.25, z: k = 0.4
• Standing, recumbent k =1
• Calculate point values: Seat trans, seat rot, back, feet
• Calculate total value (RSS of point values)
( )21
222222wzzwyywxxv akakaka ++=
2vRSS a= ∑
ISO 2631 (Assessment - Comfort)
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ISO 2631 (Assessment - Comfort)
• Use for: Comparison between vibration exposures• Adding exposure periods:
• Acceptable values vary, but comfort guidelines:• <0.315 m/s2 is not uncomfortable• 0.8-1.6 m/s2 is uncomfortable• >2 m/s2 is extremely uncomfortable
• Perception• Highest value only, k=1 for all points and directions• 50% of alert, fit persons can just detect Wk weighted peak
magnitude of 0.015 m/s2
12 2
,wi i
w ei
a Ta
T⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦
∑∑
14 4
,wi i
w ei
a Ta
T⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦
∑∑
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ISO 2631 (Motion sickness)
• Motion of the body detected by:• Vestibular: Inner ear• Visual• Somatosensory: Sensing force or displacement
• Causes: • Variance between systems • or variance between systems and previous experience
• Frequencies < 1 Hz (0.125 – 0.15 Hz most sensitive)• aw is frequency weighted and To in seconds
• Percentage adults expected to vomit (⅓ x MSDV)%
5.00TaMSDV wz =
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Risk assessment
• Measure the vibration levels• Determine the exposure time• Assess the vibration exposure• Report! and follow-up• Mitigating steps
• Reduce levels• Reduce exposure time• Work rotation