- 1. 20-02-2014 1 2/20/2014
http://www.energyenhancement.org/Chakras-above-Sahasrara-Below-Muadhara-External-to-the-Body.htm
"Human Sense and Lexical Sense in Language Learning: the case of
Tamil" Introduction 1) How does our brain observes the lexical
meaning of a word? 2) How doses the lexical sense and human sense
combined to form the knowledge required by the brain from the
external world? 3) How does a word and its sense express language
thought? These questions are to be discussed with the help of
neurolinguistics and semantics. 2 What is language? Speech is the
representation of the experience of the mind -Aristotle What is
linguistics? It is the scientific study of language. What is
science? It is the knowledge based on facts that are proven
logically and systematically. How many vowels and consonants exist
in the English/Polish language? Who stated the above facts? On what
grounds have they been stated? 3 Language - defines the actions
that occur in the world. Language is thus composed of sign, letter,
sentence, gesture, sound, light, movements, space, silence,
function and the like. Language is rightly used by those who
intently observe the events of the world. The growth of the brain
should not be associated with a corresponding growth of knowledge,
as knowledge can develop only when the brain is trained by constant
intellectual musing . What is required for the proper growth of the
body? Food. What is required for the proper growth of the brain?
Thinking. 4 Language: Language mainly has two functions, 1)
External exchange (sound) 2) Internal exchange (electrical signals)
We have to properly connect the internal and external things. 1.
The relationship between the external world events and sense
organs. 2. The relationship between the sense organs and the brain.
5 The two types of language expressions are: 1. The language spoken
to oneself under the command of ones brain. 2. The language
commanded to others by ones brain. (These two aspects are studied
by semantics and linguistics.) 6
2. 20-02-2014 2 The two types of language expressions are: 1.
The language spoken to myself under the command of my brain.
(electro magnetic) 2. The language commanded to others by my brain.
(sound) These two aspects are studied by semantics and linguistics.
7 Fig. 1. Five stages and three levels in chain of speech
transmission from brain of Speaker to brain of Listener. (From Fig.
1.1 of Denes and Pinson 2000:5) 2speaker transforms message Into
speech sounds 4. The listener receives Message through Perceiving
sound waves 5.Message is processed and interpreted in Listeners
brain 3.Speech sounds are transmitted as sound waves through air 1.
The message begins as idea in Speakers brain 8 Phonetics Phonology
Morphology Syntax Semantics Branches of Linguistics 9 Phonetics can
be classified into three groups: 1. Articulatory phonetics: It
deals with the movements of the speech organs in the production of
speech sounds. 2. Acoustic phonetics: The transmission of sound
from the speaker to the listener is studied by acoustic analysis.
3. Auditory phonetics: It studies the reception and perception of
speech sounds. 10 1. Articulatory phonetics 11 2. Acoustic
phonetics 2/20/2014 3. 20-02-2014 3 13 3. Auditory phonetics 14 15
16 That is why, Meaning [noun] (exists as an idea or feeling) 1. It
is non-living and exists in the solid/ liquid state (substance) 2.
Money, wealth, etc. (My father went to Sri Lanka in search of
wealth) 3. A word or a sentence signifies or denotes meaning (sense
of a word lexical meaning) 4. Meaning- Significance 5. Feeling,
action, etc. (Or a work of art that gives a message which reveals
its meaning) Can you explain the meaning of the painting? 17
Therefore, meaning is acquired from the sense organs. How do we
acquire knowledge? Knowledge is acquired when it is sent to the
brain from the external world through the sense organs. Thus, sense
organs are fundamental for language skills. 18 4. 20-02-2014 4 What
is the sense? Sense: n. an ability to understand, recognize, value
or react to something, especially any of the five physical
abilities to see, hear, smell, taste and feel. The above mentioned
senses are associated with the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and body.
Therefore, language/ knowledge is perceived by the brain through
these sense organs. (Sense/feeling : The firm/ strong/ doubt-free/
clear awareness of something.) 19 2/20/2014 21 2/20/2014 23 Touch
Skin Illusion na TasteTaste TongueTongue ArroganceArrogance mama
Sight Eye God ci Smell Nose Power va Ear Sound Soul ya CN I CN III
CN VII CN IX CN XI CN II CN IV CN VI CN VIII CN X CN XII CN V Parts
of Cranial Nerves 2/20/2014 5. 20-02-2014 5 2/20/2014 2/20/2014
2/20/2014 7. Crown Center Top of head towards back; Connection to
divinity, spirit, bliss; Drive to transcend. 6. Third Eye Slightly
above midpoint between eyes; Intuition, metaphysical wisdom,
stillness; Drive to know. 5. Throat Chakra Center of throat;
Self-expression, speaking truth; Drive to communicate. 4. Heart
Chakra Center of chest at breastbone; Love, compassion, beauty,
joy, balance; Drive to connect. 3. Navel Chakra Just below navel;
Personal power, self-definition, boundaries; Drive to act
successfully. 2. Sacral Chakra Internal reproductive organs;
Sensuality, creativity, abundance, passion; Drive to create. 1.
Root Chakra Tailbone; Connection to earth, nature, physicality;
Drive to survive. 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 Where is your language?
2/20/2014 6. 20-02-2014 6 The human brain may contain up to one
trillion neurons. These nerve cells are interconnected, as shown in
this microscopic image. a cell that sends messages to your brain
and receives messages from your brain through electrical signals
This is a channel for transferring language How successful
communicators achieved their success 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 axon-that
process of a neuron by which impulses travel away from the cell
body; synapse / the site of functional apposition between neurons,
where an impulse is transmitted from one to another, usually by a
chemical neurotransmitter released by the axon terminal of the
presynaptic neuron. Semantics are the branch of linguistics that
deals with the study of meaning, changes in meaning, and the
principles that govern the relationship between sentences or words
and their meanings. The semantics also describe the relationship
that exists among a symbol, its referent and the thought associated
with them. 33 THOUGHT OR REFERENCE ------------------------------
SYMBOL REFERENT 34 1.Designatum/ THOUGHT is the notion of the
respective thing of the denotatum/ referent as conceived by the
speakers of a language (Zgusta, 1971. p. 28). 2. Symbol to refer To
refer a letter DogDog 3.REFERENT (world things) The word denotatum
refers not only to class of objects but to class of actions,
events, ideas, feelings, institutions, concepts etc., of the world
or reality which are referred to by particular words. Walk what is
the world meaning of this word? Love what is the world meaning of
this word? 35 36 7. 20-02-2014 7 There are two boundaries in
language: 1. Sound 2. Meaning. Both sound and meaning are stable
components of language, it is natural and abstract. Words/
sentences are man-made creations and artificial in nature. When a
sound is born, it is born with its meaning. A sound without meaning
is useless. A sound can convey meaning if it stands alone or as a
group (word). 37 Language exchange occurs in two modes: 1. We can
understand the meaning through language. 2. We can obtain victory
by making others understand the meaning of language. While
speaking, the inner sense meanings of the speakers are revealed,
not only through their words but also by their non-verbal signals,
and by listening and realizing naturally, the minds of the speakers
and listeners enable them to understand what has happened, and is
explained. It is based on a series of underlying assumptions about
how the mind works and how people act and interact 38 How we
communicate 37% 8% 55% 37% How we sound 8% What we say 55% Things
we see 39 Meaning denotes, the sense of the word, and is understood
by the listeners sense organs. The meaning as intended by the
speaker should be carefully understood in the exact ratio by the
listener, otherwise, it would lead to difficulty in the
comprehension by both (The speaker waits for his listener to reach
the complete level of his intended meaning in every word). This
difficulty would lead to the incorrect meaning of each utterance,
thus producing meaningless words. A word journeys through its
meaning. Meaning is supported by the word. Lexical sense it is the
collection of all the semantic features of the linguistic form, by
the society. 40 Therefore, based on the above mentioned statements,
there are two types of senses: 1. Human sense 2. Lexical sense
Lexical sense means a) The relationship between one word and
another word.(bad and good) b) The relationship between a word and
its inner sense of meaning. muRi 41 Pen and Pencil Father and Appa
Good morning and vanakkam Human sense refers to: 1. The
relationship between the external world and the sense organs. 2.
The relationship between sense organs and brain. How is there a
relationship between lexical sense and human sense? It is composed
of knowledge and is delineated by neurosemantics. 42 8. 20-02-2014
8 When do words denote meaning? it happens when meaning sense and
human sense connect properly with each other. When a word is
received by the brain, it should be received along with its
internal meaning. But, do all words possess internal meaning? If
they do, then all words have meaning, if not, the vocabulary is
meaningless. 43 If a word denotes a meaning and we understand the
meaning of that word, why is there a difference of understanding
amongst ourselves regarding the same? Why do my sense organs show a
mistake I commit regarding the meaning of the word? Thus, meaning
depends on the sense organs. 44 Thus, meaning is revealed by the
sense organs. How is the knowledge I possess, sent to my brain from
the external world?. Knowledge/ linguistic knowledge is transferred
only through the sense organs. Thus, sense organs are vital for
linguistic knowledge. If we have to properly understand meaning
sense, it should properly exist in our human sense. Otherwise, 45
1. Dont you understand me at all? 2. There is a sudden
misunderstanding between him and myself. 3. He does not understand
the meaning of what I am saying. 4. There is no harmony between her
and myself. 5. I have a different mindset and he has a different
mindset. 6. What is the meaning of his words? 7. It seems that I
have misunderstood. 8. I am saying one thing and he, another. 9. He
is contradicting whatever I say. 10.He does not even have proper
discipline; you go and speak to him. 11. He is not a good person;
he says one thing today and another to him? 46 12. He does not
understand anything, how can anyone speak to him? 13.There is no
relation between what he speaks, and what he does. 14.He treats
himself in one way, and others, in a different way. 15.Do not speak
without understanding my words. 16.I do not like what he says
because; he does not live as he should. 17.Is he speaking in a
mature manner? 18.He does not know what respect is. 19.What do you
think about myself? 20. Do you know who you are speaking to?
(Satisfactory)47 21.He will change only after I teach him a lesson.
22.You can understand everyone, but, your family. 23.How can you
call yourself a human being when you cannot even understand what I
am feeling? 24.I do not want to hear your explanation, just listen
to what I say. 25.You can only understand what he says and not what
I say. 26. He is fifty years old and still does not know how to
speak. 27.I mean one thing and he does another. 28.Is this how you
speak before others? Speak according to the situation. 29.Do not
you understand? Do I have to repeat myself over and over again? 48
9. 20-02-2014 9 We cannot survive in the world without meaning. The
world is constructed by meaning. If one goes beyond the boundary of
meaning of another, both of them will suffer. You cannot physically
see meaning just as you cannot see the language. Clarity in the
understanding of meaning leads to the growth of knowledge. 49
2/20/2014Chakra energy connection between people Silent language
Sex Friendship Research Evaluation Etc.., When can one understand
the meaning of life? We can understand the meaning of life only
when we fully comprehend the meaning of every word we speak. About
the future: do you know the meaning of future vocabulary How many
semantic domains can I classify my vocabulary into? 51 Basic
vocabulary Department related words Family related words
Relationship Consciousness Friend related Enemy related Harm
related Mind disturbance Anger related Life Other Language
2/20/2014 Department related words Office staff Things ( document)
related files Common education Special subject Students Occupation
related teachers Family related words Family structure grandfather
Marriage related Savings and expenses Travel, budget (scheduled)
Money, wealth, buying, selling House maintenance, tax, deed
Beliefs, temples, worship Yield, love, habits 53 Relationship My
family structure Relationship through father and mother
Relationship through uncle Relationship through children
Relationship through spouse Relationship through sibling
Consciousness Happiness Death Body parts/organs Covert feelings
Human sense Discipline, personal, Impersonal ( general) 54 10.
20-02-2014 10 Friend related Related to male friendship Related to
female friendship Related to family friendship Related to neighbors
friendship Related to friendship in the office/among colleagues
Related to friendship towards superiors Enemy related Mortal enemy
Transient enemy Office enemy Colleague enemy Familial enemy/
neighbor enemy Enemy by chance Friend who is an enemy 55 Harm
related Bad omens Sin, revenge Curse, scold Pain, virtue Black
magic Cheating, betrayal Disturbance, revenge Pride, arrogance
Anger related Infants, children Ones spouse and children Scolding
directed at relatives Scolding towards colleagues, superiors,
inferiors Public scolding 56 Identification of semantic features
2/20/2014 AA DropDrop-- NanosemanticsNanosemantics viewsviews
2/20/2014 Liquid Movement VerbsLiquid Movement Verbs in Tamilin
Tamil 1.1. cocoTTTTuu -- to dripto drip 2.2. cintucintu -- to
spillto spill 3.3. citacitaRRuu -- to scatterto scatter 4.4.
kacikaci -- toto ooze outooze out 5.5. kokoTTTTuu -- to pourto pour
6.6. o:o:TTuu -- to flowto flow 7.7. oollukuuku -- toto
ooze/leakooze/leak 8.8. pa:ypa:y -- to flowto flow 9.9.
paravuparavu -- to spreadto spread 10.10.PayPay -- to come down or
pourto come down or pour 11.11.popoNNkuku -- toto riserise
12.12.tatallumpuumpu -- to brimto brim 13.13.teteRRii -- to
splash/sprayto splash/spray 14.14.u:u:RrRruu -- to pourto pour
15.15.u:u:RRuu -- to secreteto secrete 16.16.vavallii -- to over
flowto over flow 17.17.vavaRRRRuu -- to dry upto dry up
18.18.vavaTTii -- to trickleto trickle 2/20/2014 A verb Denotes a
verb Denotes an object, but object denoting a verb is not
compulsory 60 11. 20-02-2014 11 Drip (Verb) [liquid] - to fall in
small drops (noun) [liquid] a small drop of liquid that falls from
something 1. Very small,( our village has not seen even a single
drop of rain.) 61 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 2/20/2014
12. 20-02-2014 12 cottu 'to drip' from top to bottom and also
advanced or later at the stage of ooze, but the quantity of some
liquid is very less. Therefore, it flows down drop by drop.
2/20/2014 2/20/2014 A drop is formed by its previous and succeeding
state. An event gains its identity owing to its previous and
succeeding states. For example, walk and run are related to each
other based on their successive stage of movement. To explain
something, we need the help of another and should be careful to
maintain the boundaries of both. In the same way, we should note
the previous and succeeding stages of a drop2/20/2014 70 Kaci ' to
ooze out' Not only from top to bottom but also the same level or
evenness floor. Progressing for a certain time/period. When a very
tiny quantity of liquid oozes an out If there is a small hole in
the container for storing/in a thing Advanced stage of spreading
liquid The next stage of this action may be the stage of vaTi 'to
trickle' or coTTu 'to drip'. oollukuuku toto ooze/leakooze/leak '
from top to bottom and also either advanced or later at the stage
of coTTu 'to drop '.Mostly, a tiny quantity of some liquid is
slowly dripping out but progressively teRi 'to splash/ spray' Not
only from top to bottom and also side-wards The quantity of the
liquid is more or less than a drop. The starting and reaching
places are not same ie. different places. Not a progressive process
but forcefully. Quantity is less. pey toto come down/come down/
pourpour Moves from upward to downward Falling drop by drop or
sometimes falling continuously It is concerned only with liquid.
2/20/2014 72 vaTivaTi to trick'to trick' From top to bottom
Progressing for certain time With or without the help of
object/vertical surface coTTu 'to drip' from top to bottom and also
advanced or later at the stage of ooze, but the quantity of some
liquid is very less. Therefore, it flows down drop by drop. 13.
20-02-2014 13 73 koTTu 'to pour' From top to bottom, Progressing
for certain time/period. With force fully. Due to the excess of
pouring some liquid. koncama:ka tanni:r u:RRu/koTTu Pour some water
From the above said instance, the term koTTu 'to pour' is taking
place in the sense of mikuti 'excess' only. And then the term
kottutal is used not only for liquid but also for solid and
semisolid substances whereas the term u:RRu is used for both liquid
and semi solid substances, but not for solid substances.eg.mannai
koTTu "Pour mud/sand" (mannai u:RRu*) ariciyai koTTu "Pour the rice
*ariciyai u:Rru * Semantically incorret u:RRu to pour From top to
bottom Progressing for certain time/period The quantity of some
liquid is more Advanced or latter stage of kottu 'to pour' 74 poku
'to rise' Foam rising up and down due to the high pressure
Progressing for certain time While comparing the drops of water the
quantity of some liquid is more. vali 'to overflow ' After filling
up the container of storing some liquid. Overflowing at any side of
the container/object The quantity of some liquid is more.
Progressing for certain time. vaRRu 'to dry up' The sources of
water or any container of storing liquid becoming dry up due to the
steam from boiled water or from the petrol etc when exposed to air.
It may be done when the soil absorbed the water in the field. It is
mostly done due to the inner functioning. 75 cintu 'to spill' From
the top to bottom due to stirring/shaking of the container It is
applicable for both liquid and non-liquid A tiny quantity of some
liquid spilling down quickly The advance stage of citaru 'scatter.
There is no continuity. It is not applicable for countable items
and weighty object. *puttakam cintiyullatu,The book spilts out.
puttakam viluntu viPPatu .The book has fallen down * Semantically
incorrect. citaRu 'to scatter' At the plain surface, rising up and
spreads in side-wards. It falls in all the places. The next stage
of cintu 'to spill' A tiny quantity of some liquid A quick process
in a particular time It is applicable for both liquid and non-
liquid. The liquid is scattering at a particular place. o:Tu 'to
run At plain surface Due to the pressure, low lying area, and the
quantity of liquid can be more or less It gives the meaning of
flowing out and progressing for certain time o:Tu 'to run' is used
to denote nirampu 'to fill' and kollu 'to contain' whereas vaTi 'to
trick' is used to denote only the liquid is coming out. Some places
o:Tu 'to run' is replaced by vaTi 'to trick' but it is not replaced
in all places. vellam perukkePuttu o:TukiRatu Water flows heavily.
vellam perukkePuttuvaTikiRatu* * Semantically incorrect 76 pa:y to
flow' At plain surface Time and quantity is more for this.
Progresses for certain time The process pa:y 'flow' is not
forcefully-done, whereas the process o:tu 'runs' is possible with
force. pa:y can be replaced by o:Tu, if the flow is heavy. The
replacement of pa:y by o:Tu is not possible, if the flow is not
heavy. eg. vayalil tanni:r o:Pi/pa:yntuk konPirukkiRatu.. Water is
flowing in the field. vellam perukePuttuo:TukiRatu Water flows
heavily. *vellam perukePuttu pa:ykiRatu * Semanticallyincorrect
talumpu 'to brim' Top to bottom due to the movement of liquid.
Process is not taking place automatically. Due to less quantity of
liquid in the container. For certain time only but not
progressively. It is applicable for both liquid and semisolid
substances. It may be the increasing stage of teRi 'to spray'. 77
paravu 'to spread' Not only in plain surface but also downwards.
More time, less force, less quantity. Later stage of kaci 'to
ooze'. Advanced stage of u:Ru to spring. u:Ru to secrete Most
probably sending liquid items out from downwards to upwards. b) It
is concerned only with liquid. cittaantarettinam Dr.S.Sundarabalu
Assistant Professor Department of Linguistics Bharathiar University
Coimbatore-46 [email protected] 9715769995 Reading or
speaking a language is useless, unless, one is aware of the inner/
deeper meaning of the words stored in ones repositoryand apply the
same accordingly in an efficient way. Meaning and vocabulary are
acquired through the five senses. If the human internal senses are
not clearly formulated/ stimulated, the purpose of our
communication is a failure. 2/20/2014 Time present past time to
come Present and Past but Future ?