1: Introduction Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is a field of study dedicated to understanding, designing, and evaluating robotic systems for use by or with humans. Interaction, by definition, requires communication between robots and humans. Communication between a human and a robot may take several forms, but these forms are largely influenced by whether the human and the robot are in close proximity to each other or not. Thus, communication and, therefore, interaction can be separated into two general categories: Remote interaction – The human and the robot are not co-located and are separated spatially or even temporally (for example, the Mars Rovers are separated from earth both in space and time). Proximate interactions – The humans and the robots are co-located (for example, service robots may be in the same room as humans). Within these general categories, it is useful to distinguish between applications that require mobility, physical manipulation, or social interaction. Remote interaction with mobile robots often is referred to as teleoperation or supervisory control, and remote interaction with a physical manipulator is often referred to as telemanipulation. Proximate interaction with mobile robots may take the form of a robot assistant, and proximate interaction may include a physical interaction. Social interaction includes social, emotive, and cognitive aspects of interaction. In social interaction, the humans and robots interact as peers or companions. Importantly, social interactions with robots appear to be proximate rather than remote. Because the volume of work in social interactions is vast, we present only a brief survey; a more complete survey of this important area is left to future work. In this paper, we present a survey of modern HRI. We begin by presenting key developments in HRI-related fields with the goal of identifying critical technological and scientific developments that have made it possible for HRI to develop as a field of its own; we argue that HRI is not simply a reframing and reformulation of previous work, but rather a new field of scientific study. To support this argument, we identify seminal events that signal the emergence of HRI as a field. Although we adopt a designer-centered framing of the paper, work in the field requires strong interdisciplinary blends from various scientific and engineering fields. After surveying key aspects in the emergence of HRI as a field, we define the HRI problem with an emphasis on those factors of interaction that a designer can shape. We then proceed to describe the application areas that drive much of modern HRI. Many of these problems are extremely challenging and have strong societal implications. We group application areas into the previously mentioned two general categories, remote and proximate interactions, and identify important, influential, or thought-provoking work within these two categories. We follow this by describing common solution concepts and barrier problems that cross application domains and interaction types. We
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1: IntroductionHuman-Robot Interaction (HRI) is a field of study dedicated to understanding, designing, and evaluating robotic
systems for use by or with humans. Interaction, by definition, requires communication between robots and humans.
Communication between a human and a robot may take several forms, but these forms are largely influenced by
whether the human and the robot are in close proximity to each other or not. Thus, communication and, therefore,
interaction can be separated into two general categories:
Remote interaction – The human and the robot are not co-located and are separated spatially or even temporally (for
example, the Mars Rovers are separated from earth both in space and time).
Proximate interactions – The humans and the robots are co-located (for example, service robots may be in the same
room as humans).
Within these general categories, it is useful to distinguish between applications that require mobility, physical
manipulation, or social interaction. Remote interaction with mobile robots often is referred to as teleoperation or
supervisory control, and remote interaction with a physical manipulator is often referred to as telemanipulation.
Proximate interaction with mobile robots may take the form of a robot assistant, and proximate interaction may
include a physical interaction. Social interaction includes social, emotive, and cognitive aspects of interaction. In
social interaction, the humans and robots interact as peers or companions. Importantly, social interactions with robots
appear to be proximate rather than remote. Because the volume of work in social interactions is vast, we present only
a brief survey; a more complete survey of this important area is left to future work.
In this paper, we present a survey of modern HRI. We begin by presenting key developments in HRI-related fields
with the goal of identifying critical technological and scientific developments that have made it possible for HRI to
develop as a field of its own; we argue that HRI is not simply a reframing and reformulation of previous work, but
rather a new field of scientific study. To support this argument, we identify seminal events that signal the emergence
of HRI as a field. Although we adopt a designer-centered framing of the paper, work in the field requires strong
interdisciplinary blends from various scientific and engineering fields.
After surveying key aspects in the emergence of HRI as a field, we define the HRI problem with an emphasis on
those factors of interaction that a designer can shape. We then proceed to describe the application areas that drive
much of modern HRI. Many of these problems are extremely challenging and have strong societal implications. We
group application areas into the previously mentioned two general categories, remote and proximate interactions, and
identify important, influential, or thought-provoking work within these two categories. We follow this by describing
common solution concepts and barrier problems that cross application domains and interaction types. We then briefly
identify related work from other fields involving humans and machines interacting, and summarize the paper.
Human–robot interaction is the study of interactions between humans and robots. It is often referred as HRI by researchers. Human–robot interaction is a multidisciplinary field with contributions from human–computer interaction, artificial intelligence, robotics, natural language understanding, design, and social sciences.
Human–computer interactionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A lot of data has been gathered with regards to user studies. For example, when users encounter
proactive behaviour on the part of the robot and the robot does not respect a safety distance, penetrating
the user space, he or she might express fear. This is dependent on one person to another. Only intensive
experiment can permit a more precise model.
It has been shown that when a robot has no particular use, negative feelings are often expressed. The
robot is perceived as useless and its presence becomes annoying.
In another experiment, it has occurred that people tend to attribute to the robot personality characteristics
that were not implemented.
Motion planningFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013)
Motion planning (also known as the "navigation problem" or the "piano mover's problem") is a term used
in robotics for the process of breaking down a desired movement task into discrete motions that satisfy
movement constraints and possibly optimize some aspect of the movement.
For example, consider navigating a mobile robot inside a building to a distant waypoint. It should execute this
task while avoiding walls and not falling down stairs. A motion planning algorithm would take a description of
these tasks as input, and produce the speed and turning commands sent to the robot's wheels. Motion
planning algorithms might address robots with a larger number of joints (e.g., industrial manipulators), more
complex tasks (e.g. manipulation of objects), different constraints (e.g., a car that can only drive forward), and
uncertainty (e.g. imperfect models of the environment or robot).
Motion planning has several robotics applications, such as autonomy, automation, and robot design
in CAD software, as well as applications in other fields, such as animating digital characters,video
game artificial intelligence, architectural design, robotic surgery, and the study of biological molecules.
observation that can greatly speed-up and improve the accuracy of human perception[citation needed]. Robots
can be used to address these concerns[citation needed] . Research in this area includes efforts to address robot
sensing, mobility, navigation, planning, integration, and tele-operated control[citation needed].
SAR robots have already been deployed to environments such as the Collapse of the World Trade
Center.[2]
Other application areas include:
Entertainment
Education
Field robotics
Home and companion robotics
Hospitality
Rehabilitation and Elder Care
Robot Assisted Therapy (RAT)
Advantage
"Advances in Human-Robot Interaction" provides a unique collection of recent research in human-robot interaction. It covers the basic important research areas ranging from multi-modal interfaces, interpretation, interaction, learning, or motion coordination to topics such as physical interaction, systems, and architectures. The book addresses key issues of human-robot interaction concerned with perception, modelling, control, planning and cognition, covering a wide spectrum of applications. This includes interaction and communication with robots in manufacturing environments and the collaboration and co-existence with assistive robots in domestic environments. Among the presented examples are a robotic bartender, a new programming paradigm for a cleaning robot, or an approach to interactive teaching of a robot assistant in manufacturing environment. This carefully edited book reports on contributions from leading German academic institutions and industrial companies brought together within MORPHA, a 4 year project on interaction and communication between humans and anthropomorphic robot assistants.
ConclusionThe aim of the project was to develop a user- friendly graphical user interface using effective Human robot interaction through iterative design. The interface had to be intuitive and did not subject the user to sensory overload. Human robot interaction had to take a minimalistic approach and only display the selected video streams and what is core to operating the robot. The user interface had to only bring in other data if requested or if required e.g. motor overload. Intelligence in the system was needed that is to think for the user to simplify the operation of the robot.
In order to fulfill the aim of the project, a user centered design approach was adopted that
involved users from the first stages of the design until the final design was obtained. The users did different tasks on the system and based on the feedback from the tasks, improvement on the system was made. The system development that was adopted for this system was the iterative and incremental approach.
A usable and user centered system was successfully implemented. This was obtained from the last user evaluations that were done. The questionnaire findings showed 85.7 % of system usability and 84.1% effective design principles. These results obtained show that involving users in the design stages increases the probability of obtaining a usable system since the users would have contributed in the design and the system output would be what they expected.
The final system generally received very positive feedback from the users as they were comparing the system to the available robot user interfaces. The other reason for very good system acceptance was that all the functionalities and more that the users had requested were successfully implemented.