Human Rights In India: Status Report 2012

7/31/2019 Human Rights In India: Status Report 2012

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4

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9



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58

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55



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52

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50



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dnp}`dnaj}! dnp}`dnaj} bànkoiko zn ]md`jpa`j Me}z`} ekj Zrib`}! dnp}`dnaj}

izd aizza` nr kn aekj! e} àa e} dnp}`dnaj} ik zd` an`}z ikmnf` mae}}`}! er`

`tmapj`j rnf zd` XJ] znjey+‖:2 Ik emz! ik 288:&80! 08% n xnnr rprea dnp}`dnaj}

jij knz dew` e BXA merj! dia` 54% n dnp}`dnaj} ik zd` rimd`}z upikzia` dej nk`+ :=

Nzd`r xrnba`f} n ifxa`f`kzezink ikmapj`< an}}`} jpriko zrek}xnrzezink! xnnr

}znreo`! rnzziko oreik} ekj iaaòea }ea`+

Zd` xrnxn}ea zn ikzrnjpm` e —me}d zrek}`r’ xrnoreff` ik xaem` n zd` XJ] mekknz

}naw` zd` xrnba`f n ikmnrr`mz ij`kzimezink n zd` xnnr! ekj iaa knz b`k`z zd`

earèjy zero`z`j xnnr }ikm` zd`y npaj b` r`mìwiko e t`j }pf d`k xrim`} n

`}}`kziea iz`f}! ikmapjiko nnj! er` ri}iko+ E xa`zdnre n ifx`jif`kz} zdez r`kj`r

me}d zrek}`r} knz e }`k}iba` xaek zn emdi`w` nnj }`mprizy< zd` eweiaebiaizy! `mi`kmy

ekj emm`}}ibiaizy n bekc} nr xn}z nm` }y}z`f}! `}x`mieaay nr x`nxa` aiwiko ik

r`fnz` erè} n zd` mnpkzry3 zd` irròpaer xeyf`kz} ekj mnrrpxzink3 zd` diod rez`} n

iaaiz`remy3 zd` aemc n j`mi}ink&feciko xn`r nw`r zd` dnp}`dnaj ikmnf` by nf`k

dn er` zd` feik xrnwij`r} n nnj3 e} àa e} zd` ejw`r}` ifxemz nk eorimpazprea

xrnjpmzink niko zn zd` aemc n j`fekj nr }pb}iji}`j oreik}+ E 2855 }prw`y

de} }dnk zdez x`nxa` r`l`mz`j zd` ikzrnjpmzink n me}d zrek}`r} ik }zez`} d`r`

zd` XJ] i} pkmzinkea! d`rè} feky r`}xnkj`kz} `r` fnr` nx`k zn zd` ijè ik

}zez`} izd e jy}pkmzinkea XJ]+ ‑Nw`reaa! fnr` zdek zn&zdirj} n zd` r`}xnkj`kz}

`txr`}}`j e maèr xr``r`km` nr nnj nw`r me}d3 a`}} zdek nk`&zd `r` ik ewnpr

n me}d nw`r nnj‖+::

:8 Dikjp}zek Zif`}! Rnzziko oreik fnr` zdek Onw`rkf`kz maeif`j ! ]`xz`fb`r ?! 2858! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+dikjp}zekzif`}+mnf.K`}&G``j.Ikjie.Rnzziko&oreik&fnr`&zdek&Onwz&maeif`j.Erzima`5&097945+e}xt+ Ea}n }``<Dikjp}zek Zif`}! Knz e oreik n zrpzd! ]`xz`fb`r 4! 2858! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+dikjp}zekzif`}+mnf.K`}&G``j.Mnapfk}]eferDeaerkcer.Knz&e&oreik&n&zrpzd.Erzima 5&09?487+e}xt

:5 Zd` Xaekkiko Mnffi}}ink! Kpzrizink ekj ]nmiea ]e`zy K`z ! xeo` 5=0+ eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..xaekkikomnffi}}ink+kim+ik.xaek}.xaekr a.w`yr.55zd.55^w2.55w2^md:+xj

:2 F+ ]efikezdek! Zd` Me}` n ]zez` Ikz`rw`kzink! PK Mdrnkima`}! 2884! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+pk+nro.mf.mnk&z`kz.}iz`.mdrnkima`.dnf`.ermdiw`.i}}p`}2884.xij.0585>xrikz65

:= Ikz`rkezinkea Dnp}`dnaj ]prw`y K`znrc! Ikjie< 2880&Kezinkea ]efxa` ]prw`y Rnpkj 75! 288:&28803 Lèk Jr`|`' R``zice Cd`re! Zd` BXA M`k}p} ekj e Xn}}iba` Eaz`rkeziw`! @mnknfim ekj Xnaizimea _``cay! Wna TAW Kn 9! G`brp&ery 2?! 2858+

:: R``zice Cd`re! R`wiwea n zd` Xpbaim Ji}zribpzink ]y}z`f< @wij`km` ekj @txaekezink}! @mnknfim ekj Xnaizimea_``cay! Wna TAWI Kn :: ' :0! Knw`fb`r 0! 2855+



57

Zd` }zez` n Zefia Kejp! dia` ejnxziko e pkiw`r}ea exxrnemd! ‑de} ikzrnjpm`j

ek nxzink nr dnp}`dnaj} zdez jn knz ekz zn xprmde}` rim` rnf zd` XJ]! ekj

oiw`k zd`f }mnx` nr bpyiko fnr` }poer nr c`rn}`k`+ Zd`r` er` 588!888 merj&

dnaj`r} dn dew` `t`rmi}`j zdi} nxzink! ekj eknzd`r 02!888 dn dew` izdjrek

rnf zd` XJ] mnfxa`zày+ E} zd` ]zez` i} bpyiko oreik rnf zd` m`kzr` ez diod`r

xrim`} SBXA eaanmezink ez zd` BXA xrim` ekj EXA $Ebnw` Xnw`rzy Aik`) eaanmezink ez

zd` EXA xrim`V! iz i} ikmprriko ek ejjizinkea }pb}ijy zn feikzeik e pkiw`r}ea }y}z`f

izd rim` ez }x`mieaay }pb}iji}`j an xrim`‖+:0 Mnkzrery zn e mnffnk bài` zdez zd`

XJ] i} irr`xerebay jy}pkmzinkea! e r`m`kz }prw`y $Cd`re! 2855) de} }dnk zdez ik

}zez`} d`r` epzdnrizi`} dew` zec`k fè}pr`} ekj ikizieziw`}! }pmd e} `txekj`j

mnw`reo`! r`jpm`j xrim`}! mnfxpz`ri}ezink n }znmc fekeo`f`kz! `zm! zd` XJ]

e} }iokimekzay pkmzinkea+ Zd` }y}z`f ik Difemdea Xrej`}d i} ea}n pkiw`r}ea

izd eaa dnp}`dnaj} dewiko zd` }ef` emm`}} zn mnffnjizi`} ekj upekzizi`}! izd

EXA dnp}`dnaj} xeyiko diod`r xrim`} zdek zd` BXA dnp}`dnaj}+ Ekjdre Xrej`}d

ekj Mddezzi}oerd dew` ejnxz`j e upe}i&pkiw`r}ea exxrnemd izd kèray 48% n

zd` xnxpaezink dewiko emm`}} zn XJ] mnffnjizi`}+:7 Zd`}` ikmap}iw`! }pmm`}}pa

}y}z`f} n XJ] }dnpaj b` `fpaez`j emrn}} zd` mnpkzry+

Kezinkea Gnnj ]`mprizy Biaa

Zd` Kezinkea Gnnj ]`mprizy Biaa! 2855 $KG]B) i} e w`ry ifxnrzekz }z`x znerj} zd`

àifikezink n dpko`r ekj pkj`r&kpzrizink ik Ikjie+ Iz} xn}iziw` èzpr`} ikmapj` zd`

r`mnokizink n nf`k e} dèj} n zd` dnp}`dnaj nr zd` ji}zribpzink n BXA merj}

ekj zd` }zezpznry r`mnokizink n Fij&Jey Fèa} ekj Ikzòrez`j Mdiaj J`wànxf`kz

]md`f`}+ Dn`w`r! zd` Biaa ea}n de} }dnrzmnfiko}! e} iz eia} zn pkiw`r}eai}` zd`

XJ] ekj rezd`r nxz} nr e zero`z`j exxrnemd+ Ik ejjizink! zd` mprr`kz nw`rdàfiko

nmp} n zd` KG]B nk zd` XJ] i} knz ejùpez`+ Ik nrj`r zn fec` zd` riodz zn nnj

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b` ejjr`}}`j ekj ikmnrxnrez`j ik zd` efbiz n zd` Biaa+ Zd` KG]B }dnpaj ikmapj`

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x`nxa` zn ``j zd`f}àw`}! eanko izd zd` }zez` nbaioezink zn xrnwij` nnj i x`nxa`

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ik mnknrfizy izd Ikjie’} dpfek riodz} nbaioezink} ekj ik mnfxaiekm` izd nrj`r} n

zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz+

Nk 52 Fermd! 2852! }`w`rea `fik`kz j`wànxf`kz `mnknfi}z} rnz` ek nx`k a`zz`r

zn Xrif` Fiki}z`r Fekfndek ]ikod àmnfiko zd` zebaiko n zd` Kezinkea Gnnj

]`mprizy Biaa bpz ea}n xnikziko npz zn iz} }`rinp} }dnrzmnfiko}+ Zd` `tx`rz} }poo`}z`j

e }ifxa`r ekj fnr` ``mziw` ref`nrc nr zd` XJ] zdez npaj rùpir` nkay fiknr

ef`kjf`kz} zn zd` Biaa+:? Zdìr }poo`}zink} er` j`zeia`j ik zd` naaniko me}` }zpjy+

:0 F+ ]efikezdek! K`n&Aib`rea Xnaimy ekj Gnnj ]`mprizy ik Ikjie< Ifxemz nk zd` Xpbaim Ji}zribpzink ]y}z`f! eweiaeba`

ez< dzzx<..+k znrcijè}+nro.ijè}emz.lek89.XJG.Fejdpre+xj :7 R``zice Cd`re! R`wiwea n zd` Xpbaim Ji}zribpzink ]y}z`f< @wij`km` ekj @txaekezink}! @mnknfim ekj Xnaizimea

_``cay! Wna TAWI Kn :: ' :0! Knw`fb`r 0! 2855+

:? Zd` Dikjp! E }ifxa` xrnxn}ea nk nnj } mprizy ! Fermd 52!2852! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+zd`dikjp+mnf.nxikink.nx&`j.erzima`2940252+`m`



5?



me}` }zpjy

}ifxaiiko d Kinka Gnn }ri Biaa

Ik iz} mprr`kz nrf $Xaek E)! zd` Kezinkea Gnnj ]`mprizy Biaa $KG]B) i} ifxremzimea ekj jiwi}iw`+ Iz r`}z} nk ek

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dnp}`dnaj} dew` eia`j+ Z` ]nmin&@mnknfim ekj Me}z` M`k}p} $]@MM) i} pkaicày zn x`rnrf fpmd b`zz`r zdek

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Ea}n! Xaek E aemc} }ifxaimizy ekj zrek}xer`kmy! à`f`kz} zdez er `}}`kziea nr zd` }pmm`}} n zdi} Biaa+

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—kezinkea e}}pr`j fikifpf kziza`f`kz’ $KEF@) n 20 co} x`r fnkzd ez IKR =.2.5 $P]J 8+87.8+8:.8+82) x`r

co nr rim`.dèz.fiaa z}3:4 $j) r`zeik ekj }zr`kozd`k zd` Ekzynjeye Ekke Ynleke }md`f` :9 e} iz i}+

ewko n di }naink< Iz i} `fik`kzay è}iba` ekj ràeziwày è}y zn ifxa`f`kz3 iz xrnwij`} e }npkj ekjjpreba` ref`nrc3 xnnr dnp}`dnaj} npaj b` àa xrnz`mz`j rnf `tmap}ink `rrnr}3 `kziza`f`kz} npaj b`

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mariink< $e) Z` KEF@ i} e kezinkea fikifpf operekz``j by zd` m`kzrea onw`rkf`kz pkj`r KG]B+ Iz

jn`} knz xr`w`kz }zez` onw`rkf`kz} rnf xrnwijiko fnr`! `+o+ by oiwiko fnr` zdek 20 co zn eef dnp}`dnaj}!

nr by oiwiko }nf`zdiko zn `tmapj`j dnp}`dnaj}3 $b) Ik xrikmixa`! zd` KEF@ k``j knz b` zd` }ef` `w`ryd`r`!

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Ynleke xrnoreff` npaj b` r`zeik`j ekj }zr`kozd`k`j! ìzd`r pkj`r zd` KG]B! nr }ifxay e} e —}md`f`’+ Z`

]@MM’} —epznfezim ikmap}ink’ dnp}`dnaj} $`+o+ ràè}`j bnkj`j aebnpr`r}) mnpaj b` epznfezimeaay ejj`j zn zd`

Ekzynjeye ai}z+

Rnr Ruirfk< I 20% n rprea dnp}`dnaj} ekj 08% n prbek dnp}`dnaj} er` `tmapj`j $e} ik Xaek

E)! zd` ekkpea r`}nprm` rùpir`f`kz} $ikmapjiko zd` rùpir`j xrnwi}ink nr zd` Ekzynjeye xrnoreff`) er` e}

naan}<

Oreik Rùpir f`kz} $Fiaaink znkk`}) Gnnj ]pb}ijy $IKR Biaaink)

Xaek E 02+: ??9+2? $P]J 5:+0)

XaekB 05+0 450+2: $P]J 50+5)

Z Fik Dra< BXA dnp}`dnaj} er` mprr`kzay `kziza`j zn =0 co} x`r fnkzd3 d`km` zn zdn}` dnp}`dnaj} zdez

emzpeaay nbzeik =0 co} xaek B npaj exxèr j`zrif`kzea! mnfxer`j izd zdìr mprr`kz `kziza`f`kz}+ Dn`w`r!

nkay }nf` }zez`} er` emzpeaay orekziko =0 co} x`r fnkzd zn BXA dnp}`dnaj}+ Feky }zez`} dew` earèjy r`jpm`j

BXA `kziza`f`kz} zn `txekj zd` mnw`reo` n zd` XJ]! zn 20 co} x`r fnkzd nr a`}}+ Mnk}ùp`kzay! BXA dnp}`&

dnaj} ik zd`}` }zez`} npaj b`k`z rnf Xaek B+ @w`k e BXA dnp}`dnaj mprr`kzay nbzeikiko zd` nmiea upnze

n =0 co} x`r fnkzd ez zd` nmiea —m`kzrea i}}p` xrim`}’ npaj o`z rnpoday zd` }ef` }pb}ijy pkj`r Xaek B ” e}

zd` r`jpmzink n xrim` npaj mnfx`k}ez` nr zd` r`jpmzink n upekzizy+ Zi} exxai`}! nr ik}zekm`! ik PX ekj

Federe}dzre+

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:9 Zd` }md`f` i} eif`j zn zero`z zd` xnnr`}z n zd` xnnr ik rprea ekj prbek er e}! dn er` i}}p`j }x`miea yàan re&zink merj}+



54

Z`r` i} }ziaa e xn}}iba` i}}p` ik e ` }zez`} d`r` BXA dnp}`dnaj} r`mìw` =0 co}! ekj d`r` zd` i}}p` xrim` de}

b``k r`jpm`j $by }zez` onw`rkf`kz}) }pb}zekzieaay bàn zd` —m`kzrea i}}p` xrim`}’+ Z` feik tefxa`} er` Mddez&

zi}oerd ekj Ldercdekj+ Dn`w`r! zd`}` }zez`} iaa emmpfpaez` aero` XJ] }pb}iji`} i zd` m`kzrea onw`rkf`kz

r`jpm`} i}}p` xrim`} zn IKR =.2.5 $P]J 8+87.8+8:.8+82) nr rim`.dèz.fiaa`z}+ Z`}` }ew`j }pb}iji`} mnpaj b`

p}`j by zd` mnkm`rk`j }zez`} zn xrnz`mz zd` kziza`f`kz} n dnp}`dnaj} mprr`kzay r`mìwiko =0 co}+ Eaz`rkeziwày!

e xrnwi}inkea —}pxxa`f`kz’ n 58 co} x`r BXA dnp}`dnaj mnpaj b` xrnwij`j by zd` m`kzrea onw`rkf`kz zn eaa}zez`} zdez mprr`kzay xrnwij` =0 co} zn BXA dnp}`dnaj}! nr e aifiz`j x`rinj n zif`+ Zi} npaj b` `nrza`}}!

mnk}ij`riko zd` onw`rkf`kz’} aero` `tm`}} }znmc} ez zd` fnf`kz+08

]nprm` $}pffery)<Z` Dikjp! Ezzemdf`kz knz` nk nnj }`mprizy! Fermd 52! 2852! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+zd`dikjp+mnf.fpazif`jie.ermdiw .889:4.]ifxaiyiko^zd`^KG]^9:4?::e+xj SJrez`j by< Jiaix Ebr`p $Xrikm`&znk Pkiw`r}izy)3 Xpaexr` Beaecri}dkek $Jir`mznr! M`kzr` nr J`wànxf`kz ]zpji`}! Zirpwekekzdexpref)3 Ebdiliz Bek`rl`` $Fe}}emdp}`zz} Ik}zizpz` n mdknanoy)3 ]eko``ze Bek}ea $Leederaea K`drp Pkiw`r}izy)3 Xrekeb Berjdek$Pkiw`r}izy n Meainrkie! B`rcà`y)3 W+ Bde}cer $Pkiw`r}izy Mnaaò`! Ankjnk)3 E}diki J`}dxekj` $Jàdi ]mdnna n @mnknfim})3 Bike Eoerea $Jir`mznr! Ik}zizpz` n @mnknfim Ornzd)3 Fed`kjre J`w $Jir`mznr! Ikjire Oekjdi Ik}zizpz` n J`wànxf`kz R`}èrmd)3 Lèk Jrä|` $Eaaedebej Pkiw`r}izy)3 Bde}cer Jpzze $_erimc Pkiw`r}izy)3

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i} nw`rdàfiko eor``f`kz zdez emdi`wiko nnj }`mprizy ik j`wànxiko mnpkzri`}

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nxxnrzpkizi`} nr! }feaa&}mea` erf`r}‖+05

08 Gnnjoreik }znmc} }znnj ez 0: fiaaink znkk`} nk 5 Fermd 2852 $zd` diod`}z& w`r a`wà nr zdez jez`! lp}z b nr` zd`

rebi derw`}z)+ Zd`y er` tx`mz`j zn ri}` zn ?: fiaaink znkk`} by 5 Lpk` 2852+

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Ikz`rkezinkea Zrej` ]y}z`f! Bri`ko knz` 8:! Knw`fb`r 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+}rnnj+nro.ifeo`}. }znri`}.xj.nzd`rjnmpf`kz}.28555557^bri ko^knz`^80^ k+xj>pzf^}nprm`6]RGnnj#K`}a`zz`r'pzf^mefxeiok6j`=28m20b&2855&5557^Zrej`&rpa`}&fp}z&knz&dnaj&bemc&`nrz}'pzf^f jipf6`feia



59



me}` }zpjy

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_izd zd` dàx n zd` Fejprei ji}zrimz ejfiki}zrezink! ]IXMN $]zez` Ikjp}zri`} Xrnfnzink Mnrxnrezink n

efia Kejp Azj) ij`kzi`j ernpkj 5!:?4+?5 emr`} n aekj ik ]iwerecnzzei! Ceri}eaceaefxezzi ekj ]efifeaaef&

xezzi $zdr`` wiaaeo`} ik Zirpfekoeaef eapc! Fejprei ji}zrimz) e} }pizeba` zn }zebai}d e ]x`miea @mnknfim \nk`

$]@\)+ R`xr`}`kzeziw`} n ]IXMN j`maer`j zd` ij`kzi`j aekj e} jry ekj mnkmapj`j zdez zd` ròink paaa} zd`

be}im mriz`rie nr ikjp}zriea xrnfnzink! kefày maifez`! o`norexdy! ikre}zrpmzpr` ekj mdèx fekxn`r+ Ez`r

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f`kz} e} x`r zd` xrnwi}ink} n zd` ]x`miea @mnknfim \nk` Emz! 2880 + ]ikm` 2884! zd` e`mz`j xè}ekz} dew` b``k

nxxn}iko zd` `}zebai}df`kz n zd` ]@\ ekj dew` nrf`j zd` Fejprei Fewezze Wiwe}eyoi Keae ]ekoef! e erf&

`r}’ }zrpooa` mnffizz``+

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5908 efiai`}! dn dew` kn nzd`r }nprm` n aiwàidnnj ekj ikmnf` nzd`r zdek zd` }feaa aekj&dnajiko ekj eki&fea dp}bekjry+ Gnnj }`mprizy }zekjerj} er` r`fercebay diod efnko zd` wiaaeo`r} dn er` znzeaay j`x`kj`kz nk

eorimpazpr` ekj ekifea dp}bekjry nr zdìr aiwàidnnj}! niko zn zd` ez`r fekeo`f`kz }y}z`f} ekj ikzòrez`j

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nk }feaa x`rm`kzeo`} n zd` aekj! zd`y er` mnfxa`zày j`x`kj`kz nk zd` yiàj ekj }nf` n zd`f fekeo` zn }àa

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E }prw`y mnkjpmz`j by Gnnjr}z Iknrfezink ekj Emzink K`znrc $GIEK) }dn} zdez 90% n zd` efiai`}

$54?8 npz n 5908) ikwnaw`j ik eorimpazpr` er` mnk}pfiko nkay nnj xrnjpm`j by zd`f}àw`}! dia` 40% n zd`

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er` xaekk`j zn b` `}zebai}d`j+

]nprm`< GIEK Ikjie



28

Gerf`r}’ ]pimij`}

]ikm` 2885 zd` mnpkzry de} izk`}}`j ek eaerfiko kpfb`r n erf`r }pimij`} izd e

be}àik` n 50!888 èmd yèr02 xriferiay jp` zn ikj`bz`jk`}} ekj eoreriek ji}zr`}}+

Zd` fn}z r`m`kz yèr nr dimd nmiea opr`} er` eweiaeba` i} 2858! emmnrjiko zn

dimd 50!97: erf`r} mnffizz`j }pimij` ik zd` }ef` yèr ” zdez efnpkz} zn nk`

erf`r }pimij` `w`ry := fikpz`}+0= Aib`reai}`j zrej`!0: xez`kziko n eorimpazprea

xrnjpmz}! ekj zd` ikzrnjpmzink n O`k`zimeaay Fnji`j Nroeki}f} $OFN})! }x`mieaay

pkj`r zd` jrez Binz`mdknanoy Ròpaeznry Epzdnrizy n Ikjie Biaa! 2855!00 mnpaj przd`r

eoorewez` Ikjie’} nnj mri}i}+07

me}` }zpjy

Grfr’ }ii

Eaaò`j zn b` zd` aero`}z ew` n r`mnrj`j }pimij`} ik dpfek di}znry! zd` kpfb`r n Ikjiek erf`r} zdez dew`mnffizz`j }pimij` ik zd` ae}z 57 yèr} i} `}zifez`j zn b` fnr` zdek e uperz`r n e fiaaink+ Z` fn}z r`m`kz yèr

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nk! zd`y jn knz xnrzrey zd` emzpea kpfb`r n erf`r }pimij`} zeciko xaem`+ Gnr ik}zekm`! nf`k er` nz`k

knz ikmapj`j ik erf`r }pimij`} }zezi}zim} }ikm` fn}z n zd`f aemc aekj ziza`} ” e mnffnk xr`rùpi}iz` nr bìko

r`mnoki}`j e} e erf`r ik nmiea }zezi}zim} ekj xrnoreff`}+

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zd` xe}z zn j`mej`}! `mnknfim r`nrf} ekj zd` nx`kiko n eorimpazpr` zn oanbea ferc`z} dew` ikmrè}`j mn}z}!

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zrexx`j ik e myma` n j`bz! zeciko nk fnr` anek} ekj bpyiko fnr` ikxpz}! dimd ik zprk mek aèj zn orèz`r j`bz+Iz de} b``k }eij zdez ‑ikj`bz`jk`}} i} zd` felnr ekj xrntifez` mep}` n erf`r }pimij`} ik Ikjie+ Feky erf`r}! irnki&

meaay! zec` zdìr aiw`} by iko`}ziko zd` w`ry x`}zimij` zd`y `kz ikzn j`bz zn xprmde} ‖ +04

Z` anek eiw`r }md`f` n zd` Pkink Bpjo`z 2884 }e e j`mrè}` n lp}z :=7 }pimij`} $57!597)09 mnfxer`j

zn 288? $57!7=2 }pimij`})78 be}`j nk zd` Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp $KMRB) jeze+ Zp}! zd`r` `r` kn

felnr mdeko`} ik zd` zr`kj n }pimij`} mnk}ij`riko zdez zd`r` i} }ziaa e w`ry diod kpfb`r n }pimij`} izdik e e}z

j`mrè}iko eoreriek xnxpaezink+75 Z` eiw`r e} e àmnf` }z`x! bpz iz e} ge`j! e} iz jèaz nkay izd bekc

mr`jiz izdnpz ejjr`}}iko zd` fnk`ya`kj`r j`bz+ Mnk}ùp`kzay! nkay erf`r} izd emm`}} zn ik}zizpzinkea mr`jiz

02 Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Emmij`kzea J ezd} ekj ]pimij`} ik Ikjie 2858! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kmrb+kim+ik.MJ& EJ]I2889.EJ]I2889&paa&r`xnrz+xj

0= Ibij+

0: Zd` _nraj Zrej` Nroeki|ezink ekj zd` Xn}z&Oanbea Gnnj Mri}i} Eo`kje< Xpzziko Gnnj ]`mprizy Gir}z ik zd`

Ikz`rkezinkea Zrej` ]y}z`f! Bri`ko knz` 8:! Knw`fb`r 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+}rnnj+nro.ifeo`}. }znri`}.xj.nzd`rjnmpf`kz}.28555557^bri ko^knz`^80^ k+xj>pzf^}nprm`6]RGnnj#K`}a`zz`r'pzf^mefxeiok6j`=28m20b&2855&5557^Zrej`&rpa`}&fp}z&knz&dnaj&bemc&`nrz}'pzf^f jipf6`feia+

00 Reodpwek}d Xre}ej ]ikod< BREI Biaa & Bpaajn|iko xpbaim nxikink! Bp}ik`}} ]zekjerj! ]`xz`fb`r 5?! 2855!eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+bp}ik`}}&}zekjerj+mnf.ikjie.k }.reodpwek}d&xre}ej&}ikod&brei&biaa&bpaajn|iko&xpbaim&nxikink.::9:87.+

07 ]``< Mnkmapjiko Nb}`rwezink} n zd` PK Mnffizz`` nk @mnknfim ]nmiea ekj Mpazprea Riodz}! 2884! @.M+52. IKJ.MN.0! xere! 29! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..jemm }}&jj}&[email protected].:=7.84.XJG.O84:=784+xj>Nx`k@a`f`kz+

0? Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp 2889! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kmrb+kim+ik.MJ&EJ]I2889.EJ]I2889&paa&r`xnrz+xj

04 M`kz`r nr Dpfek Riodz} ekj Oanbea Lp}zim`! @w`ry Zdirzy Fikpz`}< Gerf`r ]pimij`}! Dpfek Riodz}! ekj zd` Eorer&

iek Mri}i} ik Ikjie! KYP ]mdnna n Ae! 2855+

09 Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bpr ep 2884! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kmrb+kim+ik.EJ]I2884.zeba`&2+7+xj

78 Kezinkea Mrif` R mnrj} Bprèp 288?! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kmrb+kim+ik.ej}i.jeze.EJ]I288?.Zeba`&2+55+xj

75 M`k}p} n Ikjie 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..m`k}p}ikjie+onw+ik.2855&xrnw&r`}paz}.xex`r2.jezeâ }.ikjie.Rprea Pr&bek^2855+xj



25



mnpaj b`k`z! eazdnpod feky z`kekz ekj xnnr erf`r} mnkzikp`j zn o`z anek} xriferiay rnf fnk`ya`kj`r}+72

Z` }md`f` ea}n `tmapj`j erf`r} dnajiko fnr` zdek w` emr`} n aekj! dia` iz fej` kn ji}zikmzink b`z``k

jry ekj irrioez`j dnajiko}+7=

Z` Bio Giw` —}pimij` bàz’ ]zez`} ” Federe}dzre! Ekjdre Xrej`}d! Cerkezece! Fejdye Xrej`}d ekj Mddezzi}oerd” emmnpkz nr zn&zdirj} n eaa erf`r }pimij`}+ Federe}dzre r`feik} zd` }zez` izd zd` diod`}z kpfb`r n }pmd

}pimij`} nr zd` ae}z z`k yèr} ekj! e} KMRB jeze }poo`}z}! nr 2889 eank` zd`r` `r` 2!4?2 erf`r }pimij`} ik zd`

}zez`+7: Z`r` er` rf eaaòezink} zdez zd` mnffizz``} zdez dew` nx`rez`j ik Wijerbde’} mri}i} ji}zrimz} dew` b``k

ji}fi}}iko fn}z n zd` }pimij`} e} —knk&o`kpik ’ nr zd` ae}z npr yèr}+70 Gerf`r }pimij`} ik Wijerbde ròink n

Federe}dzre dew` b``k pkiup` knz nkay ik z`rf} n kpfb`r} bpz ea}n nr zd` rè}nk zdez }nf` n zdn}` mnffiz&

ziko }pimij`}! dew` ejjr`}}`j }pimij` knz`} zn zd` Xrif` Fiki}z`r! zd` Mdi` Fiki}z`r nr zd` Gikekm` Fiki}z`r!

}xèciko n j`bz! }neriko mpaziwezink mn}z}! diod mn}z n aiwiko! wnaezia` xrim`} ekj ròr`}}iw` xnaimi`} zdez dew`

ifxiko`j nk zdnp}ekj} n erf`r} ik zd` ae}z

j`mej`+ 77

Xrn`}}nr C+ Keoerel! dn de} mnkjpmz`j ek

ik j`xzd }zpjy nk zd` erf`r} }pimij` xd`&

knf`knk ik Ikjie! maeif`j zdez zd` diod`}z

kpfb`r} n erf`r }pimij`} b`mnf` wi}iba`

ik ròink} n diod mnff`rmieai}ezink n eori&

mpazpr` ekj w`ry diod xè}ekz j`bz! izd me}d

mrnx erf`r} exxèriko er fnr` wpak`reba` zn

}pimij` zdek zdn}` `koeo`j ik nnj mrnx xrn&

jpmzink+ ‑Z` xr`jeznry mnff`rmieai}ezink n

zd` mnpkzry}ij`3 e fe}}iw` j`maik` ik ikw`}zf`kz

ik eorimpazpr`3 zd` izdjreea n bekc mr`jiz ez e zif` n }neriko ikxpz xrim`}3 zd` mre}d ik erf

ikmnf`} mnfbik`j izd ek `txan}ink n mpaziwe&

zink mn}z}3 zd` }diziko n fiaaink} rnf nnj mrnx

zn me}d mrnx mpaziwezink izd eaa iz} ri}c}3 zd` mnrxnrez` dilemc n `w`ry felnr }`mznr n eorimpazpr` ikmapjiko! ekj `}x`&

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zd` mri}i} ‚ aèwiko ik xaem` eaa iz} mep}`} ‚ izd e nk`&n eiw`r‖ +7? B`dikj zd` }zriciko erf`r }pimij` opr`} ai`

ikjiwijpea zreo`ji`}! zd` ``mz} n dimd depkz zd` efiai`} n zd` j`mè}`j ” efiai`} ikd`riz zd` j`bz! mdiajr`k

jrnx npz n }mdnna zn èrk ek ikmnf`! dia` }prwiwiko efiay f`fb`r} fey zd`f}àw`} mnffiz }pimij` npz n

pzz`r j`}x`rezink+74

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7: Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp 2889! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kmrb+kim+ik.MJ&EJ]I2889.EJ]I2889&paa&r`xnrz+xj

70 X+ ]eikezd! N aptpry mer} ekj anay zremznr}! Zd` Dikjp! J`m`fb`r 2?! 2858! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+zd`dikjp+mnf.nxikink.mnapfk}.}eikezd.erzima`990424+`m`

77 Ibij+

7? X+ ]eikezd! Gerf ]pimij`}< E 52 yèr ]eoe! Zd` D ikjp! Fey 0! 2858! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+zd`dikjp+mnf.nxik&ink.mnapfk}.}eikezd.erzima`9:=2:+`m`

74 Ibij+

Jrnpodz ik Fejdye Xrej`}d+



22

Riodz zn Dèazd

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dn}xizea b`j} x`r 58!888 x`nxa`+?8

Nkay 50% n zd` xnxpaezink de} dèazd ik}prekm`!feciko upeaizy dèazdmer` ik xriwez` dn}xizea} ikemm`}}iba` nr e we}z felnrizy n zd`

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Y er Xaek ik nrj`r zn mnw`r ernpkj ?8 fiaaink efiai`}+?5

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zn upeaizy dèazd mer` nr zd` rprea xnnr+?2

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2=



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Mdiaj Fnrzeaizy

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x`r 5888 nr fea`} mnfxer`j zn 79 x`r 5888 nr `fea`}+4:

?4 Zd` @mnknfim Zif`}! Kezmn Xderfe a`} Ikjie’} r}z mnfxpa}nry aim`k}` xaè! Epop}z 2! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<.. erzima`}+`mnknfimzif`}+ikjiezif`}+mnf.2855&84&82.k }.294:24=: 5^mnfxpa}nry&aim km`&}nre`kib&zn}yaez`&kezmn&xderfee

?9 Mdexz`r TWI! ]`mzink 4: Ikjiek Xez`kz} Emz 59?8 $ef`kj`j ik 2880)! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..ixikjie+kim+ik.ixr.xez`kz. xezemz59?8&=&99+dzfa

48 Zd` Dikjp Bp}ik`}} Aik`! Ikjie’} r}z mnfxpa}nry aim`km` orekz`j zn Kezmn nr Bey`r’} mekm`r jrpo ! Fermd 52!2852! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+zd dikjpbp}ik`}}aik`+mnf.mnfxeki }.erzima`2944:7:+`m`

45 PKIM@G! Zd` ]izpezink n Mdiajr`k ik Ikjie! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+pkim`+nro.}izek.a`}.]izEkÎkjie^Fey^2855+xj

42 Onw`rkf`kz n Ikjie! M`k}p} 2855< Fez`rkea ' Mdiaj Fnrzeaizy ekj Znzea G`rziaizy Rez`}! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..m`k&

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Fey^2855+xj

4: M`k}p} n Ikjie! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+m k}p}ikjie+onw+ik.wizea^}zezi}zim}.]R]^Bpaa`zik}.FFR r`&aè}`^8?8?55+xj



2:

R`xrnjpmziw` Riodz} ekj Fez`rkea Fnrzeaizy

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ikjimeziw` }zezi}zim} wery ijày izd }nf` }zez`} r`wèaiko jrefezimeaay an nw`reaa

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ez e }iokimekzay diod`r ri}c+ Gnr `tefxa`! dia` ikjiwijpea} bànkoiko zn ]md`jpa`j

Me}z`} fec` px exxrntifezày 57% n zd` mnpkzry’} znzea xnxpaezink! zd`y r`xr`}`kz

exxrntifezày 20% n eaa fez`rkea jèzd}+47

Fez`rkea fnrzeaizy r`feik} e mrpmiea xrnba`f j`}xiz` iz} r`jpmzink+ Zd` kezink&

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]md`jpa`j Zrib`}+49

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fnrzeaizy ekj ifxrnw` nw`reaa fez`rkea dèazd+

Zd` Kezinkea Fez`rkizy B`k`z ]md`f` xrnwij`j

40 Aetfi Fekjea w+ J``k Jeyea Deri Keoer Dn}xizea ! _+X+ Kn+ 440=.2884 n 2858! Diod Mnprz n Jàdi+

47 Ik}zizpz` nr R`}èrmd ik F`jimea ]zezi}zim}! @}zifez`} n Fez`rkea Fnrzeaizy Rezin} ik Ikjie ekj iz} ]zez`}< E Xianz

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4? _DN! _nraj Dèazd ]zezi}zim} 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+dn+ikz.dn}i}.dn}zez.2855.`k.ikj`t+dzfa

44 Kezinkea Dèazd Xrna` 2889! J`fnorexdim Ikjimeznr}! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..mbdijod}+kim+ik.riz rèjjeze.aikcif&eo`}.7%28J`fnorexdim%28ikjimeznr}9:98?754=0+xj +

49 M`kz`r nr R xrnjpmziw` Riodz} ekj Dpfek Riodz} Ae K`znrc! Fez`rkea Fnrzeaizy ik Ikjie ” P}iko Ikz`rkezinkea

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20



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kezea mer`! zn nf`k bànkoiko zn xnnr dnp}`dnaj}+98 Zd` xeyf`kz} `r` aifiz`j

zn zd` r}z zn aiw` birzd} x`r nfek+95 Pkj`r zd` Kezinkea Rprea Dèazd Fi}}ink! zd`

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dn dew` knz b``k ròi}z`r`j by ek Emmr`jiz`j ]nmiea Dèazd Emziwi}z $E]DE) nr

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dn}xizea! dia` dn}xizea }ze annc`j nk! b`mep}` n d`r eiapr` zn ròi}z`r pkj`r zd`

L]Y xrnoreff`+9:

Ik Aetfi Fekjea w+ J``k Jeyea Deri Keoer Dn}xizea $2858)!90 zd` riodz} n e nfek

aiwiko bàn zd` xnw`rzy aik` zn dew` e }e`! f`jimeaay e}}i}z`j jàiw`ry! `r`

ejjr`}}`j by zd` Diod Mnprz n Jàdi+ Zd` nfek! ]dekzi J`wi! dej b``k j`ki`j

f`jimea zrèzf`kz ik npr ji`r`kz dn}xizea} zdrnpodnpz Jàdi! j`}xiz` merryiko e

=2&``c naj n`zp}+ Zd` dn}xizea} r`p}`j zn zrèz d`r b`mep}` }d` e} pkeba`

zn xey zd` f`jimea ``}+ Zd` Mnprz iff`jiezày nrj`r`j zdez }d` b` ejfizz`j zn

zd` dn}xizea nr zrèzf`kz+ Eazdnpod }d` aez`r ji`j rnf mnfxaimezink}! zd` Jàdi

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ekj dèazd+97 A`}} zdek zn fnkzd} ez`r zd` di}znrim lpjof`kz ik Aetfi Fekjea !

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ji`j nk e bp}y mizy }zr``z npr jey} ez`r oiwiko birzd zn e beby oira+ Ik ]`xz`fb`r

2858! naaniko f`jie ekj xpbaim mrizimi}f n zd` onw`rkf`kz! zd` Mdi` Lp}zim` n

zd` Jàdi Diod Mnprz znnc }pn fnzn mnoki|ekm` n zd` me}`+ Ik iz} lpjof`kz! zd`

Mnprz mnkmap}iwày `}zebai}d`j zd` ]zez`’} mnk}zizpzinkea jpzy zn xrnz`mz zd` ai` n e

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dew` emm`}} zn nnj! jrikciko ez`r! ekj f`jimea ezz`kzink+ Ik eknzd`r }iokimekz

lpjof`kz ik ]pmdize ]riwe}zewe w+ Mdekjioerd Ejfiki}zrezink!94 d`r` e f`kzeaay

ji}eba`j nfek ‑r`p}`j zn oiw` d`r mnk}`kz nr zd` z`rfikezink n xròkekmy! zd`

]pxr`f` Mnprz dàj zdez e nf`k’} riodz zn x`r}nkea aib`rzy ikmapj`} zd` riodz zn

fec` r`xrnjpmziw` mdnim`} ekj zdez zd` }zez` fp}z r`}x`mz d`r mdnim`‖+99

98 Xaekkiko Mnffi}}ink! Kezinkea Fez`rkizy B`k`z ]md`f`! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..xaekkikomnffi}}ink+kim+ik.r`xnrz}. }`r`xnrz.}`r.fec`r.fec^mdz0m+xj+

95 Ibij+

92 Lekeki ]prec}de Ynleke Opijàik }! eweiaeba` ez<dzzx<..ikjie+onw+ik.eaaifxrf}.eaajnm}.2=4:+xj+

9= Kezinkea r`xnrz }pbfizz`j ik emmnrjekm` izd xereorexd 0 n zd` ekk`t zn Dpfek Riodz} Mnpkmia r`}napzink 57.25<


9: Dpfek Riodz} Ae K`znrc! Xr`w`kzeba` fez`rkea jèzd i} e dpfek riodz} winaezink ” Jàdi Diod Mnprz ekknpkm`}

ekj nrj`r} mnfx`k}ezink! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+drak+nro.drak.r xrnjpmziw`&riodz}.xia}&e&me}`}.077&xr w`kzeba`&fez`rkea&jèzd&i}&e&dpfek&riodz}&winaezink&jàdi&diod&mnprz&ekknpkm`}&ekj&nrj`r}&mnfx`k}ezink&+dzfa+

90 _+X+ Kn+ 440=.2884! Diod Mnprz n Jàdi! 2858+

97 Dpfek Riodz} Ae K`znrc! Xr`w`kzeba` fez`rkea jèzd i} e dpfek riodz} winaezink ” Jàdi Diod Mnprz ekknpkm`}

ekj nrj`r} mnfx`k}ezink! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+drak+nro.drak.r xrnjpmziw`&riodz}.xia}&e&me}`}.077&xr w`kzeba`&fez`rkea&jèzd&i}&e&dpfek&riodz}&winaezink&jàdi&diod&mnprz&ekknpkm`}&ekj&nrj`r}&mnfx`k}ezink&+dzfa+

9? Mnprz nk iz} Nk Fnzink w+ Pkink n Ikjie! _+X+ Kn+ 095= n 2858+

94 EIR 2858 ]M 2=0+

99 Kezinkea r`xnrz }pbfizz`j ik emmnrjekm` izd xereorexd 0 n zd` ekk t zn Dpfek Riodz} Mnpkmia r`}napzink 57.25<Ikjie! E.DRM._O+7.5=.IKJ.5! PK O`k`rea E}}`fbay! 4 Fermd 2852! xere58=+



27

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24



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520 ]prw`ry Mnkjpmz`j ik Fey&Lpk` 2884 ik }efxa` ji}zrimz} n }it }zez`} n Knrzd Ikjie $Bider! Mddezzi}oerd!Ldercdekj! Fejdye Xrej`}d! Rele}zdek! ekj Pzzer Xrej`}d)+



=7

Zd` Pknroeki}`j ]`mznr

Zd` pknroeki}`j }`mznr mnk}zizpz`} ernpkj 92&9=% n zd` znzea nrcnrm` ik Ikjie+

Zd` xd`knf`knk n iknrfeai}ezink n zd` aebnpr nrm` de} b``k }xrèjiko zn zd`

nrfea }`mznr }ikm` zd` 5948} ekj zd` kpfb`r n pknroeki}`j nrc`r} i} nk zd`

ikmrè}`+ Emmnrjiko zn zd` Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink @kz`rxri}`} ik zd` Pknroeki}`j

]`mznr $KM@P])! eazdnpod `fxanyf`kz de} ikmrè}`j by 4+0 fiaaink b`z``k

5999&2888 zn 288:&80! zd` ikmrè}` ik zd` nroeki}`j }`mznr nw`r zd` }ef` x`rinj

de} b``k iknrfea ik kezpr`! mderemz`ri}`j by me}pea `fxanyf`kz izd kn }nmiea

}`mprizy+527

Zd` aemc n }nmiea }`mprizy r`feik} nk` n zd` fn}z }`rinp} xrnba`f} e`mziko zd`

pknroeki}`j }`mznr! j`}xiz` zd` kemzf`kz n Pknroeki}`j _nrc`r}’ ]nmiea ]`mprizy

Emz! 2884 $P_]] Emz)+ Zd` Emz eia} zn xrnwij` :2= fiaaink pknroeki}`j nrc`r} ”

mnkzribpziko zn 78% n Ikjie’} kezinkea ikmnf` ” zdìr riodz zn }nmiea }`mprizy e} iz

jn`} knz xrnwij` eky }x`mim mnfxr`d`k}iw` }md`f` n }nmiea }`mprizy+ Rezd`r!

iz oiw`} e mnfxiaezink n earèjy `ti}ziko àer` }md`f`} ik iz} }md`jpa`+ Zd`}`

}md`f`} r`feik iaa mnkmìw`j! }pbl`mz zn erbizrery mdeko`} ekj exxaimeba` nkay zn

BXA nrc`r}! zdp} `tmapjiko feky pknroeki}`j nrc`r} rnf zd` xprwi` n zd`

Emz+52? Zd` Kezinkea Ejwi}nry Mnpkmia $KEM)! mdeir`j by Pkiz`j Xrnor`}}iw` Eaaiekm`

$PXE) mdeirx`r}nk ]nkie Oekjdi! r`m`kzay rnz` zn zd` OnI xnikziko zn iz} eiapr` zn

nrfpaez` e xrnx`r }nmiea }`mprizy xemceo` nr zd` iknrfea }`mznr }ikm` zd` ejnxzink

n zd` P_]] Emz524< ‑Zd` m`kzr` de} knz nrfpaez`j e fikifpf }nmiea }`mprizy

xemceo` nr eaa nrc`r} ik zd` pknroeki}`j }`mznr }ikm` zdr`` yèr} n zd` xe}}eo`

n zd` Emz ik 2884+‖529 @tm`xz nr zd` Kezinkea

Dèazd Ik}prekm` ]md`f` ” dimd iz}à de}e kpfb`r n }dnrzmnfiko} ” w`ry aizza` de}

b``k jnk` zn `tz`kj nzd`r }nmiea }`mprizy

b`k`z} zn zd` pknroeki}`j }`mznr+

Ik zd` mnk}zrpmzink ikjp}zry! e m`}} i} mnaa`mz`j

rnf mnkzremznr} b`nr` mnk}zrpmzink nrc

bòik}5=8 ekj fiaaink} n Ikjiek rpx``} dew`

earèjy b``k emmpfpaez`j ik feky }zez`}

pkj`r zdi} }y}z`f+5=5 Y`z ik zd` felnrizy

n }zez`}! àer` bnerj} er` ìzd`r knzmnk}zizpz`j nr zd`y er` jy}pkmzinkea+5=2

527 Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink nr @kz`rxri}`} ik zd` Pknroeki}`j ] mznr $KM@P])!R`xnrz nk Mnkjizink} n _nrc ekj Xrn&

fnzink n Aiw aidnnj} ik zd` Pknroeki}`j ] mznr ! 288?! x+:+

52? ]``< ]nmiea ]`mprizy Kn! ]]K F`fnrekjpf J`fekj} Ef`kjf`kz zn ]nmiea ]`mprizy Emz! eweiaeba` ez< +}nmiea}`mprizykn+nro.]]KN_%28_@B][email protected]`fnrekjpf&Gikea^Reez+xj

524 E }pffery n r`mnff`kjezink} fej` by zd` Kezinkea Ejwi}nry Mnpkmia $KEM) nk `tz`kjiko }nmiea }`mprizy znpknroeki}`j nrc`r} mek b` npkj ez< kem+kim+ik.xj.}pffery^r mnff`k+xj

529 Zd` Xink``r! _dy kn }nmiea }`mprizy nr pknroeki}`j nrc`r}! KEM e}c} onw`rkf`kz! Exria =8! 2852! eweiaeba` ez<dzzx<..jeiayxink``r+mnf.dnf`.nkaik &mdekkà.bp}ik }}&e&kekm .757:0&dy&kn&}nmiea&}`mprizy&nr&pknroeki}`j&nrc`r}&kem&e}c}&onw`rkf`kz+dzfa

5=8 ]`mzink = n zd` Bpiajiko ekj nzd`r Mnk}zrpmzink _nrc`r}’ _àer` M`}} Emz! 5997+

5=5 Zd` Pkink Aebnpr ' @fxanyf kz Fiki}z`r! Feaaicerlpk Cdero` f`kzink`j ik ek ikz`rwi` zdez ik Cerkezece eank`!

zd` mnk}zrpmzink nrc`r}’ àer` m`}} dej emmpfpaez`j zn IKR 58+70 biaaink $P]J 594+0 fiaaink) ik npr yèr}! bpzzd` }zez` dej }x`kz nkay IKR 29+0 fiaaink $P]J 008!85:)! dimd i} zd` }zez` n eeir} ik fn}z }zez`}+ Ikz`rwi` i}eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..bp}ik`}}+npzanncikjie+mnf.erzima`+e}xt>2?4452 $emm`}}`j nk Exria 2:zd! 2852)

5=2 Kezinkea Mefxeiok Mnffizz`` nr M`kzrea Aòi}aezink nk Mnk}zrpmzink Aebnpr w+ Pkink n Ikjie ' Nzd`r} ! Mnkz`fxzX`zizink Kn} :2 ' := n 2855! j`mij`j nk Fermd 50! 2855+

Ejiwe}i} fiorekz nrc`r}



=?



Aòeaay àioiba` ekj `kziza`j nrc`r} ik zd` e}z `txekjiko mnk}zrpmzink ikjp}zry er`

zdp} `tmapj`j rnf }zezpznry b`k`z}+

_nrc`r} ik zd` iknrfea }`mznr er` j`ki`j j`m`kz eo`}! er` }pbl`mz`j zn dir`

ekj r` xnaimi`}! ekj er` b`r`z n }nmiea àer` fè}pr`}+ Dioday ji}ejwekzeo`j

nrc`r} efnko zd` pkxrnz`mz`j nrc`r}! }pmd e} }è}nkea fiorekz aebnpr`r}!

mdiaj aebnpr`r} ekj bnkj`j aebnpr`r}! er` wpak`reba` zn `txanizezink jp` zn `tzr`f`

xnw`rzy! an }nmiea }zezp} mnpxa`j izd an beroeikiko xn`r+ Zd` ji}fea mnkjizink}

n nrc! zd` anko nrciko dnpr} ekj zd` fèor` eo`} r`feik ikwi}iba` jp` zn zd`

aemc n —j`}iokez`j xaem` n nrc’+5==

Eaa nrc`r} er` `kziza`j zn —r``jnf n e}}nmiezink’ }ikm` zd` zrej` pkink ae `keba`}

ròi}zrezink n zrej` pkink}5=: nr eaa eo` nrc`r}+ Y`z! nrc`r} r`reik rnf nrfiko

zrej` pkink} e} zdn}` dn lnik pkink} fey b` wimzifi}`j e} kn ae mnfxà} zd`

r`mnokizink n zrej` pkink}! ekj d`km` nrc`r}’ riodz zn mnaa`mziw` beroeikiko+

Zd`r` i} e mnk}ij`reba` èc`kiko n pkinki}ezink.beroeikiko mexemizy n nrc`r}

zdrnpod riko! r`j`}iokezink! rànmezink! r``|`} ik eaanekm`} ekj b`k`z}! e} àa

e} wnapkzery }p}x`k}ink n zrej` pkink riodz} nr e }x`mim x`rinj+

Feky nrc`r} nrc pkj`r ikdpfek ekj pkjioki`j mnkjizink} j`xriw`j n zdìr

fikifpf }zezpznry riodz}! }pmd e} fikifpf eo`} nr nw`rzif` nr fnr` zdek ìodz

dnpr} n nrc+ Zd` ornpkj rèaizy r`g`mz} ek pkxr`m`j`kz`j `tmap}ink n fnr zdek

=9= fiaaink5=0 nrc`r} ik zd` iknrfea }`mznr+

me}` }zpjy

`txaniiw k pkdad mnkiink ik d Fik n Rldk

Fnr` zdek 90% n fikiko emziwizi`} ik Rele}zdek eaa ik zd` jnfeik n zd` pknroeki}`j }`mznr+ ]iaimn}i} ekj

zpb`rmpan}i} er` zn r`}xireznry ji}è}`} mnffnkay npkj efnko fik`nrc`r} ekj zd`y er` bnzd xnz`kzieaay ai`

zdrèz`kiko+ Ik zd` }znk` fik`} n _`}z`rk Rele}zdek zdez xrnwij` `}}`kziea }pxxnrz zn aiwàidnnj o`k`rezink!

zd` mn&`ti}z`km` n zd` zn ji}è}`}! cknk e} }iaimn&zpb`rmpan}i}! i} xr`wea`kz+ Fnr` zdek dea n zd` nrc`r}

e`mz`j bànko zn ]md`jpa`j Me}z`}+ Xnw`rzy! aemc n nxxnrzpkizy nr eaz`rkeziw` `fxanyf`kz nxzink}! xnnr

nrciko mnkjizink}! feakpzrizink! aemc n eer`k`}} ekj zreikiko! e} àa e} aemc n onw`rkf`kz fnkiznriko ekj

aòea xrnwi}ink} x`rx`zpez` zd` nmmprr`km` n zd` ji}è}`+5=7

G`fea` nrc`r} er` p}peaay xeij er a`}} zdek fea` nrc`r}+ Npz n zd` znzea fik`r} ik Rele}zdek! =?% er` nf&

`k ekj fn}z n zd`f er` Jeaiz} ekj zribea}+ Z`}` nf`k fik`nrc`r} er` pkj`rxeij! feaknpri}d`j! `txaniz j

ekj nz`k dere}}`j xdy}imeaay+ Z` emznr} b`dikj nf`k’} kzry ikzn zd` fikiko ikjp}zry er` feikay ezzribpz`j

zn xnw`rzy ekj zd` k``j nr ejjizinkea dnp}`dnaj ikmnf`+ Ji}xaem`f`kz ekj an}} n aekj dew` ejw`r}ày e`mz`j

zdìr aiw`} ekj aiwàidnnj}! mnknfim ekj }nmiea }zezp}! dèazd ekj }`mprizy+5=?

]nprm`< OREWI]

5== L``fna Pkki! ]i|`! Mnkzribpzink ekj Mderemz`ri}zim} n Iknrfea @fxanyf`kz ik Ikjie! Zd` Oplerez Ik}zizpz` n J`wà&nxf`kz R`}èrmd! Edf`jebej! Ikjie+

5=: ]`mzink 4 n zd` Zrej` Pkink} Emz! 5927+

5=0 Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink nr @kz`rxri}`} ik zd` Pknroeki}`j ] mznr $KM@P])!R`xnrz nk Mnkjizink} n _nrc ekj Xrnfnzink n Aiwàidnnj} ik zd` Pknroek& i}`j ]`mznr ! 288?+

5=7 OREWI]! ]iaimn&Zpb`rmpan}i}< Bprj`kiko Aiw`} n Fik`r} ” E r`}èrmd }zpjy nk xr`wea`km` ekj xr`w`kzink n }iaimn&

zpb`rmpan}i} ik }znk` fik`}! 2858+

5=? OREWI]! _nf`k Fik`r} ik Rele}zdek! Ikjie< E r`z`mzink nk zdìr ai`! mdeaa`ko`} ekj pzpr`! 2858+

Zd` pknroeki}`j}`mznr mnk}zizpz`}

ernpkj 92&9=%

ng zd` znzea

nrcgnrm` ik

Ikjie+



=4

]md`jpa`j Me}z`} ekj Ji}mrifikezink ik @fxanyf`kz5=4

F`k ekj nf`k ]M nrc`r} er` xr`}`kz ik }pb}zekziea kpfb`r} ik zd` pknroeki}`j

}`mznr ekj er` ea}n `fxany`j e} aekja`}} eorimpazprea nrc`r} ik zd` eorimpazprea

}`mznr+ Ik 288?! zd` Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink nr @kz`rxri}`} ik Pknroeki}`j ]`mznr }`z

px ik ]`xz`fb`r 288:! izd Erlpk ]`kopxze e} mdeirfek! e}}`}}`j zdez zd` bpac

n eorimpazprea nrc`r} $98+?%) ekj rprea nrc`r} $7:+0%) `r` xeij a`}} zdek zd`

kezinkea fikifpf eo` n IKR 77 $P]J 5+20) e jey+ Feky }pmd }nmin&`mnknfim

mnkjizink} meaa nr }eòperjiko zd` riodz zn }nmiea }`mprizy n eaa zdn}` mezònri`} n

nrc`r}! ikmapjiko ]M}! dn em` }y}z`fezim ji}mrifikezink bnzd ik zd` xpbaim ekj

xriwez` }`mznr}+ Ik zd` kef` n jnk}i|iko ekj nxzifi}iko by zd` Onw`rkf`kz n

Ikjie! `fxanyf`kz rez` i} nk zd` j`maik`+ Emmnrjiko zn zd` r`xnrz n zd` _nrciko

Ornpx nk zd` _àer` ekj @fxn`rf`kz n ]M} ekj ]Z} ! nw`r 55=!:08 lnb

nxxnrzpkizi`} `r` an}z by ]M} ik m`kzrea onw`rkf`kz ik e x`rinj n z`k yèr}+ E

j`maik` n 58+8?% lnb nxxnrzpkizi`} e} knzimèba`+ Zdi} i} ik ejjizink zn zd` an}} n

nxxnrzpkizi`} ik werinp} }zez` onw`rkf`kz `fxanyf`kz }`mznr}+

Ji}eba`j X`r}nk} ekj Ji}mrifikezink ik @fxanyf`kz5=9

Eknzd`r mnk}zizp`kmy dimd em`} }`w`r` ji}mrifikezink ik zd` àj n `fxanyf`kz

er` x`r}nk} izd ji}ebiaizi`}+ Erzima` 57 n zd` Mnk}zizpzink n Ikjie operekz``} upeaizy

n nxxnrzpkizy ik `fxanyf`kz! bpz jn`} knz f`kzink x`r}nk} izd ji}ebiaizi`} e} e

xrnz`mz`j ornpx+ Zd` kezinkea ae} er` dioday ikejùpez` nr xrnz`mziko zd` riodz} n

x`r}nk} izd ji}ebiaizi`} ik `fxanyf`kz+ _dia` Ikjie de} rezi`j zd` PK Mnkw`kzink

nk zd` Riodz} n X`r}nk} izd Ji}ebiaizi`} $MRXJ)! iz r`feik} aeroày pkifxa`f`kz`j+ E} e r`}paz! x`r}nk} izd ji}ebiaizi`} er` nk` n zd` aè}z `fxany`j ornpx} ik zd`

mnpkzry+

Zd` X`r}nk} _izd Ji}ebiaizi`} $@upea Nxxnrzpkizi`}! Xrnz`mzink n Riodz} ekj Gpaa

Xerzimixezink) Emz! 5990! fekjez`} =% r`}`rwezink ik onw`rkf`kz ekj xpbaim }`mznr

lnb}! bpz iz i} k`w`r paay mnfxai`j izd+ Fnr`nw`r! `fxanyf`kz i} r`}zrimz`j nkay

zn m`rzeik —ij`kzi`j’ xn}z}! dimd i} ji}mrifikeznry! ekj zd`r` i} kn mnkm`xz n

rè}nkeba` emmnffnjezink nr x`r}nk} izd ji}ebiaizi`}+ Gprzd`r! zd` r`}`rwezink i}

r`}zrimz`j zn x`nxa` izd anmnfnznr! dèriko ekj wi}pea ifxeirf`kz}3 zdp} x`r}nk}

izd nzd`r ji}ebiaizi`} aic` ikzàa`mzpea! x}ymdn}nmiea ekj fpazixa` ifxeirf`kz}! er`knz `w`k mnk}ij`r`j `fxanyeba` by zd` ae} n zd` mnpkzry+

]ifiaeray! zd`r` i} refxekz ji}mrifikezink ik zd` xriwez` }`mznr! d`r` zd`r` i} kìzd`r

e r`}`rwezink }y}z`f knr ek ekzi&ji}mrifikezink ae zn xr`w`kz ji}mrifikezink eoeik}z

x`r}nk} izd ji}ebiaizi`}+ Ebnpz 94% n x`r}nk} izd ji}ebiaizi`} ròi}z`r`j pkj`r zd`

FKR@OE dew` knz b``k oiw`k e lnb+ Ik zd` yèr 2855&52! zd` kpfb`r n x`r}nk}

izd ji}ebiaizi`} zdez `r` ròi}z`r`j e} 999!255 ekj nkay 57!:=7 `r` oiw`k nrc

5=4 ]nprm`< Lnikz ]zec`dnaj`r} r`xnrz nk Me}z` Be}`j Ji}mrifikezink ik Ikjie! 5=zd ] }}ink n zd` Pkiw`r}ea X`rinjimR`wi` n zd` PK Dpfek Riodz} Mnpkmia ” Ikjie $25}z Fey & 5}z Lpk` 2852)! }pbfizz`j by Kezinkea Mneaizink nr]zr`kozd`kiko XnE Emz! Ikiziezink n Kezinkea Mefxeiok nk Jeaiz Dpfek Riodz} $KMJDR)+

5=9 ]nprm`< P kiw`r}ea X`rinjim R`wi` ” Ikjie< C`y I}}p`} n 528 Fiaaink X`r}nk} izd Ji}ebiaizi`} ik Ikjie! }pbfizz`j byKezinkea Ji}ebiaizy K`znrc+

Zd`r` i} refxekz

ji}mrifikezink

ik zd` xriwez`

}`mznr! d`r`

zd`r` i} kìzd`re r`}`rwezink

}y}z`f knr

ek ekzi&

ji}mrifikezink

ae zn xr`w`kz

ji}mrifikezink

eoeik}z x`r}nk}

izd ji}ebiaizi`}+



=9



pkj`r zd` }md`f`+5:8 Zd`r` i} derjay eky }pxxnrz rnf zd` onw`rkf`kz nr e}}i}ziw`

z`mdknanoi`}! ikz`rxr`z`r}! ezz`kjekz}! emm`}}iba` zrek}xnrz! ekj r`debiaizezink! zn

`keba` x`r}nk} izd ji}ebiaizi`} zn zec` px zreikiko ekj `fxanyf`kz nk ek ùpea

be}i} izd nzd`r}+ Zd`r` i} kn }y}z`f zn mnw`r ji}ebiaizy mn}z}! dia` }nmiea }`mprizy.

pk`fxanyf`kz eaanekm`} er` fèor` nr knk`ti}z`kz ik feky xerz} n zd` mnpkzry+

Bnkj`j Aebnpr

J`}xiz` zd` Bnkj`j Aebnpr Ebnaizink Emz! 59?7! iz i} `}zifez`j zdez zd`r` er` }ziaa

:8 fiaaink —bnkj`j aebnpr`r}’ ik Ikjie+ ]M} mnk}zizpz` e felnrizy n zd`f+5:5 Jeaiz

mdiajr`k rnf fiorekz ekj bnkj`j efiai`} kezpreaay eaa ikzn zd` zrex n bnkjeo`+

Jeaiz} mnfxri}` zd` felnrizy n eorimpazprea! bnkj`j ekj mdiaj aebnpr`r} ik Ikjie!

izd feky }prwiwiko nk a`}} zdek P]J 5 e jey+ Ik ]`xz`fb`r 2855! zd` KDRM

r`xnrz`j 5!=88 me}`} n dpfek riodz} winaezink} x`rzeikiko zn bnkj`j aebnpr! dia`

nw`r :8% n zd` 2!488 bnkj`j aebnpr me}`} r`xnrz`j zn zd` Mnffi}}ink er` y`z

zn b` }naw`j+ Zd` xremzim` `ti}z} ik fpazixa` knk&eorimpazprea ikjp}zri`}! }pmd e}

zd` J`weje}i xremzim` n bnkj`j }`t nrc`r}! ekj ik }feaa&}mea` ikjp}zri`} aic`

r`mremc`r}! z`tzia`}! aèzd`r onnj} fekpemzpriko! brimc ekj zia` ciak}! ekj orekiz`

`tzremzink ikjp}zri`}+5:2 Ik ejjizink! zd` KDRM de} ea}n r`mìw`j ‑ r`xnrz} n bnkj`j

aebnpr bìko p}`j zn `t`mpz` j``km` xrnl`mz}‖ ik mnkgimz erè}+5:=

5:8 ]zezp} R`xnrz nr TII Xaek by Fiki}zry n ]nmiea Lp}zim` ekj @fxn`rf`kz! Onw`rkf`kz n Ikjie $2855)+

5:5 Ikjiek Ik}zizpz` n Jeaiz ]zpji`} $IIJ])! Jeaiz Mdiajr`k ik Rprea Ikjie< Ràez`j zn @tmap}ink ekj J`xriwezink! _nrciko

Xex`r ]`ri`}! Wnapf` III! Kpfb`r 0! 2889! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..jeaiz}zpji`}+nro+ik.x.8980+xj 5:2 _rizz`k }zez`f`kz }pbfizz`j by zd` E}iek Aòea R`}nprm` M`kzr`! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+}mnnx+mn+k|.}znri`}.

_N5884.]8805?.ikjie&bnkj`j&aebnpr&ik&ikjie+dzf

5:= KDRM! Ikjie ]pbfi}}ink zn zd` PK Dpfek Riodz} Mnpkmia nr Ikjie’} ]`mnkj Pkiw`r}ea X`rinjim R`wi` ! eweiaebaèz< dzzx<..kdrm+kim+ik.R`xnrz}.PXR&Gikea%28R`xnrz+xj+ Gnr fnr` j`zeia} }`` Ekk`t @+



:8

Riodz zn @jpmezink

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bny} emrn}} Ikjie+5:7

Ik Nmznb`r 2855! zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz rpa`j zdez zd` j`kiea n zd` be}im riodz zn ez`r

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Ji}mrifikezink eoeik}z ]M Mdiajr`k

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`w`ry ``c‖ +

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anmc&px nkay zn e}d fy em` `w`ry fnrkiko+ I dej zn prikez` ik zd` anmc&px ekj }a``x izd rez}‖ +284

@kgnrm`j Ji}exxèrekm`}

Zd` PK Mnkw`kzink nr zd` Xrnz`mzink n eaa X`r}nk} rnf @knrm`j Ji}exxèrekm`}

$M@J) j`k`} —`knrm`j ji}exxèrekm`’ e}< ‑zd` err`}z! j`z`kzink! ebjpmzink

nr eky nzd`r nrf n j`xriwezink n aib`rzy by eo`kz} n zd` ]zez` nr by x`r}nk}

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}pmd e x`r}nk npz}ij` zd` xrnz`mzink n zd` ae‖+289 @knrm`j ji}exxèrekm`}258

ekj `tzrelpjimiea ciaaiko} r`feik ij`}xrèj ik mnkgimzerè}!255 rìknrm`j by `tzrenrjikery xn`r} n err`}z!

j`z`kzink ekj iffpkizy eweiaeba` zn zd` }`mprizy nrm`}+

Zd` KDRM r`mìw`j =:5 mnfxaeikz} n ji}exxèrekm`

ik 2858 ekj ==4 by Knw`fb`r 2855 ekj diodaiodz`j

zdez zd`}` kpfb`r} `r` knz mnfxr`d`k}iw`+252 E} x`r

PXR I R`mnff`kjezink 52 ekj Ikjie’} 2855 xa`jo`!25=

OnI mnffizz`j zn reziy M@J! }zeziko zdez rezimezink e}

—pkj`rey’+ Gprzd`r! OnI f`kzink`j ik iz} PXR II kezinkea

r`xnrz zdez iz e} ‑emziwày mnk}ij`riko iz} rezimezink‖+25:

Dn`w`r! zd`r` er` }ziaa kn wi}iba` }z`x} znerj} zd`xrnm`}} n rezimezink+

28? Jiake| Bnoe! Dnrrim Brpzeaizy ik Ce}dfir ! E}ie ]`kzikà! Exria 24! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+e}ie}`kzikà+mnf. ikj`t+xdx>nxzink6mnf^mnkz`kz'ze}c6wi`'ij6=507'Iz`fij6:8:

284 Ibij+

289 Erzima` 2+

258 Dpfek Riodz} Ea`rz }pbfizz j npr me}`} n `knrm j ji}exxèrekm } zn zd` _nrciko Ornpx nk @knrm`j Ji}ex&xèrekm`} b`z``k 2858 ekj 2855+ Iz i} bài`w`j zdez 4!888 zn 58!888 x`nxa` dew` b``k }pbl`mz zn knrm`jji}exxèrekm`} ik Ce}dfir+ ]``< E}}nmiezink n Xer`kz} n Ji}exxèr`j X`r}nk}’ }zez`f`kz ! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<.. +ji}exxèrekm`}ikce}dfir+mnf.

255 Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bpr ep R xnrz! Mrif` ik Ikjie ” 2858! xeo` 07?! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kmrb+kim+ik.

252 KDRM! Ikjie ]pbfi}}ink zn zd` PK Dpfek Riodz} Mnpkmia nr Ikjie’} ]`mnkj Pkiw`r}ea X`rinjim R`wi` ! eweiaeba`

ez< dzzx<..kdrm+kim+ik.R`xnrz}.PXR&Gikea%28R`xnrz+xj+ Gnr fnr` j`zeia} }`` Ekk`t @+25= PXR I R`mnff`kjezink 52< Reziy zd` Mnkw`kzink nk @knrm`j Ji}exxèrekm`}3 Ikjie’} 2855 Xa`jo`< ‑Ikjie

r`feik} mnffizz`j zn reziyiko zd` Mnkw`kzink nk @knrm j Ji}exxèrekm`}+‖

25: Kezinkea r`xnrz }pbfizz`j ik emmnrjekm izd xereorexd 0 n zd` ekk`t zn Dpfek Riodz} Mnpkmia r`}napzink 57.25<Ikjie! E.DRM._O+7.5=.IKJ.5! PK O`k`rea E}}`fbay! 4 Fermd 2852! xere =8+


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Ik Ce}dfir! lp}zim` `wej`} àa&cknk me}`} n `tzrelpjimiea ciaaiko}250 ekj `knrm`j

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n Xer`kz} n Ji}exxèr`j X`r}nk}! Xerw``ke Edeko`r! e} 57 yèr} naj d`k d`

e} ximc`j px by }naji`r} ik 5998 ekj i} }ikm` ji}exxèr`j+ Xnaim` ikw`}zioezink

ekj lpjimiea `kupiry emmp}`j zdr`` erfy nm`r} nr zd` ji}exxèrekm`! naaniko

dimd }ekmzink e} }npodz nr xrn}`mpzink ik 599?+ Zd` }ekmzink e} j`ki`j by zd`

m`kzrea onw`rkf`kz nk zd` ornpkj n —ifxrnx`r ikw`}zioezink’+

Ik 2858! e X`nxa`’} Zribpkea `}zebai}d`j zd` xr`}`km` n 2!?88 fe}} pkferc`j

orew`} ik Ce}dfir+25? Zd` kjiko e} mnkrf`j by zd` L'C ]zez` Dpfek Riodz}

Mnffi}}ink ik 2855+254 Zd` Mnffi}}ink znnc }pn fnzn mnoki|ekm` n zd` fezz`r

ekj nrj`r`j zd` }zez` onw`rkf`kz zn mnkjpmz ek ikw`}zioezink nr e}m`rzeikiko zd`

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F Orw ik Cdfir

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w`}zioezink} mnkjpmz`j by zd` IXC ea}n r`wèa`j zd` xr`}`km` n fpazixa` mejew`r} ik }nf` orew`}+ Gnaaniko

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fi}}ink $LC]DRM) mnkjpmz`j e }pn&fnzn ikw`}zioezink nk zd` pkferc`j orew`} ekj mnkrf`j zdìr xr`}`km`+

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kiup`}3 $b) anmea xnaim` }zezink} zn mnnx`rez` ik ikw`}zioezink}3 $m) xrn}`mpzink n x`rx`zreznr} ik jp` mnpr}`3 ekj

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fe}} pkferc`j orew`}.ji}exxèr`j x`r}nk}! ikmapjiko nk up`}zink} n ifxa`f`kzezink n zd` Mnffi}}ink’}r`mnff`kjezink}+

Z` IXC r`xnrz maeif} nk zd` be}i} n ‑mnffpkizy! mnaa`mziw` z`}zifnky ekj ermdiwea `wij`km`‖ zdez ik feky ik&

}zekm`}! zd` bnji`} er` zdn}` n wimzif} n —ec` kmnpkz`r}’ merri`j npz by zd` erf`j nrm`}+ Z` L'C xnaim` dej

zd`k dàx`j zd`f merry jèj bnji`} zn zd` orew`} zdez anmea} `r` e}c`j zn xr`xer`+ Z` i}}p` n fe}}.pkferc`j

orew`} de} ea}n b``k ji}mp}}`j ik zd` L'C ]zez` Aòi}aeziw` E}}`fbay+ Ezze Fndeffej! 74 yèr} naj! e orew`jio&

o`r ik Md`dea Bifyer! Berefpaae ji}zrimz! ik di} z`}zifnky zn zd` IXC }zez`j zn dew` bpri`j 28= bnji`} b`z``k

2882 ekj 2887+ Z` bnji`} `r` jàiw`r`j zn dif by zd` xnaim`! xriferiay ez`r jerc< ‑I dew` b``k z`rrnri}`j by

zdi} ze}c zdez e} nrm`j pxnk f`+ Fy kiodz} er` znrf`kz`j ekj I mekknz }a``x! zd` bnji`} ekj orew`} exxèr ekj rèx&

xèr ik fy jrèf}+ Fy dèrz i} èc rnf zdi} aebnpr+ I dew` zri`j zn r`f`fb`r eaa zdi}+++ zd` }npkj n zd èrzd e} I mnw`r`j zd` orew`}+++ bnji`} ekj em`} zdez `r` fpziaez`j+++ fnzd`r} dn npaj k`w`r gkj zdìr }nk}+ Fy f`fnry i}

ek nbaioezink+ Fy f`fnry i} fy mnkzribpzink+ I ef zir`j! I ef }n w`ry zir`j+‖

]nprm`< Z` Ikz`rkezinkea X`nxa`’} ribpkea nk Dpfek Riodz} ekj Lp}zim` ik Ce}dfir! Bpri`j @wij`km`< Pkcknk!Pkferc`j ekj Fe}} Orew`} ik Ikjiek&Ejfiki}z`r`j Ce}dfir! 2889

250 ]``< Ce}dfir Nb}`rw`r! Femdia Ciaaiko} @tdpf`j ! Fey 2858! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+ce}dfirnb}`rw`r+k`z.ikj`t+xdx>nxzink6mnf^mnkz`kz'wi`6erzima`'ij6:749<femdia&ciaaiko&wimzif}&`tdpf`j&zdr` &dàj&}n&er'mezij650<znx&k`}'Iz`fij62)+

257 ]``< Pfer Bebe! Z`dàce Feoe|ik`! ]mrèf} rnf zd` Weaa`y ! Wna ?! I}}p` 02! Lekpery 5!2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..

+z`dàce+mnf.}znry^feik:4+e}x>a`kef`6K`858555]MR@EF]^GRNF+e}x25? Ikz`rkez inkea X`nxa`’} Zribpkea nk Dpfek Riodz} ekj Lp}zim` ik Ikjiek&ejfiki}z`r`j Ce}dfir $IXZC)! Bpri`j @wi&

j`km`! J`m`fb`r 2! 2889! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+ce}dfirxrnm`}}+nro.r`xnrz}.orew`}.Bpri`j@wij`km`Ce}dfir+xj+

254 R` ” ]pnfnzn ròerjiko kefà`}}. pkferc`j orew`} w+ ]zez` n L 'C ekj Nr} ! ]DRM.5=.2884+



09



@tzrelpjimiea Ciaaiko}

Zd` Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp $KMRB) R`xnrz 2858 r`wèa} diod`r ikmij`km`

n xnaim` riko ekj r`}pazekz miwiaiek me}peazi`} ekj iklpri`} nr eaa mnkgimz |nk`}!

izd L'C rekciko zd` diod`}z pkj`r èmd mezònry naan`j by Pzzer Xrej`}d ekj

Mddezzi}oerd+259 Zd` jeze r`g`mz`j ik zd` KMRB r`xnrz! dn`w`r! jn`} knz ikjimez`

zd` emzpea kpfb`r n tzrelpjimiea t`mpzink}! e} zd` t`mpzink} by zd` erf`j nrm`}

ekj zd` erfy er` `tmapj`j rnf zdi} `kpf`rezink+

Ik Mddezzi}oerd! zd` xnaim`! zd` xerefiaizery ekj ]eae Lpjpf dew` eaa b``k

r`}xnk}iba` nr `tzrelpjimiea ciaaiko}+ Onw`rkf`kz nrm`} dew` b``k r`xnrz`j

zn `tzrelpjimieaay `t`mpz` x`r}nk} }p}x`mz`j n bìko Keteaiz`} ekj zn aebà zd`

`tzrelpjimiea `t`mpzink} e} —`kmnpkz`r ciaaiko}’ nr —`kmnpkz`r}’! zd`r`by ea}ày

ifxayiko zdez zd` jèzd} dej nmmprr`j jpriko erf`j }cirfi}d`} izd zd` eaaò`j

Keteaiz`}+228 ]eae Lpjpf nrm`} dew` b``k emmp}`j n `tzrelpjimiea ciaaiko} jpriko

reij} ekj wempezink n wiaaeo`} dia` annciko nr Keteaiz` }pxxnrz`r} ekj ea}n jpriko

r`xri}ea ezzemc} nk wiaaeo`r} dn dew` b``k nrmibay `wempez`j by zd`f+ Ik ejjizink!

Keteaiz`} dew` b``k emmp}`j n ciaaiko wiaaeo`r} dnf zd`y bài`w`j `r` ]eae

Lpjpf }pxxnrz`r} nr zdìr efiay f`fb`r}! ik ejjizink zn zdn}`! dn ìzd`r r`p}`

zn mnnx`rez` izd zd`f nr dn zd`y }p}x`mz zn b` xnaim` iknrf`r}+225

Aicì}`! ik Fekixpr! ?49 `tzrelpjimiea `t`mpzink} `r` jnmpf`kz`j b`z``k 288?

ekj 2858+222 Ik Lekpery 2858! zd` KDRM dej jir`mz`j zd` }zez` onw`rkf`kz n

Fekixpr zn nx`k 555 me}`} n ec` `kmnpkz`r}! dn`w`r kn przd`r emzink de}

b``k zec`k }n er+22= Fn}z r`xnrz} n `kmnpkz`r} ik Fekixpr er` ikmrè}ikoay bìko

ezzribpz`j zn zd` }zez` xnaim` nmiea}! fnr` xerzimpaeray! e }x`miea pkiz bài`w`j znb` e xerz n zd` }zez` xnaim` j`xerzf`kz! cknk e} —Fekixpr Xnaim` Mnffekjn}’

$MJN})+ Nmieaay! dn`w`r! zd`r` er` kn }pmd }x`miea pkiz} ik zd` Fekixpr xnaim`

nroeki}ezinkea di`rermdy nr }zrpmzpr`+ Zd` nmiea `b}iz` n zd` Fekixpr xnaim`

j`xerzf`kz22: oiw`} kn kerreziw` nr kpf`rimea iknrfezink ròerjiko eky }pmd pkiz

nr brekmd emckna`jo`j ijày e} Fekixpr Xnaim` Mnffekjn}+220 Iz de} b``k ea}n

eaaò`j zdez zd` MJN} dew` mnffizz`j feky }pffery nr erbizrery `t`mpzink} nr

zd` f`r` fnziwezink n rnbb`ry+ Me}d! fnbia` xdnk`} ekj l`àa`ry bài`w`j zn dew`

b``k nk zd` x`r}nk n j`mè}`j wimzif} dew` b``k npkj fi}}iko! dia` zd`y dew`

eia`j zn r`xnrz }pmd iz`f} ik zdìr nmiea }ì|pr` r`xnrz}+

259 Kezinkea Mrif` R mnrj} Bprèp! Fiki}zry n Dnf` Eeir}! Xri}nk ]zezi}zim} 2858! xeo` 07=! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<.. kmrb+kim+ik.X]I^2858.Gpaa.X]I&2858+xj

228 Dpfek Riodz} _ezmd! Bìko K`pzrea i} Npr Bioo`}z Mrif`< Onw`rkf`kz! Wioiaekz`! ekj Keteaiz` Ebp}`} ik Ikjie’}

Mddezzi}oerd ]zez`! 2884! xeo` ?! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+dr+nro.}iz }.jèpaz.a`}.r`xnrz}.ikjie8?84`bmnw`r+xj+

225 Ibij+

222 Gemz&kjiko r`xnrz by Dpfek Riodz} Ea`rz+

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220 Miwia ]nmi`zy Mneaizink nk Dpfek Riodz} ik Fekixpr ekj PK f`fnrekjpf zn zd` ]x miea Rexxnrz`pr nk `tzrelpji&miea! }pffery nr erbizrery t`mpzink} jpriko di} nmiea fi}}ink zn Ikjie! Fermd 29! 2852+


ae] ekj exxerezp]



78

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d`r` e miwia&er aic` }izpezink} `ti}z! i} w`ry diod! aèjiko zn zd` ikmerm`rezink ekj mrifikea xrn}`mpzink n nr&

jikery mizi|`k} ekj knk&mnfbezekz}+

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lp}zim`! izdnpz }x`miyiko eky }x`miea mnkjizink} nr ezzremziko orèz r aiebiaizy+ @upeaizy b`nr` ae operekz``j

pkj`r zd` Ikjiek Mnk}zizpzink ea}n ikmapj`} zd` ùpea exxaimebiaizy n eaa ae}+ Ik nzd`r nrj}! iz npaj knz b`

mnk}zizpzinkea nr zn x`r}nk} mnffizziko zd` }ef` n`km` zn b` xrn}`mpz`j pkj`r ji`r`kz ae} }n e} zn fec`

zd` emz n nk` e orew`r n`km` zdek zdez n zd` nzd`r+ Z` ]`mzink} nk X`keazi`} $]`mzink 4) ik zd` Emz j`k`

eazno`zd`r k` n`km`}! ekj eoeik zd` aekopeo` i} }n ifx`rfi}}ibay weop` zdez zd` }ef` emz mnpaj ezzremz 2! =!

0 nr ? yèr} n ifxri}nkf`kz! feciko zd` Emz nx`k zn ebp}` ekj erbizrery emzink+

Ik 2889! e} x`r iknrfezink orekz`j pkj`r zd` RI Emz zn zd` Mddezzi}oerd X`nxa`’} Pkink nr Miwia Aib`rzi`}

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kpfb`r n —pkcknk n`kj`r}’+ Dn`w`r zd`}` opr`} xrnfi}` zn dew` ikmrè}`j fekinaj! e} zd` ikz`k}ime&

zink n zd` mnkgimz ik }npzd`rk Mddezzi}oerd de} r`}paz`j ik e aero` kpfb`r n err`}z} ik zd` xe}z zdr`` yèr}!

fn}zay n ikjio`kz ejiwe}i} ! dn er` aekopi}diko ik leia izdnpz xrnx`r r`mnpr}` zn aòea r`f`jy+

]ikm` Exria 2887! zd` MXI $Feni}z) ekj }`w`rea n iz} rnkz nroeki}ezink}! kefày Jekjecerekye Ejiwe}i Ci}ek

Feljnnr ]ekod $Jekjecerekye Xè}ekz _nrc`r} Nroeki}ezink)! Crekziceri Ejiwe}i Fediae ]ekod $R`wnapzink&

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ezink Xaeznrf) dew` b``k knzi`j e} pkaepa nroeki}ezink} pkj`r zd` M]X]E+ Z` Ejwi}nry Bnerj! dimd mek

lpjimieaay r`wi` }pmd knzimezink}! e} nkay mnk}zizpz`j ik Fey 288?+ B`}ij`}! ]`mzink 7 n zd` Emz xrndibiz}eky x`r}nk zn exxèr zdrnpod e aey`r ekj nkay zd` ròi}z`r`j xn}z bèr`r n zd` nroeki}ezink fey exxèr zn

}``c lpjimiea r`wi`+ Ik xremzim`! iz i} wirzpeaay ifxn}}iba` zdez eky r`xr`}`kzeziw` n zd` }eij nroeki}ezink} mek

exxrnemd`j zd` Ejwi}nry Bnerj! d`km` zd` }eij Knzimezink de} b``k f`mdekimeaay `tz`kj`j rnf yèr zn yèr+

Z` kezinkea XPMA ekj zd` Mddezzi}oerd XPMA dew` mdeaa`ko`j zd` mnk}zizpzinkeaizy n M]X]E zdrnpod e riz

x`zizink a`j ik Exria 2889+2:7 Z` x`zizink i} xr`}`kzay x`kjiko j`mi}ink ik zd` Diod Mnprz n Mddezzi}oerd+

]nprm`< X`nxa`’} Pkink nr Miwia Aib`rzi`}! Mddezi}oerd

E} n 2858! 5:? x`r}nk} `r` r`xnrz`j zn dew` b``k j`zeik`j pkj`r M]X]E+2:?

B`}ij`}! e aero` kpfb`r n ejiwe}i} dew` b``k erbizreriay err`}z`j! ikmapjiko pkj`r

M]X]E! ik M`kzrea Ikjie ekj er` aekopi}diko ik leia+2:4 ]ifiaeray! zd`r` dew` b``k

kpf`rnp} err`}z} pkj`r X]E naaniko zd` aero`&}mea` 2884 ekj 2858 xrnz`}z} ik

Ce}dfir+ Zd` 2858 xrnz`}z} `r` xriferiay ik rèmzink zn e }`ri`} n z``keo`r ciaaiko}

by zd` xerefiaizery ekj zd` xnaim`+ Fiknr} ekj zdìr eij`} }p}x`mz`j n }znk` ”

zdrniko ikmapj` zdn}` err`}z`j ekj znrzpr`j pkj`r X]E+ Zd` L'C Lpw`kia` Lp}zim`

Emz! 599? xpz} zd` eo` n fiknrizy ez bàn 57! dimd mnkzrew`k`} bnzd kezinkea 2:9

2:7 _riz X`zizink Kn+ 257=.2889! a`j nk 7 Exria 2889

2:? RZI exxaimezink a`j by X`nxa`’} Pkink nr Miwia Aib`rzi`} $XPMA)! Mddezzi}oerd+

2:4 Ek RZI exxaimezink a`j by Mddezzi}oerd Fpczi Fnrmde r`wèa`j zd` xr`}`km` n 2!:99 j`zeik``} ik Mdezzi}oerd$ikmapjiko Cekc`r ekj Leojeaxpr ji}zrimz})+ Fn}z n zd`}` j`zeik``} er` ejiwe}i}+

2:9 Ikjie’} Lpw`kia` Lp}zim $Mer` ekj Xrnz`mzink) Emz! 2888 }`z} felnrizy ez 54+



70



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L'C Dnf` J`xerzf`kz ik r`}xnk}` zn ek nxxn}izink aòi}aeznr’} up`}zink ik zd`

Aòi}aeziw` E}}`fbay ik Fermd! 2858! r`wèa`j zdez ==: x`r}nk} `r` bnnc`j pkj`r

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28!888+205

me}` }zpjy

err k jkink n Fiknr

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o`kmy bòek ik zd` 5998}+ Dn`w`r! iz e} }ikm` zd` }pff`r xrnz`}z} b`z``k Lpk` 2858 ekj ]`xz`fb`r 2858

zdez lpw`kia` err`}z} b`mef` refxekz+ Gnr ik}zekm`< ]dìcd Ecref! e 50 yèr naj! }nk n ]dìcd \pacer n Lnoi&

aekc`r Reikeeri! Ce}dfir e} err`}z`j nk 5? Lpk` 2858! jpriko zd` pk`rea xrnm`}}ink n eknzd`r z``keo`r dn

dej b``k ciaa`j by zd` xerefiaizery dia` npz xaeyiko+ Ecref e} mdero`j izd }znk`&zdrniko ekj mnk}xiriko eoeik}z zd` ]zez`+ D` e} orekz`j ikz`rif beia n }`w`k jey}! dimd e} }pb}ùp`kzay `tz`kj`j+ Dn`w`r! ik

nrj`r zn xrnanko di} j`z`kzink! nk = Lpay 2858! zd` Ji}zrimz Feoi}zrez` n ]rikeoer bnnc`j dif pkj`r X]E ekj

}`kz dif zn Cnz` Bdeaea leia ik Leffp+ @w`k ik 2855! d`k zd`r` `r` kn }zr``z xrnz`}z}! dpkjr`j} n bny}

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dekj} n zd` xnaim` ekj xerefiaizery+ ]nf` lpw`kia`} er` ròpaeray bìko }pffnk`j zn xnaim` }zezink} izdnpz

eky txaekezink+ n jez`! }iokimekz kpfb`r} n fiknr} mnkzikp` zn b` err`}z`j pkj`r X]E+

Ik ejjizink zn X]E! fiknr} er` ea}n bnnc`j pkj`r zd` Rekbir X`kea Mnj`+ Gnr ik}zekm`< $e) Ik Nmznb`r 2855!

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dew` b``k bnnc`j pkj`r }`mzink 502 n Rekbir X`kea Mnj` nr eoiko er eoeik}z zd` }zez`! }`mzink =8? nrezz`fxz zn fprj`r ekj }`mzink ==7 nr er}nk3 $b) Geye| Edfej Bdez! }nk n Odpaef De}}ek Bdez! r`}ij`kz n

Onnri&xnre! Xeaxnre! Oekj`rbea! ]rikeoer e} err`}z`j ekj mdero`j izd fprj`r ekj emupi}izink nr xn}}`}}ink!

nr n fekpemzpr` nr }ea` n xrndibiz`j erf} nr xrndibiz`j effpkizink ik 5990! d`k d` e} nkay kik` yèr}

naj+ Di} aey`r} r`xèz`jay maeif zdez di} e} e me}` n fi}zec`k ij`kzizy ekj zdez d` e} e fiknr ez zd` zif` n

zd` eaaò`j n`km`+ D` }x`kz man}` zn zdr`` yèr} ik zd` M`kzrea Leia n ]rikeoer! b`nr` keaay bìko zrek}`rr`j

zn e Lpw`kia` Dnf` ik Leffp ik 2889+ @w`r }ikm` zd` j`kiea n di} beia exxaimezink ik Fey 28893 d` dej knz

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nk 25 Exria 2858+ D` e} keaay ràè}`j nk 58 G`brpery 2855+

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208 Mnkw`kzink nk zd Riodz} n zd` Mdiaj! 5949+ Gnr fnr` j`zeia} ]``< E}iek M`kzr` nr Dpfek Riodz}’ r`xnrz! Lpw`&

kia`} n Leffp ekj Ce}dfir< Pkùpea B`nr` Ae ekj J ki`j Lp}zim` ik Mp}znjy! 2855 $Iz }zpji`} 05 r`xr`}`kze&ziw` me}`})! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+emdr`b+nro.r`xnrz}.ikjie.LL&L'C&2855+xj+

205 ]``< Efk`}zy Ikz`rkezinkea! E Aea`}} Ae< J`z`kzink} pkj`r zd` Xpbaim ]e`zy Emz! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+efk`}zy+nro.`k.aibrery.e}}`z.E]E28.885.2855.`k.m``?`42e&7e5&::58&emm&?79j?9:995b5.e}e288852855 k+xj! xeo` 523 Gnr fnr` j`zeia} ]``< E}iek M`kzr` nr Dpfek Riodz}! Lpw`kia`} n Leffp ekj Ce}dfir< Pkùpea

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77



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Oira} bìko zreik`j e} ]x`miea Xnaim`

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`fxn`r} zd`f zn —}dnnz zn ciaa’! err`}z! j`fnai}d }zrpmzpr`}! ekj mnkjpmz errekz&

a`}} }èrmd`}! nk f`r` }p}ximink+ Ejjizinkeaay! fè}pr`} er` bìko zec`k zn przd`r

`kdekm` xn`r} n zd` erf`j nrm`}+ Gnr ik}zekm`! e k` ae! zd` Bnrj`r ]`mprizy

Gnrm` $Ef`kjf`kz) Biaa! 2855! }``c} zn ij`k zd` }mnx` nr j`xanyf`kz n B]G nr

mnpkz`r&ik}pro`kmy ekj —ekzi&Ketea’ nx`rezink} izd ejjizinkea xn`r} n —}èrmd!

}ì|pr` ekj err`}z’+ Ez xr`}`kz! }pmd nx`rezink} rùpir` }zez` xnaim` x`r}nkkà! dn

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er` earèjy pkj`r }`w`r` mrizimi}f nr mnffizziko znrzpr` ekj ciaaiko} nk zd` Ikjn&

Bekoaej`}d bnrj`r $]`` me}` }zpjy nk Znrzpr` Me}`} )+ 202

Eknzd`r nrryiko zr`kj i} zdez zd` xnaim` i} bìko ikmrè}ikoay fiaizeri}`j ik mnkgimz

erè} ekj oiw`k mdero`} n mnpkz`r&ik}pro`kmy nx`rezink}+ Zd` Fiki}zry n

Dnf` Eeir}’ Ekkpea R`xnrz $2889&58) }zez`} zdez zd` rna` n zd` }zez` xnaim` ik

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59?8+20:

Ji}xrnxnrzinkez` P}` ng Gnrm`

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nk zd` P}` n Gnrm` ekj Girèrf} by Ae @knrm`f`kz Nmiea}! 5998! er` derjay

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x`r}nk} ik 2884+200

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79



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242 ]``< _+X+ Kn+ 57::2$_) n 2889! Diod Mnprz n Meampzze+

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240 Ibij+

Mnkimz ikjpm`j

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r`}paz} ik

ji}rpxzink ng zd`

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zn be}im k`m`}}izi`}

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erf`j mnkgimz ekj wina`km` ik Ikjie ez ernpkj 087!888 e} n J`m`fb`r 2855+247

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IJX} ik Ikjie aiw` npz}ij` mefx}+24?

Ik Mddezzi}oerd nr `tefxa`! e} n 2855! ernpkj =8!888 ejiwe}i} `r` ikz`rkeaay

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zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz dej nrj`r`j zd` x`zizink`r} ik zd` Kekjiki ]pkjer me}` zn

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bpz zd` }zez` onw`rkf`kz i} r`p}iko zn emz nk iz+295

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r`zprk! anmea ikzòrezink! nr }`zza`f`kz à}`d`r` ik Ikjie+292

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244 Efk`}zy Ikz`rkezinkea! Ikjie! Efk`}zy Ikz`rkezinkea R`xnrz&2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+efk`}zy+nro.`k.ròink. ikjie.r`xnrz&2855

249 F`jde Mdezprw`ji! Mddezzi}oerd’} _ekj`riko Zrib`}< Xrnba`f} n IJX} nk zd` Mddezzi}oerd&EX bnrj`r ! Feik&}zrèf _``cay! Wna A! Kn+ 57! ? Exria 2852! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+feik}zrèf``cay+k`z.erzima`==?5+dzfa

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295 ]``< J`zeia} prki}d`j by zd` onw`rkf`kz n Mddezzi}oerd ik Kekjiki ]pkjer ' Nr}+ w+ ]zez` n Mddezzi}oerd! ]p&

xr`f` Mnprz! _riz X`zizink $M) Kn+208 n 288?+

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48

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ae} gnr zd` xrnz`mzink

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45



Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`

Ikjie de} ek errey n ae} nr zd` xrnz`mzink nr wpak`reba` ornpx}+ Dn`w`r zd`

feky }zrpmzprea ekj xremzim` jy}pkmzink} n zd` lpjimiea }y}z`f ekj zd` j` lpr`

ekj j` emzn ifxpkizi`} }`rinp}ay pkj`rfik` zd` nrjikery x`r}nk’} ebiaizy zn emm`}}

lp}zim`+ Zdnpod zd`r` i} efxa` `wij`km` n zd` j`z`rinreziko ebiaizy n zd` }y}z`f zn

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ekj enrjeba` r`f`ji`} xn}`} e rèa mdeaa`ko` zn zd` rpa` n ae ekj xrnz`mzink n

pkjef`kzea riodz}+

E+ Berri`r} zn Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`

Ròr`}}iw` Ae}

Zd` Xnaim` Emz! 547529= ekj zd` Xri}nk} Emz! 549: er` zn n zd` naj`}z r`feikiko

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j`fnmrezim! mnk}zizpzinkea ref`nrc+ Dn`w`r! zn jez`! zd`}` ae} r`feik ik xaem`+

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29= Xnaimiko bìko e }zez` }pbl`mz! }`w`rea }zez } dew` zdìr nk Xnaim` Emz} dimd er` jez`j aez r zdek 5475+ Bpz `}&

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42

Ikjiek X`kea Mnj` $IXM) 29: ekj zd` F`kzea Dèazd Emz! 594? +290 Pknrzpkezày Ikjie

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ae ekj dpfek riodz}+ E felnrizy n mnfxaeikz} brnpodz b`nr` zd` Kezinkea Dpfek

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zd` mnfxaeikz} ik 2858&55 `r` nk ikemzink by nmiea} nr zdìr ebp}` n xn`r ‖+294

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4=



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zd` }zezpz` bnnc}+ Emmnpkzebiaizy n zd` xnaim` r`feik} feroikea ekj iff`k}ày jimpaz nr mizi|`k} zn emm`}}

ekj `knrm` ik Ikjie+ Z`r` i} wi}iba` r`}i}zekm` zn eaa `nrz} zn }zr`kozd`k zd` nw`r}iodz ròif`+

R`m`kz di}znry mnkrf} zd` ràpmzekm` zn briko ebnpz }y}z`fim r`nrf ekj! mnk}ùp`kzay! }zrnko`r emmnpkz&

ebiaizy+ Ik 5997! zn r`zir`j xnaim` mdi`}! Xrece}d ]ikod ekj KC ]ikod! a`j e xpbaim ikz`r`}z aizioezink ik zd`

]pxr`f` Mnprz! e}ciko zd` Mnprz zn jir`mz onw`rkf`kz} zn ifxa`f`kz zd` Kezinkea Xnaim` Mnffi}}ink $KXM)

r`mnff`kjezink}+ Ez`r z`k yèr} n aizioezink! ik 2887! ik dez i} xnxpaeray r``rr`j zn e} zd` Xrece}d ]ikod

me}`=8=! zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz nrj`r`j zdez r`nrf fp}z zec` xaem`+ Z` Mnprz aeij jnk jir`mziw`} dimd! i dn&

ai}zimeaay exxai`j! `r` j`}iok`j zn cimc }zerz zd` xrnm`}} n r`nrf+ Z`}` jir`mziw`} xpaa`j zno`zd`r zd` werinp}

}zrekj} n ifxrnw`f`kz o`k`rez`j }ikm` 59?9+ Z`y fec` px e }md`f`! dimd i} j`}iok`j zn mnrr`mz zd` mnf&fnk iaa} zdez mrèz` xnnr xnaim` x`rnrfekm` ekj pkemmnpkzeba` ae `knrm`f`kz znjey+

Z` jir`mziw`} mek b` brnejay jiwij`j ikzn zn mezònri`}< zdn}` }``ciko zn emdi`w` pkmzinkea r`}xnk}ibiaizy nr

zd` xnaim` ekj zdn}` }``ciko zn `kdekm` xnaim` emmnpkzebiaizy+ ]it yèr} aez`r! j`}xiz` fnkiznriko by zd` ]pxr`f`

Mnprz! kn }zez` nr pkink z`rriznry $ikmapjiko zd` mexizea z`rriznry n Jàdi dimd mnf`} jir`mzay pkj`r zd` Dnf`

Fiki}zry) de} paay ifxa`f`kz`j zd` }`w`k jir`mziw`}+ E ` dew` ifxa`f`kz`j }nf` jir`mziw`} xerzieaay! bpz

nzd`r} dew` r`}i}z`j eaa ezz`fxz} zn mrèz` b`k`miea mdeko`+ Z` orèz`}z r`}i}zekm` zn mdeko` mnkm`rk} jir`mzink}

zdez eif zn jàikc xnaim` rnf iaaòizifez` xnaizimea ikz`r`r`km` ekj on znerj ikmrè}iko xnaim` emmnpkzebiaizy+

Z` Mnprz ea}n ejwi}`j zd` xe}}iko n k` Xnaim` Emz} zn `k}pr` zd` ikmnrxnrezink n zd` Mnprz’} jir`mziw`} ikzn

aòi}aezink ekj xrnwij` ek nxxnrzpkizy zn fnj`rki}` xnaim` aòi}aezink ik iz} `kzir`zy! ez bnzd zd` }zez` a`wà ekjzd` M`kzr`+ n jez`! 5= n 24 Ikjiek }zez`} dew` xe}}`j k` Xnaim` aòi}aezink+ Z` Emz} jn orèz iklp}zim` zn

zd` Mnprz’} jir`mziw`}+ Z` w`ry xrnba`f} zd` jir`mziw`} }npodz zn ejjr`}} er` kn bìko oiw`k }zezpznry }ekm&

zink+ M`rzeik ji}m`rkiba` zr`kj} `f`ro` emrn}} zd` k` Xnaim` Emz}! dimd maèray xnikz zn zd` `t`mpziw` }``ciko

=85 Mnffnkèazd Dpfek Riodz} Ikizieziw`! Mnfxaeikz} Epzdnrizi`}< Xnaim` Emmnpkzebiaizy ik Emzink! 2889! eweiaeba` ez<

dzzx<..+dpfekriodz}ikizieziw`+nro.xpbaimezink}.xnaim .mnfxaeikz}êpzdnrizi`}^xnaim êmmnpkzebiaizyîkêmzink+xj

=82 Zd` fn}z mnfxr`d`k}iw` r`mnff`kjezink} nr }y}z`fim r`nrf n zd` xnaim` ik Ikjie er` mnkzeik j ik ìodz r`xnrz}

xrnjpm`j by zd` Kezinkea Xnaim` Mnffi}}ink $KXM) rnf 59?9&45+ Zd` KXM e} ek epznknfnp} Mnffi}}ink

mnk}zizpz`j zn r`mnff`kj }y}z`fim mdeko`} zn zd` nroeki}ezink ekj pkmzinkiko n zd` xnaim`! naaniko xnaim`

`tm`}}`} mnffizz`j jpriko zd` @f`ro`kmy+ Zd` KXM ea}n jrez`j e Fnjà Xnaim` Biaa zn r`xaem` zd` 5475 Xnaim` Emz+ Knk` n zd`}` r`mnff`kjezink} dew b``k ifxa`f`kz`j zn jez`! ekj ez zd` m`kzrea a`wà! zd` Xnaim` Emz n

5475 r`feik} ik nrm`+ Gikj zd` paa r`xnrz} n zd` KXM ez zd` naaniko aikc<dzzx<..bxrj+kim+ik.ikj`t=+e}x>}}aij6:8?'

}pb}pbaikcij65=:'aeko65+

=8= Xrece}d ]ikod ekj Nzd`r} w+ Pkink n Ikjie ekj Nzd`r} $2887) 4 ]MM 5

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`



4:

pkiaez`rea mnkzrna nw`r zd` xnaim`! ekj zd` znzea jiapzink n ikj`x`kj`kz nw`r}iodz nw`r zd` xnaim`+ Iaap}zreziwày!

}zez` onw`rkf`kz} er` p}iko Xnaim` Emz} zn< $e) mrèz` }x`miea }`mprizy |nk`} d`rìk xnaim` er` enrj`j eb}napz`

xn`r izdnpz eky md`mc}3 $b) aòeai}` jir`mz exxnikzf`kz n }zez` xnaim` mdi`} by zd` `t`mpziw`! jniko eey

izd md`mc} ekj beaekm`} nrj`r`j by zd` Mnprz ik zd` nrf n nbl`mziw }à`mzink mriz rie ekj ek ikj`x`kj`kz }`&

a`mzink xekà3 ekj $m) }pbw`rz zd` ikj`x`kj`km` n k` xnaim` mnfxaeikz} bnji`}=8: zdrnpod jir`mz exxnikzf`kz}

izd kn ikj`x`kj`kz }à`mzink xrnm }} aèjiko zn `tm }}iw` xnaizimi}ezink! eb}`km` n ikj`x`kj`kz ikw`}zioeznr}!aizza` }pxxnrz nr `knrm`f`kz n zdìr kjiko}! ekj ik `tzr`f` me}`} n jèkm` zn zd` mnprz} nrj`r}! zd` ikmap&

}ink n }`rwiko xnaim` x`r}nkkà nk zd`}` bnji`}+

n jez` nkay }`w`k }zez`}! ekj zdr`` Pkink `rriznri`}! dew` pkmzinkea Xnaim` Mnfxaeikz} Epzdnrizi`}+ @w`k

zd`}` nx`rezinkea Epzdnrizi`} er` rijj`k izd ge}+ Zìr mnfxn}izink ekj f`fb`r}dix jn`} knz `k}pr` eky

ikj`x`kj`km`! zdìr xn`r} er` jiapz`j ekj zd`y r`feik }zerw`j n pkj}+ Z` r`feikiko }zez`} dew` Mnfxaeikz}

Epzdnrizi } nkay nk xex`r nr dew` mdn}`k zn ioknr` zd` Mnprz’} jir mziw`+ Zi} j`xanreba` zremc r`mnrj r`wèa} zd`

}zrnko r`}i}zekm` zn r`nrf+ @w`k fnr` eaerfiko i} zd` fekixpaezink n zd` Mnprz’} jir`mziw`} ik ifxa`f`kzezink

zn `fxn`r zd` `t`mpziw`’} }zrekoa`dnaj nw`r zd` xnaim` ekj jifiki}d ikj`x`kj`kz nw`r}iodz+

]nprm`< Mnffnkèazd Dpfek Riodz} Ikizieziw`

Lpjimiery< Wemekmi`} ekj Lpjimiea Jàey

Fnr` zdek =5% xn}z} n lpjo`} ik werinp} diod mnprz} ekj zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz `r`

ayiko wemekz e} n 5 Epop}z 2855+=80 Efnko}z zd` diod mnprz}! zd` aero`}z kpfb`r n

wemekmi`} e} ik Eaaedebej Diod Mnprz d`r` 94 npz n zd` }ekmzink`j 578 xn}z}

$fnr` zdek 75%) dej knz b``k aa`j+=87

Zd` Ae Mnffi}}ink n Ikjie r`mnff`kj`j ik 594? e rezin n 08 lpjo`} x`r fiaaink

x`r}nk}+=8? Ik 2858! nw`r 28 yèr} aez`r! zd` rezin e} }ziaa nkay exxrntifezày 5?

lpjo`} x`r fiaaink+=84 Zd` }dnrzeo` de} r`}paz`j ik anko`r jàey} dia` zd` x`zizink`r!

emmp}`j ekj wimzif! er` kjiko r`f`ji`} derj`r zn mnf` by+ Ik 2858! zd`r` `r`

fnr` zdek =2 fiaaink me}`} x`kjiko b`nr` Ikjiek mnprz}! ek ikmrè}` n fnr` zdek

4=8!888 nw`r zd` xr`winp} yèr+=89 Emmnrjiko zn onw`rkf`kz }zezi}zim}! kèray 57

fiaaink x`r}nk} $ikmapjiko zdn}` rnf xr`winp} yèr}) `r` eeiziko zriea} nr mrif`}

pkj`r zd` IXM ik werinp} mrifikea mnprz} jpriko 2858+=58 X`kj`kmy n me}`} de}

nr}`k`j ferc`jay nw`r zd` xe}z j`mej`+ Errèr} dew` ikmrè}`j by 5:4% ik zd`

=8: Meaa`j —Xnaim` Mnfxaeikz} Epzdnrizi }’! zd`}` bnji`} dew` zd` fekjez` zn ikupir` ikzn zd` fn}z }`rinp} mnfxaeikz}

eoeik}z zd` xnaim` ” kefày jèzd! znrzpr`! ekj rex` ik xnaim` mp}znjy+ Zd` }`rinp}k`}} n zd` mnfxaeikz} eaaiko

pkj`r zdi} fekjez` j`fekj} eir ekj ifxerziea mnkjpmz n ikupiri`}! ekj ikj`x`kj`km` rnf zd` xnaim`+ Y`z! ik

nk` }zez`! }`rwiko xnaim` nm`r} er` f`fb`r} n zd` Mnfxaeikz} Epzdnrizy! kzirày j`èziko eky }`fbaekm` n

ikj`x`kj`km`+ Zd` Epzdnrizi`} er` fir`j ik `tm`}}iw` jàey! ekj dew` xrnw`j ik``mziw` ez }zr`kozd`kiko xnaim`

emmnpkzebiaizy+

=80 Zd` Zif`} n Ikjie! =5% n lpjo`}’ xn}z} ik ]M! DM} ayiko wemekz ! Epop}z 4! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..erzima`}+

zif`}nkjie+ikjiezif`}+mnf.2855&84&84.ikjie.2947=?98 5^wemekmi`}&diod&mnprz}&lpjo`}

=87 Ibij+

=8? Ae Mnffi}}ink n Ikjie! Nk` Dpkjr`j Z`kzi`zd R`xnrz nk Fekxn`r Xn`r Xaekkiko ik Lpjimiery< E Bap`xrikz!

Lpay 594?! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..aemnffi}}inknkjie+kim+ik.naj^r xnrz}.rxz528+xj+

=84 Ber ekj B`kmd! X`kjiko Aizioezink} 2858< =2!220!0=0 x`kjiko me}`}3 =8% Wemekmi`} ik Diod Mnprz}< Onw`rk&

f`kz ikmrè}`} Lpjimiea ikre}zrpmzpr` bpjo`z by npr zif`}! Lpk` =! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..berekjb`kmd+mnf.

bri`.2.5054.x kjiko&aizioezink}&2858&=22200=0&x`kjiko&me}`}&=8&wemekmi`}&ik&diod&mnprz}onw`rkf`kz&ikmrè}&`}&lpjimiea&ikre}zrpmzpr`&bpjo`z&by&npr&zif`}&+

=89 @temz kpfb`r}< =2!220!0=0 ik 2858 ekj =5!=92!:0= ik 2889+ & Ibij+

=58 @temz kpfb`r< 50!440!2=? & Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Err`}z} ekj Zriea} 2858! eweiaeba` ez<

dzzx<..kmrb+kim+ik.MII2858.mii&2858.Mdexz`r%2852+xj+



40



]pxr`f` Mnprz! 0=% ik diod mnprz} ekj =7% ik }pbnrjikez` mnprz}+ =55 Kn ``mziw`

}napzink} dew` b``k xpz ik xaem` zn }z`f zd` j`maik`! dia` `tx`rif`kz} izd —e}z

zremc mnprz}’ dew` eia`j+ Ik zd` }zez` n Oplerez! nr ik}zekm`! zd` 2882 rinz me}`}

`r` eaa zri`j ik e}z zremc mnprz}+ Zn jez`! z`k yèr} ez`r zd` rinz}! }`w`rea me}`} er`

}ziaa x`kjiko ik zd`}` e}z zremc mnprz}+ Eknzd`r oaeriko `tefxa` n jàey`j lp}zim`

i} zd` mnprz w`rjimz ik zd` Bdnxea Oe} Zreo`jy me}` ” zd` nraj’} nr}z ikjp}zriea

ji}e}z`r ” dimd ciaa`j nw`r 50!888 x`nxa`+ Ik 2858! ez zd` `kj n e 27&yèr aòea

bezza`! zd` w`rjimz eia`j zn xrnwij` eky rài` zn e`mz`j efiai`}+

@tm`}}iw` Xr`&zriea J`z`kzink $pkj`r zriea})

70+5% n zd` znzea kpfb`r n xri}nk`r} ik Ikjie er` xr`&zriea j`zeik``} =52 izd x`rinj

n xr`zriea j`z`kzink weryiko rnf zdr`` fnkzd} zn nw`r w` yèr}+=5= Mnprz} er` aet ik

ràè}iko pkj`rzriea} nk beia+ ]zezpznry }eòperj}=5: dew` b``k ikzrnjpm`j zn md`mc

xrnanko`j j`z`kzink x`rinj}+ Zd`}` npaj dàx ik r`jpmiko zif` }x`kz ik xr`&zriea

j`z`kzink i mnk}i}z`kzay ifxa`f`kz`j by zd` mnprz}+ Dn`w`r! bnzd zd` `t`mpziw`

ekj zd` lpjimiery dew` eia`j ik ji}mderoiko zdìr nw`r}iodz pkmzink}+

@tm`}}iw` xr`&zriea j`z`kzink i} nk` n zd` fn}z ifxnrzekz emznr} r`}xnk}iba` nr

nw`r&mrnjiko n xri}nk} ik zd` mnpkzry+ Zdnpod Ikjie’} ikmerm`rezink rez` i} an`r

zdek fn}z nzd`r mnpkzri`}! iz} xr`&zriea xri}nk xnxpaezink i} nk` n zd` diod`}z ik

zd` nraj+=50 Ik}zekm`} n x`nxa` emmp}`j n fiknr n`km`} aekopi}diko ik xri}nk}

eeiziko zriea nr x`rinj} fnr` zdek dez i} xr`}mrib`j e} zd` fetifpf }`kz`km`

nr }pmd n`km`}! er` mnffnk+ Fn}z n zd`}` xri}nk`r} er` xnnr ekj pkeba` zn dir`

zd` }`rwim`} n e aey`r nr r`kj`r }pr`zi`} nr bnkj}+ Ik 59?9! ik Dp}}eikere Cdeznnk

w+ Dnf` ]`mr`zery! ]zez` n Bider !=57 zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz dia` ejlpjimeziko nk

pkj`rzriea} zdez `r` j`zeik`j nr x`rinj} fpmd anko`r zdek dez zd`y npaj dew`

pkj`ronk` ik me}` n zdìr mnkwimzink! dàj< ‑`w`k pkj`r npr Mnk}zizpzink! zdnpod

}x``jy zriea i} knz }x`mimeaay `kpf`rez`j e} e pkjef`kzea riodz! iz i} ifxaimiz ik zd`

brnej }``x ekj mnkz`kz n Erzima` 25‖ $riodz zn ai` ekj x`r}nkea aib`rzy)+ Zd`rèz`r!

ik zd` Mnffnk Mep}` w+ Pkink n Ikjie lpjo`f`kz}!=5? zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz aeij

jnk j`zeia`j opijàik`} nr ràè}` n pkj`rzriea}+ J`}xiz` zd`}` ]pxr`f` Mnprz

xrnknpkm`f`kz}! `tm`}}iw` j`z`kzink n pkj`rzriea} r`feik} e }`rinp} mnkm`rk+

=55 XR] Aòi}aeziw` R`}èrmd! Wizea ]zez}< X`kj`kmy n Me}`} ik Ikjiek Mnprz}! Lpay 7! 2855! eweiaeba` ez<

dzzx<..+xr}ikjie+nro.ejfiki}zreznr.pxanej}.o`k`rea.5=5885:295{{Wizea%28]zez}%28&

%28X`kj`kmy%28n%28Me}`}%28ik%28Ikjiek%28Mnprz}%288:Lpa55%28w0%28&%28R`wi}`j+xj+

=52 Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Fiki}zry n Dnf` Eeir}! Xri}nk ]zezi}zim} 2858! xeo` 555! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..

kmrb+kim+ik.X]I^2858.Gpaa.X]I&2858+xj

=5= 2!:22 pkj`rzriea} `r` j`zeik`j ik leia} nr 0 yèr} nr fnr` & Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! X`rinj n J`z`kzink n

Pkj`rzriea Xri}nk`r} 2889! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kmrb+kim+ik.X]I2889.MDEXZ@R&7+xj+

=5: Mnj` n Mrifikea Xrnm`jpr`+ ]`mzink} 57?! :=7! :=7E ekj :=? eaan ek emmp}`j zn b` ràè}`j nk beia ik me}`} n

jàey ik mnff`km`f`kz nr keai|ezink n zriea+

=50 Ikz`rkezinkea M`kzr` nr Xri}nk ]zpji`}! @kzir` _nraj ” Xr`&zriea j`zeik``}.r`fekj xri}nk`r} $x`rm`kzeo` n zd` xri}&

nk xnxpaezink)! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+xri}nk}zpji`}+nro.ikn.nrajbri`.xb^}zez}+xdx>erè6eaa'mezònry6bxr`zriea+

=57 EIR 59?9 ]M 5=78! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+ikjiekceknnk+nro.jnm.588?=:?.

=5? : ]MM == ekj $5997) 7 ]MM ??0+ Ek ekeay}i} n zd` jir mzink} i}}p`j by zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz ik zd`}` me}`} i}

eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..onn+oa.\JWX@

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`

70+5% ng zd`

znzea kpfb`r

ng xri}nk`r} ik

Ikjie er` xr`&zriea

j`zeik``} izdx`rinj ng xr`zriea

j`z`kzink weryiko

grnf zdr``

fnkzd} zn nw`r

w` yèr}+



47

Xri}nk}

Mnkjizink} ik Xri}nk}

Ikjiek xri}nk} jn knz f``z ikz`rkezinkea }zekjerj} e} aeij jnk ik zd` Ikz`rkezinkea

Mnw`kekz nk Miwia ekj Xnaizimea Riodz} $5977)! zd` PK ]zekjerj Fikifpf Rpa`} nr

zd` Zrèzf`kz n Xri}nk`r} $5900) ekj zd` PK Jir`mziw` nk Be}im Xrikmixa`} nr zd`

Zrèzf`kz n Xri}nk`r} $5998)+ Nw`rmrnjiko i} nk` n zd` xrnba`f}! dimd xaeop`}

Ikjiek xri}nk}+ Nw`rmrnjiko! dimd }zekj} ez 550+?% =54 i} nk` n zd` xrnba`f}

dimd xaeop`} Ikjiek xri}nk}+=59 Ik }nf` }zez`} nw`rmrnjiko i} xerzimpaeray diod+

Gnr ik}zekm`! ik Mdezzi}oerd nw`rmrnjiko }zekj} ez e }zeoo`riko 2=?%+=28 ]`w`rea

xri}nk} er` nw`r e dpkjr`j yèr} naj ekj feky berremc} r`feik man}`j b`mep}`

zd`y er` pk}pizeba` nr debizezink! feciko zd` emzpea }xem` eweiaeba` }iokimekzay a`}}

zdek zdez }poo`}z`j by zd` onw`rkf`kz! mnfxnpkjiko zd` nw`rmrnjiko+

Mnfbik`j izd nw`rmrnjiko i} zd` i}}p` n ikejùpez` }ze }zr`kozd! dimd on`}

ey bàn rùpir`f`kz}+ Zd` mprr`kz xri}nk }ze zn ikfez` rezin }zekj} ez 9<5+=25

Nw`rmrnjiko briko} izd iz e j`kiea n dèazd riodz}! xnnr }ekizezink ekj diod

xr`wea`km` n ji}è}`+ Zd` aiwiko mnkjizink} ik fn}z xri}nk}! `}x`mieaay }pb&leia}

er` exxeaaiko! e} `w`k be}im rùpir`f`kz} er` knz f`z+ Pkdyoi`kim mnkjizink} eri}`

npz n ikejùpez` ez`r }pxxay ekj }pxxay n `}}`kziea} aic` xd`kna! ekj aemc n

xrnx`r w`kziaezink+=22 Zd` KDRM ekj zd` Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink nr _nf`k dew`

fej` rùp`kz r`xnrz} nk xri}nk mnkjizink}=2= ekj npkj dèazd ekj aiwiko mnkjizink}

j`xanreba`+

Xri}nk`r} er` rùpir`j by ae zn b` f`jimeaay `tefik`j ez zd` zif` n ejfi}}ink+

Dn`w`r! xri}nk`r} er` rerày `tefik`j jp` zn ek empz` }dnrzeo` n jnmznr}+

Zd`r`nr`! ferc} n wina`km` f`z`j npz zn zd` xri}nk`r by zd` xnaim`! mnffpkimeba`

ji}è}`} $}pmd e} zpb`rmpan}i}) ekj mdrnkim mnkjizink} zdez j`z`rinrez` izd

ikmerm`rezink! er` nz`k knz j`z`mz`j pkzia zd`y b`mnf` empz`+ F`kzea iaak`}}

i} rùp`kzay pkj`z`mz`j nr knz ejùpezày zrèz`j+ Zd`r` er` w`ry ` }zpji`}

nk fnkiznriko n zd` xezz`rk} n iaak`}} ik mp}znjiea ik}zizpzink} ekj zd`r`nr` kn

ik}zizpzinkea r`f`ji`} er` exxai`j+ Zd` r`m`kzay r`xnrz`j me}` n e f`kzeaay iaa xri}nk`r

dàj izdnpz zriea ekj ràè}`j ez`r 54 yèr} n ifxri}nkf`kz i} ikjimeziw` n dn

empz` zd` xrnba`f i}+=2: _dia` o`k`rea xri}nk`r} em` zd`}` xrnba`f}! r`m`kz r`xnrz}

n emiaizi`} ekj ewnpr`j zrèzf`kz xrnwij`j zn }n&meaa`j —WIX xri}nk`r}’ mr`jibay

j`fnk}zrez` zd` xezz`rk n ewnprizi}f ekj mnrrpxzink izdik xri}nk} zdez eaan}

`w`ry emiaizy zn b` xprmde}`j nr e xrim`+

=54 Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Xri}nk ]zezi}zim} n Ikjie! 2889+

=59 Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Fiki}zry n Dnf` Eeir}! Xri}nk ]zezi}zim} 2858! xeo` 57! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kmrb+

kim+ik.X]I^2858.Gpaa.X]I&2858+xj

=28 Ibij+

=25 Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Fiki}zry n Dnf` Eeir}! Xri}nk ]zezi}zim} 2858! xeo` $iw)! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kmrb+

kim+ik.X]I^2858.Gpaa.X]I&2858+xj

=22 ]``< MDRI! Federe}dzre’} Ebekjnk`j Xri}nk}< E ]zpjy n ]pb&Leia}! 2858! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+dpfekr iodz&

}ikizieziw`+nro.xpbaimezink}.xri}nk}.federe}dzre’}êbekjnk`j xri}nk}ê^}zpjy^n^}pb&leia}+xj

=2= ]`` nr tefxa`< Kezinkea Dpfek Riodz} Mnffi}}ink! Fikpz`} ekj R`mnff`kjezink} n zd` Kezinkea ]`fiker nk—Xri}nk R`nrf’! K` Jàdi! 50 Exria 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kdrm+kim+ik.Jnmpf`kz}.Fikpz`}%28'%28R`mn%28

Xri}nk%28R`nrf+xj+

=2: Zd` Zif`} n Ikjie! F`kzeaay iaa fek eac} r`` ez`r 54 yèr} ik Leixpr leia ! G`brpery 54! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..

erzima`}+zif`}nkjie+ikjiezif`}+mnf.2855&82&54.ikjie.2475:488^5^}naizery&mnkk`f kz&xri}nk&leixpr

Zd` KDRM ekj

zd` Kezinkea

Mnffi}}ink gnr

_nf`k dew`

fej` grùp`kz

r`xnrz} nk xri}nkmnkjizink} ekj

gnpkj dèazd ekj

aiwiko mnkjizink}

j`xanreba`+



4?



Fnkiznriko F`mdeki}f}

Xri}nk} dew` bpiaz&ik }zezpznry nw`r}iodz f`mdeki}f}+ B`}ij`} zdn}` ikz`rkea zn zd`

ejfiki}zrezink! xri}nk} fp}z dew` bnerj} n wi}iznr}! dimd ikmapj` aey wi}iznr} cknk

e} —knk&nmiea wi}iznr}’+ Ejjizinkeaay! ji}zrimz lpjo`} ekj feoi}zrez`} dew` zd` xn`r

zn x`rinjimeaay fnkiznr xri}nk}+ Zd` wi}iz} er` zn fnkiznr mnkjizink} n j`z`kzink!

r`mnrj eky mnfxaeikz} n xri}nk`r} e} àa e} r`wi` nw`r}zey}+ Zd` KDRM de}ek ifxnrzekz rna` zn xaey ik zd` fnkiznriko n xri}nk} e} iz de} zd` xn`r zn wi}iz

eky leia nr j`z`kzink m`kzr` zn }zpjy zd` aiwiko mnkjizink} n zd` ikfez`} ekj fec`

r`mnff`kjezink}+=20 B`z``k 2885 ekj 2855! zd` KDRM de} fej` }`w`rea wi}iz}

zn xri}nk} emrn}} zd` mnpkzry ekj }pbfizz`j 0= r`xnrz} izd r`mnff`kjezink} zn

}`w`rea }zez` onw`rkf`kz} ekj zd` M`kzr`+ Dn`w`r! knz fpmd de} b``k xpz ikzn

emzink ekj e felnrizy n zd` r`mnff`kjezink} r`feik nk xex`r+

—X`rinjim R`wi` Mnffizz``}’ er` eknzd`r ifxnrzekz nw`r}iodz f`mdeki}f

fekjez`j zn `k}pr` zdez xri}nk`r} eeiziko zriea jn knz nw`r}zey nr r`feik b`dikj

ber} `tm`xz nr zd` ber`}z fikifpf jprezink+ Zd`}` Mnffizz``} er` dèj`j by zd`Ji}zrimz Lpjo`! ekj ikmapj` zd` nm`r&ik&mdero` n xri}nk} ekj r`xr`}`kzeziw`} n

zd` Ji}zrimz Feoi}zrez`! zd` ]px`rikz`kj`kz n Xnaim` ekj zd` Xrnbezink J`xerzf`kz+

]pmd mnffizz``} dew` b``k }`z px ik e kpfb`r n }zez`}+ Dn`w`r! ik fn}z }zez`}

zd`y r`feik j`pkmz+ Gnr `tefxa`! ik Rele}zdek! mnffizz`` f``ziko} er` knz

mnkw`k`j x`rinjimeaay! zd`r` i} aemc n mnnrjikezink b`z``k mnffizz`` f`fb`r}!

me}`} zdez mnf` px nr r`wi` er` ximc`j px rekjnfay! ekj zd`r` i} aizza` ejd`r`km`

zn rpa`} aeij jnk by zd`}` Mnffizz``}+=27

Zd` wi}iziko }y}z`f i} ea}n j`pkmz ik fn}z }zez`}+ Iaap}zreziwày! ik Rele}zdek! aey

wi}iznr} `r` knz exxnikz`j }ikm` 2889 ekj ik 2855 nkay 508 `r` exxnikz`j aèwiko

npz =8 xri}nk}+ Exxnikz`j wi}iznr} eafn}z pkiw`r}eaay dew` man}` eaiezink zn zd`

rpaiko xerzy! kn ikiziea zreikiko nr nri`kzezink ekj zd`r` i} knzdiko zn ikjimez` zd` upeaizy

n zdìr r`mnff`kjezink} nr eky naan&px emzink+

Mdiajr`k ng Xri}nk`r}

Mdiajr`k n xri}nk`r} mnk}i}z n zn mezònri`} ” zdn}` dn aiw` izd zdìr fnzd`r}

izdik zd` leia xr`fi}`}! ekj zdn}` dn er` aiwiko npz}ij` ik zd` mnffpkizy+ Zd`r`

er` kn `}zifez`} n zd` emzpea kpfb`r n mdiajr`k dn er` aiwiko izd zdìr xer`kz} ik leia}! `w`k zdnpod zd`}` mdiajr`k er` nrm`j zn orn&px ik mnkjizink} n j`xriwezink

ekj mrifikeaizy izd aemc n xrnx`r kpzrizink! ikejùpez` f`jimea mer` ekj aizza`

nxxnrzpkizy nr jpmezink+ ]pmd mdiajr`k er` nrm`j zn aiw` ik zd` leia} eanko izd nzd`r

ejpaz mrifikea} ekj }p}x`mz} ik e }`rinp}ay ejw`r}` }izpezink+ _dia` zd`r` i} }nf`

iknrfezink nk mdiajr`k aiwiko izd zdìr fnzd`r} ik}ij` zd` xri}nk}! zd`r` i} eafn}z

kn iknrfezink ròerjiko mdiajr`k n xri}nk`r} dn er` aiwiko ik zd` mnffpkizy+=2?

=20 ]`mzink 52$m) Xrnz`mzink n Dpfek Riodz} Emz! 599=+

=27 Zd` Mnffnk eazd Dpfek Riodz} Ikizieziw` $MDRI) de} r m`kzay jnk` e }zpjy nk zd` xri}nk wi}iznr}! dimd i} y`z znb` xpbai}d`j+

=2? ]pbfi}}ink zn zd` Mnffizz`` nk zd` Riodz} n zd` Mdiaj nr zd` Jey n O`k`rea Ji}mp}}ink nk Mdiajr`k n Ifxri}&

nk`j Xer`kz}! =8 ]`xz`fb`r 2855 ez Xeaei} j`} Kezink} ik O`k`we! ]iz|`raekj+ ]pbfi}}ink by DEU< M`kzr` nr

Mdiaj Riodz}+

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`



44

Zdnpod xri}nk} er` rnpodz izd zd` xrnba`f} ji}mp}}`j ebnw`! }zez`} eia zn paay

pziai|` pkj} eaanmez`j zn zd`f nr xri}nk}+ Emmnrjiko zn Xri}nk ]zezi}zim} 2889! nkay

2 npz n 24 }zez`} n Ikjie `r` eba` zn paay pziai|` zd` pkj} eaanmez`j zn zd`f+=24

Mp}znjiea Znrzpr`

Mp}znjiea znrzpr` ekj wina`km` r`feik ek `kzr`kmd`j ekj rnpzik` ae&`knrm`f`kz

}zrezòy ekj ikw`}zioeziko xremzim` emrn}} Ikjie+ E }zpjy mnkjpmz`j ik :? ji}zrimz}

nr fnr` zdek zn yèr} mnkmapj`j zdez ek ew`reo` 5+4 fiaaink x`nxa` er` wimzif}

n xnaim` znrzpr` ekj wina`km` ik Ikjie `w`ry yèr+=29 Xnaim` xremzim`} ikmapj`

e}}epaz! xdy}imea ebp}`! mp}znjiea rex`! zdrèz}! x}ymdnanoimea dpfiaiezink! e} àa

e} j`xriwezink n nnj! ez`r! }a``x ekj f`jimea ezz`kzink+==8 Fn}z znrzpr` me}`}

on pkr`xnrz`j b`mep}` wimzif} èr r`xri}ea}+ Zd`y er` ea}n knz mnkj`kz zdez zd`

lpjimiea }y}z`f mek nr iaa xpki}d —f`k ik pkinrf’+

Grnf 2885&2858! zd` KDRM r`xnrz`j e znzea n 5:!2=5 me}`} n jèzd} ik xnaim` ekj

xri}nk mp}znjy $i+`+ 5!08: ekj 52!?2? r`}x`mziwày)! dimd r`xr`}`kz} ek ew`reo` n

:= jèzd} `w`ry jey+==5 Feky n zd`}` jèzd} er` e r`}paz n znrzpr`+ Zd`}` opr`}

r`xr`}`kz nkay e remzink n zd` emzpea kpfb`r n jèzd} ik mp}znjy e} zd`y r`g`mz

nkay zd` me}`} ròi}z`r`j b`nr` zd` KDRM+

Me}` }zpjy

}nki }nri’ M==2

]nki ]nri i} e =0 yèr naj ejiwe}i }mdnna zèmd`r ekj erj`k n e onw`rkf`kz‘rpk }mdnna nr zribea mdiajr`k ik

Jekzèje! Mddezzi}oerd ” nk` n zd` ` nx`rezinkea }mdnna} ik zd` erè+ ]nki i} zd` epkz n Aikoeref Cn&

jnxi’}! e lnprkeai}z! dn e} err`}z`j nk 9 ]`xz`fb`r 2855! nk mdero`} n bìko e on&b`z``k nr zd` xeyf`kz

n e brib` by zd` @}}er Ornpx zn zd` Feni}z}+ Z` xnaim` eaaò`j ]nki’} ikwnaw`f`kz ik zd` }ef` me}`! ekj ea}n

mdero`j d`r ik }`w`rea nzd`r me}`} ikmapjiko eaaòiko zdez }d` e} e Feni}z }pxxnrz`r ekj ek ikz`rf`jiery! nrm&

iko d`r zn g`` Mddezzi}oerd+ @wij`km` dn`w`r xnikz} zn zd` emz zdez bnzd ]nki ekj Aikoeref Cnjnxi dew`

b``k ea}ày ifxaimez`j+

Ik Nmznb`r 2889! Aikoeref Cnjnxi dej r`}i}z`j ek ezz`fxz by zd` Mddezzi}oerd xnaim` zn nrmibay r`mrpiz dif

e} e —]x`miea Xnaim` Nm`r’ zn odz zd` Feni}z}+ Nk r`p}ea! d` e} erbizreriay j`zeik`j nr :8 jey} ik e xnaim`

}zezink ekj ràè}`j ez`r e debè} mnrxp} x`zizink e} a`j ik zd` mnprz+ Ik Exria 2858! ez e xpbaim dèriko ikJàdi! d` dej j`zeia`j winaezink} mnffizz`j by zd` }`mprizy nrm`} eoeik}z ejiwe}i} ik Mddezzi}oerd! naaniko

dimd zd` }zez` xnaim` ekknpkm`j zdez d` e} zd` xrif` }p}x`mz ik e Feni}z ezzemc nk e anmea Mnkor`}} xerzy

aèj`r’} r`}ij`km`+ Aikoeref Cnjnxi dej ea}n diodaiodz`j zd` ciaaiko n zdr`` ejiwe}i} by zd` M`kzrea R`}`rw`

Xnaim` Gnrm` ekj zd` }zez` xnaim` jpriko e mnkrnkzezink ik zdr`` wiaaeo`} ” ejf`zae! ifexpref ekj Fnrxeaai+

=24 Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Xri}nk ]zezi}zim} n Ikjie! 2889+

=29 X`nxa`’} _ezmd! Znrzpr` ekj Ifxpkizy ik Ikjie! Kezinkea Xrnl`mz nk Xr`w`kziko Znrzpr` ik Ikjie $KXXZI)! Knw`fb`r

2884! eweiaeba` ez< +x`nxa`}ezmd+nro.xr`w`kziko^znrzpr`+xdx+

==8 Ibij+==5 Kezinkea Dpfek Riodz} Mnffi}}ink Ekkpea R`xnrz}! 2885&2858! Ik< E}iek M`kzr` nr Dpfek Riodz}! Znrzpr` ik

Ikjie! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< +emdr`b+nro.r xnrz}.ikjie.znrzpr`2855+xj

==2 Gnr j`zeia`j `txaekezink} nk feky e}x`mz} n zd` ]nri ]nri me}`! }`` zd` }`ri`} n erzima`} xpbai}d`j ik Z dàce!

eweiaeba` ez< +z dàce+mnf.}znry^feik02+e}x>a`kef`6_}8=8:52}xAekjiko+e}x



49



]nki ]nri dej ea}n b``k mrizimea n ezrnmizi`} mnffizz`j by }`mprizy nrm`} ekj zd` Feni}z}+ ]d` e} err`}z`j ik

Jàdi nk : Nmznb`r! 2855 ez`r }d` dej `txn}`j }iokimekz wij`km` n bìko ref`j by zd` Mddezzi}oerd Xnaim`

ik fpazixa` me}`}+ Gèriko nr d`r }e`zy dia` ik mp}znjy! ]nki ]nri dej xaèj`j b`nr` zd` Ejjizinkea Mdi`

F`zrnxnaizek Feoi}zrez`! Ji}zrimz Mnprz! ]ec`z e} àa e} zd` Jàdi Diod Mnprz zdez }d` b` dàj ik mp}znjy ik

Jàdi ekj dej }npodz zn em` zriea npz}ij` zd` }zez` n Mddezzi}oerd+ Dn`w`r! ik Nmznb`r 2855! ]nki ]nri e}

r`fekj`j zn zd` mp}znjy n zd` Mddezzi}oerd xnaim` by zd` Ejjizinkea Mdi` F`zrnxnaizek Feoi}zrez`! ]ec`zJi}zrimz Mnprz! Jàdi! eabìz izd jir`mzink} zdez —jp` xrnm`}}’ b` nb}`rw`j ekj zdez e r`xnrz b` a`j npzaikiko

}z`x} zec`k zn c``x d`r }e`+ E} ]nki ]nri e} r`fekj`j zn Mddezzi}oerd! }d` e} wimzif n mp}znjiea znrzpr` ekj

}`tpea wina`km`+ Nk 58 Nmznb`r 2855! }d` e} }pxxn}`j zn b` xrnjpm`j b`nr` zd` Mnprz n zd` Feoi}zrez` ik

Jekzèje+ Dn`w r! ]nki ]nri ” dn dej b``k ik x`r`mz dèazd d`k }d` e} r`fekj`j zn zd` mp}znjy n zd`

Mddezzi}oerd Xnaim` ik Jàdi ” e} ik }pmd z`rriba` xdy}imea xeik zdez }d` mnpaj knz w`k }zekj px nr }z`x npz n

zd` xnaim` wek ekj rèmd zd` mnprzrnnf+ Z` xnaim` maeif`j ‑}d` }aixx`j ik zd` bezdrnnf ekj dej dprz d`r dèj+‖

Ik }pb}ùp`kz }zez`f`kz}! ]nki ]nri j`}mrib`j dn }d` e} znrzpr`j+ ]d` }zez`j zdez }d` e} xpaa`j npz n d`r

màa ez zd` Jekzèje Xnaim` ]zezink nk zd` kiodz n 4.9 Nmznb`r 2855 ekj zec`k zn ]+X+ Ekciz Oero’} rnnf!

d`r` nk di} nrj`r}! zdr ` f`k }zrixx`j d`r! oew` d`r à`mzrim }dnmc} ekj ik}`rz j }znk`} ikzn d`r xriwez xerz}!

feciko d`r an}` mnk}minp}k`}}+ Z` k`tz fnrkiko! }d` dej }`w`r` xeik eaa nw`r d`r bnjy! `}x`mieaay d`r k`mc!

}xik` ekj an`r ebjnf`k+ E ` fnkzd} aez`r! ]X Ekciz Oero! er rnf bìko up`}zink`j nr di} rna` ik zd` ]nki

]nri me}`! e} eerj`j zd` Xnaim` F`jea nr Oeaaekzry by zd` onw`rkf`kz nr di} rna` ik e mnpkz`r&ik}pro`kmy

nx`rezink ik 2858+

Z` ]pxr`f` Mnprz=== meaa`j nr ek ikj`x`kj`kz f`jimea `tefikezink n ]nki ]nri+ Z` f`jimea r`xnrz }zez`j

zdez }znk`} `r` npkj ik}`rz`j j``x ik}ij` ]nki ]nri’} weoike ekj r`mzpf ekj zd` FRI }mek r`wèa`j ekkpaer

zèr} nk d`r }xik`+ Ik Fey 2852! zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz jir`mz`j e k` f`jimea `tefikezink zn e}m`rzeik zd`

mdero`} n znrzpr`+ Z` r`xnrz i} jp` by Lpay 2852+ Z` err`}z! znrzpr` ekj refiko n ]nki ]nri de} b``k ijày

mrizimi}`j by miwia }nmi`zy kezinkeaay ekj ikz`rkezinkeay+==:

J`}xiz` znrzpr` bìko `kj`fim ik zd` mnpkzry! Ikjie jn`} knz y`z dew` e jnf`}zim

ae zn ejjr`}} zd` i}}p` ekj de} knz y`z rezi`j zd` PK Mnkw`kzink eoeik}z

Znrzpr`! 594: $MEZ)+ E} x`r PXR I R`mnff`kjezink 5 ekj iz} 2855 xa`jo`! zd` OnI

mnffizz`j zn `tx`jiz` rezimezink n MEZ+ Ik Ikjie! rezimezink i} zn b` xr`m`j`j by

zd` `kemzf`kz n e jnf`}zim ae+ Zd` Xr`w`kzink n Znrzpr` Biaa! 2858 $XZB) e}

jrez`j by zd` onw`rkf`kz ekj xe}}`j by zd` An`r Dnp}` n Xeraief`kz $Anc

]ebde ) ik Fey 2858 izdnpz eky xpbaim mnk}pazezink ekj kn j`bez` ik Xeraief`kz+

Dpfek riodz} ornpx} dàj zdez zd` Biaa jij knz mnknrf zn MEZ ekj aepkmd`j e

mefxeiok eif`j ez r`mziyiko zdi}+ Mnk}ùp`kzay! ik Epop}z 2858! zd` Pxx`r Dnp}`$Relye ]ebde ) r``rr`j zd` XZB zn e Xeraief`kzery ]à`mz Mnffizz``+ Mnk}ij`riko

r`xr`}`kzezink} rnf dpfek riodz} `tx`rz}! zd` Mnffizz`` }pb}zekzieaay r`wi}`j zd`

XZB! dimd kn fnr` man}ày mnfxai`} izd MEZ+ Dn`w`r! zd` r`wi}`j Biaa de} b``k

x`kjiko b`nr` zd` Fiki}zry n Dnf` Eeir} nr exxrnwea n zd` ef`kjf`kz}! }ikm`

J`m`fb`r 2858+ Zd` OnI kezinkea r`xnrz nr PXR II }zez`} zdez zd` r`mnff`kjezink}

n zd` ]à`mz Mnffizz`` er` mprr`kzay ‑pkj`r `tefikezink by zd` Onw`rkf`kz‖! izd

kn przd`r j`zeia} e} zn iz} xn}izink nk zd` r`mnff`kjezink} ekj zd` zif` ref` nr

zd` ejnxzink n zd` k` ae+

=== ]nki ]nri ' Eknzd`r w ]zez` n Mddezzi}oerd! _riz X`zizink $MRA) Kn+ 287 n 2855+

==: ]``! nr `tefxa`! zd` nx k a`zz`r }`kz by 288 nroki}ezink} ekj ikjiwijpea} rnf Ikjie zn zd` Mdi Lp}zim` n Ikjie

ekj nzd`r ]pxr`f` Mnprz lpjo`}< Derjk`}! ]nki ]nri Me}`< Ek nx`k a`zz`r zn zd` ]M lpjo`}! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..

+derjk`}f`jie+mnf.2852.85.:290

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`



98

Zd` r`wi}`j XZB ejjr`}}`} feky n zd` xizzeaa} n zd` ikiziea XZB ekj briko}

Ikjie man}`r zn paaaiko iz} nbaioezink} pkj`r MEZ ekj zd` Ikz`rkezinkea Mnw`kekz

nk Miwia ekj Xnaizimea Riodz} $IMMXR)+ Dn`w`r! zd` r`wi}`j XZB }ziaa de} e kpfb`r

n }dnrzmnfiko} zdez }dnpaj b` ejjr`}}`j pro`kzay+==0 Zd` j`kizink n znrzpr`

pkj`r zd` k` Biaa i} ek ifxrnw`f`kz rnf zd` èrai`r w`r}ink+ Dn`w`r! iz i} }ziaa

xrnba`fezim ik }nf` e}x`mz}! ikmapjiko iz} kerrn`r j`kizink n —mrpà! ikdpfek nr

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mnkzikpezink n eerjiko jèzd x`keazy ekj zd` ikzrnjpmzink n jèzd x`keazy nr

jèzd by znrzpr` pkj`r zd` XZB! mnkzrew`k`} zd`}` xr`}mrixzink}+

Ik zd` me}` n Bemdek ]ikod w+ ]zez` n Xpkleb! zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz aeij jnk zd`

xnaimy n eerjiko mexizea xpki}df`kz nkay ik zd` ‑rer`}z n rer` me}`}‖+=:? Dn`w`r!

}zezi}zim} }dn zdez zd`r` de} b``k ek ikmrè}` ik zd` kpfb`r n jèzd }`kz`km`}

eerj`j by zd` mnprz}=:4 izd ernpkj 588 me}`} x`r yèr+=:9 Ik ejjizink! zd` kpfb`r

n n`km`} xpki}deba` by jèzd de} ea}n ikmrè}`j+ Zd` PK ]x`miea Rexxnrz`pr nk

`tzrelpjimiea! }pffery nr erbizrery `t`mpzink} $]R @L@) ez`r mnkmapjiko di} Ikjie

fi}}ink ik 2852 }zez`j< ‑Iz i} e fezz`r n mnkm`rk zdez zd` jèzd x`keazy fey b`

ifxn}`j nr e $}`fikoay orniko) kpfb`r n mrif`} zdez mekknz b` ròerj`j e}

=:= ]``< ]pxr`f` Mnprz! KDRM w+ ]zez` n Oplerez $288=+ Nw`r 078 izk`}}`} dew` b``k oiw`k m`kzrea xerefiaizery

xrnz`mzink by zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz b`nr`! jpriko! ekj ez`r zd` zriea naaniko zd` ifxaèjf`kz exxaimezink by Mizi&

|`k} nr Lp}zim` ekj Xèm` $MLX)+

=:: K`àef Cezere w+ Pkink n Ikjie! Mra+ _+X 2:? n 2882! Lpjof`kz jez`j 5: Nmznb`r 288=! Jàdi Diod Mnprz+

=:0 ]``< Ae Mnffi}}ink n Ikjie! 594zd r`xnrz nk izk`}} ij`kzizy xrnz`mzink ekj izk`}} xrnz`mzink xrnoreff`}!

2887! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..aemnffi}}inknkjie+kim+ik.r`xnrz}.r`x594+xj

=:7 O`k`rea E}}`fbay R`}napzink 70.287! PK Jnm E.R`}.70.287 $2858)+ ]`` ea}n< O`k`rea E}}`fbay R`}napzink

72.5:9! PK Jnm E.R`}.72.5:9 $2884)3 O`k`rea E}}`fbay R`}napzink 7=.574! PK Jnm E.R`}.7=.574 $2889)3 Pki&

w`r}ea J`maerezink n Dpfek Riodz}! erzima` =! ejnxz`j pkj`r O`k`rea E}}`fbay R`}napzink 25?E $III)3 MRM! erzima`

=?$e)3 ekj IMMXR Erzima` 7+

=:? ]``< $5948) 2 ]MM 74:+

=:4 ]`` nr tefxa`< MKK&IBK! Deko zdn}` opiazy ik jnry jèzd me}`}< ]M! Lpk` 5! 2889! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..ibkaiw`+

ik+mnf.k`}.deko&zdn}`&opiazy&ik&jnry&j ezd&me}`}&}m.9=442&=+dzfa3 Ikjiek @txr`}}! Eerj jèzd x keazy

nr dnknpr ciaaiko}< ]M! Fey 9! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+ikjiek`txr`}}+mnf.k`}.eerj&jèzd&x`keazy&nr&

dnknpr&ciaaiko}&}m.?4?94?.3 Zd` Zif`} n Ikjie!58 o`z jèzd nr dnknpr ciaaiko! Lpk` 9! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<.. erzima`}+zif`}nkjie+ikjiezif`}+mnf.2855&87&89.ikjie.297=4549^5^jèzd&}`kz`km`&dnknpr&x keazy

=:9 Mdri}zn D`yk}! Pkiz`j Kezink} ]x`miea Rexxnrz`pr nk `tzrelpjimiea! }pffery nr erbizrery `t`mpzink}! Xr`}} ]zez`&

f`kz! Mnpkzry Fi}}ink zn Ikjie! 59&=8 Fermd 2852! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+ndmdr+nro.`k.K`}@w`kz}.Xeo`}.

Ji}xaeyK`}+e}xt>K`}IJ652829'AekoIJ6@+ ]``< Ekk`t O+



90



—zd` fn}z }`rinp} mrif`}’ r``rr`j zn ik Erzima` 7 n zd` IMMXR e} ikz`rkezinkeaay

pkj`r}znnj! kefày mrif`} ikwnawiko ikz`kzinkea ciaaiko‖=08 Zd` Xr`}ij`kz n Ikjie!

Xrezibde Xezia! r`l`mz`j zd` f`rmy x`zizink} n J`wikj`r Xea ]ikod Bdpaaer n Xpkleb!

ekj Fed`kjre Kezd Je} n E}}ef ik Fey 2855 ekj n Fprpoek! ]ekzdek ekj

X`reriweaek ik Epop}z 2855+ Nk 58 Epop}z 2855! zd` Fiki}zry n Dnf` Eeir} ea}n

ejwi}`j zd` Xr`}ij`kz zn r`l`mz zd` f`rmy x`zizink n E|ea Oprp+ =05

Zd` rezinkea` n jèzd }`kz`km` i} ea}n mdeaa`ko`j by zd` rnkopa }`kz`kmiko n

ikjiwijpea} e} e r`}paz n zd` rnko exxr`miezink n ae ik zdìr me}`}+ Zd` ]pxr`f`

Mnprz’} eerjiko n e jèzd }`kz`km` x`r ikmprief!=02 de} a`j zn feky nzd`r x`nxa`

bìko rnkoay }`kz`km`j zn jèzd+ Ik 2889! zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz ejfizz`j ik zd`

me}` n ]ekzn}d Cpfer ]ezi}dbdp}dek Beriyer w+ ]zez` n Federe}dzre!=0= zdez iz

dej }`kz`km`j e xri}nk`r zn jèzd x`r ikmprief ik ek èrai`r lpjo`f`kz eerj`j

ik Rewli eaie} Ref Mdekjre w+ ]zez` n Rele}zdek+=0: Zd` mnprz przd`r ejfizz`j zdez

zdi} lpjo`f`kz ” dimd e} e r`}paz n bìko x`r ikmprief npaj knz dew` b``k

aòeaay bikjiko e} e xr`m`j`kz ” e} miz`j ik }`w`k nzd`r me}`} by zd` ]pxr`f`

Mnprz iz}à! aèjiko zn zd` }`kz`kmiko n 5: nzd`r xri}nk`r} zn jèzd+=00 Ik Jiaix

Xr`fkereyek Zieri w+ ]zez` n Federe}dzre!=07 zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz rèrf`j zdez

zd` èrai`r lpjo`f`kz ik Rewli’} me}` e} r`kj`r`j x`r ikmprief+ E} x`r iknrfezink

eweiaeba`! Rewli e} `t`mpz`j nk : Fey 5997 ekj ]prle Ref! dn e} }`kz`km`j

zn jèzd e} e r`}paz n zd` Rewli me}`! e} `t`mpz`j nk ? Exria 599?+ Zd` nzd`r 5=

xri}nk`r} rnkoay }`kz`km`j zn jèzd er` }ziaa aekopi}diko ik leia eiziko j`mi}ink nk

zdìr f`rmy x`zizink} dimd dew` b``k ayiko x`kjiko izd zd` Xr`}ij`kz.Onw`rknr n

Ikjie nr feky yèr}+ Zd` me}` n Rewli de} ea}n b``k ikwnc`j e} e xr`m`j`kz by

werinp} Diod Mnprz} aèjiko zn x`nxa` bìko }`kz`km`j zn jèzd+

Gprzd`r! zd`r` i} e ji}zprbiko zr`kj n diod ikmij`km` n xnnr x`r}nk} r`xr`}`kz`j

by aòea eij aey`r} bìko rnkoay }`kz`km`j zn jèzd+ Gnr ik}zekm`! 58 n zd`

xri}nk`r} rnkoay }`kz`km`j zn jèzd nk zd` be}i} n zd` `rrnk`np} lpjo`f`kz

ik Rewli’} me}` `r` znn xnnr zn enrj aòea r`xr`}`kzezink ekj `r` r`xr`}`kz`j

by aòea eij aey`r}+ Aòea eij aey`r} er` xeij e} aizza` e} IKR 2!888 $P]J :8) ik

Fpfbei zn j``kj zd` emmp}`j ik zd` ]`}}ink} Mnprz nr zn erop` e jèzd }`kz`km`

mnkrfezink me}` ik zd` Diod Mnprz+ Zd` `` xeij zn aòea eij aey`r} ik nzd`r }zez`}

i} `w`k an`r+ Nkay Jàdi de} r`m`kzay r`wi}`j iz} aòea eij rez`} zn IKR 52!888 $P]J

2:8) nr e fprj`r zriea+ Iz i} ea}n xpbaim ckna`jo` zdez E|ea Oprp emmp}`j ik zd`

Xeraief`kz ezzemc me}` e} }`kz`km`j zn jèzd ez`r zd` aòea rez`rkizy r`}naw`j knz

zn xrnwij` aòea mnpk}à ekj zd` mnprz jij knz x`rfiz dif mnpk}à n mdnim`+

=08 Xr`}} ]zez`f kz! ]x`miea Rexxnrz pr nk `tzrelpjimiea! }pffery nr erbizrery `t mpzink}< Mnpkzry Fi}&

}ink zn Ikjie+ Fermd 2852! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+ndmdr+nro.`k.K`}@w`kz}.Xeo`}.Ji}xaeyK`}+

e}xt>K`}IJ652829'AekoIJ6@+]``< Ekk`t O+

=05 Zd` @mnknfim Zif`}! Reliw Oekjdi e}}e}}ikezink< Xr`}ij`kz r`l`mz} f`rmy x`zizink n ciaa`r}! Epop}z 55! 2855 eweia&

eba` ez< dzzx<..erzima`}+`mnknfimzif }+ikjiezif`}+mnf.2855&84&55.k`}.294?7547^5^f`rmy&x`zizink&dere&cekze&

je}&fed`kjre&kezd&je}

=02 Aiz`reaay fèkiko —zdrnpod aemc n mer ’! iz r``r} zn e j`mi}ink n e mnprz zdez i} rnkoay j`mij`j! b`mep}` zd` lpjo

e} fi}iknrf`j nr ioknrekz n zd` ae+ E lpjof`kz x`r ikmprief i} knz bikjiko ekj de} kn epzdnrizy pkj`r zd`

xrikmixa` n }zer` j`mi}i} $aòea xrikmixa` d`r`by lpjo`} er` bnpkj zn naan xr`m`j`kz} aeij jnk by èrai`r lpjo`&

f`kz})+

=0= ]``< $2889) 7 ]MM :94

=0: ]``< EIR 5997 ]M ?4?

=00 ]``< ]diweli eaie} Jejye ]dekcer Eadez w+ Zd` ]zez` n Federe}dzre! EIR 2889 ]M 073 Fndek Ekke Mdewek w+]zez` n Federe}dzre! $2884) 55 ]MM 55=3 Bekzp w+ Zd` ]zez` n P+X! $2884) 55 ]MM 55=3 ]prle Ref w+ ]zez` n

Rele}zdek! 599? Mri AL 053 Jeyekijdi Bi}ni w+ ]zez` n Nri}}e! 288= Mri AL =79?3 ]zez` n P+X+ w+ ]ezzek eaie} ]ezy&

`kjre ekj Nr}! $2889) : ]MM ?=73 Ekcp}d Ferpzi ]dikj` ekj Nr} w+ ]zez` n Federe}dzre $2889) 7 ]MM 77?+

=07 ]``< $2858) 5 ]MM ??0

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`



97

B+ Ji}mrifikezink ik Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`

_nf`k

Ji}mrifikezink eoeik}z nf`k i} }y}z`fim ik Ikjie! `fb`jj`j ik }nmin&mpazpreaknrf} ekj ae} zdez }zrpmzpr` zd` efiay! mnffpkizy! nrcxaem` ekj zd` }zez`

xnaimi`}+ ]nk xr``r`km`! dimd i} `kzr`kmd`j ik }nmi`zy! mnkzikp`} zn aèj zn `fea`

n`zimij`+ Zd` Xr`&Mnkm`xzink ekj Xr`&Kezea Jieokn}zim Z`mdkiup`} $Xrndibizink n

]`t ]à`mzink) Emz! 599:! ekj nzd`r fè}pr`} dew` eia`j zn mprb zd` xd`knf`knk+

Emmnrjiko zn zd` xrnwi}inkea m`k}p} n 2855! zd` }`t rezin $zd` kpfb`r n `fea`}

x`r 5!888 fea`}) nr zd` 8&7 eo` ornpx xapff`z`j zn 95: rnf 92? ik zd` 2885

m`k}p}+ Deryeke r`xnrz`j zd` nr}z }`t rezin n 4=8 `fea`} ik zd` mnpkzry ik zd`

8&7 eo` ornpx+=0?

_nf`k ekj Gefiay Ae}

Gefiay ae} er` mnji`j izd r``r`km` zn ràioink ekj mp}znf rezd`r zdek

mnk}zizpzinkea riodz}+=04 J`}xiz` xi`m`&fèa aòea r`nrf! nf`k dew` pkùpea

}pmm`}}ink! ikd`rizekm`! ejnxzink! operjiek}dix riodz}! ekj kn riodz zn fezrifnkiea

xrnx`rzy $e}}`z} emmpfpaez`j jpriko zd` x`rinj n ferrieo`)+ Zd` }zez` lp}zi`} zdi}

ikùpeaizy e} bìko `}}`kziea zn r`}x`mz fiknrizi`} ekj mpazprea jiw`r}izy+ E} x`r PXR

I R`mnff`kjezink 5?! Ikjie e} rùp`}z`j zn izdjre iz} r`}`rwezink} zn Erzima`

0 ekj 57 n M@JE_! pkj`rzec` fnjimezink n mp}znf} zdez }pbnrjikez` nf`k!

ekj r`wi` iz} r`p}ea zn ikz`r`r` ik ràioink&be}`j efiay ae+ Zd` OnI }dnpaj r`nrfràioink&be}`j efiay ae} zn briko xerizy b`z``k }xnp}`} ik jiwnrm`! fezrifnkiea

xrnx`rzy! operjiek}dix! ekj }pmm`}}ink+ Zd`}` mdeko`} }dnpaj b` ikzrnjpm`j e} àa

zdrnpod e }`mpaer ferrieo` ekj efiay ae by ey n ek nxzink+ Iz i} r`mnff`kj`j

zdez e ae nk fezrifnkiea xrnx`rzy b` `kemz`j zn `kziza` nf`k ùpea }der` ik

e}}`z} emupir`j jpriko zd` x`rinj n ferrieo`+=09

Wina`km` eoeik}z _nf`k

Wina`km` eoeik}z nf`k i} dioday x`rwe}iw` ekj x`rx`zrez`j izd ifxpkizy+ R`xnrz}ikjimez` zdez `w`ry 78 fikpz`} zn nf`k er` rex`j! ekj `w`ry }it dnpr} e ynpko

ferri`j nfek i} npkj bèz`k zn jèzd! bprkz nr jriw`k zn }pimij`+ Zd`r` `r` ez

aè}z 25=!040 me}`} n mrif`} eoeik}z nf`k ikmapjiko 22!5?2 rex` me}`}! 29!?90

me}`} n cijkexxiko ekj ebjpmzink! ekj 4!=95 me}`} n jnry jèzd} ik 2858+=78

_nf`k er` ea}n zero`z`j nk emmnpkz n zdìr me}z`! }`tpeaizy! ji}ebiaizy! ekj nzd`r

=0? Nm` n zd` Ròi}zrer O`k`rea ' M`k}p} Mnffi}}ink`r! Ikjie! 2855 M`k}p} Jeze< O`kj`r Mnfxn}izink n zd`

Xnxpaezink! xeo` 44! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+m`k}p}ikjie+onw+ik.2855&xrnw&r`}paz}.jezeâ`}.ikjie.Gikea%28

XXZ%282855^mdexz`r0+xj

=04 ]``< Mnkmapjiko Nb}`rwezink} n zd` Dpfek Riodz} Mnffizz``< Ikjie! 599?! MMXR.M.?9.Ejj+ 45! xere 5?! eweia&eba` ez< dzzx<..+pkdmdr+md.zb}.jnm+k}.$]yfbna).MMXR+M+?9+Ejj+45+@k>Nx`kJnmpf`kz

=09 ]``< Mnkmapjiko Mnff`kz} zn Ikjie rnf zd` Mnffizz`` nk zd @aifikezink n Ji}mrifikezink eoeik}z _nf`k

$M@JE_)! M@JE_.M.IKJ.MN.=! 288?! xere 00+

=78 Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Mrif` ik Ikjie! 2858

Ji}mrifikezink

eoeik}z nf`k

i} }y}z`fim ik

Ikjie! fb`jj`j

ik }nmin&mpazprea

knrf} ekj ae}

zdez }zrpmzpr` zd`gefiay! mnffpkizy!

nrcxaem` ekj zd`

}zez` xnaimi`}+



9?



}zezp}+ Wina`km` eoeik}z Jeaiz nf`k i} zero`z`j!=75 ekj

ezrnmizi`} mnffizz`j eoeik}z zd`f ikmapj`< w`rbea ebp}` ekj

}`tpea xizd`z}! kec`j xerejiko! xpaaiko npz n z``zd! znkop`

ekj keia}! ekj wina`km`! ikmapjiko fprj`r+ Jeaiz nf`k er`

ea}n zdrèz`k`j by rex` e} xerz n mnaa`mziw` wina`km` by

diod`r me}z`}+ Zd` Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj Bprèp $KMRB)

r`xnrz`j e znzea n 5!=:9 rex` me}`} n Jeaiz nf`k nr

2858! izd zd` }zez` n Fejdye Xrej`}d r`xnrziko =57

me}`}! naan`j by Pzzer Xrej`}d izd =55 me}`}+ Zd`r` er`

me}`} n cijkexxiko ekj ebjpmzink n nf`k! izd Pzzer

Xrej`}d eank` emmnpkziko kèray :4+0% n zd` 055 me}`}

nr 2858+ Knzebay! zd`r` i} kn ji}eooròez`j jeze mnaa`mz`j

nk ezrnmizi`} eoeik}z Jeaiz nf`k+

]ziofe! }y}z`fim x`r}`mpzink! ekj wina`km` eoeik}z a`}biek}! zrek}o`kj`r}! ekj

nf`k izd ji}ebiaizy nmmpr izd ifxpkizy izd aizza` nr kn aòea r`jr`}}+ Zd` zero`ziko

n fijja` eo`j ekj àj`ray }ikoa` nf`k ik zribea e} àa e} knk zribea mnffpkizi`}

e} izmd`}! aèjiko zn }nmiea }ziofe! ji}xaem`f`kz! `mnknfim bnymnzz! znrzpr` ekj

fprj`r fp}z b` ejjr`}}`j zdrnpod e kezinkea ae nk izmd dpkziko+=72 ]zpji`}

}poo`}z zdez eazdnpod ji}opi}`j e} }px`r}zizink! zdi} xremzim` i} e fèk} zn jiw`}z

}ikoa` nf`k n xrnjpmziw` r`}nprm`} ekj aekj! nr zn xpki}d zdn}` dn zrek}or`}}

}nmiea knrf}! nr r`p}` }`tpea ejwekm`}+=7= Iz ifxemz} zd` fn}z feroikeai}`j

nf`k! ekj zd` nmiea mrif` r`mnrj}! eazdnpod pkj`r&r`xnrz`j! }dn xr`wea`km`

ik 5= }zez`} ik Ikjie+=7:

Zd` Xrnz`mzink n _nf`k rnf Jnf`}zim Wina`km` Emz! 2880 $X_JW Emz) xrnwij`}

nr xrnz`mzink nrj`r} zn nf`k wimzif} n jnf`}zim wina`km` zdrnpod e f`mdeki}f

n —Xrnz`mzink Nm`r}’ ekj }pxxnrz }`rwim`}+ Pkj`r zd` Emz! jnf`}zim wina`km` i}

ijày j`k`j ekj ikmapj`} ebp}` nr zd` zdrèz n ebp}` d`zd`r xdy}imea! }`tpea!

w`rbea! `fnzinkea nr `mnknfim+ Iz xrnwij`} xrnz`mzink zn zd` i` nr `fea` aiw`&

ik xerzk`r nr di} ràeziw`}! ekj `tz`kj} iz} xrnz`mzink zn nf`k dn er` }i}z`r}!

ijn} nr fnzd`r}+ Emmnrjiko zn zd` zd fnkiznriko ekj `weapezink r`xnrz merri`j

npz by Aey`r} Mnaa`mziw` ik 2852! zdi} ae de} m`rzeikay dàx`j zn `}zebai}d zd`

knrfeziw` xrikmixa` zdez jnf`}zim wina`km` i} pkemm`xzeba`+ Dn`w`r! zd` ae de}

aeroày eia`j ik iz} efbizinp} fekjez`+ Zd` —Xrnz`mzink Nm`r}’! dn}` rna` i} zn

dàx zd` wimzif emm`}} lp}zim`! er` ìzd`r knz }pmi`kzay upeai`j! aemc r`}nprm`}

zn xrnx`ray merry&npz zdìr jpzi`}! nr er` knz exxnikz`j ez eaa+ Nz`k! zd` jpzi`} n e

Xrnz`mzink Nm`r er` e}}iok`j e} ek ejjizinkea lnb zn `ti}ziko }zez` pkmzinkeri`}+

O`k`reaay! zd` xnaim` }ziaa mnk}ij`r emz} n wina`km` e} e xriwez` efiay fezz`r ekj jn

knz xrnwij` emmprez` iknrfezink ekj }pxxnrz zn zd` wimzif! pkj`raikiko zdìr aemc n

nri`kzezink nk zd` X_JW Emz+ Aemc n }pxxnrz }`rwim`} ekj }dàz`r nr zd` wimzif er`

nzd`r xrnba`f} zdez k``j zn b` nw`rmnf`+

=75 Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp3 Ea}n }` < Mnkmapjiko Nb}`rwezink} n zd` @aifikezink n Ji}mrifikezink eoeik}z

_nf`k< Ikjie! 288?! M@JE_.M.IKJ.MN.=! xere 29+

=72 Zdi} i} e rìz`rezink n M@JE_ Mnkmapjiko Mnff`kz} zn Ikjie! M@JE_.M.IKJ.MN.=! 288?! xere 27&2?+=7= ]``< 2kj KON ]dejn R`xnrz zn M@JE_ mnnrjikez`j by KE_N! xeo`} 57&5?! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+kenik&

jie+nro.]`mnkj&KON&]dejn&R`xnrz&nk&M@JE_+e}x

=7: Zd` Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp }zezi}zim} nr zd` yèr 2858 r`mnrj`j 542 fprj`r} ik 55 }zez`}! dn`w`r! zd`

xr`winp} r xnrz} r`mnrj`j zd` }ef` kpfb`r ik 5= }zez`}+

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`



94

Ik ejjizink! zd` aemc n kekmiea r`}nprm`} eweiaeba` ez zd` }zez` a`wà ekj xnnr

bpjo`zery eaanmezink} nr ifxa`f`kzezink n zdi} Emz! ea}n èc`k} iz} `mziw`k`}}+=70

Emmnrjiko zn e bpjo`ziko `t`rmi}` mnkjpmz`j by zd` M`kzr` nr Bpjo`z ekj

Onw`rkekm` Emmnpkzebiaizy! e} feky e} 59 }zez`} jij knz dew` e }`xerez` bpjo`z

nr zd` ifxa`f`kzezink n zd` X_JW Emz! ikmapjiko }zez`} aic` Bider! Rele}zdek ekj

Ldercdekj! zdez dew` r`xnrz`j e diod ikmij`km` n jnf`}zim wina`km`+ Zd` }zez`}

zdez dew` e }`xerez` bpjo`z nr zd` X_JW Emz! dew` èrferc`j w`ry aizza` nr zdi}

xprxn}`! ekj }nf`zif`} knz pziai}`j `w`k zdn}` fnj`}z efnpkz}+

]`tpea Wina`km` ekj zd` Ae

]`tpea wina`km` i} knz paay ejjr`}}`j by x`kea ae ” zd` n`km` n rex`! dimd i} zd`

nkay }iokimekz n`km`! }p`r} rnf e kerrn j`kizink zdez mrifikeai}`} nkay x`kia`

x`k`zrezink n zd` weoike ” j`}xiz` ejwnmemy nr mnfxr`d`k}iw` r`nrf }xekkiko

zn j`mej`}+=77 Rex` xrn}`mpzink rùpir`} f`jimn nr`k}im ikw`}zioezink! }pmd e}

zd` zn ko`r z`}z! zdez i} irrà`wekz zn zd` j`z`rfikezink n rex` $e} rìz`rez`j by lpjimiea xrnknpkm`f`kz}) ekj j`fèkiko zn nf`k+ Zd` aòea ikw`}zioezink ekj

xrnm`}} }pbl`mz} zd` wimzif&}prwiwnr} zn fnrea }mrpziky ekj lpjo`f`kz! izdnpz

}`mpriko wimzif nr izk`}} xrnz`mzink+ E} e r`}paz! }`tpea wina`km` i} rerày r`xnrz`j!

ekj }prwiwnr} dn r`xnrz! nz`k mekknz e}}i}z xrn}`mpzink zdrnpod zd` a`kozd n anko!

dn}zia` ekj j`fèkiko xrnm``jiko}+ E mnfxr`d`k}iw` ae fp}z ikmapj` eaa nrf}

n x`k`zreziw` }`tpea e}}epaz! ik eoorewez`j ekj knk&eooreweziko mirmpf}zekm`}! e}

àa e} r`nrf ik xrnm`jpr`! ekj rpa`} n `wij`km`+=7?

Gprzd`rfnr`! zd`r` i} kn r`xereziw` lp}zim` nr }`tpea wina`km` ik xèm` zif`} nr

jpriko rinz}! nr mnkgimz}+ Eazdnpod nf`k} bnji`} er` zero`z`j ekj }`tpea wina`km`

ikgimz`j jpriko }`mzeriek wina`km` ” ikwnawiko zero`ziko n nk` mnffpkizy by eknzd`r

” zd`r` rpa`} n `wij`km` nr xrnm`jpr`} zn r`jr`}} zero`z`j }`tpea wina`km` jn knz

emmnffnjez` zd` }x`mim mirmpf}zekm`} ik dimd zdi} }`tpea wina`km` nmmpr}+ Iz i}

zd`r`nr` eaa zd` fnr` mrpmiea zdez zd` Mnffpkea Wina`km` Biaa pkj`r ji}mp}}ink $}``

}`mzink nk Ràioinp} Fiknrizi`}) ikmapj`} r`xereziw` lp}zim`! wimzif&izk`}} xrnz`mzink

ekj mnffekj ekj }px`rinr r`}xnk}ibiaizy zn ji}fekza` zd` `ti}ziko ifxpkizy nr

}`tpea wina`km` ik ae+=74 Zd` Biaa }dnpaj r`mnoki}` zd` empz` ifxemz n mnffpkea

ekj zero`z`j wina`km` nk nf`k ekj mdiajr`k ekj ikzrnjpm` mrif`} n }`tpea

wina`km` ik zd` efbiz n zd` IXM+=79

Wina`km` eoeik}z nf`k $ekj f`k) ik zd` kef` n —dnknpr’ i} e }`rinp} mnkm`rk+

Gefiay f`fb`r} nr mnffpkizy aèj`r} n}zremi}` ekj ciaa ynpko mnpxa`}! dn

mdn}` e }xnp}` eoeik}z }nmiea! me}z` ekj mnffpkizy knrf}+ Ciaaiko} er` rùp`kzay

=70 Aey`r} Mnaa`mziw` _nf`k’} Riodz} Ikizieziw`! ]zeyiko Eaiw`< Gnprzd Fnkiznriko ekj @weapezink R`xnrz 2858 nk zd`

Xrnz`mzink n _nf`k rnf Jnf`}zim Wina`km` Emz! 2880! xeo` 05+

=77 Grnkzaik`! Dea Fè}pr`! Z+C+Releaec}dfi! G`brpery 50! 2858! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..ikjieaey`r}+nrjxr`}}+

mnf.2858.50.dea&fè}pr`.

=7? Zdi} i} e rìz`rezink n M@JE_ Mnkmapjiko Mnff`kz} zn Ikjie! M@JE_.M.IKJ.MN.=! 288?! xere 2=+

=74 Zdi} i} e r`mnff`kjezink n M@JE_ Mnkmapjiko Mnff`kz} zn Ikjie! M@JE_.M.IKJ.MN.=! 288?! xere} 2:! 20!

27+

=79 Miwia }nmi`zy ornpx} r`l`mz KEM Mnffpkea Wina`km` Biaa jrez! aey jnk c`y èzpr } nr zd` k` Biaa ” ]zez`f`kz

i}}p`j ez Kezinkea Mnk}pazezink nk MW Biaa! Exria 25! 2852! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+ekdejik+k`z.erzima`50?+dzfa

R`xnrz} ikjimez`

zdez `w`ry 78

fikpz`} zn

nf`k er` rex`j!

ekj `w`ry }it dnpr}

e ynpko ferri`j

nfek i} gnpkj

bèz`k zn jèzd!

bprkz nr jriw`k zn

}pimij`+



99



mnkjpmz`j izd e mnaap}ink n zd` xnaim` izd zd` efiay ekj zd` mnffpkizy=?8 ” `w`k

jpriko zd` mnpr}` n lpjimiea xrnm``jiko}+ Zd` OnI }zez`j b`nr` zd` Pxx`r Dnp}`

n Xeraief`kz ik Epop}z 2858 zdez 078 mnpxa`} dew` b``k zdrèz`k`j nr ferryiko

ikzn e ji`r`kz me}z` }ikm` 2880+ Npz n zd`}`! e znzea n 525 x`r}nk} `r` fprj`r`j

ikmapjiko :4 ik Pzzer Xrej`}d! 50 ik Jàdi! :5 ik Deryeke ekj 5? ik nzd`r }zez`}+=?5

Fn}z me}`} n —dnknpr’ ciaaiko} er` ròi}z`r`j e} fprj`r+

Xrnz`mzink n zd` riodz zn mdnim` k``j} zn b` `k}pr`j pkinrfay emrn}} zd` mnpkzry

ekj mdeko`} er` }npodz ik zd` ]x`miea Ferrieo` Emz ! e }`mpaer miwia ferrieo` ae

mnji`j izdnpz r``r`km` zn ràioink! zn eaan ynpko x`nxa` g`ìko zdìr dnf`znk

zn ferry è}iay+ Ez xr`}`kz! zd` }zezpznry rùpir`f`kz n jnfimia` ekj knzim` x`rinj

j`z`r} mnpxa`} rnf ferryiko pkj`r zd` miwia ae+ Zd` jnfimia` mnkjizink fec` zdn}`

dn xpr}p` zdìr riodz zn mdnn}` zdìr xerzk`r ikàioiba` zn ròi}z`r ik e k` znk! ekj

zd` fekjeznry xpbaim knzim` `txn}`} zd`f zn ri}c n wina`km`! e} iz ea`rz} mnffpkizy

aèj`r} ekj efiay f`fb`r}+ Fnr`nw`r! jnry jèzd} n nf`k mnkzikp` zn b`

ij`}xrèj! j`}xiz` zd` Jnry Xrndibizink Emz! 5975+ E znzea n 2:!9:7 jnry

jèzd} `r` r`xnrz`j jpriko 2884&58! n dimd 4!5?2 me}`} `r` r`xnrz`j ik 2884!

4!=4= me}`} ik 2889 ekj 4!=95 ik 2858+=?2

] tpea Dere}}f`kz ng _nf`k ez _nrcxaem`

Zd` ae nk }`tpea dere}}f`kz n nf`k ez zd` nrcxaem` r`feik} zn b` `kemz`j!

j`}xiz` e rpaiko n zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz ik 599? }`zziko npz opijàik`} nr e ae+=?= Zd`

xrnxn}`j biaa de} b``k ijày mriziup`j nr e x`keazy xrnwi}ink eoeik}z mnfxaeikz}

npkj zn b` ea}` nr feaiminp}+=?: Oiw`k zd` ij`}xrèj kezpr` n zd` xrnba`f ekj

zd` }ia`km` zdez }prrnpkj} iz! }pmd e xrnwi}ink npaj j`z`r mnfxaeikz} ekj b` p}`j

nr r`zribpzink+ Ez`r mnk}ij`reba` ejwnmemy! zd` Mebik`z de} eor``j zn ikmapj`

`fea` jnf`}zim nrc`r} izdik zd` efbiz n zd` xrnxn}`j ae+=?0

Dpfek Zregmciko

Ikjie rekc} efnko zd` nr}z mnpkzri`} ik zemcaiko dpfek zremciko! =?7 ifxikoiko

nk zd` fn}z ji}ejwekzeo`j }nmin&`mnknfim }zreze }pmd e} ]md`jpa`j Zrib`}!

]md`jpa`j Me}z`}! nzd`r bemcerj me}z`}! `zdkim fiknrizi`}! zribea mnffpkizi`}!

pkjnmpf`kz`j fiorekz nrc`r}! }zezà`}} x`nxa` nr r`po``}+ Mdiaj zremciko i}`kj`fim! izd mdiajr`k bìko zremc`j nr e kpfb`r n xprxn}`} izdik ekj npz}ij`

Ikjie+=??

=?8 XPJR R`xnrz! Mnprziko Ji}e}z`r< E r`xnrz nk Ikz`r&Me}z` Ferrieo`! ]nmi`zy ekj zd` ]zez`! 288= $K` Jàdi)3 EEAI

R`xnrz! Kezinkea Mnk}pazezink nk _nf`k’} Riodz zn Mdn}`! i! d`k! ekj dn zn Ferry< R`xnrz ekj R`mnff`kje&

zink}! Apmckn $288=)+

=?5 IBKaiw`+mnf! Knrzd Ikjiek} ji}exxrnw` n dnknpr ciaaiko}< }zpjy! Epop}z 50 ! 2858! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..ibkaiw`+

ik+mnf.k`}.knrzd&ikjiek}&ji}exxrnw`&n&dnknpr&ciaaiko}&}zpjy.524492&=+dzfa

=?2 Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Mrif` Ik Ikjie 2889 ' 2858! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kmrb+kim+ik.

=?= Wi}dece ekj Nr} w} ]zez` n Rele}zdek EIR 599? ]M =855+

=?: Zd` Xrndibizink n ]`tpea Dere}}f`kz n _nf`k ez _nrcxaem` Biaa! 2858! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..km+kim+ik.XJGGia`}.

}`tpeadere}}f`kzeznrcxaem biaa2880^R`wi}`j+xj

=?0 Zd` Zif`} n Ikjie! Mebik`z ncey} }`tpea dere}}f`kz ez nrcxaem` biaa! Fey 55! 2852! eweiaeba` ez dzzx<..zif`}nk&

jie+ikjiezif`}+mnf.ikjie.Mebik`z&ncey}&} tpea&dere}}f kz&ez&nrcxaem &biaa.erzima`}dn.5=849?44+mf}

=?7 Zd` Dikjp! Ikjie efnko nr}z rekc`j mnpkzri`} ik zemcaiko dpfek zremciko! Lpk` 57! 2858! eweiaeba` nkaik` ez<

dzzx<..+zd`dikjp+mnf.k`}.erzima`:04:28+`m`

=?? ]``< DEU< M`kzr` nr Mdiaj Riodz}! ]ziaa Npz n Gnmp}! ]zezp} n Ikjie’} Mdiajr k 2884! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+

deumrm+nro.xpbaimezink}.}zezp}&ikjie}&mdiajr`k&2884

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`



588

J`}xiz` reziyiko zd` PK Xrnznmna zn Xr`w`kz! ]pxxr`}} ekj Xpki}d Zremciko ik

X`r}nk}! @}x`mieaay _nf`k ekj Mdiajr`k $Zremciko Xrnznmna)! Ikjie i} }ziaa zn briko

iz} ae ik mnknrfizy izd ikz`rkezinkea }zekjerj}=?4 eoeik}z zremciko+ Zd` Iffnrea

Zrem $Xr`w`kzink) Emz! 5907 $IZX Emz) mnw`r} zremciko nr xrn}zizpzink eank`!

mnkzrery zn zd` Zremciko Xrnznmna! dimd rùpir`} ]zez`} zn ejjr`}} zremciko ikzn

eaa nrf} n nrm`j aebnpr! }aew`ry ekj }`rwizpj`+ Xnaim` a`j reij ekj r`}mp` nx`rezink}

pkj`rfik` zd` riodz} n wimzif}!=?9 dn fey b` xrn}`mpz`j nr }naimiziko nr `koeoiko

ik }`t nrc ik xpbaim xaem`} `w`k i zd`y er` mn`rm`j+ N`km`} pkj`r zd` IZX Emz

ikmapj` }naimiziko ekj `koeoiko ik }`t nrc ik xpbaim xaem`}+ Zd`}` xrnwi}ink} er`

knz jir`mz`j ez zremciko bpz er` fèkz zn }eòperj xpbaim j`m`kmy ekj fnreaizy+

Eafn}z eaa mnkwimzink} er` eoeik}z }`t nrc`r}! ikmapjiko zdn}` dn fey dew`

b``k zremc`j+ Zd` Emz pkj`rfik`} }`t nrc`r}’ ebiaizy zn maeif xrnz`mzink by zd`

ae! dia` zd` eb}`km` n }eòperj} de} ikz`k}i`j wina`km` ekj `txanizezink by

brnc`r}! eo`kz} ekj zd` fee+=48 Rài`! r`debiaizezink ekj mnfx`k}ezink nr wimzif}

er` knk&`ti}z`kz+ Zd` OnI kezinkea r`xnrz nr PXR II jn`} knz mnff`kz nk zd`}`

jrebemc} n zd` IZX Emz+ Rezd`r! iz f`kzink} iz} }`w`rea ‑}iokimekz `nrz} nk zd`

i}}p` n dpfek zremciko‖ ikmapjiko zd` }`zziko px n 58: anmea ekzi&zremciko pkiz}

ekj ikmrè}`j kpfb`r} n mnkwimzink} n x`nxa` ikwnaw`j ik dpfek zremciko nr

nrm`j aebnpr+=45

Zd` r`}mp` ekj r`debiaizezink n wimzif} dew` r`feik`j pkri`kjay! j`}xiz` zd`

xrnwi}ink ik zd` Emz+ Jp` zn }nmiea ekj `mnknfim ikùpeaizy! wimzif} nz`k kj

zd`f}àw`} bemc ikzn zd` dekj} n zd` }ef` nr nzd`r zremc`r}+ Zd` aekjferc

lpjo`f`kz ik zd` me}` n Xreleae w+ Pkink n Ikjie=42 a`j ik zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz

jèa} `tz`k}iwày nk zd` i}}p` n r`}mp` ekj r`debiaizezink+ Zd` k``j nr iknrfezink!

mnpk}àaiko! f`jimea zrèzf`kz ekj r`debiaizezink n wimzif} i} mnfxa`zày nw`rannc`j+

Zd` x`zizink Xr`rke w+ Pkink n Ikjie de} up`}zink`j zd` `ti}ziko }y}z`f! zd` eiapr`

n ifxa`f`kzezink n `knrm`f`kz eo`kmy! e} àa e} zd` ikejùpez` opijàik`} nr

r`}mp`! rài`! r`debiaizezink ekj ifxa`f`kzezink n werinp} emz}+=4=

Zd` i}}p` n zremciko de} b``k nw`rannc`j by zd` lpjimiery e} àa e} e r`}paz n

pkj`rr`xnrziko n me}`} by zd` f`jie+ Zd` xr`}`kz ae eaan} mrifikea} zn `}mex`

izd fikifpf xpki}df`kz! dia` zd` ikemzink n zd` xnaim` ik mnaa`mziko `wij`km`}

de} r`kj`r`j zd` me}`} èc+ Mpaxriz} `}mex` ekj zd` me}`} er` zrèz`j izd

ik}`k}iziwizy by zd` femdik`ry+ ]x`miea mnprz} zn jèa izd me}`} n zremciko k``j zn

b` `}zebai}d`j ekj lpjo`} dn jèa izd zd` wimzif} n e}}epaz k``j zn dew` }x`miea

ekj ejùpez` zreikiko+ Zd`r` i} e k``j nr e aòi}aezink dimd }`z} npz zremciko e} e

mrifikea n`km` ekj zdez mnw`r} zremciko nr eaa xprxn}`}! e} àa e} e }zrnko k``j

nr e dpfek riodz} ref`nrc zn mnfbez zremciko! }pxxnrz ekj `fxn`r zdn}`

=?4 ]``< Mnkmapjiko Nb}`rwezink} n zd` Dpfek Riodz} Mnffizz``< Ikjie! 599?! MMXR.M.?9.Ejj+45! xere =5 '

Mnkmapjiko Nb}`rwezink} n zd` Mnffizz`` nk @mnknfim! ]nmiea ekj Mpazprea Riodz}< Ikjie! @.M+52.IKJ.MN.0! xere

2? ' 77+

=?9 \``k`}! ]`t nrc`r}’ ebp}` jpriko reij} e mnkm`rk ik Xpk`! Exria 57! 2855! eweiaeba ez< dzzx<..|``k`}+ikjie+

mnf.k`}.federe}dzre.}`t&nrc`r}&ebp} &jpriko&reij}&e&mnkm`rk&ik&xpk`^?88==4+dzfa

=48 Kezinkea K`znrc n ]`t _nrc`r} ekj Aey r} Mnaa`mziw` DIW.EIJ Pkiz! ]`t _nrc`r} F``z Ae Fec`r}! 2855!

eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+aey`r}mnaa`mziw`+nro.a`}.R xnrz%28]`t%28nrc`r}%28f``z%28Ae%28fec`r}+xj

=45 Kezinkea r`xnrz }pbfizz`j ik emmnrjekm` izd xereorexd 0 n zd` ekk`t zn Dpfek Riodz} Mnpkmia r`}napzink 57.25<Ikjie! E.DRM._O+7.5=.IKJ.5! PK O`k`rea E}}`fbay! 4 Fermd 2852! xere =7+

=42 Dpfek Riodz} Ae K`znrc! Ekzi&Zremciko XIA} ' Me}`}! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+drak+nro.drak.ekzi&zremciko.

xia}&e&me}`}.2=4&xreleae&w&pkink&n&ikjie&+dzfa

=4= Ibij+



585



dn dew` b``k zremc`j+ Zd` riodz zn mnkj`kzieaizy ekj zd` riodz zn r`xr`}`kzezink

dew` zn b` aòeaay operekz``j! dia` fè}pr`} k``j zn b` zec`k ik nrj`r zn fikifi}`

ejjizinkea zrepfe! xrnz`mz izk`}}`} ekj wimzif} rnf ikzifijezink! ekj xrnwij`

upimc jàiw`ry n lp}zim` zn zdn}` dn dew` }p`r`j+ Zd` kpfb`r n ]x`miea Xnaim`

Nm`r} ik `w`ry }zez` dn }x`mimeaay nrc nk zd` n`km`} pkj`r IZX Emz k``j} zn

b` ejùpez` mnfbik`j izd ejùpez` zreikiko+

A`}biek! Oey! Bi}`tpea! Zrek}o`kj`r

ekj Ikz`r}`t $AOBZI)

Pkzia r`m`kzay! dnfn}`tpeaizy e} mrifikeai}`j by zd` ae ekj e} xpki}deba` izd e

fetifpf n ai` }`kz`km`! by ]`mzink =?? n zd` IXM! aèjiko zn fpazixa` a`wà} n }ziofe!

ji}mrifikezink! ekj wina`km`! izdnpz r`mnpr}` zn zd` ae+=4:

Zd` zdrèz n mrifikeaizyrnpzikày `txn}`j zd` zrek}o`kj`r ekj oey f`k zn ebp}`! wina`km`! `tznrzink!

ekj baemcfeia+ ]ef` }`t j`}iriko nf`k `tx`ri`km` mnfxpa}nry d`z`rn}`tpeaizy!

zdrnpod ferrieo` pkj`r efiay&mnffpkizy xr`}}pr`! }ziofe ekj mrifikea mdero`}

nr `t`rmi}iko mdnim`! `wimzink! wina`km` ekj r`xnrz e diod rez` n }pimij`+=40 Ik 2889!

dnfn}`tpeaizy e} j`&mrifikeai}`j by zd` Jàdi Diod Mnprz!=47 e aekjferc }z`x ik

ejjr`}}iko zd` nr}z nrf n mrifikeai}ezink ekj e aepjeba` emdi`w`f`kz ik z`rf}

n erfezink n zd` riodz} zn ai` ekj knk&ji}mrifikezink zn eaa x`r}nk} ròerja`}} n

}`tpea nri`kzezink ekj o`kj`r ij`kzizy+ ]ziofe ekj ji}mrifikezink dn`w`r mnkzikp`

ekj er` mnffnk ik zd` efiay! ik dnp}iko! `fxanyf`kz ekj nzd`r erè} n xpbaim

}xd`r`+ R`xnrz} n x`r}`mpzink ez zd` nrcxaem`! `wimzink! dere}}f`kz ekj fprj`rmnkzikp` izd ifxpkizy $}`` naaniko me}` }zpjy)+

Zd` aekjferc Diod Mnprz lpjo`f`kz i} pkj`r exxèa ik zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz!

mdeaa`ko`j by mnk}`rweziw` }`mzink} n }nmi`zy dn }``c iz} r`w`r}ea+ J`}xiz` zdi}

zdrèz! zd` }zez` ebjimez`j iz} rna` zn j``kj zd` lpjo`f`kz ez zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz!

ràòeziko j``km` n dpfek riodz} n zd` AOBZI zn miwia }nmi`zy+ Dn`w`r! jpriko zd`

dèriko}! zd` OnI’} }zekj nk zd` Jàdi Diod Mnprz’} lpjo`f`kz de} b``k efbiwea`kz+

Nk 2= G`brpery! 2852! zd` Ejjizinkea ]naimiznr O`k`rea! r`xr`}`kziko zd` OnI! meaa`j

dnfn}`tpeaizy —iffnrea’ b`nr` zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz+=4? Aez`r! nk 24 G`brpery! 2852!

zd` OnI }zez`j zdez iz jij knz kj eky —aòea `rrnr’ ik zd` lpjo`f`kz n zd` Jàdi Diod

=4: Ke| Gnpkjezink Ikz rkezinkea $KGI) ekj M`kzr` nr F`jie ekj Eaz`rkeziw` Mnffpkimezink $MFEM)! Fy Bnjy i} Knz

Fik` & ]znri`} n Wina`km` ekj Zea`} n Dnx`! Wnim`} rnf zd` Cnzdi mnffpkizy ik Ikjie! 288?3 X`nxa`’} Pkink nr

Miwia Aib`rzi`} $Cerkezece)! Xnaim` Wina`km` Eoeik}z Zrek}o`kj`r Mnffpkizy! Bekoeanr`! ]`xz`fb`r J`m`fb`r

2880 $2kj jizink) ekj 288= $5}z jizink)3 Dpfek Riodz} _ezmd! @ xij`fim n Ebp}` ” Xnaim` Dere}}f`kz n DIW.

EIJ] Npzrèmd _nrc`r} ik Ikjie! Wna+5:! Kn+ 0 $m)! Lpay 28823 X`nxa`’} Pkink nr Miwia Aib`rzi`} $Cerkezece)! Dpfek

Riodz} Winaezink} eoeik}z ]`tpea Fiknrizi`} ik Ikjie! G`brpery 28853 A`}} zdek Oey< E mizi|`k} r`xnrz nk zd` }zezp} n

dnfn}`tpeaizy ik Ikjie EBWE! 5995 $K` J adi)+ ]`` Riodz} ik Ikzifez` Ràezink}dix}< Znerj} ek Ikmap}iw` ekj Lp}z

Gref`nrc n _nf`k’} Riodz} ekj zd` Gefiay $e r`}nprm` bnnc by Xerzk`r} nr Ae ik J`wànxf`kz)! 2858 $K`

Jàdi) }`` xeo`} 72&?2+ ]`` ea}n< J`weci F`knk! mnnrjikeznr n e a`}biek }pxxnrz ornpx! ]edeyezrice $C`reae)! ik

Ikjie Znjey! 20 J`m`fb`r 2882

=40 Xerzk`r} nr Ae ik J`w anxf`kz! Riodz} ik Ikzifez` Ràezink}dix}< Znerj} ek Ikmap}iw` ekj Lp}z Gref`nrc n

_nf`k’} Riodz} ekj zd` Gefiay! 2858 $K` Jàdi)! xeo`} 72&?2+ Ea}n }``< J`weci F`knk! mnnrjikeznr n e a`}biek}pxxnrz ornpx! ]edeyezrice $C`reae)! ik Ikjie Znjey! 20 J`m`fb`r 2882

=47 Ke| Gnpkjezink Ikjie w+ Onw`rkf`kz n KMZ n Jàdi ekj nzd`r}! $2889) 578 JAZ 2??+

=4? Aey`r} Mnaa`mziw`! K`} rnf ]`mzink =?? Erop`f`kz} b`nr` zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz ! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+

aey`r}mnaa`mziw`+nro.k`}.5:5&k`}&rnf&}`mzink&=??&eropf`kz}&b nr`&zd`&}pxr`f`&mnprz+dzfa

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`



582

Mnprz j`mrifikeai}iko dnfn}`tpeaizy ekj —emm`xz} zd` mnrr`mzk`}} n zd` }ef`’+=44

Zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz knz`j zdez zd` OnI e} feciko e ‑fnmc`ry n zd` }y}z`f ekj

e}ziko zd` mnprz’} zif`‖ by ejnxziko mnkzrejimznry }zekj} nk zd` i}}p`+=49

Me}` }zpjy

Xrnnr }ir< e M n Winaink n Xriwm! Dniko! `fxanfk! jfink k pkikwio jd=98

Nk 9 G`brpery 2858! k`}xex`r} ijày r`xnrz`j zd` }znry n Jr+ ]drikiwe} Refmdekjre ]ire}! e 7: yèr naj

Rèj`r ' Mdeirfek ez zd` J`xerzf`kz n Fnj`rk Ikjiek Aekopeo`} ik Eaioerd Fp}aif Pkiw`r}izy $EFP)

bìko af`j dewiko mnk}`k}pea }`t izd eknzd`r ejpaz fea` izdik zd` mnkk`} n di} r`}ij`km`+ Z` xrn`}}nr

dej zepodz nr 22 yèr} ez EFP ekj e} nk zd` w`ro` n di} r`zir`f`kz+

Z` jey b`nr`! e ri`kj $e aòea ejpaz) izd dnf d` e} dewiko ek ikzifez` ràezink}dix `kz zn di} r`}ij`km`

ez 7+=8 xf+ Ez`r zd` erriwea n zd` ri`kj! Jr+ ]ire} }ez ik zd` jreiko rnnf ekj mdezz`j nr }nf` zif` ekj zd`k

zd`y `kz ikzn zd` b`jrnnf+ _izdnpz zd` eer`k`}} ekj x`rfi}}ink n Jr+ ]ire}! zdr`` x`nxa` `kz`r`j di} gez izd mef`re}+ _dia` ikzrpj`r} x`rfizz`j zd` xrn`}}nr’} ri`kj zn o`z jr`}}`j ekj aèw`! zd`y r`p}`j zn eaan

dif zn `w`k èr di} manzd`}+ Z` ikzrpj`r} zdrèz`k`j dif! nrm`j dif zn r`feik pkjr`}}`j ekj mn`rm`j dif

ikzn }zekjiko ik werinp} xn}izink} ik nrj`r zn zec` ximzpr`}+ Z`y znaj dif zdez zd`y `r` rnf zd` xr`}} ekj zdez

zd`y `r` oniko zn xpbai}d zd` ximzpr`}+ Lp}z e} Jr+ ]ire} e} xaèjiko izd zd` zdr`` x`r}nk} knz zn xpbai}d zd`

ximzpr`} }nf` n zd` xrn`}}nr} rnf EFP `kz`r`j di} dnp}`+ Jr+ ]ire} dej k`w`r meaa`j nr eky dàx nr ikwiz`j

eky n zd` xrn`}}nr} zn di} dnp}` zdez jey+ Z` x`r}nk maeifiko zn b` rnf zd` xr`}} e}c`j Xrn+ ]ire} zn ejfiz

ik rnkz n zd` Xrnmznr zdez d` e} dewiko dnfn}`tpea }`t ekj zd`k zd`y npaj jà`z` zd` r`mnrjiko+ Jr+ ]ire}

exnanoi}`j ekj zd` Xrnmznr znaj dif knz zn nrry ekj zdez knzdiko npaj dexx`k nk zd` fezz`r+

Z` k`tz jey! zd` ikmij`kz e} r`xnrz`j ik feky k`}xex`r} ekj Jr+ ]ire} e} }dnmc`j d`k zdez w`ry jey d`

e} }`rw`j izd e }p}x`k}ink knzim` by EFP ekj e} nrj`r`j zn wemez` di} nmiea r`}ij`km` eaanzz`j by zd`

Pkiw`r}izy+ Nk 2: G`brpery! zd` Pkiw`r}izy }`rw`j Jr+ ]ire} izd e mdero`&}d``z izd zd` nrfea mdero` eoeik}z

dif bìko zdez d` ‑de} mnffizz`j emz n fi}mnkjpmz ik e} fpmd e} d` ikjpao`j dif}à ikzn iffnrea }`tpea emziw&

izy ekj ik mnkzrew`kzink n be}im fnrea `zdim} dia` r`}ijiko ik Uperz`r Kn+ 25&M! F`jimea Mnaaò`! EFP! Eaioerd

zd`r`by pkj`rfik`j zd` xinp} ifeo` n zd` zèmd`r mnffpkizy ekj e} e dna` zerki}d`j zd` ifeo` n zd` Pkiw`r}izy‖ +

Jr+ I}aef ekj Jr+ Cdek! EFP empazy f`fb`r} ekj RI emziwi}z}! `r` n zd` nxikink zdez zd`r` e} e }zrnko

xrnbebiaizy n zd` W mr` bìko ik mednnz} izd zd` Pkiw`r}izy ejfiki}zrezink3 e} kn W mr` npaj dew`

knrfeaay `kz`r`j zd` xr`fi}`} n e empazy f`fb`r izdnpz zd` x`rfi}}ink n zd` Pkiw`r}izy epzdnrizi`}+

Z` EFP ejfiki}zrezink mnffizz`j }`w`rea winaezink} ik zdi} me}`< brèmd n Jr+ ]ire} xriwemy! dimd i} e

baezekz winaezink n e mnk}zizpzinkea riodz operekz``j pkj`r Erzima` 25 $riodz zn aib`rzy)3 brèmd n zd` JàdiDiod Mnprz aekjferc j`mi}ink zdez j`mrifikeai}`j dnfn}`tpeaizy =95 efnko mnk}`kziko ejpaz}3=92 winaezink n

di} riodz zn `fxanyf`kz ekj dnp}iko3 ekj mnk}i}z`kz jèfezink+ Ik Fermd 2858! Jr+ ]ire} `kz r`xèz`jay

zn zd` xnaim` }zezink zn a` e Gir}z Iknrfezink R`xnrz $GIR) nr zd` werinp} n`km`} x`rx`zrez`j eoeik}z dif!

ikmapjiko mrifikea ikzifijezink! e}}epaz! zr`}xe}} ekj rnkopa mnkk`f`kz+ Dn`w`r! ez`r r`xèz`j `nrz}!

zd` xnaim` dew` r`p}`j zn a` di} GIR! zd`r`by! eiaiko zn x`rnrf zdìr jpzy n aiko ek GIR pxnk zd` r`mìxz n

e mnfxaeikz dimd ji}man}`} zd` mnffi}}ink n e mnoki|eba` n`km`+

=44 Aey`r} Mnaa`mziw`! Ekzi&oey ae i} n}dnnz n Brizi}d Mnankieai}f< M`kzr` zn ]pxr`f` Mnprz ! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..

+aey`r}mnaa`mziw +nro.k`}.5:9&ekzi&oey&ae&i}&n}dnnz&n&brizi}d&mnankieai}f&m`kzr &zn&}pxr`f`&mnprz+dzfa

=49 Aey`r} Mnaa`mziw`! K`} rnf ]`mzink =?? Erop`f`kz} b`nr` zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+

aey`r}mnaa`mziw`+nro.k`}.5:5&k`}&rnf&}`mzink&=??&eropf`kz}&b nr`&zd`&}pxr`f`&mnprz+dzfa

=98 Xnaimiko Fnreaizy ez EFP< Ek Ikj`x`kj`kz Gemz Gikjiko R`xnrz ! Fermd! 2858+

=95 Dnfn}`tpeaizy e} e mrifikea n`km pkj`r ]`mzink =?? n zd` Ikjiek X`kea Mnj`+

=92 Ke| Gnpkjezink w+ Onw`rkf`kz n KMZ n Jàdi ekj Nzd`r} ! _X$M) Kn+?:00.2885! Lpay 2! 2889+



58=



J`}xiz` zd` zrepfe ekj dere}}f`kz zdez Xrn+ ]ire} e} }pbl`mz`j zn! d` a`j e me}` ez zd` Eaaedebej Diod Mnprz

ekj mdeaa`ko`j zd` emzink} n EFP ejfiki}zrezink e} winaezink} n di} miwia aib`rzi`}+=9= Z` Eaaedebej Diod

Mnprz }zey`j di} }p}x`k}ink ekj di} pkaepa r`fnwea rnf di} mefxp} r`}ij`km` nk 5 Exria! 2858+=9: J`}xiz`

zdi} nrj`r! zd` EFP ejfiki}zrezink eia`j zn iff`jiezày i}}p` ek nm` f`fn r`wnciko zd` }p}x`k}ink n Xrn+

]ire}+ Z` xrn`}}nr e} npkj jèj ez di} Eaioerd r`}ij`km` nk ? Exria! 2858+ Z` xn}z fnrz`f }zez`} zdez zd`

mep}` n di} jèzd e} —pkkezprea’+ Z` mpaxebiaizy n zd` EFP epzdnrizi`} ik zdi} ikmij`kz de} knz b``k ikw`}&zioez`j ekj kn fè}pr`} dew` b``k zec`k zn orekz lp}zim`+ Z` baezekz ikwe}ink} n Xrn+ ]ire}’ xriwemy! zd` Pki&

w`r}izy’} mnkkiwekm` ik zd` }n&meaa`j —f`jie }ziko nx`rezink’! zr`}xe}}iko! mrifikea ikzifijezink ekj }pb}ùp`kz

epzdnrizeriek emzink n }p}x`kjiko ekj `wimziko dif rnf di} EFP r`}ij`km`! rei}`j feky mnkm`rk} ebnpz zd`

mnaa`mziw` wpak`rebiaizy n zd` AOBI mnffpkizy ik Ikjie zn winaezink}+

Mdiajr`k

Pkeba` zn r`xr`}`kz zd`f}àw`}! mdiajr`k eaa an`}z ik dez mnpaj b` r``rr`j zn e}

e —di`rermdy n dpfek riodz}’+ Dn`w`r! nw`r zd` ae}z zn j`mej`} zd`r` de} b``k

}nf` xrnor`}} ik zd` r`mnokizink n mdiajr`k e} riodz&dnaj`r}! xerzimpaeray izd zd`

`}zebai}df`kz n e paa&g`jo`j Fiki}zry nr _nf`k ekj Mdiaj J`wànxf`kz ik 2887+

Mdiajr`k’} riodz} er` ejjr`}}`j zdrnpod 0? ae} ekj 78 aòea xrnwi}ink} ik zd` IXM!

zd` MrXM ekj zd` Ikjiek @wij`km` Emz + Zd`r` er` kik` xnaimy jnmpf`kz} ifxemziko

zdìr aiw`} ikmapjiko zd` Kezinkea Xnaimy nr Mdiajr`k! 59?: ekj zd` Kezinkea Xaek

n Emzink $KXEM)! 2880+ Ik ejjizink! feky onea} ekj zero`z} `r` }`z npz pkj`r

Giw` Yèr Xaek}! ?= m`kzrea onw`rkf`kz’} bpjo`z`j xrnoreff`} ekj }md`f`}

nx`rezinkea zdrnpod 9 Fiki}zri`}! e Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink nr Xrnz`mzink n Mdiaj

Riodz} ekj 52 ]zez` Mnffi}}ink}+

Y z! zd`r` er` erè} n mnkm`rk rùpiriko iff`jiez` ezz`kzink! `}x`mieaay zd` aemc n

e pkinrf j`kizink n zd` —mdiaj’ ik xnaimy ekj aòea jnmpf`kz}+ Zd` Kezinkea Xnaimy

nr Mdiajr`k i} e} npzjez`j e} 59?:! dia` zd` KXEM k``j} zn b` r`wi}`j znn! e}

fn}z n iz} onea} `r` }`z npz zn b` f`z by 2858 bpz izd kn }iokimekz xrnor`}}

r`xnrz`j e} y`z+ Zd` KXEM k``j} zn b` }pxxnrz`j by }zez` xaek}3 dn`w`r! nkay 5?

}zez`}=90 }``f zn dew` dej }nf` xaek} n emzink ik xaem` nr mdiajr`k! izd fn}z n

zd`}` xaek} bìko npzjez`j+

Mdiaj Ferrieo`

Zd` èrai`r mdiaj ferrieo` ae e} r`xaem`j izd zd` Xrndibizink n Mdiaj Ferrieo`}

Emz! 2887+ Dn`w`r! zd` ikejùpemy n zdi} Emz ai`} ik zd` emz zdez i zd` ferrieo` i}

knz xr`w`kz`j! iz mek r`feik aòea ziaa zd` bny $ez zd` eo` n 25) nr zd` oira $ez zd` eo`

n 54) }``c} ek ekkpaf`kz+ Zdi} i} fn}z pkaicày zn dexx`k ik e mnpkzry aic` Ikjie+

Ifxa`f`kzezink n zd` k` ae i} ea}n w`ry ikejùpez`+ Ik 2889! zd` Kezinkea Mrif`

=9= ]``< _riz X`zizink Kn+ 5?0:9 n 2858! Jr+ ]drikiwe} Refmdekjre ]ire} w+ Eaioerd Fp}aif Pkiw`r}izy! Aey`r} Mnaa`m&

ziw`! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+aey`r}mnaa`mziw`+nro.a`}.]ire}%28Gikea%28X`zizink+xj =9: ]``< Nrj`r jez`j 5+:+2858 ik _riz X`zizink Kn+ 5?0:9 n 2858! Jr+ ]drikiwe} Refmdekjre ]ire} w+ Eaioerd Fp}aif

Pkiw`r}izy Aey`r} Mnaa`mziw` `b}iz`! dzzx<..+aey`r}mnaa`mziw`+nro.a`}.]ire}%2?%28Nrj`r+xj

=90 Zd`}` }zez`} ikmapj` E}}ef! Erpkemdea Xrej`}d! Bider! Jàdi! Deryeke! Difemdea Xrej }d! Cerkezece! C`reae!

Federe}dzre! Fekixpr! Fòdeaeye! Fi|nref! Nji}de! Xpkleb! Rele}zdek! Zefia Kejp ekj _`}z B`koea+

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`



58:

8

58

28

=8

:8%

08%

78%

Xnnr`}zupkizia`

]`mnkjupkizia`

Fijjaùpkizia`

Gnprzdupkizia`

Rimd`}zupkizia`

R`mnrj} Bprèp r`mnrj`j nkay zdr`` me}`} n winaezink n zd` ae! dia` ik 2858 zd`

iknrfezink nk mdiaj ferrieo` me}`} e} jiapz`j pkj`r zd` brnej dèjiko n —nzd`r

mrif`}’+ Ez zd` }ef` zif`! ik }nf` erè} d`r` mdiaj ferrieo`} er` mà`brez`j nk e

aero`&}mea`! zd`r` de} b``k e }iokimekz j`mrè}` ik mdiaj ferrieo`}+

Zd` Kezinkea Gefiay Dèazd ]prw`y&= $288:&80) }dn} 2?+5% n mdiajr`k eo`j

50&59 yèr} e} ferri`j+ Ikjie }`z iz}à e onea n emdi`wiko 588% ròi}zrezink n

birzd}! jèzd} ekj ferrieo`} ik zd` yèr 2888 ekj 2880! izd ek ejjizinkea onea n

àifikeziko mdiaj ferrieo`} by 2858+ Zd` onea} er` y`z zn b` emdi`w`j e} zd` ae

jn`} knz dew` e j`z`rr`kz ``mz+ Ròi}zrezink n ferrieo`} i} knz mnfxpa}nry ik eaa

}zez`} dia` r`xnrz} }poo`}z zdez `w`k d`r` iz i}! mdiaj ferrieo`} o`z ròi}z`r`j

j`}xiz` zd` `ti}z`km` n zd` ae xrndibiziko iz+

Oira rnf xnnrr dndna r fnr aica n b frri mdiark dk oira rnf rimdr dndna

X`rm`kzeo` n nf`k 28&2: yèr} naj dn `r` ferri`j nr ik pkink b`nr` eo`54! by dnp}`dnaj èazd upikzia`

Knz`< @}zifez`} by dnp}`dnaj èazd upikzaia` er` be}`j nk ?0 mnpkzri`} r`xr`}`kziko

0+5% n zd` nraj} xnxpaezink+

]nprm`< FIM]! JD] ekj nzd`r kezinkea }prw`y}! 5990&288?

Lpw`kia` Lp}zim`

Zd` Lpw`kia` Lp}zim` $Mer` ekj Xrnz`mzink) Emz! 2888 $LL Emz)! dimd e} ef`kj`j

ik 2887! i} zd` nkay ae ik zd` nraj be}`j nk e xr`w`kzeziw` exxrnemd zn lpw`kia`

lp}zim`+ Iz ij`kzi`} zn }`z} n mdiajr`k< zdn}` —ik k``j n mer` ekj xrnz`mzink’ ekj

zdn}` —ik mnkgimz izd zd` ae’+ Dn`w`r! xnnr ifxa`f`kzezink n zd` ae! aemc n

}pxxnrz }zrpmzpr`}!=97 an mnkwimzink rez`} ekj ikejùpez` r`}nprm`} aèj zn

=97 Gnr `tefxa`! zd` Lpw`kia` Lp}zim` Emz rùpir`} }`zziko px Lpw`kia` Lp}zim` Bnerj} ekj Mdiaj _àer` Mnffizz``} ik

eaa ji}zrimz}+



580



j`reiaf`kz n lp}zim`+ Ik przd`rekm` n zd` xrikmixa`} n jiw`r}ink! r`}znreziw` lp}zim`

ekj b`}z ikz`r`}z} n zd` mdiaj! zd` Lpw`kia` Lp}zim` $Mer` ekj Xrnz`mzink n Mdiajr`k)

Rpa`}! 288? `r` ref`j by zd` M`kzr` ekj }zez`} `r` rùpir`j zn ref` zdìr

nk rpa`} ik mnk}nkekm` izd zd` m`kzrea rpaiko+ Zd` `temz }zezp} n nrfpaezink n

Lpw`kia` Lp}zim` }zez` rpa`} e} x`r zd` M`kzrea Fnjà Rpa`}! 288? i} knz eweiaeba`!

eazdnpod iknrfezink oezd`r`j rnf werinp} }nprm`} }poo`}z} zdez zd` }zez`} n

Jàdi! Oplerez! Cerkezece! Fejdye Xrej`}d! Federe}dzre! Nji}de! Rele}zdek ekj

_`}z B`koea dew` knzi`j k` rpa`}+ Ldercdekj! Zefia Kejp ekj Pzzer Xrej`}d!

dew` ejnxz`j zd` m`kzrea rpa`} n 288?! Deryeke exxrnw`j k` rpa`} nk 22 Epop}z

2889 izdnpz knziko zd`f! dia` ik Ekjdre Xrej`}d jrez rpa`} `r` ref`j ik

2889 bpz er` y`z zn b` knzi`j+ Gprzd`r! j`}xiz` zd` xrnemziw` nrj`r} n zd` ]pxr`f`

Mnprz=9? rùpiriko Mdiaj _àer` Mnffizz``} $M_M})=94 ekj Lpw`kia` Lp}zim` Bnerj}

$LLB})=99 zn b` }`z px ik `w`ry ji}zrimz pkj`r zd` LL Emz! nkay 5: }zez`} ekj : Pkink

Z rriznri`} er` r`xnrz`j zn dew` `}zebai}d`j }pmd bnji`}+

Mdiajr`k’} eo`} er` nz`k ea}i`j ekj zd`y er` zri`j ik ejpaz mnprz} nr }`kz zn ejpaz

xri}nk}! ekj mdiaj wimzif} kj zd`f}àw`} przd`r wimzifi}`j ik knk&mdiaj }`k}iziw`

lpjimiea xrnm`}}`}+ _dia` mdiajr`k’} mnprz} `r }zebai}d`j by zd` Xrnz`mzink n Mdiaj

Riodz} Emz! 2880! Jàdi e} zd` r}z }zez` zn nx`k }pmd emiaizi`} nr }x``jy zriea} ik

2855+ Emmnrjiko zn zd` r`}xnk}` r`mìw`j rnf Leia Kn+?! Zider Leia! K` Jàdi! 55=

mdiajr`k `r` zrek}`rr`j rnf zd` }eij leia zn r`}x`mziw` nb}`rwezink dnf`} b`z``k

Nmznb`r 2858 ekj Epop}z 2855+ L'C de} nkay nk` lpw`kia` dnf` nr bny} ez Rekbir

]ikod $R+]+) Xpre ik Leffp+ Lpw`kia` oira} er` }`kz zn xnaim` anmc&px} nr xri}nk}

ik zd` eb}`km` n e }ikoa` lpw`kia` dnf` nr oira} ik L'C+ Lpw`kia`} ik Ce}dfir er`

j`zeik`j izd ejpaz} ik xri}nk} ekj zri`j e} ejpaz} jp` zn knk&ifxa`f`kzezink n zd`

L'C Lpw`kia` Lp}zim` Emz! 599? +:88

Zd` aòea rùpir`f`kz n `}zebai}df`kz n ]x`miea Lpw`kia` Xnaim` Pkiz} $]LXP}) ik

`w`ry ji}zrimz ekj j`}iokezink n ez aè}z nk` xnaim` nm`r ik `w`ry xnaim` }zezink e}

Lpw`kia` _àer` Nm`r} $L_N}) i} ea}n knz paaa`j+ Zd`r` er` kn L_N} exxnikz`j!

e} zd` xnaim` j`xerzf`kz `fxany} zd` `kzir` nrm` nr eaa cikj n jpzi`}! weryiko

rnf }`mprizy nr WIX fnw`f`kz zn o`k`rea ae ekj nrj`r+ B`}ij`}! nr `tefxa`! ik

Mddezzi}oerd! zd` onw`rkf`kz mnkzikp`} zn r`mrpiz mdiajr`k n zd` xnaim` x`r}nkkà

ciaa`j nk jpzy e} —beaerec}dec}’ $Mdiaj Operj}) ekj zd`}` mdiajr`k mekknz ezz`kj

}mdnna} nr ez aè}z zdr`` jey} e ``c+:85 L_N} ea}n dekja` nzd`r me}`} ik ejjizink

zn zdn}` ròi}z`r`j pkj`r zd` LL Emz! zd`r`nr`! iz i} jimpaz zn b` xr`}`kz ik zd`

LLB.M_M izd zd` mnkm`rk`j mdiaj+ L_N} ekj ]LXP f`fb`r} k``j exxrnxriez`

zreikiko ekj }`k}izi}ezink zn dekja` mdiajr`k’} me}`}+ Eazdnpod zd` ae xrnwij`} nr

zn }nmiea nrc`r} ik zd` ]LXP}! zd`y er` y`z zn b` exxnikz`j ik feky xaem`}+

=9? ]efxprke B`dpre w+ Pkink n Ikjie ekj Nzd`r} S_X $Miwia) Kn+ :?=.2880V ekj Bemdxek Bemden Ekjnaek w+ Pkink n

Ikjie S_X $Miwia) Kn+ 05.2887V

=94 M_M} er` fèkz zn r`mìw` mdiajr`k ik k``j n mer` ekj xrnz`mzink ekj zn fec` exxrnxriez` nrj`r} nr zdìr r`de&

biaizezink! r`}znrezink ekj rìkzòrezink p}iko zdìr xn`r} e} e b`kmd n feoi}zrez`}+

=99 Lpw`kia` Lp}zim` Bnerj} $LLB) dew` zn jèa izd eaa mrif`} eaaò`jay mnffizz`j by mdiajr`k! mdiajr`k’} riodz zn beia!

}x``jy ikupiry ekj }pizeba` r`debiaizezink+:88 E}iek M`kzr` nr Dpfek Riodz}! Lpw`kia`} n L'C< Pkùpea b nr` zd` Ae ' J`ki`j lp}zim ik Mp}znjy ! Knw`fb`r

57! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+emdr`b+nro.r`xnrz}.ikjie.LL&L'C&2855+xj

:85 Zd` ]`kzikà! Mddezzi}oerd’} —mdiaj mnx}’ }cix }mdnna nr xnaim` jpzy! Exria 7! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+}`kzik`&

ae}}ef+mnf.kezinkeafeik+xdx>}`m62'}pb} m6='xxr65'jzX62855&8:&87

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`



587

Mdiajr`k! dn mnk}zizpz` nw`r :8%

ng zd` Ikjiek xnxpaezink! r`mìw`

nkay 0+=% ng zd` kezinkea bpjo`z+



58?





584

22!78:

59!89=

5:!:2=

55!7==58!:79

5=!004

=8!888

20!888

28!888

50!888

58!888

0!888

5999 2888 2885 2882 288= 288: 2880 2887 288? 2884 2889

58!4?:55!82:

2:!28:

28!087

50!84=

Mrif`} eoeik}z Mdiajr`k

Mrif`} eoeik}z mdiajr`k dew` }dnk e 528% ikmrè}` b`z``k 5999 ekj 2889

ekj 78+0% ikmrè}` ik zd` ae}z w` yèr}+:82 Zd` rezimezink n zd` PK Mnkw`kzink

eoeik}z Zrek}kezinkea Nroeki}`j Mrif` ekj iz} zn xrnznmna}! `}x`mieaay zd` PK

Xrnznmna zn Xr`w`kz! ]pxxr`}} ekj Xpki}d Zremciko ik X`r}nk}! @}x`mieaay _nf`k

ekj Mdiajr`k $ea}n r``rr`j zn e} zd` Xea`rfn Xrnznmna)! i} e xn}iziw` }z`x+ Dn`w`r!

Ikjie i} y`z zn nrfpaez` e mnfxr`d`k}iw` ae nk eaa nrf} ekj xprxn}`} n mdiaj

zremciko eanko zd` aik`} j`k`j by zd` Xea`rfn Xrnznmna + E} n kn! zd` nkay ae

zdez jèa} izd zremciko nr }`tpea `txanizezink! ik xerzimpaer xrn}zizpzink! i} zd`

Iffnrea Zrem $Xr`w`kzink) Emz! 5907 $IZX Emz)+ Dn`w`r! ef`kjf`kz} zn zdi} Emz

dew` b``k x`kjiko nr }nf` yèr} kn+

Ikmikm n mrif oik mdiark

]nprm`< Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Mrif` ik Ikjie 5999&2889

Mrif oik Mdiark

]Kn+ Mrif` Dèj Y er % Weriezink ik 2889nw`r 288?288? 2884 2889

5+ Fprj`r 5!=?? 5!297 5!:44 4+87%

2+ Ikekzimij` 5=: 5:8 7= 02+9%

=+ Rex` 0!8:0 0!::7 0!=74 7+:%

:+ Cijkexxiko ekj ebjpmzink 7!=?? ?!708 4!9:0 :8+=%

0+ Gn`zimij` 97 ?= 52= 24+5%

]nprm`< Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Mrif` ik Ikjie! 2889

:82 Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Mrif` ik Ikjie 5999&2889+



589



Mdiaj ]`tpea Ebp}`:8=

Werinp} }zpji`} ik Ikjie dew` ikjimez`j diod xr`wea`km` n mdiaj }`tpea ebp}`+

0=+22% n mdiajr`k dew` r`xnrz`j }nf` nrf n }`tpea ebp}`! efnko}z dimd

02+9:% `r` bny} ekj :?+87% `r` oira}+ Ebp}` }zerz`j ez zd` eo` n w` yèr}!

izd zd` ikmij`km` ikmrè}iko izd eo`! xèciko ez 52 zn 50 yèr}+:8:

]`tpea ebp}` i} r`xnrz`j pkj`r rex` ekj ikm`}z by zd` KMRB bpz nkay ik zd`

mnkz`tz n oira}+ Zd` KMRB jn`} knz feikzeik jeze nk }`tpea ebp}` n bny}! e} iz

i} knz mnw`r`j pkj`r zd` IXM! mrèziko }`rinp} oex} ik jeze+ ]`tpea ebp}` n bny}

i} ròi}z`r`j pkj`r ]`mzink =?? n zd` IXM! dimd mrifikeai}`} dnfn}`tpeaizy $}``

}`mzink nk AOBZI)+

E }zpjy mnkjpmz`j ik 2887 }dn`j zdez eafn}z :4% n bny} ekj =9% n oira} efnko

zd` r`}xnkj`kz} dej r`xnrz`j }`tpea ebp}`!:80 zderziko zd` bài` zdez feikay oira}

er` }`tpeaay ebp}`j+ ]zr``z bny} er` knz zd` nkay wimzif} n }`tpea ebp}`+ Ik zd` xe}z

mnpxa` n yèr} zd`r` dew` b``k }`w`rea r`xnrz} n ikmij`km`} n bny} bìko ebp}`j

pkj`r }zez` mer`! ik mdiajr`k’} dnf`}+ Gnr `tefxa`! ik Fey 288? w` bny}! ynpko`r

zdek 58 yèr} naj! `r` eaaò`jay }njnfi}`j ik e mdiajr`k’} dnf` ik Jàdi+:87 ]`tpea

ebp}` n bny} ekj oira} ik mne}zea erè} ekj znpri}z j`}zikezink} i} e }`rinp} i}}p` e}

iz i} aikc`j zn zd` apmreziw` znpri}f ikjp}zry+:8? Zd` mdeaa`ko` i} ùpeaay orèz ik nzd`r

me}`} n mdiaj }`tpea ebp}` e} zd` ae i} èc! `knrm`f`kz i} xnnr ekj zd`r` i}

aemc n eer`k`}}+

]`tpea `txanizezink ik zd` kef` n ràioink i} ea}n refxekz ik xerz} n zd` mnpkzry+

Zd` J`weje}i }y}z`f:84 ” d`rìk e oira! p}peaay b`nr` rèmdiko zd` eo` n xpb`rzy!

i} m`r`fnkinp}ay j`jimez`j nr ferri`j zn e jìzy nr zn e z`fxa` ” r`feik} mnffnk ik

zd` xnnr`}z znk} ekj wiaaeo`} n xrnwikm`} n zd` }zez`} aic` Cerkezece ekj Ekjdre

Xrej`}d+:89 Zd` Cerkezece J`weje}i} $Xrndibizink n J`jimezink) Emz! 5942 ekj Rpa`}!

594? `r` fèkz zn ebnai}d zd` }y}z`f bpz aemc n eer`k`}} efnko zd` wimzif}

ekj zd` `knrm`f`kz epzdnrizi`} ifx`j` iz} ifxa`f`kzezink+ Fnr`nw`r! r`debiaizezink

xrnoreff`} er` ej dnm ekj ikejùpez` e} zd`y jn knz xrnwij` ejùpez` fèk}

n aiwàidnnj ekj }ciaa j`wànxf`kz nr wimzif&}prwiwnr}+:58 Zd` J`weje}i }y}z`f i}

xerzimpaeray xr`wea`kz ik 58 ji}zrimz} n knrzd`rk Cerkezece ekj 5: ji}zrimz} ik Ekjdre

Xrej`}d+ Zd` Kezinkea Aòea ]`rwim` Epzdnrizy $KEA]E) }zez`j zdez 208!888 oira} dej

b``k j`jimez`j e} J`weje}i} zn z`fxa`} nk zd` Federe}dzre&Cerkezece bnrj`r!:55

ikmapjiko 57!72: oira} rnf Ekjdre Xrej`}d! 22!9:5 rnf Cerkezece ekj 2!:?9 rnf

:8= ]nprm` $}pffery)< DEU< M`kzr` nr Mdiaj Riodz} ekj Z rr` j`} Dnf`}! 28 yèr} n MRM ” E Beaekm` ]d``z+

Wnapf` II+

:8: Fiki}zry n _nf`k ekj Mdiaj J`wànxf`kz! Onw`rkf`kz n Ikjie! ]zpjy nk mdiaj ebp}`< Ikjie! 288? +

:80 ZPAIR! Jn`}k’z w`ry mdiaj mnpkz> Xr`wea`km` ekj jykefim} n mdiaj }`tpea ebp}` ji}man}`j efnko }mdnnaoniko

mdiajr`k ik Md`kkei ! G`brpery 2887! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+zpair+nro.ifeo`}.xj.R`}èrmd%28R`xnrz5+xj

:87 Zdeikjiek K`}! Giw` fiknr bny} }njnfi}`j ik mdiajr`k’} dnf`! Fey :! 288?! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+zdeikjiek+

mnf.k`}xnrzea.pkmezònri|`j.fiknr&bny&}njnfi}`j&fprj`r`j^5880779:5+dzfa

:8? Ki}dze J`}ei! ]`` zd` @wia< E }zpjy nk znpri}f ràez`j xe`jnxdiaie! WEC! One 2885! 288:+

:84 Aiz`reaay fèkiko ‑ fea` }`rwekz n onj‖! J`weje}i} p}peaay bànko zn zd` Jeaiz mnffpkizy+ Nkm` j`jimez`j!

zd` oira i} pkeba` zn ferry! nrm`j zn b`mnf` e xrn}zizpz` nr pxx`r&me}z` mnffpkizy f`fb`r}! ekj `w`kzpeaay

epmzink`j ikzn ek prbek brnzdà+ ” Dpfek Riodz} _ezmd! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+dr+nro.r`xnrz}.5999.ikjie.Ik&

jie99:&89+dzf-X5790^=0:9=9

:89 Zd` Dikjp! Xrnl`mz Mnfbez! aepkmd`j zn rejimez` —J`wje}i }y}z`f’! Lekpery =8! 2887! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+

dikjp+mnf.2887.85.=8.}znri }.288785=8285=8=88+dzf

:58 Ibij+

:55 Ibij+

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`



558

Federe}dzre+ Zd` r`fnz`k`}} n feky n zd` wiaaeo`}! ekj zd` mnkzikpiko ri}` ik

j`fekj rnf nroeki}`j zremc`r} nr ynpko oira}! i} zderziko `nrz} zn mnfbez zd`

}y}z`f+:52

Ikjie i} xr`}`kzay ik zd` xrnm`}} n ejnxziko e Xrnz`mzink n Mdiajr`k rnf ]`tpea

N`km`} Biaa! 2855 zdez eif} zn xr`w`kz ekj xrnz`mz mdiajr`k rnf }`tpea e}}epaz!

}`tpea dere}}f`kz ekj xnrknorexdy+ Ik iz} xr`}`kz nrf! zd` Biaa de} feky xn}iziw`

èzpr`}< iz i} o`kj`r&k`pzrea3 iz zrèz} }`tpea n`km`} mnffizz`j by x`r}nk}

ik epzdnrizy nr xn}izink} n zrp}z e} eoorewez`j }`tpea n`km`}3 iz mnk}ij`r} zd`

xdy}imea.f`kzea ji}ebiaizy ekj zd` anko&z`rf ez`r&``mz} n zd` iklpry ikgimz`j3 iz

xrnwij`} }x`miea xrnwi}ink} nr xr`w`kziko xnrknorexdim ebp}` nr `w`k xn}}`}}ink

n }pmd fez`riea3 ekj iz ea}n xaem`} zd` f`jie! }zpjin ekj xdnznorexdim emiaizi`}

pkj`r nbaioezink zn r`xnrz }pmd fezz`r}+ _dia` zd`r` i} o`k`rea exxr`miezink nr zd`

k` Biaa! zd`r` er` m`rzeik mnkm`rk} ròerjiko iz} `knrmèbiaizy+ Zd` Biaa rei}`} zd`

eo` n mnk}`kz zn 54 yèr}! dimd fey aèj zn mrifikea emzink `w`k ik me}`} n

mnk}`k}pea emziwizy efnko}z ynpko x`r}nk}+ Iz x`keai|`} ea}` r`xnrziko bpz aifiz}

iz zn feaiminp} ikz`kz! dimd fey xrnw` zn b` j`z`rr`kz ik e mnpkzry d`r` }`tpea

ebp}` i} rerày r`xnrz`j+ Zd` Biaa jn`} knz aey jnk zd` xrnm`jpr`} nr exxèa!

r`wi` ekj r`wi}ink ekj i} knz bemc`j px izd e Gikekmiea F`fnrekjpf zdez mnpaj

`k}pr` ejùpez` ikw`}zf`kz ik zd` ifxa`f`kzezink n zd` ae+ Zd` Biaa e} zeba`j ik

Xeraief`kz nr zd` }`mnkj zif` ik Exria 2852 ez`r bìko ef`kj`j by e Xeraief`kzery

]zekjiko Mnffizz``+:5=

Zregmciko ng Mdiajr`k

Zremciko n mdiajr`k! bny} ekj oira}! izdik ekj emrn}} zd` mnpkzry mnkzikp`} ik

feky nrf}! ekj nr feky xprxn}`}! }pmd e} aebnpr! bòoiko! }`tpea `txanizezink!

xnrknorexdy! mdiaj ferrieo`! ejnxzink ekj nroek zrej`+ N}z`k}ibay aòea fèk} }pmd

e} —ferrieo`’ nr —ejnxzink’ er` p}`j nr bpyiko ekj }àaiko n mdiajr`k+ Zremciko n

oira} eank` de} }dnk e =5% ikmrè}` b`z``k 5999 ekj 2889!:5: dia` zremciko

n bny} nr }`tpea xprxn}`} i} nk zd` ri}` e} àa+:50 Feky oira} rnf K`xea ekj

Bekoaej`}d er` zremc`j ikzn Ikjie nr }`tpea `txanizezink+:57 Mdiajr`k rnf K`xea

er` ea}n zremc`j zn nrc ik fbrnij`ry emznri`}! merx`z emznri`}! brimc ciak} ekj ik

uperri`}+:5? Zd`r` er` kn temz opr`} nr zd` kpfb`r n mdiajr`k zremc`j emd yèr

ik Ikjie+ Zd` kpfb`r n zremc`j x`r}nk} i} jimpaz zn j`z`rfik` e} brib`ry ekj

mnrrpxzink zdez }prrnpkj zd` xremzim` r`kj`r ek `}zifez` n iz} feokizpj` wirzpeaay

ifxn}}iba`+:54

:52 Zd` Operjiek! _dy Ikjie’} —j`weje}i’ oira} em` e r`zmd`j ai` ik zd` kef` n ràioink! Lekpery 22! 2855! eweia&

eba` ez< +operjiek+mn+pc.nraj.2855.lek.22.ikjie&} t&`txanizezink&oira}&j`weje}i+ ]`` ea}n< Zd` Operjiek!

J`weje}i} er` e mpr}`j mnffpkizy! Lekpery 25! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< +operjiek+mn+pc.aièkj}zya .2855.lek.25.

j`weje}i&ikjie&}`t&nrc&ràioink

:5= Zd` Dikjp! @w`k i mnk}`k}pea! }`tpea mnkzemz izd oira pkj`r 54 iaa b` mrifikea n`km`! Exria 2?! 2852! eweiaeba`

ez< +zd`dikjp+mnf.k`}.kezinkea.erzima`==0?708+`m`

:5: Ibij+

:50 ]ziaa npz n Gnmp}! ]zezp} n Mdiajr`k 2884! DEU< M`kzr` nr Mdiaj Riodz}! K` Jàdi xeo` 25?

:57 ]z`xxiko px Mdiaj Xrnz`mzink! ]ew` Zd` Mdiajr`k! xeo` =?

:5? Ibij

:54 ]EKAEEX! Mnkm`xz knz` xr`xer`j nr ]npzd E}ie Mnk}pazezink nk mer` ekj xrnz`mzink n }prwiwnr} n mnff`rmiea

}`tpea txanizezink ekj zremciko! Cnaceze! Fey 2884+



555



Zd` zrejizinkea bài` zdez xnw`rzy i} zd` nkay mep}` n zremciko i} kn bìko

mdeaa`ko`j by nzd`r emznr}! }pmd e} ji}xaem`f`kz! mnkgimz ekj o`kj`r ji}mrifikezink

dimd! mnpxa`j izd `mnknfim ik}`mprizy! eaan zd` xremzim` zn b` mnkzikp`j+ ]nmiea

`tmap}ink be}`j nk o`kj`r mek b` }``k e} e felnr mnkzribpziko emznr zn zd` ri}c}

n bìko zremc`j+:59 _izdik Ikjie! oira} er` zremc`j rnf r`fnz` ekj rprea erè} zn

bio mizi`} ekj znk} zn b` }naj zn brnzdà} nr xrn}zizpzink! dia` bny} er` zremc`j

fn}zay nr aebnpr+

]nf` n zd` ikizieziw`} zdez dew` b``k zec`k ez zd` m`kzrea a`wà zn ejjr`}} zremciko

er` zd` Xrnznmna nr Xr`&R`}mp`! R`}mp` ekj Xn}z R`}mp` Nx`rezink} n Mdiaj Wimzif}

n Zremciko nr Mnff`rmiea ]`tpea @txanizezink! 2880 n zd` Fiki}zry n _nf`k

ekj Mdiaj J`wànxf`kz ekj zd` Fiki}zry n Dpfek R`}nprm`} J`wànxf`kz e} àa

e} zd` Xrnznmna nk Xr`w`kzink R`}mp`! R`xezriezink ekj R`debiaizezink n Zremc`j

ekj Fiorekz Mdiaj Aebnpr! 2884 n zd` Fiki}zry n Aebnpr ekj @fxanyf`kz+ Ez zd`

}zez` a`wà! zd` onw`rkf`kz n Zefia Kejp zdrnpod e }`ri`} n onw`rkf`kz nrj`r}

}`z px werinp} mnffizz``} ekj bnerj} ez }zez`! ji}zrimz ekj wiaaeo` a`wà nr zd`

xr`w`kzink n zremciko ekj mnfbeziko mnff`rmiea }`tpea `txanizezink n nf`k

ekj mdiajr`k+:28

Zd` IZX Emz mnw`r} }`tpea `txanizezink n bnzd oira} ekj bny} nr mnff`rmiea

xprxn}`} ekj xrnwij`} `kdekm`j x`keazi`} nr n`km`} ikwnawiko mdiajr`k ekj

fiknr}+ Iz xr`}mrib`} }zriko`kz xpki}df`kz eoeik}z x`rx`zreznr} ikjpmziko mdiajr`k

$bàn 57 yèr}) ekj fiknr} $57 zn 54 yèr}) ik zd` n`km`} n xrnmpriko! ikjpmiko

nr zeciko }pmd e x`r}nk nr zd` }ec` n xrn}zizpzink+ M`rzeik ef`kjf`kz} dew`

b``k xrnxn}`j zn zdi} Emz! ikmapjiko rei}iko zd` eo` n e mdiaj zn 54 yèr}! j`kiko

—zremciko’! jà`zink n xrnwi}ink} dimd mrifikeai|` ekj r`&wimzifi|` zd` wimzif}!

`kdekm`j xpki}df`kz nr zremc`r}! xifx}! `zm+! xpki}df`kz nr x`r}nk} dn

wi}iz brnzdà} nr mnff`rmiea }`tpea `txanizezink! xrnwi}ink nr —ik mef`re’ zriea zn

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552

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}aew`ry mefnpgeo`j e} ferrieo`} er` ikmrè}ikoay r`xnrz`j+ Mdiaj }`tpea ebp}`

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?8+20% ikmrè}` ik me}`} n rex` n mdiajr`k ik zd` mnpkzry b`z``k 5999&2889+:2=

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onw`rkf`kz zdez i} mprr`kzay x`kjiko keai}ezink+

Me}` }zpjy

Mdiark on fiiko< Mk i b aikc n rgmciko>

Z` if`} n Ikjie : Lpk` 2884 merri`j ek tz`k}iw` r`xnrz nk mdiajr`k oniko fi}}iko ik ekj ernpkj zd` Jàdi&

Pzzer Xrej`}d bnrj`r+ Z` r`xnrz dikz} ez xn}}ibiaizi`} n zremciko n mdiajr`k nr nroek} nr bòoiko izd :7

mdiajr`k oniko fi}}iko rnf Ode|iebej ik Pzzer Xrej`}d b`z``k Exria ekj Fey 2884! izdik nkay e fnkzd+

Ek RI exxaimezink by Bemdxek Bemden Ekjnaek r`w ea`j zdez 78!888 mdiajr`k on fi}}iko ik zd` mnpkzry `w`ry

yèr+

Nk` n zd` `tx`mz`j npzmnf`} }xàz npz by zd` Fiki}zry ik iz} _nrciko Ornpx R`xnrz }pbfizz`j zn zd` Xaek&

kiko Mnffi}}ink n Ikjie nr zd` TIzd Giw` Yèr Xaek $288?&2852) i} ” ‑Mdiaj remciko }y}z`f zn b` ik xaem` by

zd` fij&z`rf n zd` @a`w`kzd Xaek nr fi}}iko mdiajr`k! mdiaj aebnpr! mdiajr`k ik ik}zizpzink} ekj eaz`rkez` mer` }y}z`f}

ekj mrif`} eoeik}z mdiajr`k zn iknrf xaekkiko n }`rwim`} ekj xr`w`kzink ez ji}zrimz ekj }zez` a`wà}‖ +

]nprm`< DEU< M`kzr` nr Mdiaj Riodz}

Mdiaj Aebnpr

Ikjie mnkzikp`} zn dew` zd` diod`}z kpfb`r n mdiaj aebnpr`r} ik zd` nraj+ Zd`

@a`w`kzd Giw` Yèr Xaek $288?&52) de} emckna`jo`j zdez zd`r` i} efxa` `wij`km`

zn }poo`}z zdez fnr` mdiajr`k er` `kz`riko zd` aebnpr nrm` ekj er` bìko `txaniz`j

by zdìr `fxany`r}+ Fnr`nw`r! nmiea jeze nk mdiaj aebnpr jn`} knz ikmapj` kpfb`r

n mdiajr`k nrciko ik efiay bp}ik`}}`} nr ik eorimpazpr` ik rprea erè}+ Zd` fikifpf

eo` n `fxanyf`kz i} y`z zn b` t`j ekj zd` Ikz`rkezinkea Aebnpr Nroeki}ezink

$IAN) Mnkw`kzink 5=4 i} y`z zn b` }iok`j+ Zd` mprr`kz Mdiaj Aebnpr $Xrndibizink '

Ròpaezink) Emz! 5947 $MAXR Emz) fec`} e ji}zikmzink b`z``k de|erjnp} ekj knk&

de|erjnp} fxanyf`kz! bekkiko fxanyf`kz n mdiajr`k pkj`r 5: yèr} n eo`! nkay

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zdìr riodz zn `jpmezink $}`` xeo` :8)+ Felnrizy n mdiaj aebnpr`r} er` Jeaiz} izd

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b`dikj zd` e}}pfxzink zdez zd`y er` —}e`’+

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eweiaeba` rnf werinp} m`kzrea ekj }zez` onw`rkf`kz `b}iz`}! `w`k ez`r 20 yèr}

}ikm` iz} kemzf`kz! nkay 5= npz n =0 }zez`} ekj Pkink Z rriznri`} $PZ}) dew` ref`jzd` }zez` rpa`} nr ifxa`f`kzezink n zd` }eij ae+ Zd`}` ikmapj` Bider! Jàdi! One!

:2= Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Mrif` ik Ikjie 5999&2889+



55=



Oplerez! Deryeke! Cerkezece! Fejdye Xrej`}d! Nji}de! Xpkleb! Rele}zdek! Zefia

Kejp! ekj _`}z B`koea! izd rpa`} ref`j b`z``k 5944 ekj 599?+ Ik r`m`kz zif`}!

Fòdeaeye i} zd` nkay }zez` r`xnrz`j zn dew` jrez`j zd` }zez` rpa`}! bpz i} y`z zn

knziy zd`f+

Ik r`}xnk}` zn PXR I R`mnff`kjezink 9 nk zd` k``j nr Ikjie zn r`wi` iz} r`}`rwezink

zn Erzima` =2 n zd` Mnkw`kzink nk zd` Riodz} n zd` Mdiaj ! zd` OnI ejfizz`j zd`

pkj`}irebiaizy n mdiaj aebnpr bpz maeif`j iz e} pkrèai}zim zn `kzirày bek iz+ Ik iz}

zdirj ekj nprzd mnfbik`j x`rinjim r`xnrz} zn zd` Mdiaj Riodz} Mnffizz``! OnI de}

rìz`rez`j iz} xn}izink by }zeziko zdez zd` ‑zif` i} knz rix`‖ zn izdjre zd` j`maerezink

zn zd` Erzima`! oiw`k zd` }nmin&`mnknfim mnkjizink} n Ikjie+ Ikjie’} 2852 PXR r`xnrz

}xèc} n }ùp`kziea ekj xrnor`}}iw` `rejimezink! bpz zdi} i} knz bnrk` npz by zd`

ae! nr by `knrm`f`kz+

Ròi}zrezink ng Birzd}

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birzd} zn b` r`xnrz`j ekj ròi}z`r`j! y`z kèray 9 fiaaink k`bnrk mdiajr`k r`feik

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ea}n knz mprr`kzay eweiaeba`+ Zd` OnI maeif} zdez 79% n birzd} er` bìko ròi}z`r`j!

dn`w`r onw`rkf`kz’} nk }prw`y} xpz zd` x`rm`kzeo` ez :5%! izd nkay 2?% n

dnp}`dnaj} dewiko b``k eba` zn xrnjpm` e birzd m`rzimez`+:20 Zd` an npzrèmd n

birzd ròi}zrezink.miwia ròi}zrezink }`rwim`}! an eer`k`}} ebnpz birzd ròi}zrezink e}

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2852&5=+ Zd` }der` n tx`kjizpr` nk mdiajr`k de} j`mrè}`j rnf :+24% zn :+55%

b`z``k 288?&84 ekj 2889&58! r`g`mziko pkj`r&pziai}ezink n zd` fèor` pkj}

eaanmez`j nr mdiajr`k’} riodz}+ Mdiaj xrnz`mzink! ikj``j! r`mìw`j zd` an`}z }der`

:2: Zd` _``c! Ikjie’} Ikwi}iba` Mdiajr`k! Fey 5?! 2855+

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zd` Mnkw`kzink nk zd` Riodz} n zd` Mdiaj! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..mj+kim+ik.mrm=k:.mrm=k:^5r+xj

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550



ekj Mddezzi}oerd! zd` kekmiea xn`r} w`}z izd zd` }`mr`zery&ik&mdero` n zd`

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aik` izd zd` rekc} zd`y dnaj+ Ik Mddezzi}oerd ekj Fejdye Xrej`}d! zd` rpa`} eia

zn }x`miy zd` }eaery ekj eaanekm`} n zd` Mdeirx`r}nk ekj f`fb`r}+ Ik Jàdi!

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xnxpaezink+ Zd`y dew` di}znrimeaay nmmpxi`j zd` an`}z }zezp} ik zd` Ikjiek }nmi`zy+

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nk zd` knzink zdez m`rzeik me}z` ornpx} er` mnk}ij`r`j —ifxpr`’ ekj —xnaapziko’ zn

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dpfek jiokizy+ Erzima` 5? n zd` Mnk}zizpzink npzae} zd` xremzim` n —pkznpmdebiaizy’+

Dn`w`r! j`}xiz` aòea ekj mnk}zizpzinkea xrnwi}ink} e} àa e} erfeziw` emzink

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eky xerzimpaer }`mzink Sn }nmi`zyV b``k j`wnij n be}im dpfek riodz}! jiokizy n

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nro.r`nraj.jnmij.=e`7e4=8+dzfa



55?



Zd` naaniko me}`} n ji}mrifikezink eoeik}z cknk xpbaim opr`}

iaap}zrez` zd` orewizy n zd` xrnba`f+ Ik Knw`fb`r 2855! e Lp}zim` n

zd` Fejre} Diod Mnprz }zez`j zdez d` dej b``k dpfiaiez`j by àan

lpjo`} jp` zn di} me}z` }ikm` 2885+:=2 Ik Lpk` 2855! zd` Mdeirx`r}nk

n zd` Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink nr ]md`jpa`j Me}z`} ” dif}à e Jeaiz ”

e} j`ki`j `kzry ikzn e Dikjp Z`fxa` ik Xpri! Nji}de+:== Ik Lpay 2855! e

Jeaiz F`fb`r n zd` Aòi}aeziw` E}}`fbay ik Nji}de! e} eaaò`jay knz

eaan`j zn èz nnj eanko izd di} mnaaèop`} ez ek nmiea f``ziko+:=:

Onw`rkf`kz xnaimy n r`}`rwezink} ik }`rwim`} brnejay `kwi}eo`}

r`xr`}`kzezink n Jeaiz} ik xpbaim }`rwim`} ik xrnxnrzink zn zdìr xnxpaezink+

Dn`w`r! feky n zd` }`mznr}! dimd `r` zrejizinkea jnfeik} n zd`

onw`rkf`kz! er` kn bìko zec`k nw`r by zd` xriwez` }`mznr! d`r`

zd`r` er` kn r`}`rwezink}+ Ik xremzim`! fnr` zdek ?0% n Jeaiz nrc`r}

er` }ziaa mnkk`mz`j izd aekj! izd 20% n zd`f nrciko e} feroikea

ekj }feaa erf`r} ekj 08% e} aekja`}} aebnpr`r}+ Ik prbek erè}! Jeaiz}

nrc feikay ik zd` pknroeki}`j }`mznr+ Npz n zd` znzea Jeaiz xnxpaezink!

zd` kpfb`r n Jeaiz} ik }`rwim`} eaaiko ik zd` jnfeik n r`}`rwezink} jn`}

knz `tm``j e f`r` 8+4%+:=0

Fekpea ]mew`koiko

J`}xiz` zd` @fxanyf`kz n Fekpea ]mew`ko`r} ekj Mnk}zrpmzink n Jry Aezrik`}

$Xrndibizink) Emz! 599=! fnr` zdek ??8!888 —fekpea }mew`ko`r}’ ik Ikjie!:=7 48% n

dimd er` Jeaiz nf`k! mnkzikp` zn maèk dpfek `tmr`f`kz izd zdìr ber` dekj}

nr aizza` nr kn eo`}+ Zdi} xremzim` `ti}z} ik zd` fiaizery `koik``riko }`rwim`}! zd`

erfy! e} àa e} xpbaim }`mznr pkj`rzeciko} ekj xerzimpaeray zd` Ikjiek Reiaey}+:=?

Zd` diod`}z kpfb`r} n fekpea }mew`ko`r} er` npkj ik Pzzer Xrej`}d $25=!9?0)!

naan`j by Fejdye Xrej`}d $45!=8?)! Federe}dzre $7:!?40)! Oplerez $7:!590)!

Ekjdre Xrej`}d $:0!422) ekj E}}ef $:8!:5=)+ E} }zez`j by zd` OnI kezinkea

r`xnrz nr PXR II! }n er nkay :24!888 x`r}nk} dew` b``k e}}i}z`j pkj`r zd`

Kezinkea ]md`f` n Aib`rezink ekj R`debiaizezink n ]mew`ko`r} $K]AR])+ :=4 Gnr

zd` r`feikiko =:2!:74! zd` ]à @fxanyf`kz ]md`f` nr R`debiaizezink n Fekpea

:=2 Zd` Zif`} n Ikjie! Lpjo` rpbb`j di} }dn`} eoeik}z f`! }ey} Lp}zim` Cerkek! Knw`fb`r :! 2855+

:== Zd` Jeiay K`} ekj Ekeay}i}! Jeaiz j`ki`j kzry ik z`fxa`< Nri}}e onw`rkf`kz }z`x} ik zn r`}naw` i}}p`! Lpk` 20!

2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+jkeikjie+mnf.ikjie.r`xnrz^jeaiz&j`ki`j& kzry&ik&z`fxa nri}}e&onw`rkf kz&}z`x}&ik&

zn&r`}naw`&i}}p`^5009884

:=: IBK K`}! Nri}}e< Jeaiz FAE em`} ji}mrifikezink! Lpay 2=! 2855! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..ibkaiw`+ik+mnf.k`}.nri}}e&

jeaiz&fae&em }&ji}mrifikezink.5790:2&=+dzfa

:=0 Jr Ekekj Zàzpfbj`! Oanbeai}ezink ekj zd` Jeaiz}! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..+efb`jcer+nro.r`}èrmd.OANBEAI]E&

ZINKEKJZD@JEAIZ]+xj

:=7 Ekkpea R`xnrz n zd` Fiki}zry n ]nmiea Lp}zim` ekj @fxn`rf`kz! 2889! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..}nmiealp}zim +kim+

ik.er58`ko+xdx>xeoìj6=3 Ea}n ]``< Mnkmapjiko Nb}`rwezink} n zd` Mnffizz`` nk zd` @aifikezink n Remiea

Ji}mrifikezink! Ikjie! 288?! [email protected]! 2=! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..2+ndmdr+nro.`koai}d.bnji`}.m`rj.

m`rj}?8+dzf

:=? E aero` kpfb`r n —fekpea }mew`ko`r}’ er }ziaa `fxany`j ik zd` Ikjiek reiaey}+ Zd` Fiki}zry n Reiaey} de} mdn&

}`k zn j`ky zd` ti}z`km` n fekpea }mew`koiko ik zd` Ikjiek Reiaey} kzirày! fn}z r`m`kzay ik zd` ejewiz jez`j

25+=+2855 a`j b`nr` zd` Mnprz+ Zd` Mnprz nrj`r`j e mdeko` n zd` znia`zry }y}z`f ik zd` zreik}! rei}iko xpbaimeer`k`}} nk xpbaim dyoi`k`! ekj xrndibiz`j fekpea merryiko n dpfek tmr`ze+ & ]eei Cerefmderi Ekjnaek ' Nr}

w+ Pkink n Ikjie ' Nr}! _riz X`zizink $M) Kn+ 4:0 n 2855

:=4 Kezinkea r`xnrz }pbfizz`j ik emmnrjekm` izd xereorexd 0 n zd` ekk`t zn Dpfek Riodz} Mnpkmia r`}napzink 57.25<


E oira rnf zd` Fp}eder mnffpkizy!}nmieaay ekj `mnknfimeaay nk` n zd`

fn}z feroikeai}`j mnffpkizi`} ik

Ikjie+

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`



554

]mew`koiko $]RF])! e} aepkmd`j ik 288?+:=9 Dn`w`r! zd` }md`f` de} eia`j

ik emdi`wiko zero`z}+ Zd` Fiki}zry n ]nmiea Lp}zim` ' @fxn`rf`kz zeba`j zd`

xrnor`}} r`xnrz n zd` }md`f` nk 24 Exria 2855 jpriko zd` f``ziko n zd` Kezinkea

Ejwi}nry Mnpkmia+ Zd` r`xnrz r`wèa} zdez nkay ?4!9:5 x`r}nk} dej r`mìw`j zd` anek

nr }à `fxanyf`kz pkj`r zd` ]RF]+::8 Eb}`km` n ji}eooròez`j jeze przd`r

mnfxaimez`} zd` r`debiaizezink xrnm`}}`}+

Wina`km` eoeik}z ]M}

]M} em` x`r}i}z`kz ji}mrifikezink ekj }`rinp} mrif`} er` mnffizz`j eoeik}z zd`f

rekoiko rnf ebp}` nk me}z` kef`! fprj`r}! rex`}! er}nk! }nmiea ekj `mnknfim

bnymnzz}! kec`j xerejiko n ]M nf`k! nrm` zn jrikc prik` ekj èz dpfek

`tmr`ze+::5 B`z``k 2884 ekj 2858! fnr` zdek 550!888 me}`} n ezrnmizi`} `r`

mnffizz`j eoeik}z zd`f::2 izd ek ikmrè}` n 58+7% ik 2889+::= ‑E} x`r Mrif`

]zezi}zim} n Ikjie! `w`ry 54 fikpz`} e mrif` i} mnffizz`j eoeik}z ]M}3 `w`ry jey 2?

ezrnmizi`} eoeik}z zd`f! $= rex`}! 55 e}}epaz} ekj 5= fprj`r})3 `w`ry ``c 0 n zdìr

dnf`} nr xn}}`}}ink} bprkz ekj 7 x`r}nk} cijkexx`j nr ebjpmz`j‖+::: Ik 288?!

zd` Mnffizz`` nk zd` @aifikezink n Remiea Ji}mrifikezink $M@RJ) rei}`j mnkm`rk}

ebnpz ‑r`xnrz} n erbizrery err`}z! znrzpr` ekj `tzrelpjimiea ciaaiko} n f`fb`r} n

}md`jpa`j me}z`} ekj }md`jpa`j zrib`} by zd` xnaim`! ekj ebnpz zd` rùp`kz eiapr`

zn xrnz`mz zd`}` ornpx} eoeik}z emz} n mnffpkea wina`km`‖ +::0

M`rzeik cikj} n wina`km` er` zrejizinkeaay r`}`rw`j nr Jeaiz nf`k $}`` }`mzink nk

Wina`km` eoeik}z _nf`k)! dn er` ea}n zdrèz`k`j by rex` e} xerz n mnaa`mziw`

wina`km` by diod`r me}z`}+ Zd` PK ]x`miea Rexxnrz`pr nk Wina`km` eoeik}z _nf`k

knz`j zdez Jeaiz nf`k ‑em` zero`z`j wina`km`! `w`k rex` ekj jèzd! rnf }zez`

emznr} ekj xn`rpa f`fb`r} n jnfikekz me}z`} dn `fxany zd`}` f`zdnj} zn

ikgimz xnaizimea a`}}nk} ekj mrp}d ji}}`kz izdik zd` mnffpkizy ‖+::7 ]ifiaeray! ik iz}

288? mnkmapjiko mnff`kz}! M@RJ knz`j iz} mnkm`rk ebnpz zd` eaerfiko kpfb`r

n eaaòezink} n emz} n }`tpea wina`km` eoeik}z Jeaiz nf`k! xriferiay by jnfikekz

me}z` f`k+::?

:=9 Ekkpea R`xnrz n zd` Fiki}zry n ]nmiea Lp}zim` ekj @fxn`rf`kz! 2889! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..}nmiealp}zim +kim+ik.

er58`ko+xdx>xeoìj6=

::8 Pkxpbai}d`j Knz` rnf Re}dzriye Oerife Ebiyek+

::5 Kezinkea Mneaizink nr ]zr`kozd`kiko zd` XnE Emz! Ikiziezink n Kezinkea Mefxeiok nk Jeaiz Dpfek Riodz} $KMJDR)!

Lnikz ]zec`dnaj`r}’ R`xnrz nk Me}z` Be}`j Ji}mrifikezink! Knw`fb`r 2855+

::2 Zdi} ikmapj`} 2!284 fprj`r}! 0!9?: rex }! 50!78= me}`} n dprz! 5!?7: me}`} n cijkexxiko ekj ebjpmzink! 74?

me}`} n er}nk! 0?2 n nzd`r Pkznpmdebiaizy xremzim } ekj 0=!5?: n nzd`r IXM mrif`} ” Kezinkea Mneaizink nr

]zr`kozd`kiko zd` XnE Emz! Ikiziezink n Kezinkea Mefxeiok nk Jeaiz Dpfek Riodz} $KMJDR)! Lnikz ]zec`dnaj`r}’

R`xnrz nk Me}z` Be}`j Ji}mrifikezink! Knw`fb`r 2855+

::= Kezinkea Mrif` R`mnrj} Bprèp! Fiki}zry n Dnf` Eeir}! Xri}nk ]zezi}zim} 28843 28893 2858+

::: Kezinkea Mneaizink nr ]zr`kozd`kiko zd` XnE Emz! Ikiziezink n Kezinkea Mefxeiok nk Jeaiz Dpfek Riodz} $KMJDR)!

Lnikz ]zec`dnaj`r}’ R`xnrz nk Me}z` Be}`j Ji}mrifikezink! Knw`fb`r 2855+

::0 Mnkmapjiko Nb}`rwezink} n zd` Mnffizz`` nk zd` @aifikezink n Remiea Ji}mrifikezink< Ikjie! 288?! [email protected].

MN.59! xere 5:+::7 PK ]x`miea Rexxnrz`pr nk Wina`km` eoeik}z _nf`k! F}+ Rejdice Mnnfere}efy! Mpazprea Xremzim`} ik zd` Gefiay

zdez er` Wina`kz znerj} _nf`k! 2882! @.MK:.2882.4=! Xere 0=+

::? Mnkmapjiko Nb}`rwezink} n zd` Mnffizz`` nk zd` @aifikezink n Remiea Ji}mrifikezink< Ikjie! 288?! [email protected].

MN.59! xere 50+



559



]md`jpa`j Zrib`}

Ik Ikjie! 794 `zdkim ornpx} er` r`mnoki}`j e} —]md`jpa`j Zrib`}’ $]Z})! ekj er`

mnk}ij`r`j zn b` zd` mnpkzry’} ikjio`knp} x`nxa`}+ _izd ek }zifez`j xnxpaezink n

4:+= fiaaink! zd`y mnfxri}` 4+2% n zd` znzea xnxpaezink+ Zd`r` er`! dn`w`r! feky

fnr` `zdkim ornpx} zdez mnpaj upeaiy nr ]Z }zezp} bpz er` knz nmieaay r`mnoki}`j+

Ik ejjizink! ?0 zribea mnffpkizi`} dew` b``k ij`kzi`j e} —xrifiziw` zribea ornpx}’

$XZO) ik ji`r`kz }zez`}+ Zd` aero`}z mnkm`kzrezink} n ikjio`knp} x`nxa`} er` npkj

ik zd` ìodz }zez`} n Knrzd&è}z Ikjie ekj zd` }n&meaa`j —m`kzrea zribea bàz’ }zr`zmdiko

rnf Oplerez ekj Rele}zdek zn _`}z B`koea+ Ikjie de} }`w`rea ae} ekj mnk}zizpzinkea

xrnwi}ink}! dimd r`mnoki|` ikjio`knp} x`nxa`}’ riodz} zn aekj ekj }à&onw`rkekm`+

Dn`w`r! zd`}` ae} dew` kpf`rnp} }dnrzmnfiko} ekj zdìr ifxa`f`kzezink i} er

rnf }ezi}emznry+

Zd` OnI’} }zez`j xn}izink ez zd` PK i} zdez iz mnk}ij`r`j

zd` `kzir` xnxpaezink! ikmapjiko zribea x`nxa`! ez iz}

ikj`x`kj`km` ekj zdìr }pmm`}}nr} e} ikjio`knp}+ Zdi}

npaj xpz Ikjie ik e pkiup` xn}izink e} zd` nkay mnpkzry

ik zd` nraj xnxpaez`j `kzirày by ikjio`knp} x`nxa`}+

Zdi} xn}izink n Ikjie i} xrnba`fezim b`mep}` iz efnpkz}

zn e j`kiea n zd` `ti}z`km` n ji}zikmz ikjio`knp} x`nxa`}

izdik iz} z`rriznri`} ekj i} ea}n! ik iz}à! ek `txr`}}ink n

ji}mrifikezink zn zd` ikjio`knp} x`nxa`} n zd` mnpkzry+

Winaezink} eoeik}z ]Z}

J`}xiz` xrnz`mziw` ae} ekj mnk}zizpzinkea xrnwi}ink}! zd` riodz} n ikjio`knp}

x`nxa`} $zribea}. ejiwe}i} ) zn }à&j`z`rfikezink! aekj! ekj mpazpr`! mnkzikp` zn b`

}`rinp}ay winaez`j+::4 Zd`y ea}n em`< $e) j`kiea n mnkzrna nw`r zdìr j`wànxf`kz!

be}`j nk zdìr weap`}! k``j} ekj xrinrizi`}3 $b) xnaizimea pkj`r&r`xr`}`kzezink ekj

aemc n emm`}} zn }nmiea ekj nzd`r }`rwim`}3 ekj $m) feroikeai}ezink r`}paziko rnf

fòe xrnl`mz} `txaniziko zdìr aekj} ekj kezprea r`}nprm`}! mep}iko aero` }mea`

`wimzink} ekj an}} n aiwàidnnj}+ Ik 2889! e Fiknrizy Riodz} Ornpx Ikz`rkezinkea

r`xnrz r`wèa`j zdez ikjio`knp} nr zribea mnffpkizi`} er` efnko zd` xnnr`}z ik Ikjie+

Zd`y berày `klny be}im }nmin&`mnknfim riodz} ekj em` `kzr`kmd`j ekj `kj`fimji}mrifikezink+::9

Ikjio`knp} x`nxa`} er` zd` fn}z e`mz`j by aero`&}mea` j`wànxf`kz&ikjpm`j

ji}xaem`f`kz! izd feky n zdìr pkjef`kzea dpfek riodz} bìko orn}}ay winaez`j

ik zd` xrnm`}} $}`` j`zeia} xeo` ?)+ Zd`r` i} kn ``mziw` mnk}pazezink izd zd`

mnffpkizi`}! nr mnkmprr`km` b`nr` }pmd j`wànxf`kz xrnl`mz} er` ifxa`f`kz`j+

Zd`r` i} ek pkxr`m`j`kz`j xapkj`r n kezprea r`}nprm`} ik zribea er e}! nz`k izdnpz

fikiko aim`k}`} e} iz e} r`wèa`j by zd` Anceypcze’} r`xnrz ik zd` Ji}zrimz n Bàaery!

::4 ]``< Mnkmapjiko Nb}`rwezink} n zd` Mnffizz`` nk zd` @aifikezink n Remiea Ji}mrifikezink! Ikjie! 288?! [email protected].

IKJ.MN.59! xere} 59! eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..2+ndmdr+nro.`koai}d.bnji`}.m`rj.m`rj}?8+dzf

::9 Fiknrizy Riodz} Onprx Ikz`rkezinkea! ]zez` n zd` _nraj’} Fiknrizi`} ekj Ikjio`knp} X`nxa`} 2858 ” Ikjie! eweiaeba`

ez< dzzx<..+pkdmr+nro.r`nraj.mnpkzry!!FROI!!IKJ!!:m===557=5!8+dzfa

Emm`}} zn Lp}zim`



528

Cerkezece+:08 Feky zribea}. ejiwe}i} er` bìko j`ki`j zdìr riodz zn nr`}z r`}nprm`}!

j`}xiz` zd` `ti}z`km` n zd` ]md`jpa`j Zrib`} ekj Nzd`r Zrejizinkea Gnr`}z Jàa`r}

$R`mnokizink n Gnr`}z Riodz}) Emz! 2887 eif`j ez pkjniko /di}znrimea iklp}zim`/ ekj

r`mnoki}iko zd` riodz} n nr`}z jàa`r} dn dew` b``k aiwiko ik zd` nr`}z} nr

m`kzpri`} $}`` ]`mzink nk zd` Riodz zn Ejùpez` Dnp}iko ekj Aekj ik Xerz I)+

]Z} nr ikjio`knp} x`nxa`} mekknz xerzimixez` ik xpbaim ai` b`mep}` n zd` knk&

ifxa`f`kzezink n zd` Xekmdeyez} $@tz`k}ink zn zd` ]md`jpa`j Erè}) Emz! 5997

$X@] Emz)+ Zd` kik` mnkm`rk`j }zez`} ” Ekjdre Xrej`}d! Mddezzi}oerd! Oplerez!

Difemdea Xrej`}d! Ldercdekj! Federe}dzre! Fejdye Xrej`}d! Nji}de ekj

Rele}zdek ” d`r` zd` Emz i} exxaimeba`! dew` knz ref`j zd` rpa`} zn ifxa`f`kz

zd` Emz zn jez`+:05 Pkj`r zd` X@] Emz! zd` Mdeirfek}dix n zd` Xekmdeyez} $wiaaeo`

mnpkmia}) }dnpaj b` dàj by zribea}+ Dn`w`r! knk&ikjio`knp} x`nxa`} er` }ziaa bìko

à`mz`j e} dèj n zd` Xekmdeyez ik zribea erè}+

Ikjio`knp} nf`k er` xerzimpaeray wpak`reba`+ Nk zd` nk` dekj! zd`y em` derj}dix

izdik zdìr nk mnffpkizi`}! nz`k rpa`j by mp}znfery xezriermdea }zrpmzpr`}+ Gnr

`tefxa`! eazdnpod ikjio`knp} nf`k j`x`kj xriferiay nk mnffpkizy aekj} nr

}prwiwea! zd` nk`r}dix ekj fekeo`f`kz n zd`}` r`}nprm`} i} nz`k mnkzrnaa`j

}naày by f`k nr ae} ekj xnaimi`} zdez j`ky nf`k’} xerzimixezink+ Nk zd` nzd`r

dekj! }ikm` feky zribea erè} er` dioday fiaizeri}`j! ikjio`knp} nf`k em` }`w`r`

nrf} n ji}mrifikezink ekj wina`km` by erfy nmiea}+

I}}p`} mnffnk zn ]M} ekj ]Z}

Aòea Gref`wnrc

]M} ekj ]Z} dew` anko b``k zero`z} n `kzr`kmd`j ekj empz` ji}mrifikezink ekj

wina`km`! rùpiriko e }x`miea ae zn n`r zd`f ikmrè}`j xrnz`mzink+ Zd` ]md`jpa`j

Me}z`} ekj ]md`jpa`j Zrib`} $Xr`w`kzink n Ezrnmizi`}) Emz! 5949 $XnE Emz) }``c} zn

xrnwij` }pmd xrnz`mzink! ik ejjizink zn zd` }eòperj} eweiaeba` pkj`r zd` Mnk}zizpzink

$Erzima` 25! 5? ekj :7)! zd` IXM ekj zd` Xrnz`mzink n Miwia Riodz} Emz! 5900+ Zd` XnE

Emz eif} ez xr`w`kziko ekj xrnz`mziko ]M.]Z} rnf ezrnmizi`} mnffizz`j eoeik}z

zd`f+ Iz xrnwij`} nr }x`miea mnprz} nr zd` zriea n }pmd n`km`} e} àa e} nr zd`

rài` ekj r`debiaizezink n zd` wimzif}+ Dn`w`r! zd` ifxa`f`kzezink n zd` XnE Emz

r`feik} èc :02 ekj mnkwimzink rez`} eaerfikoay an+ Eknzd`r mnkm`rkiko i}}p`

i} zd` xnaim`’} r`p}ea zn ròi}z`r me}`} pkj`r zd` Emz+:0= Ezrnmizi`} ekj me}`} n

ji}mrifikezink eoeik}z ]M.]Z} er` nk zd` ri}`+ Ik 2884&58! ernpkj 55?!888 ezrnmizi`}

`r` mnffizz`j eoeik}z zd`f:0: izd ek ikmrè}` n 58+7% ik 2889+ E} knz`j by

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529



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5=5



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ez zd` kezinkea a`wà fekjez`j zn xrnz`mz riodz} n werinp} ornpx}+054 Ik ejjizink! iz

de} nw`r 548 ik}zizpzink} ez zd` }zez` a`wà mdero`j izd xrnz`mziko ekj xrnfnziko

dpfek riodz}+ Eazdnpod zd`}` ik}zizpzink} dew` orèz xnz`kziea! }y}z`fim ifx`jif`kz}

e`mz zd` pkmzinkiko n feky+ E kpfb`r n Kezinkea Dpfek Riodz} Ik}zizpzink}

$KDRI}) dew` ikz`rxr`z`j }zezpznry xrnwi}ink} e} ifxayiko zdez zd`y mek knz fec`

zdìr ekkpea r`xnrz} xpbaim izdnpz zd` }ef` bìko r}z xaem`j b`nr` zd` Xeraief`kz+

Gnr `tefxa`! knz e }ikoa` ekkpea r`xnrz n zd` Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink nr ]md`jpa`j Zrib`} de} b``k fej` xpbaim }ikm` 288:! j`}xiz` }pbfi}}ink} n npr r xnrz} zn zd`

Xr`}ij`kz n Ikjie+059 Emmnrjiko zn zd` Kezinkea Dpfek Riodz} Mnffi}}ink $KDRM)!

iz} Ekkpea R`xnrz} nr 2884&89 ekj 2889&58 dew` b``k }pbfizz`j zn zd` OnI!

bpz e} zd` onw`rkf`kz de} knz j`wànx`j iz} r`}xnk}`} zn zd` r`mnff`kjezink}

mnkzeik`j ik zdn}` r`xnrz}! iz de} knz y`z zeba`j zd` r`xnrz} ik Xeraief`kz+028

054 Kezinkea Dpfek Riodz} Mnffi}}ink $KDRM)! Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink nr _nf`k! Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink nr zd` Xrn&

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Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink nr Fiknrizi`}! M`kzrea Iknrfezink Mnffi}}ink! ekj M`kzrea Mnffi}}ink`r nr X`r}nk} izd

ji}ebiaizi`}+

059 KM]Z R`xnrz}! Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink nr ]md`jpa`j Zrib`}!eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..km}z+kim+ik.ikj`t2+e}x>}aij6:98'}pba

ikcij6248'aekoij65

028 ]``< R`xnrz ekj R`mnff`kjezink} n zd` ]`}}ink n zd` ]pb&Mnffizz`` nk Emmr`jizezink! Ikz`rkezinkea Mnnr&

jikeziko Mnffizz`` n Kezinkea Ik}zizpzink} nr zd` xrnfnzink ekj xrnz`mzink n Dpfek Riodz}! 2855! xeo` 50!

eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kdri+ndmdr+nro.@K._dn_Èr`.K`}.Ai}z}.K`}.Ji}xGnrf+e}xt>IJ6=4'Mnkz`kzZyxÌj68t858:

887E=J2J?=502=@2:B9M9=2J@0J7@0@JGG



5:8

Zd`r` i} kn aòea nbaioezink zn `k}pr` xapreaizy ik zd` mnfxn}izink n f`fb`r} n

KDRI}025 ekj feky aemc r`xr`}`kzezink rnf nf`k ekj wpak`reba` ornpx}+ Zd`

KDRM! }`z px pkj`r zd` Xrnz`mzink n Dpfek Riodz} Emz! 599= $XDR Emz)! nr

ik}zekm`! de} kn `fea` f`fb`r }ikm` ]`xz`fb`r 288:+ Gprzd`r! pkj`r ]`mzink

59 n zd` XDR Emz! zd` KDRM mekknz ikw`}zioez` dpfek riodz} winaezink} by zd`

erfy ekj nzd`r erf`j nrm`}+ Ik ejjizink! pkj`r ]`mzink =7 $2) n zd` XDR Emz! zd`

KDRM i} berr`j rnf ikupiriko ‑ikzn eky fezz`r ez`r zd` `txiry n nk` yèr rnf zd`

jez` nk dimd zd` emz mnk}zizpziko winaezink n dpfek riodz} i} eaaò`j zn dew` b``k

mnffizz`j‖+022

Zd` KDRM }zec`dnaj`r}’ r`xnrz nr Ikjie’} PXR! przd`r }xàa} npz zdez zd` m`kzrea

onw`rkf`kz de} knz oiw`k zd` Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink} ‑eky ejj`j xn`r} nr

orèz`r r`}nprm`}! dia` zd` ]zez` Dpfek Riodz} Mnffi}}ink} $]DRM}) er` fn}zay

fnribpkj ekj w`ry ` Dpfek Riodz} Mnprz} dew` b``k }`z px‖+02= E kpfb`r n

}zez` mnffi}}ink} er` y`z zn b` }`z px $nr `tefxa`! ]zez` Mnffi}}ink} nr zd`

Xrnz`mzink n Mdiaj Riodz} dew` b``k `}zebai}d`j ik nkay 52 }zez`}) ekj ? npz n

28 ]DRM} aemc Mdeirx`r}nk} $Difemdea Xrej`}d! Leffp ekj Ce}dfir! Fejdye

Xrej`}d! Federe}dzre! Fekixpr! Rele}zdek ekj Zefia Kejp)+02:

Zd` Ikz`rkezinkea Mnnrjikeziko Mnffizz`` n KDRI} $IMM) ekj iz} ]pb&Mnffizz``

nk Emmr`jizezink `tefik`j zd` KDRM ik Fey 2855+ Zd`y orekz`j zd` KDRM ek —E’

orej` }zezp} bpz izd e ` r`mnff`kjezink} zn b` ifxa`f`kz`j ” zdr`` n zd`f

b`nr` 285= ekj zn nzd`r} b`nr` zd` r`&emmr`jizezink ik 2857+ Zd`}` mnkjizink}

x`rzeik zn< $i) mnfxn}izink ekj xapreai}f3 $ii) zd` exxnikzf`kz n zd` ]`mr`zery

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zd` KDRM’} mnfxaeikz dekjaiko pkmzink3 ekj $w) zd` KDRM’} Ekkpea R`xnrz+020

Zd` 599= _nraj Mnk`r`km` nk Dpfek Riodz} ‑r`mnff`kj`j zdez èmd ]zez`

mnk}ij`r zd` j`}irebiaizy n jreiko px e kezinkea emzink xaek ij`kziyiko }z`x} d`r`by

zdez ]zez` npaj ifxrnw` zd` xrnfnzink ekj xrnz`mzink n dpfek riodz}+‖027 Zdi}

mnkm`xz i} be}`j nk zd` wi` zdez ‑ae}ziko ifxrnw`f`kz} ik dpfek riodz} pazifezày

j`x`kj nk zd` onw`rkf`kz ekj x`nxa` n e xerzimpaer mnpkzry j`mijiko zn zec`

mnkmr`z` emzink zn briko ebnpz xn}iziw` mdeko`‖+02?

Kèray 28 yèr} aez`r! Ikjie i} y`z zn ejnxz iz} r}z Kezinkea Emzink Xaek nr Dpfek Riodz}

$KEX)+ Zd` KDRM de} b``k ze}c`j izd jreziko e KEX+ Ik 2884! zd` Mnffi}}ink

}zez`j zdez zd` KEX e} ‑pkj`r xr`xerezink‖ bpz zd`r` de} b``k kn wi}iba` npzxpz+

Ik iz} PXR }zec`dnaj`r}’ r`xnrz! zd` KDRM xnikz`j npz zdez iz dej ‑}zerz`j zn jrez

025 Mnffnkèazd Dpfek Riodz} Ikizieziw` $MDRI)! E Rexij ]zpjy n Iknrfezink Mnffi}}ink}< @}zebai}d`j Pkj`r zd`

Riodz zn Iknrfezink Ae} ik Ikjie! Fey 2852! eweiaeba` ez< +dpfekriodz}ikizieziw`+nro.xn}znzd`jey.2852.IM}&

mnfx}zpjy&Jàdi&kea&Fey52&W`kcezK'EficerX}+xj

022 Xrnz`mzink n Dpfek Riodz} Emz! 599= e} ef`kj`j ik 2887! eweiaeba` ez< +kdrm+kim+ik

02= KDRM! Ikjie ]pbfi}}ink zn zd` PK Dpfek Riodz} Mnpkmia nr Ikjie’} ]`mnkj Pkiw`r}ea X`rinjim R`wi`! eweiaeba`

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02: Gnr zd` paa ai}z n ]zez` Dpfek Riodz} Mnffi}}ink} ekj wemekz xn}izink}! }``< +kdrm+kim+ik

020 ]``< R`xnrz ekj R`mnff`kjezink} n zd` ]`}}ink n zd` ]pb&Mnffizz`` nk Emmr`jizezink! Ikz`rkezinkea Mnnrji&

keziko Mnffizz`` n Kezinkea Ik}zizpzink} nr zd` xrnfnzink ekj xrnz`mzink n Dpfek Riodz}! 2855! xeo`} 5=&50!

eweiaeba` ez< dzzx<..kdri+ndmdr+nro.@K._dn_Èr`.K`}.Ai}z}.K`}.Ji}xGnrf+e}xt>IJ6=4'Mnkz`kzZyxÌj68t858:887E=J2J?=502=@2:B9M9=2J@0J7@0@JGG

027 Wi`kke J`maerezink ekj Xrnoreff` n Emzink! Xerz II! xereorexd ?5+

02? NDMDR! Dekjbnnc nk Kezinkea Dpfek Riodz} Xaek} n Emzink! Epop}z 29! 2882! eweiaeba` ez< +ndmdr+nro.

Jnmpf`kz}.Xpbaimezink}.zreikiko58`k+xj



5:5



e xaek! nk dimd iz iaa mnk}paz miwia }nmi`zy ekj nzd`r }zec`dnaj`r}‖+024 Iz i} w`ry

ifxnrzekz nr zd` zd` OnI ekj zd` KDRM zn xrinrizi}` zd` jreziko n zd` KEX zdrnpod

brnej&be}`j mnk}pazezink} izd miwia }nmi`zy emrn}} Ikjie+

Ikz`rkezinkea Dpfek Riodz} F`mdeki}f}R`xnrziko zn Zrèzy Bnji`}

E} x`r PXR I R`mnff`kjezink : ekj iz} 2855 xa`jo`! zd` OnI mnffizz`j zn

mnkzikp` iz} mnk}zrpmziw` `koeo`f`kz izd ikz`rkezinkea dpfek riodz} bnji`}+

Dn`w`r! nk` felnr mep}` n mnkm`rk r`feik} zd` onw`rkf`kz’} jàey} ik r`xnrziko

zn Zr ezy Bnji`}! `}x`mieaay zn zd` Dpfek Riodz} Mnffizz``! zn dimd e r`xnrz de}

b``k x`kjiko }ikm` 2885 $}`` zeba` bàn)+

zr Bn j j n A Rxnr

A Rxnr }bfi

j j n Kt Rxnr

Ikz`rkezinkea Mnw`kekz nk Miwia ekj XnaizimeaRiodz} $MMXR)

Fermd 5992 Knw`fb`r 5990 J`m`fb`r 2885

Mnkw`kzink nk zd` @aifikezink n Eaa Gnrf} n Ji}mrifikezink eoeik}z _nf`k $M@JE_)

Epop}z 2882 Nmznb`r 2880 Epop}z 2858

Ikz`rkezinkea Mnkw`kzink nk zd` @aifikezink n

Eaa Gnrf} n Remiea Ji}mrifikezink $M@RJ) Lekpery 5994 Lekpery 2887 Lekpery 2858

Ikz`rkezinkea Mnw`kekz nk @mnknfim! ]nmiea ekj Mpazprea Riodz} $M@]MR)

Lpk` 5995 Nmznb`r 2887 Lpk` 2855

Mnkw`kzink nk zd` Riodz} n X`r}nk} izdJi}ebiaizi`} $MRXJ)

& & Lpk` 2858

Mnkw`kzink nk zd` Riodz} n zd` Mdiaj $MRM) Lpay 2884 Epop}z 2855 &

Nxzinkea Xrnznmna zn zd` Mnkw`kzink nk zd`Riodz} n zd` Mdiaj nk zd` ikwnaw`f`kz n mdiajr`kik erf`j mnkgimz $MRM&NX&EM)

J`m`fb`r 288? Epop}z 2855 &

Nxzinkea Xrnznmna zn zd` Mnkw`kzink nk zd`Riodz} n zd` Mdiaj nk zd` }ea` n mdiajr`k mdiaj xrn}zizpzink ekj mdiaj xnrknorexdy $MRM&NX&]M)

]`xz`fb`r 288? Epop}z 2855 &

024 KDRM! Ikjie ]pbfi}}ink zn zd` PK Dpfek Riodz} Mnpkmia nr Ikjie’} ]`mnkj Pkiw`r}ea X`rinjim R`wi`! eweiaeba`

ez< dzzx<..kdrm+kim+ik.R`xnrz}.PXR&Gikea%28R`xnrz+xj+ ]`` Ekk`tpr` @+

F`mdEki}F} gnr zd` Xrnz`mzink

ng dpFEk riodz}F`mdEki}F} gnr zd` Xrnz`mzink

ng dpFEk riodz}



5:2

Rezimezink ng Ikz`rkezinkea Zrèzi`}

]ikm` PXR I! Ikjie de} nkay rezi`j zd` PK Mnkw`kzink Eoeik}z Mnrrpxzink! 288=+

Iz de} eia`j zn reziy }nf` felnr dpfek riodz} zrèzi`}! ikmapjiko< Pkiz`j Kezink}

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R`po``}! 59053 zd` Ikz`rkezinkea Mnkw`kzink nk zd` Xrnz`mzink n zd` Riodz} n

Fiorekz _nrc`r} ekj F`fb`r} n zdìr Gefiai`}! 59983 zd` Ikz`rkezinkea Mnkw`kzink

nr zd` Xrnz`mzink n Eaa X`r}nk} rnf @knrm`j Ji}exxèrekm`! 28893 zd` Nxzinkea

Xrnznmna zn M@JE_! 59993 ekj Nxzinkea Xrnznmna} I $5977) ' II $5949) n IMMXR!

59773 zd` Rnf` ]zezpz` n zd` Ikz`rkezinkea Mrifikea Mnprz!59943 IAN Mnkw`kzink

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Mnpkzri`}! 59493 Ekzi&X`r}nkkà Aekjfik`} Mnkw`kzink! 599? 3 Ejjizinkea Xrnznmna}

I ' II zn zd` O`k`we Mnkw`kzink}! 59:9+029

Nk 2= Epop}z! 2855! zd` Nm` n zd` Xr`}ij`kz n Ikjie i}}p`j e jir`mziw` }zeziko

zdez ‑emm`}}ink zn! nr rezimezink n }pmd Mnkw`kzink}.Zrèzi`}! b` pkj`rzec`k nkay

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b``k `kemz`j ik me}`}! d`r` zd`r` er` kn jnf`}zim ae} nk zd` }pbl`mz‖+0=8 Zd`

knzim` i} }ia`kz izd r`}x`mz zn zd` zrèzi`} earèjy rezi`j by Ikjie nk dimd zd`r` er`

kn jnf`}zim ae}+

]x`miea Xrnm`jpr`}

E} x`r PXR I R`mnff`kjezink 5: ekj iz} 2855 xa`jo`! zd` OnI ekknpkm`j ik

]`xz`fb`r 2855 zdez iz e} `tz`kjiko e }zekjiko ikwizezink zn ]x`miea Xrnm`jpr`}!dimd i} e w`ry }iokimekz ekj àmnf` }z`x+ Zd` zn ae}z wi}iz} by ]x`miea

Xrnm`jpr`} zn Ikjie d`r` zdn}` n zd` ]x`miea Rexxnrz`pr nk zd` }izpezink n

dpfek riodz} j``kj`r} ik Lekpery 2855 ekj zdez n zd` ]x`miea Rexxnrz`pr nk

`tzrelpjimiea! }pffery nr erbizrery `t`mpzink} ik Fermd 2852+ Jpriko bnzd wi}iz}! zd`

OnI j`fnk}zrez`j mnff`kjeba` }pxxnrz ekj nx`kk`}}+

029 Zd` ]zez` n Dpfek Riodz} ik Ikjie< E}iek M`kzr` nr Dpfek Riodz} Lnikz ]pbfi}}ink nk B`dea n zd` X`nxa`’}

Gnrpf nr PXR II+

0=8 Onw`rkf`kz n Ikjie< Mebik`z ]`mr zeriez! Re}dzrexezi Bdeek! Kn+5.5=.2.2858&Meb! 2=rj Epop}z 2855! eweiaeba`

ez< dzzx<..meb}`m+kim+ik.}dnxj+xdx>zyx`6mirmpaer}^2=epop}z^2855'}x miea



5:=



Mnkmap}ink

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fekinaj mdeaa`ko`}+ E kpfb`r n xrnor`}}iw` aòea ekj xnaimy ikizieziw`} dew` b``k

zec`k by zd` OnI+ Dn`w`r! zd` aemc n ifxa`f`kzezink n zd`}` fè}pr`} jp` zn

bprèpmrezim ik`rzie! aemc n ejùpez` eaanmezink n r`}nprm`}! mnkzrejimzink b`z``k

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riodz} mnffizf`kz}! mnkzikp` zn emz e} nb}zema`} zn zd` rèai}ezink n dpfek riodz}

nr Ikjie’} fn}z wpak`reba`+

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r`mnokizink n dpfek riodz} ik zd` mnpkzry ekj zdìr ifxa`f`kzezink+ Zd` r`xnrz de}

ea}n ezz`fxz`j zn iaap}zrez` zd` j`we}zeziko ifxemz n zd` nkoniko myma` n dpfek

riodz} winaezink} ik Ikjie+ _ODR dnx`} zdez zd` }`mnkj myma` n zd` PXR iaa diodaiodz

zd` k``j nr fnr` mnkm`rz`j emzink} nk zd` xerz n Ikjie zn f``z iz} dpfek riodz}

nbaioezink}+



5::



5:0



Ekk`t`}



5:7

Ekk`t E

Ai}z ng _ODR F`fb`r}

Nroeki}ezink}

EmzinkEij Ikjie q +emzinkeij+nro.ikjie

E}iek M`kzr` gnr Dpfek Riodz} q +emdr`b+nro

Mizi|`k} gnr Lp}zim` ekj Xèm` q +mlxnkaik`+nro

Mnffnkèazd Dpfek Riodz} Ikizieziw` q +dpfekriodz}ikizieziw`+nro

GIEK Ikjie q +ek+ik

DEU< M`kzr` gnr Mdiaj Riodz} q +deumrm+nro

Dnp}iko ekj Aekj Riodz} K`znrc q +dim&}erx+nro

Dpfek Riodz} Ea`rz

Ikjie Eaaiekm` gnr Mdiaj Riodz}

Aey`r} Mnaa`mziw` q +aey`r}mnaa`mziw`+nro

Fpazixa` Emzink R`}èrmd Ornpx q +kon&fero+nro

Kezinkea Mefxeiok nk Jeaiz Dpfek Riodz} q +kmjdr+nro+ik

Xerzk`r} gnr Ae ik J`wànxf`kz q +xaj&ikjie+nro

X`nxa`’} _ezmd q +x`nxa`}ezmd+nro

Ikj`x`kj`kz `tx`rz}

F}+ Wrikje Ornw`r q Aey`r

Jr+ Relcpfer q Ejwi}nr zn dpfek riodz} nroeki}ezink}

Xrng+ Bebp Fezd` q Wi}iziko Xrn`}}nr! Kezinkea Ae Pkiw`r}izy! Jàdi

Ejwi}`r}

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Fr+ Ekekj Ornw`r q ]x`miea Rexxnrz`pr nk zd` riodz zn dèazd! PK Dpfek Riodz} Mnpkmia

Mnkw`knr

Fr+ Fiannk Cnzderi q Gnrf`r ]x`miea Rexxnrz`pr nk ejùpez` dnp}iko! PK Dpfek Riodz} Mnpkmia



5:?



Ekk`t B

Nw`rwi` ng _ODR kezinkea ekj ròinkea mnk}pazezink} nk zd` PXR

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nk zd` : ekj 0 Exria! 2855+ Iz brnpodz zno`zd`r r`xr`}`kzeziw`} rnf zd` Fiki}zry n @tz`rkea Eeir}! zd` Kezinkea

Dpfek Riodz} Mnffi}}ink $KDRM)! werinp} PK eo`kmi`}! jixanfez} ekj miwia }nmi`zy+,29=

Zd` nrc}dnx emdi`w`j zdr`` feik nbl`mziw`}! kefày<

k Xrnwij`j zreikiko zn eaa zd` emznr} nk dn b`}z zn `koeo` izd zd` PXR xrnm`}}3

k

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f`kzezink n PXR I r`mnff`kjezink} ekj xr`xerezink nr PXR II+

2+ Ròinkea PXR mnk}pazezink} $Epop}z&]`xz`fb`r 2855)

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mi}ày e} xn}}iba`! _ODR dàj e }`ri`} n w` ròinkea mnk}pazezink} izd miwia }nmi`zy emznr} emrn}} Ikjie rnf 24

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x`rgnrfekm` nk zdn}`! zdi} xex`r gnmp}`} nk zd`f! zdnpod xaem`j ik zd` ij`rx`r}x`mziw`! dimd zd` PK }dnpaj knz ioknr`+

=+ Zn xr`xer` gnr zdi} r`xnrz! zd` KDRM de} dàj giw` ròinkea mnk}pazezink} ekj e

kezinkea mnk}pazezink izd KON}! emej`fim}! nggimiea} ekj ]zez` Dpfek Riodz}Mnffi}}ink} $]DRM})! `w`k zdnpod iz} fekjez` ekj nrc ikwnaw` e mnkzikpiko jieanop`

izd zd` M`kzrea ekj ]zez` Onw`rkf`kz}! dn}` x`rgnrfekm` nk dpfek riodz} iz`weapez`}! ekj izd miwia }nmi`zy! grnf dimd zd` fnr` }`rinp} mnfxaeikz} er` r`mìw`j+ Iz

jij }n gnr zn rè}nk}< oiw`k zd` jiw`r}izy ng Ikjie! zn `k}pr` zdez ròinkea xrinrizi`} `r`mexzpr`j! ekj zn gnmp} nk zd` xnikz} nk dimd zd` PXR iaa mnkm`kzrez`+

:+ Ernpkj =08 x`nxa` znnc xerz ik zd`}` mnk}pazezink}! d`r` zd` anmea nr }x`mieai|`j

ckna`jo` zdez miwia }nmi zy }der`j e} ikweapeba`+ Onw`rkf`kzea xerzimixezink e}xezmdy! knr de} zd` KDRM r`mìw`j grnf fn}z Fiki}zri`} zd` emzink&zec`k r`xnrz nk zd`

r`mnff`kjezink} ng zd` gir}z PXR dimd iz }npodz ik 2858+ Zd` ]DRM} mnkzribpz`j

eafn}z knzdiko! mnkgirfiko zdez fn}z er` }ziaa ikmdnez`! ekj fp}z b` }zr`kozd`k`j+

Miwia ekj xnaizimea riodz}

0+ Ikjie de} e mnfxr`d`k}iw` gref`nrc ng ae} ekj zd` Onw`rkf`kz r`feik`j

iaaiko zn jregz k` ae} zn r`}xnkj zn jnf`}zim j`fekj} nr zn f``z ikz`rkezinkea

nbaioezink}+ Dn`w`r! zd` ifxa`f`kzezink ng ae}! zd` èck }} ng k` Biaa} ekj zd`

ae’} jàey `r` erè} ng mnkm`rk! efnko dimd zd` KDRM iaa diodaiodz }nf`<

& Ek eknjyk` Xr`w`kzink ng Znrzpr` Biaa e} xe}}`j by zd` An`r Dnp}` ng

Xeraief`kz+ Iz de} b``k or ezay }zr`kozd`k`j by e ]à`mz Mnffizz`` ng zd` Pxx`rDnp}`! ekj iz npaj b` e zrew`}zy ig zd` nrioikea Biaa i} ejnxz`j+

Ekk`t @

KDRM ]pbfi}}ink gnr Ikjie/} PXR II



50?



& Zd` Erf`j Gnrm`} ]x`miea Xn`r} Emz r`feik} ik gnrm` ik Leffp ' Ce}dfir ekj

zd` Knrzd&@e}z`rk ]zez`}! mnkg`rriko ek ifxpkizy zdez ngz`k aèj} zn zd` winaezink

ng dpfek riodz}+ Zdi}! j`}xiz` zd` gemz zdez Ikjie’} 2855 r`xnrz nk zd` NxzinkeaXrnznmna zn zd` MRM }zez`} zdez ‑Ikjie jn`} knz gem` ìzd`r ikz`rkezinkea nr knk&

ikz`rkezinkea erf`j mnkgaimz }izpezink}‖+

& =0% ng zd` mnfxaeikz} zn zd` KDRM ekkpeaay er` eoeik}z zd` xnaim`+ Ik 2887 zd`]pxr`f` Mnprz i}}p`j }`w`k bikjiko jir`mziw`} zn }zerz r`gnrf! bpz aizza` de} b``k

jnk`! zdnpod zd` k``j i} pro`kz+

& 9% ng zd` mnfxaeikz} zn zd` KDRM ik 2858&55 `r` nk ikemzink by nggimiea} nrzdìr ebp}` ng xn`r! mnkgirfiko zdez ae} er` ngz`k knz ifxa`f`kz`j nr ioknr`j+

& Mp}znjiea lp}zim` r`feik`j e xrnba`f+ Leia} er` nw`rmrnj`j ekj pkdyoi`kim!

ji}è}` refxekz ekj zrèzf`kz xnnr+ 7?% ng xri}nk`r} er` pkj`r zriea! ìzd`rpkeba` zn rei}` beia nr mnkgik`j ger anko`r zdek zd`y }dnpaj b` b`mep}` ng zd` dpo`

bemcano ng me}`}+

& Zd`r` er` iknrjikez` jàey} ik zd` xrnwi}ink ng lp}zim`+ 07!=4= me}`} `r` x`kjiko

ik zd` ]pxr`f` Mnprz ez zd` `kj ng Nmznb`r 2855+ Ez zd` `kj ng 2858! :+2 fiaaink

me}`} `r` x`kjiko ik Diod Mnprz}! ekj eafn}z 24 fiaaink ik }pbnrjikez` mnprz}+

& Zd` }md`jpa`j me}z`} ekj }md`jpa`j zrib`} r`feik xerzimpaeray wpak`reba` j`}xiz`

ae} zn xrnz`mz zd`f! b`mep}` ng zd` ikjigg`r`km` ng xpbaim }`rwekz}+

& Zd` xremzim` ng bnkj`j aebnpr mnkzikp`} j`}xiz` ae} zdez bek iz! ekj i} zeciko

k` gnrf}+ Zd` KDRM de} r`mìw`j r`xnrz} ng bnkj`j aebnpr bìko p}`j zn

`t`mpz` j`g`km` xrnl`mz} ik jiggimpaz erè}+

& Zd` jòrejiko xremzim` ng fekpea }mew`koiko g`}z`r} nk+ ]nf` ]zez`} er` ik

j`kiea nw`r zdi}+ Zd` Ikjiek Reiaey} er` zd` aero`}z p}`r} ng fekpea }mew`ko`r}+

& Zd` gnmea xnikz }`z px ik zd` KDRM gnr zd` xrnz`mzink ng dpfek riodz} j`g`kj`r}r`mìw`j mnfxaeikz} zdez }`w`rea! ikmapjiko zdn}` nrciko nk fiknrizy riodz} ekj

zd` riodz} ng zd` }md`jpa`j me}z`} ekj zrib`}! gem`j dere}}f`kz ik }`w`rea ]zez`}!ikmapjiko erbizrery j`z`kzink+

@mnknfim! }nmiea ekj mpazprea riodz}

7+ Zdnpod! e} zd` Onw`rkf`kz dej r`xnrz`j ez PXR 5! iz de} }`z px efbizinp}‑gaeo}dix xrnoreff`}‖ zn xrnwij` zd`}` riodz}! zd`y r`feik xr`merinp}<

& E fe}}iw` xpbaim ji}zribpzink }y}z`f de} knz e}}pr`j zd` riodz zn gnnj b`mep}`

feakpzrizink i} `kj`fim+ Zd` Kezinkea Ejwi}nry Mnpkmia de} r`mnff`kj`j zdezaòea `kziza`f`kz} zn }pb}iji|`j gnnjoreik} b` `tz`kj`j zn ez aè}z ?0% ng zd`

xnxpaezink+ Zdi} i} knz emm`xzeba zn zd` Onw rkf`kz! dimd }`z} erbizrerymìaiko} nk zd` kpfb`r} dn mek b` j`maer`j e} bìko bàn zd` xnw`rzy aik`+



504

& Zd` nggimiea `}zifez` zdez 2?+0% ng zd` xnxpaezink e} bàn zd` xnw`rzy aik` ik

288:&80 orn}}ay pkj`r}zez`} zd` ikmij`km ng xnw`rzy+ Zd` `tx`rz mnffizz`` }`zpx by zd` Xaekkiko Mnffi}}ink xpz zd` giopr` ez =?+2%+ Nzd`r mnffizz``} }`z px

by Fiki}zri`} xò iz `w`k diod`r+

& Nw`r 98% ng zd` nrcgnrm` i} ik zd` pknroeki|`j }`mznr! de} kn emm`}} zn }nmiea}`mprizy! i} xerzimpaeray wpak`reba` ik zd` mizi`}! ekj i} zd`r`gnr` jriw`k ikzn

x`rfek`kz j`bz! ngz`k aèjiko zn mnkjizink} ng bnkj`j aebnpr+

& Zd` Kezinkea Rprea @fxanyf`kz Operekz`` ]md`f` operekz``j 588 jey} ng nrc

e yèr zn eky rprea dnp}`dnaj zdez k``j`j iz+ Onw`rkf`kz jeze }dn`j zdez 07

fiaaink dnp}`dnaj} exxai`j! 00 fiaaink `r` oiw`k nrc bpz nk ew`reo` r`mìw`j

deag zd` eo } operekz``j+ Zd` ]md`f` de} knz zd`r`gnr` fej` `knpod ng ek

ifxemz! w`ry aero` }pf} ng fnk`y dew` b``k }ixdnk`j ngg! ekj iz jn`} knz xrnwij`

anko&z`rf `fxanyf`kz nr bpiaj x`rfek`kz e}}`z}+

& Xpbaim }x`kjiko nk dèazd mnkzikp`} zn b` eby}feaay an! ez ebnpz 5% ng OJX!

j`}xiz` Onw`rkf`kz’} mnffizf`kz zn rei}` iz zn 2&=%+ Zd` xpbaim dèazd }y}z`f

i} rijja`j izd xrnba`f}3 we}z kpfb`r} ik zd` wiaaeo`} o`z aizza` nr kn f`jimea mer`+

E x`rgnrfekm` epjiz by zd` Epjiznr O`k`rea ekj ek `weapezink jnk` gnr zd`Xaekkiko Mnffi}}ink dew` bnzd gnpkj }`rinp} j`gimi`kmi`} ik zd` Kezinkea Rprea

Dèazd Fi}}ink+

& Zd` mprr`kz Kezinkea Gefiay Dèazd ]prw`y r`xnrz} zdez ‑zd` x`rm`kzeo` ng mdiajr`k pkj`r eo` giw` yèr} dn er` pkj`rìodz i} eafn}z 28 zif`} e} diod ik

Ikjie e} npaj b` `tx`mz`j ik e dèazdy! àa&knpri}d`j xnxpaezink ekj i} eafn}zzim` e} diod e} zd` ew`reo` x`rm`kzeo` ng pkj`rìodz mdiajr`k ik }pb&]ederek

Egrimek mnpkzri`}+‖ E dpo` xrnoreff` meaa`j zd` Ikzòrez`j Mdiaj J`wànxf`kz]`rwim`} e} }`z px ik 59?0! bpz ek `weapezink jnk` ik 2855 gnr zd` Xaekkiko

Mnffi}}ink gnpkj zdez 78% ng zd` ekkpea bpjo`z gnr }pxxa`f`kzery kpzrizink e}bìko jiw`rz`j+ $E }zpjy jnk` gnr zd` KDRM mnkgirf} zdi}+)

Zd` upeaizy ng `jpmezink! xerzimpaeray ik zd` wiaaeo`}! i} ji}fea3 zd` ikgre}zrpmzpr`

i} exxeaaiko! zèmd`r} er` eb}`kz! xere&zèmd`r} er` xnnray zreik`j+ Aèrkiko a`wà}ekj aiz`remy er` bnzd w`ry an+

& Zd` Ikjire Ee} Ynleke! }`z px zn xrnwij` rprea dnp}iko! rùpir`} zdez ek

exxaimekz dew` e xanz ng aekj+ Fiaaink} ng aekja`}} er` `tmapj`j+ Zd` }md`f` jn`}knz oiw` `knpod zn bpiaj e dnp}`! ekj zd`r` i} }nf` `wij`km` zdez zdn}` dn zec`

zd` fnk`y `kj px ik j`bz+ Ek `weapezink jnk` gnr zd` Xaekkiko Mnffi}}inkgnpkj zdez zd`r` e} kn upeaizy mnkzrna! ikmapjiko ik }ì}fim |nk`}+ Kìzd`r i}

zd`r` ek ik}i}z`km` zdez znia`z} b` bpiaz+ Zd` }eg`zy ng r`}ij`kz} ekj }ekizezinkr`feik }`rinp} mnkm`rk}+

& Zd` KDRM! dimd fnkiznr} dpfek riodz} ik 24 r`xr`}`kzeziw` ji}zrimz} emrn}}

Ikjie! gikj} ik iz} giàj wi}iz} zdez knk` ng zd` gaeo}dix xrnoreff`} gpkmzink àa+



509



& Rexij ornzd! zd` j`wànxf`kz ng ikgre}zrpmzpr` ekj zd` `txek}ink ng fikiko

ikjp}zri`}! dew` eaa a`j zn fe}}iw` ji}xaem`f`kz} ng xnxpaezink}! ngz`k izdnpz

zdìr ikgnrf`j mnk}`kz+ Zd` KDRM’} fnkiznriko gikj} zdez p}peaay zdn}`ji}xaem`j er` oiw`k kìzd`r ejùpez` rài`g knr zd` fèk} ng r`debiaizezink+

& Zd` j`kiea nr zd` ebp}` ng! nr zd` ikebiaizy zn emm`}}! zdìr riodz} diz zd` fn}z

wpak`reba` zd` derj`}z ” nf`k! mdiajr`k! zd` }md`jpa`j me}z`} ekj zrib`}! ekj zd`fiknrizi`}+

Ifxa`f`kzezink ng R`mnff`kjezink} ik PXR 5

?+ Zd` KDRM’} e}}`}}f`kz ng dn ger zd` Onw`rkf`kz de} r`}xnkj`j zn zd`

r`mnff`kjezink} fej` ik PXR 5! dimd gnaan}! }dnpaj b` rèj ik zd` mnkz`tz ng zd`}`

aero`r geiapr`}+

4+ Nk R`mnff`kjezink 5! zd` Xr`w`kzink ng Znrzpr` Biaa! 2858 e} èc+ Ig zd` Emz

`w`kzpeaay ejnxz`j jiapz`} zd` r`wi}ink} fej` by zd` ]à`mz Mnffizz``! iz iaa meaa ikznup`}zink zd` Onw`rkf`kz’} mnffizf`kz zn zd` Mnkw`kzink eoeik}z Znrzpr`+

9+ Nk R`mnff`kjezink 2! Onw`rkf`kz de} knz ikwnaw`j miwia }nmi`zy ik zd` gnaan&

px zn PXR 5! bpz }nf` Fiki}zri`} jn mnk}paz iz ik zd` gnrfpaezink ekj ifxa`f`kzezink ng zdìr xrnoreff`}+

58+ Nk R`mnff`kjezink =! zn `k`roi|` ‑`ti}ziko f`mdeki}f} zn `kdekm` zd`

ejjr`}}iko ng dpfek riodz} mdeaa`ko`}‖! zd` r`mnrj i} pk`w`k b`mep}`<

& Zd` M`kzrea Onw`rkf`kz de} mnkzikp`j zn a`z zd` Kezinkea Mnffi}}ink} gpkmzinkikj`x`kj`kzay! bpz oiw`k zd`f kn ejj`j xn`r} nr orèz`r r`}nprm }3

& zd` ]zez` Dpfek Riodz} Mnffi}}ink} er` fn}zay fnribpkj3

& w`ry g` Dpfek Riodz} Mnprz} dew` b``k }`z px+

55+ Nk R`mnff`kjezink :! zd` Onw`rkf`kz de} zec`k e bàez`j }z`x zn ‑`kmnpreo`

`kdekm`j mnnx`rezink izd dpfek riodz} bnji`}‖ by i}}piko e }zekjiko ikwizezink zn]x`miea Xrnm`jpr`} fekjez`&dnaj`r}! ik r`}xnk}` zn R`mnff`kjezink 5:! }n iz }dnpaj knz

b` jiggimpaz gnr iz zn emz nk R`mnff`kjezink 50! dimd e}c`j iz zn r`mìw` zd` ]x`mieaRexxnrz`pr nk zd` up`}zink ng znrzpr`+

52+ Zd` Onw`rkf`kz’} j`mi}ink i} àmnf`! bpz iz }ziaa }`kj} jàey`j r`xnrz} nr knk`

zn zrèzy bnji`}! ekj iz} exezdy nk R`mnff`kjezink} 2 ekj = $bnzd ng dimd iz emm`xz`j)r`ga`mz} e ràpmzekm` zn `koeo` ‑rà`wekz }zec`dnaj`r}‖+

5=+ Nk R`mnff`kjezink 0! zd` Dpfek J`wànxf`kz R`xnrz 2855 ng zd` Xaekkiko

Mnffi}}ink de} }nf` ji}eooròez`j jeze! bpz knz nk me}z` ekj ràez`j ji}mrifikezink!zdnpod grnf iz} `tx`ri`km` zd` KDRM bài`w`} zdi} i} `}}`kziea! knz aè}z ik c`y erè}

}pmd e} <



578

& mrif`} mnffizz`j eoeik}z nf`k ekj mdiajr`k grnf zd` ]md`jpa`j Me}z`} ekj

]md`jpa`j Zrib`}3

& wina`km` eoeik}z nf`k nzd`r zdek rex`3

& bnkj`j aebnpr! mdiaj aebnpr ekj fekpea }mew`koiko3

& mp}znjiea wina`km`! iaaòea j`z`kzink ekj znrzpr`+

5:+ Nk R`mnff`kjezink 7! ioknriko e rùp`}z grnf zd` KDRM! zd` Onw`rkf`kz de}

zec`k kn }z`x} zn }iok ekj rezigy zd` Nxzinkea Xrnznmna zn M@JE_+

50+ Nk R`mnff`kjezink ?! dimd e}c`j zd` Onw`rkf`kz zn mnk}ij`r }iokiko ekj

rezigyiko IAN Mnkw`kzink} 5=4 ekj 542! iz maeif} zdez! zdnpod iz emm`xz} zd` }xiriz ng zd`

Mnkw`kzink}! iz mekknz rezigy zd`f b`mep}` }nmin&`mnknfim mnkjizink} fec` iz jiggimpaz zn

xrndibiz zd` `fxanyf`kz ng mdiajr`k+ Zdi} i} ek eropf`kz kn `w`k a }} z`keba` egz`r zd`

xe}}eo` ng zd` Riodz zn @jpmezink Emz ik 2889+ Ikjie kn de} e ae zdez fec`} izmnfxpa}nry gnr mdiajr`k zn b` ez }mdnna ziaa zd`y er` 5:! ekj eknzd`r zdez a`z} zd`f nrc+

57+ J`}xiz` zdi} eb}prjizy! zd` Onw`rkf`kz de} knz emz`j nk R`mnff`kjezink 9!

dimd e}c`j iz zn r`wi` iz} r`}`rwezink zn Erzima` =2 ng zd` MRM+ Zd` KDRM de}}`mnkj`j zdi} r`mnff`kjezink bpz r`mìw`j kn r`}xnk}`+ Mdiaj aebnpr zd`r`gnr`

ganpri}d`}! zd` riodz zn `jpmezink iaa aekopi}d+

5?+ Nk R`mnff`kjezink 4! dia` zd` KDRM }der`} izd nzd`r KDRI} iz} `tx`ri`kmìk zd` xrnfnzink ekj xrnz`mzink ng dpfek riodz}! iz i} knz eer` ig zd` Onw`rkf`kz de}

eky xrnoreff`} zn jn }n! zdnpod iz emm`xz`j zdi} r`mnff`kjezink+

54+ Nk R`mnff`kjezink 58! zd` Onw`rkf`kz emm`xz} zd` k `j gnr ikmap}iw`j`wànxf`kz! bpz zd` ifxa`f`kzezink ng zd` gaeo}dix xrnoreff`} zdrnpod dimd iz

ejjr`}}`} ‑`mnknfim ekj }nmiea ikùpizi`}‖ de} knz b``k `kmnpreoiko+ Zd`}`xrnoreff`}! dimd zec` zd` xnnr e} zero`z} rezd`r zdek e} eo`kz} ng mdeko`! er` àa&

fèkz bpz knz àa&mnkmìw`j! dew` b``k aewi}day gpkj`j bpz dew` ea}n b``k annz`j by zd`mnrrpxz+ Zd` ikz`kj`j b`k`gimieri`} o`z e }feaa xrnxnrzink ng zdìr }pxxn}`j `kziza`f`kz}+

59+ Nk R`mnff`kjezink 55! emm`xz`j by zd` Onw`rkf`kz! zd`r` i} }ziaa kn kezinkea

emzink xaek gnr dpfek riodz}+ ]ikm` zd` Onw`rkf`kz de} ioknr`j iz} rùp`}z}! zd` KDRMde} }zerz`j zn jregz e xaek! nk dimd iz iaa mnk}paz miwia }nmi`zy ekj nzd`r }zec`&dnaj`r}+

28+ Nk R`mnff`kjezink 52! zd`r` i} kn `wij`km` zdez zd` Onw`rkf`kz ikz`kj} zn

rezigy zd` Mnkw`kzink nk @kgnrm`j Ji}exxèrekm`+ @kgnrm`j ji}exxèrekm` i} knzmnjigi`j e} e mrifikea ngg`km` ik jnf`}zim ae! knr er` `tzekz xrnwi}ink} ng ae p}`j zn

j`z`r zd` xremzim`+ Zd` KDRM r`mìw`j =:5 mnfxaeikz} ng ji}exxèrekm` ik 2858! ==4 }nger ik 28553 zd`}` er` by kn fèk} mnfxr`d`k}iw` bpz }ziaa }iokigimekz kpfb`r}! dimd

pkj`raik` zd` k``j gnr zd` Onw`rkf`kz zn emz+

25+ Nk R`mnff`kjezink 5=! zd`r` de} b``k aizza` xrnor`}} nk }zr`kozd`kiko dpfekriodz} `jpmezink $DR@)+ @jpmezink i} xriferiay zd` r`}xnk}ibiaizy ng zd` ]zez`} ik Ikjie!





572

ZD@ ERF@J GNRM@] $]X@MIEA XN_@R]) EMZ! 5904

IKZRNJPMZINK

Wina`km` b`mef` zd` ey ng aig` ik knrzd&è}z rk ]zez`} ng Ikjie+ ]zezèjfiki}zrezink b`mef` ikmexeba zn feikzeik iz} ikz`rkea ji}zprbekm`+ Erf`jGnrm`} $E}}ef ekj Fekixpr) ]x`miea Xn`r} Nrjikekm` e} xrnfpaoez`j by zd`Xr`}ij`kz nk 22kj Fey ng 5904+ Ik dimd }nf` }x`miea xn`r} dew` b``k oiw`kzn zd` f`fb`r} ng zd` erf`j gnrm`} ik ji}zprb`j erè} ik zd` ]zez` ng E}}efekj Pkink Z`rriznry ng Fekixpr+ Aez`r zd` Nrjikekm` e} r`xaem`j by zd`

erf`j Gnrm`} ]x`miea Xn`r} Biaa+

]ZEZ@F@KZ NG NBL@MZ] EKJ R@E]NK]

Ek nrjikekm` `kziza`j zd` Erf`j gnrm`} $E}}ef ekj Fekixpr) ]x`mieaXn`r} Nrjikekm`! 5904! e} xrnfpaoez`j by zd` Xr`}ij`kz nk zd` 22kj Fey!5904+ ]`mzink = ng zd` Nrjikekm` xn`r} zd` Onw`rknr ng E}}ef ekj zd` Mdi`g Mnffi}}ink`r ng Fekixpr zn j`maer` zd` dna` nr eky xerz ng E}}ef nr zd`Pkink z`rriznry ng Fekixpr! e} zd` me}` fey b`! zn b` e ji}zprb`j erè+ Nk}pmd e j`maerezink bìko fej` ik zd` Nggimiea Oe|`zz`! eky Mnffi}}ink`jNggim`r! _errekz Nggim`r! knk&mnffi}}ink`j nggim`r nr eky nzd`r x`r}nk ng ùpiwea`kz rekc ik zd` erf`j gnrm`} fey `t`rmi}`! ik zd` ji}zprb`j erè! zd`

xn`r} mnkg rr`j by }`mzink : ekj 0 ng zd` Nrjikekm`+ Zd` Biaa } `c} znr`xaem` zd` Nrjikekm` ”]`` Oe|`zz` ng Ikjie! 55&4&5904! Xz+ II&]`m+ 2! @tz+x+?5: $Kn+27)+

EMZ 24 NG 5904

Zd` Erf`j Gnrm`} $]x`miea Xn`r}) Biaa e} xe}}`j by bnzd zd` Dnp}`} ng Xeraief`kz ekj iz r`mìw`j zd` e}}`kz ng zd` Xr`}ij`kz nk 55 zd ]`xz`fb`r!5904+ Iz mef` nk zd` ]zezpz` Bnnc e} ZD@ ERF@J GNRM@] $]X@MIEA XN_@R])EMZ! 5904 $24 ng 5904)+

AI]Z NG EF@KJIKO EMZ]

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Emz! 59?2 $? ng 59?2)+:+ Zd` Erf`j Gnrm`} ]x`miea Xn`r} $@tz`k}ink zn Pkink Z`rriznry ng

Zrixpre) Emz! 59?8+0+ Zd` R`xèaiko ekj Ef`kjiko Emz! 5978 $04 ng 5978)+

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Ek Emz zn `keba` m`rzeik }x`miea xnw`r} zn b` mnkg`rr`j pxnk f`fb`r}ng zd` erf`j gnrm`} ik ji}zprb`j erè} ik zd` ]zez` ng ,SErpkemdea Xrej`}d! E}}ef! Fekixpr! Fòdeaeye! Fi|nref! Keoeaekj ekj ZrixpreV+

B` iz `kemz`j by Xeraief`kz ik Kikzd Yèr ng zd` r`xpbaim ng Ikjie e}gnaan}<&

5+]dnrz ziza` ekj `tz`kz ” $5) Zdi} emz fey b` meaa`j ,,SZd` erf`j Gnrm`}$]x`miea Xn`r}) Emz! 5904V+

,,,S$2)V Iz `tz`kj} zn zd` dna` ng zd` ]zez` ng ,,,,SErpkemdeaXrej`}d! E}}ef! Fekixpr! Fòdeaeye! Fi|nref! Keoeaekj ekjZrixpreV+

2+ J`gikizink}< Ik zdi} Emz! pka`}} zd` mnkz`tz nzd`ri}` rùpir`}&$e) ‑erf`j gnrm`}’ fèk} zd` fiaizery gnrm`} ekj zd` eir gnrm`} nx`reziko

e} aekj gnrm`}! ekj ikmapj`} nzd`r erf`j gnrm`} ng zd` Pkink }nnx`reziko3

$b) —ji}zprb`j erè’ fèk} ek erè dimd i} gnr zd` zif` bìko j`maer`jby knzigimezink pkj`r }`mzink = zn b` e ji}zprb`j erè’3

$m) eaa nzd`r nrj} ekj `txr`}}ink} p}`j d`rìk! bpz knz j`gik`j ekjj`gik`j ik zd` Eir Gnrm` Emz! 5908 $:0 ng 5908)! nr zd` erfy Emz! 5908$:7 ng 5908) }deaa dew` zd` fèkiko} r`}x`mziwày zn zd`f ik zdn}Èmz}+

=+Xnw`r} zn j`maer` erè} zn b` ji}zprb`j erè} ” Ig! ik ràezink zn eky }zez`nr Pkink Z`rriznry zn dimd zdi} emz `tz`kj}! zd` Onw`rknr ng zdez ]zez` nr zdèjfiki}zreznr ng zdez Pkink Z`rriznry nr zd` M`kzrea Onw`rkf`kz! ik ìzd`rme}`! ig ng zd` nxikink zdez zd` dna` nr eky xerz ng }pmd ]zez` ng Pkinkz`rriznry! e} zd` me}` fey b`! i} ik }pmd e ji}zprb`j nr jeko`rnp} mnkjizink zdezzd` p}` ng erf`j gnrm`} ik eij ng zd` miwia xn`r i} k`m`}}ery! zd` Onw`rknr ng zdez ]zez` nr zd` Ejfiki}zreznr ng zdez Pkink Z`rriznry nr zd` M`kzreaOnw`rkf`kz! e} zd` me}` fey b` ! fey by knzigimezink ik zd` Nggimiea Oe|`zz`!j`maer` zd` dna` nr }pmd xerz ng }pmd ]zez` nr Pkink z`rriznry zn b` eji}zprb`j erèV+

,]pb}+ By Emz 79 ng 5947!}`m+:= gnr ‑E}}ef! Fekixpr! Fòedeaye! Fi|nref!Keoeaekj ekj Zrixpre ekj zd` Pkink z`rriznry ng Erpkemdea Xrej`}d‖ $+`+g+

28+2+594?+),,]pb} by Emz ? ng 59?=! }`m+ = gnr —zd` erf`j gnrm`} $E}}ef ekj Fekixpr)}x`miea Xn`r} Emz! 5904‖ $+`+g 0+:+59?2)+,,,]pb} by Emz ? ng 59?2! }`m+ : $+`+g 0+:+59?2)+,,,,,]pb} by Emz+79 ng 5947!}`m+ := gnr —E}}ef! Fekixpr! Fòdeaeye! Fi|nref!Keoeaekj ekj Zrixpre ekj zd` Pkink Z`rriznry ng Erpkemdea Xrej`}d’$+`+g 28+2+594?)+



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$i) Zd` Onw`rknr i} `fxn`r`j zn j`maer` eky erè ng zd` ]zez` e}

‑ji}zprb`j erè’+ Iz mnpaj knz b` erbizrery nk ornpkj ng eb}`km`ng aòi}aeziw` opijàik`}3 Ikj`rliz Berpe w+]zez` ng E}}ef! EIR 594=Jà+ 05:+

$ii) ]`mzink = mekknz b` mnk}zrp`j e} mnkg`rriko e xn`r zn i}}p` ej`maerezink izdnpz eky zif` aifiz+ Zd`r` }dnpaj b` x`rinjimr`wi` ng zd` j`maerezink b`gnr` zd` `txiry ng }it fnkzd}3 KeoeX`nxa`’} Fnw`f`kz ng Dpfek Riodz} w+ Pkink ng Ikjie! EIR 5994]M :=5+

:+ ]x`miea Xnw`r} ng zd` erf`j gnrm`} ” Eky mnffi}}ink`j nggim`r! errekznggim`r! knk&mnffi}}ink`j nggim`r nr eky nzd`r x`r}nk ng ùpiwea`kz rekc ik zdèrf`j gnrm`} fey! ik e ji}zprb`j erè!&

$e) ig d` i} ng nxikink zdez iz i} k`m`}}ery }n zn jn gnr zd`feikz`kekm` ng xpbaim nrj`r! egz`r oiwiko }pmd jp` erkiko e}d` fey mnk}ij`r k`m`}}ery! gir` pxnk nr nzd`ri}` p}` gnrm`!`w`k zn zd` mep}iko ng jèzd! eoeik}z eky x`r}nk dn i} emzikoik mnkzrew`kzink ng eky ae nr nrj`r gnr zd` zif` bìko ikgnrm` ik zd` ji}zprb`j erè xrndibiziko zd` e}}`fbay ng giw` nrfnw` x`r}nk} nr zd` merryiko ng èxnk} nr ng zdiko} mexeba`ng bìko p}`j e} èxnk} nr ng gir`&erf}! effpkizink nr`txan}iw` }pb}zekm`}3

$b) ig d` i} ng nxikink zdez iz i} k`m`}}ery }n zn jn! j`}zrny ekyerf} jpfx! xr`xer`j nr gnrzigi`j xn}izink nr }dàz`r grnfdimd erf`j ezzemc} er` fej` nr er` aicày zn b` fej` nr er`

ezz`fxz`j zn b` fej`! nr eky }zrpmzpr` p}`j e} e zreikikomefx gnr erf`j wnapkz``r} nr pziai|`j e} e dij`&npz by erf`joeko} nr eb}mnkj`r} ekz`j gnr eky ngg`km`3

$m) err`}z! izdnpz errekz! eky x`r}nk dn de} mnffizz`j emnoki|eba` ngg`km` nr eoeik}z dnf e rè}nkeba` }p}ximink`ti}z} zdez d` de} mnffizz`j nr i} ebnpz zn mnffiz emnoki|eba` ngg`km` ekj fey p}` }pmd gnrm` e} fey b`k`m`}}ery zn `gg`mz zd` err`}z3

$j) `kz`r ekj }èrmd izdnpz errekz eky xr`fi}`} zn fec` eky}pmd err`}z e} egnr`}eij nr zn r`mnw`r eky x`r}nk bài`w`j znb` rnkogpaay r`}zreik`j nr mnkgik`j nr eky xrnx`rzyrè}nkebay }p}x`mz`j zn b` }zna`k xrnx`rzy nr eky erf}!

effpkizink nr `txan}iw` }pb}zekm`} bài`w`j zn b` pkaegpaayc`xz ik }pmd xr`fi}`}! ekj fey gnr zdez xprxn}` p}` }pmdgnrm` e} fey b` k`m`}}ery+



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$i) Mnkg`rf`kz ng xn`r nk knk&mnffi}}ink`j nggim`r} aic` e Deweajermekknz b` }eij zn b` bej ekj pklp}zigi`j < Ikj`rliz Berpe w +]zez` ng E}}ef! EIR! 594= Jà 05:+

$ii) Zd` erf`j gnrm`} fp}z emz ik mnnx`rezink izd zd` ji}zrimzejfiki}zrezink ekj knz e} ek Ikj`x`kj`kz bnjy+ Erf`j Gnrm`} mnpajnrc ik derfnky d`k zd`y j`xany`j ik ji}zprb`j erè< Apizdpciew+Ri}deko Cì}diko! $5944) 2 Oep AR 509+

0+Err`}z`j x`r}nk} zn b` fej` nw`r zn zd` xnaim` ”Eky x`r}nk err`}z`j ekjzec`k ikzn mp}znjy pkj`r zdi} Emz }deaa b` fej` nw`r zn zd` nggim`r ik mdero` ng zd` kèr`}z xnaim` }zezink izd zd` aè}z xn}}iba` jàey! zno`zd`r izd e r`xnrzng zd` mirmpf}zekm`} nmme}inkiko zd` err`}z+

Ik me}` ng err`}z ng eky x`r}nk! erfy epzdnrizy i} jpzy bnpkj zn dekjnw`rzn zd` nggim`r&ik&mdero` ng zd` kèr`}z xnaim` }zezink izd aè}z xn}}iba` jàey<Dnr`kji Ononi w+ Pkink ng Ikjie! $5995) Oep MR =845+

7+ Xrnz`mzink zn x`r}nk} emziko pkj`r Emz ” Kn xrn}`mpzink! }piz nr nzd`r aòeaxrnm``jiko }deaa b` ik}zizpz`j! `tm`xz izd zd` xr`winp} }ekmzink ng zd` M`kzreaOnw`rkf`kz! eoeik}z eky x`r}nk ik r`}x`mz ng ekyzdiko jnk` nr xprxnrz`j zn b`jnk` ik `t`rmi}` ng zd` xn`r} mnkg`rr`j by zdi} Emz+

?+ R`xèa ekj ]ewiko & SR`xèa`j by Ef`kjiko ekj R`xèaiko Emz! 5978 $04 ng 5978)!Gir}z ]md`jpa`! }`m+2 $27+52+5978V+



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dnajiko zd` Ikjiek onw`rkf`kz emmnpkzeba` gnr iz} kezinkea ekj ikz`rkezinkea dpfek riodz} nbaioezink}+ Ez zd`

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izd zd` Pkiz`j Kezink}’ dpfek riodz} ik}zrpf`kz} ekj f`mdeki}f}+

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Human Rights In India: Status Report 2012

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