Human Resource Development Chapter 7

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Effective Training: Systems,Strategies, and Practices, 4thEdition

Chapter Seven

Computer-Based Training Methods

P. Nick Blanchard and James W. Thacker

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 7-1


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Names and Descriptions Used forComputer-Based Training Approaches

Part 1 of 5

CBT Computer-based training is the term most oftenused in private industry or the government for

training employees using computer-assistedinstruction. It is a general term referring totraining provided in part or whole through theuse of a computer.



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Part 2 of 5PI Programmed instruction (PI) is used in computer-based

programs consisting of text, graphics, and perhapsmultimedia enhancements that are stored in memory and

connected to one another electronically.

Material to be learned is grouped into chunks of closelyrelated information. Typically, the trainees are presented withthe information in the chunk and then tested on their retention

of the information. If the trainees have not retained thematerial, they are referred back to the original information. Ifthey retained the information, they are referred to the nextchunk of information to be learned. PI may be computer-based, but is also found in printed material and interactivevideos.



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Part 3 of 5

ICAI Intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction (ICAI) system is aCBT system that is able to provide some of the primarycharacteristics of a human tutor. It is a more advanced formof PI. Expert systems are used to run the tutoring aspect ofthe training, monitoring trainee knowledge within aprogrammed knowledge model and providing adaptivetutoring based on trainee responses.

ITS Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) make use of artificialintelligence to provide tutoring that is more advanced thanICAI-type tutoring. ITS learns the best methods of facilitatingthe trainees learning based upon the trainees responses.



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Part 4 of 5

Simulations Computer simulations provide a representation of asituation and the tasks to be performed in the situation.

The representation can range from identical (e.g., wordprocessing training) to fairly abstract (e.g., conflictresolution). Trainees perform the tasks presented tothem by the computer program and the computerprogram monitors their performance.



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Part 5 of 5

Virtual

Reality

Virtual Reality is an advanced form of computer simulation,placing the trainee in a simulated environment that is

virtually the same as the physical environment. Thissimulation is accomplished by the trainee wearing specialequipment such as head gear, gloves, and so on, thatcontrols what the trainee is able to see, feel, and otherwisesense. The trainee learns by interacting with objects in the

electronic environment to achieve some goal.



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Basic Components for

Creating and Delivering CBTLearning

ManagementSystem

Authoring&

DesignTools

Delivery Systems

Internet or intranet

CD or DVD distribution

LAN or local computer

Knowledge Base

(provided bycontent experts)



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Programmed Instruction for PI.

Part 1 of 5Learning Stem

1. Many people think it isimpossible to learn without

making a large number of errors.Because trial and error learningis time consuming and createsfrustration in the learner, mostpeople dont like this method.

After making many errors, people

begin to lose their desireto learn.

Questions

1.a Learning bymaking errors until

the right response isdiscovered is called:

1.b What happensto peoples desire tolearn when they mustuse the trial and error

method?

Instructions

Compare youranswers to these:1.a Trial and error

learning.1.b It decreases1.c Programmed



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Part 2 of 5

Learning Stem

2. Many trainers feel

that if learning iscarefullyprogrammedto occur in a specificmanner, people canlearn without making alarge number of errors.

Questions

1.c When

leaning materialis prepared sothat people makefew errors, it issaid to havebeen carefully:

Instructions

If your answers match

those above, go on tosection 2. If not,reread section 1,paying attention to theitalicized concepts.Then answer thequestions again.



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2. Programmed instruction (PI)operates on the principle that if

learning is programmed to occurin small steps, few errors willoccur. Another principle of PI isthat if trainees are givenimmediate feedback regardingthe appropriateness of their

response, they will learn morequickly and complete a greateramount of material.

Questions

2.a If the goal is toreduce the number of

trainee errors beforethe material islearned, how shouldlearning beprogrammed?

2.b To increase theamount learned andthe speed of learning,when shouldfeedback be given?

Instructions

Compare youranswers to those

below:2.a In small steps.

2.b Immediately.If your answersmatch those above,

go on to section 3.If not, rereadsection 2, payingattention to theitalicized concepts.



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3. Trainee learning is enhanced ifthe trainee is active in the learning

process. PI asks trainees torespond to questionsputting thetrainee in an active learning

mode. Because trainees learn atdifferent rates, they learn best ifthey can move through the

material at their own pace. PIallows people to learn at their ownpace. Finally, frequent review ofmaterial helps trainees retainthematerial for longer periods of time.

Questions

3.a Programmingquestions into thematerial enhanceslearning because itplaces trainees intoa(n) ________ modeof learning.

3.b At what paceshould trainees movethrough the material?

3.c Frequent reviewof material results in:

Instructions

Compare youranswers to these:3.a Active.3.b Their own pace.3.c Longer retention

of material.

If your answers matchthose above, go on to

section 4. If not, re-read section 3, payingattention to theitalicized concepts.Then answer thequestions again.



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4. In summary, PI allowstrainees to learn more material,quicker, and retain it longer with

less frustration by:1) programming small learning

steps,resulting in fewerresponse errors,

2) requiring frequent active

responses by the trainees,

3) providing immediate feedbackto trainee responses,

4) allowing trainees to move

through the material at their

own paceand5) reviewing the material.

Questions

4.a What are fiveprinciples that PI usesto improve the ease,

amount, speed, andretention of learning?

4.b PI increases thetrainees desire to learn

by reducing the numberof ________ the traineeis likely to make.

Instructions

Compare your answersto these:4.a 1) Small learningsteps, 2) frequent andactive trainee response3) immediate feedback,4) self-paced learningand 5) frequent review

4.b Response errors.If your answers matchthose above, you havecompleted the sectionon PI successfully. Ifnot, review section 4

and answer questions.Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 7-12


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Student Modeling Example

Student A

Never carries over

22+3951

46+39

75

Student B

Carries over incorrectly

22+39161

46+39185

Student C

Trouble with simple additionproblems

22+3962

46+3983



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Points to Consider in Development ofan Interactive Multimedia Program

Part 1 of 3Factor High If Low If

Self-pacing The pace of the program is The only way to control the paceentirely controlled by the of the presentation is by usinglearner. a special key.

Trainees can select menu It is not menu-driven, i.e., theoptions to determine the trainee cant select a particularorder of modules. lesson segment or skip segments.

Trainees can skip lessons Trainees can exit the program

or segments at will and only at certain points.can exit the program fromany screen.

Additional practice and morein-depth material are availableupon request.



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Interactivity Trainees responses follow The program has long,instructional segments. uninterrupted lesson segments

that offer no chance for thetrainee to ask or answerquestions.

The program tests skills and The program tests recall insteadjudgments, not just facts. of skills.

The orderly sequence of Segments do not build on onetopics is apparent to the another.learner.

The learners answers aretagged right or wrong with nofurther explanation.



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Multimedia The voices are distinct and The sound or visuals are ofnatural.

poor quality.

A voice provides program There is no direct connectioninstructions so that the between the audio and visualtrainee doesnt have to material (e.g., the sound is

read them.

limited to irrelevant music).

Sound and visuals reinforce The sound is restricted to aone another. voice saying, You are correct

or Try again.

Visuals use color and motion The visuals dont reinforceCopyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 7-16


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Some Health and Safety TrainingUsing CD-ROM Technology

Part 1 of 2Accident Investigation

Prevents costly accidents from reoccurring by investigating them to findcause and implement steps to prevent them. Training time 30-60 minutes.Price $695

Basics of Ergonomics

Help workers understand injuries that are caused by repetitive motion andwhat to do to prevent them. Training time 30-45 minutes. Price $695

Blood-borne Pathogens

Helps workers understand the cause of Hepatitis B and HIV, the diseasethat causes AIDS. This course uses 30 interactions to teach workers whatblood-borne pathogens are and the precautions to take to prevent beinginfected. Training time 20-40 minutes. Price $695



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Some Health and Safety TrainingUsing CD-ROM Technology

Part 2 of 2

Confined space entry

This training teaches workers concepts essential for a safe workenvironment when in a confined space. Twenty-nine interactive activities

assess the level of understanding of the key learning objectives, and letthem apply what they have learned in a safe environment.Training time 30-45 minutes. Price $695



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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the

United States of America.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 7 19

Human Resource Development Chapter 7

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