Human Genome Complexity, Viruses & Genetic Variability (Learning Objectives) • Learn the types of DNA sequences present in the Human Genome other than genes coding for functional proteins. • Review what you previously learned about: – DNA sequences: non-coding promoters and introns – Genes that code for functional RNA such as t-RNA and r-RNA – Pseudogenes, transposons, centromeres, and telomoeres • Compare and contrast viruses with living cells: structure and functional properties. Learn the biochemical nature of viral components: genome (DNA or RNA), capsid and envelope. Which are present in all or in some viruses? • Learn the parasitic nature of viruses and explain: – host-cell specificity: relate to common human diseases – the steps of the life cycle of animal viruses and association with susceptibility to infection. – Role of human genetic variability in susceptibility to viral infections • Learn the life cycle of a retrovirus such as HIV and how its genome inserts itself into the DNA of humans. • Explain the role of ancient and current retroviruses shaping the human genome and in adding to the genetic variability crucial for evolution of humans and behavior. • Explain the role of ancient and current viral infections as selective pressure affecting human genetic variability
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Human Genome Complexity, Viruses & Genetic Variability
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Human Genome Complexity, Viruses & Genetic Variability(Learning Objectives)
• Learn the types of DNA sequences present in the Human Genome other than genes coding for functional proteins.
• Review what you previously learned about:– DNA sequences: non-coding promoters and introns– Genes that code for functional RNA such as t-RNA and r-RNA – Pseudogenes, transposons, centromeres, and telomoeres
• Compare and contrast viruses with living cells: structure and functional properties. Learn the biochemical nature of viral components: genome (DNA or RNA), capsid and envelope. Which are present in all or in some viruses?
• Learn the parasitic nature of viruses and explain:– host-cell specificity: relate to common human diseases– the steps of the life cycle of animal viruses and association with susceptibility to
infection.– Role of human genetic variability in susceptibility to viral infections
• Learn the life cycle of a retrovirus such as HIV and how its genome inserts itself into the DNA of humans.
• Explain the role of ancient and current retroviruses shaping the human genome and in adding to the genetic variability crucial for evolution of humans and behavior.
• Explain the role of ancient and current viral infections as selective pressure affecting human genetic variability
• Most of our genome does not code for proteins- Only 1.5% of human DNA encodes protein- Rest of genome includes:
- Promoters and other control sequences- Introns- DNA Sequences for non-coding RNAs- Repeated DNA sequences- DNA of ancient viruses
The Human Genome sequences
• Nearly all of the human genome can be transcribed as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including rRNAs and tRNAs
• There are hundreds of thousands of other ncRNAs- transcribed from pseudogenes- not translated into protein
Noncoding RNAs
A. Transposons are the most abundant type of repeat- Sequences that jump about the genome
B. Other classes of repeats include those that comprise telomeres, centromeres, and rRNA gene clusters
Repeated DNA Sequences
Exons (regions of genes codingfor protein, rRNA, or tRNA) (1.5%)