Human Factors Design Guide - Federal Aviation … · The Human Factors Design Guide ... Human factors, Human-equipment interfaces, Human-computer interfaces, ... 8.5 Data display

DOT/FAA/CT-96/1 HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN GUIDE

FAA Technical Center For Acquisition of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Subsystems,Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405 Non-Developmental Items, and

Developmental Systems

Dan Wagner, ACT-530

Joseph A. BirtMichael SnyderSystem Resources Corporation (SRC)

James P. DuncansonCTA INCORPORATED

January 15, 1996

Final Report and Guide

This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service,Springfield, Virginia 22161

US Department Office of the Chief Scientificof Transportation and Technical Advisor for

Human FactorsAAR 100

Federal AviationAdministration

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Technical Report Documentation Page

1. Report No.DOT/FAA/CT-96/1

2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipients Catalog No.

4. Title and SubtitleHUMAN FACTORS DESIGN GUIDE (HFDG)For Acquisition of Commercial Off-The-Shelf Subsystems, Non-DevelopmentalItems, and Developmental Systems

5. Report DateJanuary 15, 1996

6. Performing Organization CodeACT-500

7. Author(s)Dan Wagner (ACT-530), Joseph A. Birt and Michael D. Snyder (SRC), and JamesP. Duncanson (CTA)

8. Performing Organization Report No.DOT/FAA/CT-96/1

9. Performing Organization Name and AddressU.S. Department of TransportationFederal Aviation Administration Technical CenterAtlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405

10. Work Unit No (TRAILS)

11. Contract or Grant No.F2203C

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and AddressU.S. Department of TransportationFederal Aviation Administration HeadquartersProgram Management & Planning Division800 Independence Avenue, SWWashington, DC 20591

13. Type of Report and Period CoveredTechnical Report

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

ALM-100

15. Supplementary Notes: This work was accomplished under the direction of Dan Wagner, ACT-530, as part of the FAA=s Airway FacilitiesHuman Factors R,E & D Program. The Program is sponsored by Brenda Boone, ALM-100, and managed by Lawrence Cole, AAR-100. Technical consultation was provided by Kermit Grayson.

16. AbstractThe Human Factors Design Guide (HFDG) provides reference information to assist in the selection, analysis, design, development, andevaluation of new and modified Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) systems and equipment. A preliminary edition was a draftstandard developed at the Human Factors Laboratory of the FAA Technical Center. This 1996 edition converts the preliminary draftdocument to a guide and incorporates expert comments that were collected in 1994 and 1995 from selected reviewers. It is primarilyfocused on FAA ground systems and equipment such as those that are managed and maintained by Airway Facilities. This guide coversa broad range of human factors topics that pertain to automation, maintenance, human interfaces, workplace design, documentation,system security, safety, the environment, and anthropometry. This document also includes extensive human-computer interfaceguidance.

17. Key Words

Human factors, Human-equipment interfaces, Human-computer interfaces,maintenance automation, design for maintenance, workplace design, userdocumentation, system security, personnel safety, environment

18. Distribution Statement

This document is available to the public through theNational Technical Information Service,Springfield, VA 22161

19. Security Classif. (of this report)Unclassified

20. Security Classif. (of this page)Unclassified

21. No of pages1012

22. Price

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

HFDG Foreword

January 15, 1996 FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center i

ForewordThe Human Factors Design Guide (HFDG) for Acquisition ofCommercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) Subsystems, Non-Developmental Items (NDI), and Developmental Systems is acomprehensive reference tool that will help human factorsprofessionals within the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)and contractor organizations to efficiently carry out FAA humanfactors policy.

A preliminary edition of the present document was a draftstandard developed at the Human Factors Laboratory of the FAATechnical Center. This 1996 edition converts the preliminarydraft document to a guide and incorporates expert comments thatwere collected in 1994 from selected reviewers.

FAA Order 9550.8, Human Factors Policy, states that:

Human factors shall be systematically integrated into theplanning and execution functions of all FAA elements andactivities associated with system acquisition and systemoperations. FAA endeavors shall emphasize humanfactors considerations to enhance system performance andcapitalize upon the relative strengths of people andmachines. . .

The Acquisition Strategy Paper required by the new FAAAcquisition Management System, April, 1997, states that:

. . . human factors will be considered during architecturaland engineering design to achieve effective humanperformance during operations, maintenance, and support.

The HFDG was developed by the Aviation Simulation andHuman Factors Division at the FAA Technical Center toconsolidate and capitalize upon multiple sources of humanfactors design and evaluation guidelines. It provides FAA systemmodernization programs access to the most applicable humanfactors guidance. This guide is intended to overcome theimitations associated with using other design standards in anFAA environment.

Application of this design guide is not a substitute for in-depthprofessional human factors practice. The AcquisitionManagement System also refers to a military human factorsprocess standard, MIL-STD-46855, which calls for planninghuman factors activities and procedures. Both human factorsacquisition guidelines and processes are to be professionallyapplied. The use of the HFDG requires expert professionaljudgment on its application to new systems and equipment.

This document compiles extensive guidance from diverse andexhaustive sources for human factors applications integral to theprocurement, acquisition, design, development, and testing ofFAA systems, facilities, and equipment. It will aid in identifying

Foreword HFDG

ii FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center January 15, 1996

functional, product, and NAS specification requirements and inensuring acceptable human factors practice and products.

This edition of the HFDG is applicable to COTS and NDIprocurements as well as new developmental system or equipmentacquisitions. The relationship between hardware and softwaresubsystems and the human subsystems characteristics must bedetermined and tested in advance of commitments to procure andimplement COTS and NDI equipment and systems. Thesecharacteristics can include human roles, organizations, interfaces,tasks, training, and human performance effectiveness.

This version of the HFDG remains primarily focused upon FAAground systems and equipment such as those that are managedand maintained by Airway Facilities. Although good humanfactors practices and principles apply to all FAA systems, thisguide is not directed at special considerations in Air TrafficControl operations, aircraft maintenance, aircraft or airborneequipment certification, or FAAs regulatory certification foraviation personnel, although many of the HFDG provisions applyto those environments. Future editions will more directly addressthese areas of NAS development and operations.

The HFDG draws heavily from human factors informationpublished by the Department of Defense, National Aeronauticsand Space Administration, and Department of Energy. The FAArecognizes the excellent quality of information found in many ofthe technical documents and handbooks written by theseagencies.

Request for feedback comments. Comments for corrections orimprovements are welcome. Comments can be made at any timeby using the form at the end of the document.

HFDG Contents

January 15, 1996 FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center iii

ContentsForeword ............................................................................................................... i

Contents ............................................................................................................... iii

List of exhibits ............................................................................................................... vii

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1-1

1.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................... 1-11.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................... 1-11.3 Scope ............................................................................................................. 1-11.4 Format ........................................................................................................... 1-3

2 Complementary documents ........................................................................................ 2-1

2.1 Government documents ................................................................................. 2-12.2 Nongovernment documents ........................................................................... 2-6

3 Definitions ................................................................................................................. 3-1

4 General design requirements ..................................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Principles for designing systems and equipment ........................................... 4-14.2 Human performance ...................................................................................... 4-24.3 System interactions ........................................................................................ 4-4

5 Maintenance automation ............................................................................................. 5-1

5.1 General goals and principles .......................................................................... 5-15.2 Human-centered automation ..........................................................................5-35.3 Process control lessons................................................................................... 5-95.4 Command, control, and communications..................................................... 5-135.5 System engineering ......................................................................................5-175.6 Human interfaces for maintenance automation............................................ 5-185.7 Monitoring.................................................................................................... 5-195.8 Control of remote maintenance ....................................................................5-245.9 Maintenance management information........................................................ 5-25

5.10 Additional technical and maintenance information considerations ............. 5-28

6 Designing equipment for maintenance ....................................................................6-1

6.1 General .......................................................................................................... 6-16.2 Designing equipment for handling ................................................................ 6-56.3 Packaging, arrangement, and mounting of equipment................................. 6-136.4 Access openings ........................................................................................... 6-236.5 Covers, guards, and shields ..........................................................................6-286.6 Cases ............................................................................................................ 6-346.7 Fasteners ...................................................................................................... 6-386.8 Connectors ....................................................................................................6-476.9 Lines and cables ........................................................................................... 6-56

Contents HFDG

iv FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center January 15, 1996

6.10 Packaging, layout, and mounting of internal components.............................6-716.11 Adjustment controls ......................................................................................6-806.12 Failure detection and isolation ......................................................................6-816.13 Fuses and circuit breakers .............................................................................6-836.14 Test points and service points .......................................................................6-896.15 Test equipment ..............................................................................................6-936.16 Tools............................................................................................................6-100

7 Human-equipment interfaces.......................................................................................7-1

7.1 Display-control integration..............................................................................7-17.2 Visual displays ................................................................................................7-67.3 Audio displays...............................................................................................7-427.4 Controls .........................................................................................................7-537.5 Labeling and marking....................................................................................7-967.6 Accommodating people with disabilities ....................................................7-101

8 Human-computer interfaces.........................................................................................8-1

8.1 User-computer interaction...............................................................................8-18.2 Basic screen design and operation.................................................................8-408.3 Windowing ....................................................................................................8-548.4 Data entry ......................................................................................................8-858.5 Data display.................................................................................................8-1018.6 User guidance..............................................................................................8-1258.7 Data communication ...................................................................................8-1308.8 Input devices................................................................................................8-1368.9 Accommodating people with disabilities ....................................................8-149

9 Workplace design .............................................................................................................9-1

9.1 General ............................................................................................................9-19.2 Workplace layout ............................................................................................9-39.3 Design of passageways....................................................................................9-89.4 Common working positions ..........................................................................9-319.5 Standard console design ................................................................................9-439.6 Visual display terminals ................................................................................9-529.7 Accommodating people with disabilities: accessible

elements and space ........................................................................................9-53

10 User documentation ....................................................................................................10-1

10.1 General ..........................................................................................................10-110.2 Writing user documentation ..........................................................................10-310.3 Layout and formatting.................................................................................10-1910.4 Components of documents ..........................................................................10-3110.5 Specific user document contents .................................................................10-4810.6 Accommodating people with disabilities ....................................................10-66

11 System security..............................................................................................................11-1

11.1 General design practice .................................................................................11-111.2 Physical security and access control..............................................................11-311.3 Identification and authentication...................................................................11-411.4 Auditing.........................................................................................................11-9

HFDG Contents

January 15, 1996 FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center v

11.5 Information and data protection ....................................................................11-911.6 Documentation of security safeguards ........................................................11-1111.7 Security training ..........................................................................................11-11

12 Personnel safety ............................................................................................................12-1

12.1 General ..........................................................................................................12-112.2 Work space safety..........................................................................................12-112.3 Equipment-related safety...............................................................................12-412.4 Electrical hazards ..........................................................................................12-512.5 Physical hazards ..........................................................................................12-1312.6 Liquid and gas hazards................................................................................12-1612.7 Toxic hazards ..............................................................................................12-1612.8 Radiation hazards ........................................................................................12-1812.9 Protection from special chemicals...............................................................12-18

12.10 Temperature hazards ...................................................................................12-1912.11 Fire protection .............................................................................................12-2012.12 Noise hazards ..............................................................................................12-2112.13 Explosion and implosion hazards................................................................12-2312.14 Radient energy hazards................................................................................12-2412.15 Laser hazards...............................................................................................12-2812.16 Safety labels and placards ...........................................................................12-29

13 Environment ................................................................................................................13-1

13.1 General guidelines.........................................................................................13-113.2 Ventilation.....................................................................................................13-213.3 Temperature and humidity ............................................................................13-313.4 Illumination ...................................................................................................13-713.5 Noise............................................................................................................13-14

14 Anthropometry and biomechanics ........................................................................14-1

14.1 General application of anthropometric and biomechanical data ...................14-114.2 Anthropometric variability factors ..............................................................14-1514.3 Anthropometric and biomechanical data.....................................................14-1614.4 Reach...........................................................................................................14-3614.5 Human strength and handling capacity .......................................................14-4214.6 Design for physical comfort ........................................................................14-52

Appendixes

Appendix A References ......................................................................................................A-1Appendix B Sources ........................................................................................................... B-1Appendix C "Standard" actions for push buttons ............................................................... C-1Appendix D "Standard" verbs.............................................................................................D-1

Index ...................................................................................................................I-1

Comment forms (3).........................................................................................................after index

Contents HFDG

vi FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center January 15, 1996

HFDG List of exhibits

January 15, 1996 FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center vii

List of Exhibits1 Introduction

Exhibit 1.4.2.4 Navigating within the page format ..................................... 1-5

2 Complementary documents (This section has no exhibits)

3 Definitions (This section has no exhibits)

4 General design requirements (This section has no exhibits)

5 Maintenance automation (This section has no exhibits)

6 Designing equipment for maintenanceExhibit 6.2.2.1 Maximum weight limits for objects lifted by

one person using both hands for a combinedmale and female population ............................................... 6-6

Exhibit 6.2.5.1.5 Maximum force limits for pulling and pushingunits of equipment using handles or graspareas ................................................................................... 6-9

Exhibit 6.2.5.3.1 Minimum handle dimensions ........................................... 6-10Exhibit 6.2.5.3.2 Minimum handle diameter required by weight

of unit of equipment ......................................................... 6-11Exhibit 6.3.5.3.1 Minimum character height for various viewing

distances ........................................................................... 6-21Exhibit 6.3.5.5.2 Recommended colors ....................................................... 6-22Exhibit 6.3.5.5.3 Good and bad arrows ....................................................... 6-23Exhibit 6.4.3.2 Minimum dimensions of openings designed

for access by one or two fingers withoutvisual access ..................................................................... 6-24

Exhibit 6.4.3.3 Minimum dimensions of openings designedfor access by one hand or arm withoutvisual access ..................................................................... 6-25

Exhibit 6.4.3.4 Minimum dimensions of openings designedfor access by two hands without visualaccess ............................................................................... 6-26

Exhibit 6.5.7.2 Type of covering appropriate for type ofaccess and environmental conditions ............................... 6-31

Exhibit 6.7.3.3.2 Examples of combination head bolts andscrews ............................................................................... 6-42

Exhibit 6.7.3.3.4 Example of an internal-wrenching boltand nut .............................................................................. 6-43

Exhibit 6.8.2.4 Example of a quick-action connector ............................... 6-49Exhibit 6.8.5.2.3 Fanning out cables ........................................................... 6-53Exhibit 6.8.5.2.4 Example of a crimp-on splice .......................................... 6-53Exhibit 6.8.5.2.7 Examples of a U-lug and an O-lug ................................... 6-53Exhibit 6.9.1.1.13 Cable winders ................................................................... 6-58Exhibit 6.9.1.2.6 Recoiling slack cable ....................................................... 6-60

List of exhibits HFDG

viii FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center January 15, 1996

Exhibit 6.9.1.5.3 Quick-release clamps, hinged and spring ......................... 6-62Exhibit 6.9.1.6.6 Line and cable reel carts ................................................... 6-63Exhibit 6.9.1.6.8 Line and cable mobile support ......................................... 6-64Exhibit 6.9.1.8.4 Electrical cable coding ..................................................... 6-65Exhibit 6.9.1.8.7 Values for color-coded fixed resistors and

small capacitors ................................................................ 6-66Exhibit 6.9.2.1.3 Externally visible seals ..................................................... 6-66Exhibit 6.9.2.4.1 Color coding of fluid conductors ..................................... 6-69Exhibit 6.9.2.4.2 Valve color coding scheme .............................................. 6-69Exhibit 6.9.2.4.3 Hydraulic and pneumatic line coding .............................. 6-70Exhibit 6.9.2.4.5 Valve position labeling .................................................... 6-70Exhibit 6.10.4.1 Example of fold-out mounting construction .................... 6-76Exhibit 6.10.4.7 Error-free mounting provisions ........................................ 6-77Exhibit 6.13.1.1 General comparison of fuses and circuit

breakers ............................................................................ 6-84Exhibit 6.13.3.1 Push-pull circuit breaker specifications ........................... 6-86Exhibit 6.13.4.1 Toggle bat specifications ................................................. 6-87Exhibit 6.13.4.2 Legend switch specifications ........................................... 6-88Exhibit 6.14.2.13 Terminal strips ................................................................. 6-90Exhibit 6.14.4.4 (a) Test plug with sliding cover ............................................. 6-92Exhibit 6.14.4.4 (b) Test point adapter ............................................................. 6-92

7 Human-equipment interfacesExhibit 7.2.1.6.3 Lines of sight .................................................................... 7-11Exhibit 7.2.1.6.8 Optimum vertical and horizontal visual

fields ................................................................................. 7-12Exhibit 7.2.2.1.20 Color coding of transilluminated displays ....................... 7-16Exhibit 7.2.2.3.3 Coding of simple indicator lights ..................................... 7-17Exhibit 7.2.3.1 Characteristics and ratings of fixed and

moveable pointer scales for various uses ......................... 7-19Exhibit 7.2.4.6.2 Minimum alphanumeric character height; as a

fraction of viewing distance and, at a viewingdistance of 457 mm (18 in) .............................................. 7-26

Exhibit 7.2.8.1.3 Stroke width for pixel-generated characters .................... 7-33Exhibit 7.2.8.1.4 Height-width relationship for pixel-generated

characters ......................................................................... 7-34Exhibit 7.2.9 Characteristics and ratings of counters,

printers, and flags for various uses ................................... 7-38Exhibit 7.3.1.3 Characteristics and ratings of audio signals

for various uses ................................................................ 7-43Exhibit 7.3.5.6.2 Speech intelligibility criteria for various

communication requirements and evaluationmethods ............................................................................ 7-53

Exhibit 7.4.1.1.5 (a) Characteristics of common controls fordiscrete adjustment ........................................................... 7-54

Exhibit 7.4.1.1.5 (b) Characteristics of common controls forcontinuous adjustment ..................................................... 7-55

Exhibit 7.4.1.1.6 Advantages and disadvantages of commoncontrols ............................................................................. 7-56

Exhibit 7.4.1.3.7 Minimum spacing between controls ................................ 7-59Exhibit 7.4.1.4.1 Advantages and disadvantages of different

types of coding ................................................................. 7-60Exhibit 7.4.3.1 Foot-operated switch specifications ................................. 7-64


January 15, 1996 FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center ix

Exhibit 7.4.4.1.1 Rotary selector switch specifications ............................... 7-66Exhibit 7.4.4.2.1 Key-operated switch specifications .................................. 7-67Exhibit 7.4.4.3.8 Discrete thumbwheel specifications ................................. 7-69Exhibit 7.4.4.4.1 Knob specifications .......................................................... 7-71Exhibit 7.4.4.5.1 Ganged control knob specifications ................................. 7-72Exhibit 7.4.4.5.5 Relationship between ganged knobs and

their associated displays ................................................... 7-73Exhibit 7.4.4.6.1 Continuous thumbwheel specifications ........................... 7-74Exhibit 7.4.4.7.1 Crank specifications ......................................................... 7-76Exhibit 7.4.4.8.1 Push button specifications ................................................ 7-77Exhibit 7.4.4.10.1 Toggle switch specifications ............................................ 7-80Exhibit 7.4.4.11.1 Legend switch specifications ........................................... 7-81Exhibit 7.4.4.12.1 Rocker switch specifications ............................................ 7-83Exhibit 7.4.4.13.1 Slide switch specifications ............................................... 7-84Exhibit 7.4.4.14.1 Push-pull control specifications ....................................... 7-86Exhibit 7.4.4.16.1 Lever specifications ......................................................... 7-88Exhibit 7.4.4.18.1 Finger-operated displacement joystick

specifications .................................................................... 7-91Exhibit 7.4.4.22.1 Ball control specifications ................................................ 7-93Exhibit 7.4.4.24.1 High-force hand control specifications ............................ 7-95Exhibit 7.5.3.1 Minimum character height for various

viewing distances under normal luminance levels ........... 7-99Exhibit 7.6.3.2 Maximum force requirements for people with

arthritis or muscular dystrophy ...................................... 7-110

8 Human-computer interfacesExhibit 8.1.2.2 Maximum system response times for routine

system tasks ........................................................................ 8-5Exhibit 8.1.8.1 Appropriateness of interaction types for

various task requirements, systemcharacteristics, and user abilities ...................................... 8-17

Exhibit 8.1.15.2.7 Example of a default push button .................................... 8-38Exhibit 8.1.15.3.1 Two types of radio button sets ......................................... 8-39Exhibit 8.2.4.1.4 Discriminable colors and their wavelengths .................... 8-51Exhibit 8.2.4.1.20 Luminance contrast ratios for various conditions ............ 8-53Exhibit 8.3.7.2.9 Example of mnemonics and accelerators ......................... 8-66Exhibit 8.3.10.1.11 Example of a control window .......................................... 8-75Exhibit 8.4.6.1.2 Examples of better and worse graphics

cursors .............................................................................. 8-99Exhibit 8.5.5.4.4 Examples of acceptable and unacceptable

patterns ........................................................................... 8-111Exhibit 8.5.5.4.5 Example of axes with breaks ......................................... 8-111Exhibit 8.8 Advantages and disadvantages of non-keyboard

input devices .................................................................. 8-136Exhibit 8.8.1.5 Cursor movement keys ................................................... 8-139Exhibit 8.8.3.2.5 Dimensions of a mouse .................................................. 8-142Exhibit 8.8.3.6.1 Pointer shapes associated with functions ....................... 8-145Exhibit 8.8.4.2.5 Touch panel responsive area dimensions ....................... 8-148

9 Workplace designExhibit 9.2.2.1.2 Access space through integral design ................................ 9-6Exhibit 9.3.1.1 Walkway and passageway dimensions .............................. 9-9Exhibit 9.3.4.2.1 Door dimensions .............................................................. 9-14


x FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center January 15, 1996

Exhibit 9.3.4.6.1 Whole body access dimensions ........................................ 9-18

Exhibit 9.3.5.1.1 Selection ........................................................................... 9-19Exhibit 9.3.5.3.1 Critical dimensions for ramps .......................................... 9-22Exhibit 9.3.5.3.3 Combined ramp and stairs ............................................... 9-22Exhibit 9.3.5.4.1 Design requirements for stairs dimensions ...................... 9-24Exhibit 9.3.5.5.1 Design requirements for stair ladder

dimensions ....................................................................... 9-25Exhibit 9.3.5.6.1 Design requirements for fixed ladders ............................. 9-27Exhibit 9.3.5.6.2 Design requirements for fixed ladder

cage dimensions ............................................................... 9-28Exhibit 9.3.5.7.1 (a) Design requirements for portable step

ladders .............................................................................. 9-29Exhibit 9.3.5.7.1 (b) Design requirements for portable rung

ladders .............................................................................. 9-30Exhibit 9.4.1 Anthropometric data for common working

positions ........................................................................... 9-32Exhibit 9.4.2.2 Mobile work space dimensions and

illustrations ....................................................................... 9-37Exhibit 9.4.3.1 Standing workplace illustration and

dimensions ....................................................................... 9-39Exhibit 9.4.4.4 Seated workplace dimensions and

illustrations ....................................................................... 9-41Exhibit 9.4.4.10 Swing-away seat for short term use ................................. 9-43Exhibit 9.5.1.1 (a) Standard console dimensions ........................................... 9-44Exhibit 9.5.1.1 (b) Standard console illustration and

dimensions key ................................................................. 9-45Exhibit 9.5.2 Example of horizontal wrap-around console ................... 9-46Exhibit 9.5.3 Example of vertical stacked segments ............................. 9-47Exhibit 9.5.4.1 Basic and variations of multiperson console

arrangements with an example control roomarrangement ...................................................................... 9-48

Exhibit 9.5.4.2 Concepts of functional reach arc andequidistant visual arc for a stand console ......................... 9-50

Exhibit 9.5.4.4 Recommended placement areas for controlsand displays on vertical and standconsoles ............................................................................ 9-52

10 User documentationExhibit 10.3.2.1.3 Margin sizes for standard paper sizes ............................ 10-21Exhibit 10.4 FAA directives and order of document

components .................................................................... 10-32Exhibit 10.4.1.2 Type sizes for cover page elements ............................... 10-34Exhibit 10.4.12.3 (a) User feedback form -- Front ........................................... 10-46Exhibit 10.4.12.3 (b) User feedback form Back ............................................ 10-47

11 System security (This section has no exhibits)

12 Personnel safetyExhibit 12.2.1.8 Specific task illumination requirements ........................... 12-3Exhibit 12.4 Shock current intensities and their effects ............................... 12-6Exhibit 12.4.1.3 Proof test values for protective gloves ............................. 12-7Exhibit 12.4.1.9 An interlock switch .......................................................... 12-8


January 15, 1996 FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center xi

Exhibit 12.4.3.3 Automatic shorting bar .................................................. 12-10

Exhibit 12.4.4.6 Equipment grounding ..................................................... 12-12Exhibit 12.5.1.4 (a) Rolling edges of sheets less than 0.5 mm

(0.02 in) thick ................................................................. 12-13Exhibit 12.5.1.4 (b) Rounding exposed edges 0.5 up to 3.0 mm

(0.02 up to 0.12 in ) thick ............................................... 12-14Exhibit 12.5.1.4 (c) Rounding exposed edges 3.0 up to 6.4 mm

(0.12 up to 0.25 in) thick ................................................ 12-14Exhibit 12.5.1.4 (d) Rounding of exposed edges 6.4 mm

(0.25 in) thick or greater ................................................ 12-14Exhibit 12.5.1.5 (a) Requirements for rounding of corners less

than 25 mm (1.0 in) thick ............................................... 12-14Exhibit 12.5.1.5 (b) Requirements for rounding of corners

greater than 25 mm (1.0 in) thick ................................... 12-15Exhibit 12.10.1 Upper and lower temperature limit ranges ..................... 12-20Exhibit 12.12.8 Permissible noise exposure ............................................ 12-23Exhibit 12.14.1.1 Exposure limit for ultraviolet radiant energy

(200 to 315 nm) .............................................................. 12-25Exhibit 12.14.3 Relative contribution of different

wavelengths to luminance -- theluminosity function ........................................................ 12-26

Exhibit 12.14.3.1 Maximum safe exposure to 400-1400 nmradiant energy ................................................................. 12-26

Exhibit 12.14.3.4 Estimation of permissible image luminance .................. 12-27Exhibit 12.16.2 Label and placard layout--two panel sign

with optional symbol panel ............................................ 12-30

13 EnvironmentExhibit 13.2.3 Large enclosure ventilation .............................................. 13-2Exhibit 13.3 Comfort zone chart .......................................................... 13-4Exhibit 13.3.1 Deriving effective temperature ........................................ 13-5Exhibit 13.4.2.2 Specific task illumination requirements ........................... 13-9Exhibit 13.4.6.3 Required brightness ratios .............................................. 13-13Exhibit 13.5.1.1 Permissible exposure limits ........................................... 13-15

14 Anthropometry and biomechanicsExhibit 14.1.4.7 Additive effects of clothing on

anthropometric measures ............................................... 14-11Exhibit 14.1.5.1 Percentile values ............................................................ 14-13Exhibit 14.3.2.1 Static human physical characteristics

(head) ............................................................................. 14-18Exhibit 14.3.2.1 Static human physical characteristics

(seated) ........................................................................... 14-22Exhibit 14.3.2.1 Static human physical characteristics

(standing) ....................................................................... 14-26Exhibit 14.3.2.1 Static human physical characteristics

(hands) ............................................................................ 14-29Exhibit 14.3.2.1 Static human physical characteristics

(standing position) ......................................................... 14-30Exhibit 14.3.3.2.1 Joint movement ranges .................................................. 14-32Exhibit 14.3.3.2.2 Change in range of joint movement with

movement in an adjacent joint ....................................... 14-35


xii FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center January 15, 1996

Exhibit 14.4.2 Reach envelopes in vertical andhorizontal planes ............................................................ 14-37

Exhibit 14.4.4 (a) Touch, grip, and grasp functions thatinteract with arm reach ................................................... 14-38

Exhibit 14.4.4 (b) Thumb and forefinger grasp boundary datafor females in the 46 cm and 61 cmhorizontal planes ............................................................ 14-40

Exhibit 14.4.4 (c) Thumb and forefinger grasp boundary datafor females in the 0 and -15 cm verticalplanes ............................................................................. 14-41

Exhibit 14.5.2.1 Male muscle strength of the arm, hand, andthumb for control forces (5th percentilevalues) ............................................................................ 14-44

Exhibit 14.5.3.1 Horizontal push and pull forces that canbe exerted ....................................................................... 14-47

Exhibit 14.5.3.2 Static muscle strength data for vertical pullexertions ......................................................................... 14-49

HFDG Section 1 contents

January 15, 1996 FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center 1 - i

Section 1 contents

1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1-1

1.1 Purpose ................................................................................................. 1-1

1.2 Objective ................................................................................................. 1-1

1.3 Scope ................................................................................................. 1-1

1.3.1 HFDG in system acquisition ....................................... 1-21.3.2 Human factors importance for COTS & NDI procurements ............................................................... 1-2

1.4 Format ................................................................................................. 1-3

1.4.1 HFDG special features ................................................ 1-31.4.1.1 Identification and use of the HFDG rules - "shall" and "should" advice .................................................... 1-31.4.1.2 Measurements ............................................................. 1-31.4.1.3 Topical completeness .................................................. 1-41.4.2 Features that help find and use HFDG information ..... 1-41.4.2.1 Section contents can help build checklists .................. 1-41.4.2.2 Heading and text locations .......................................... 1-41.4.2.3 Headers and footers for navigation ............................. 1-41.4.2.4 Exhibits combine tabular and graphics for easy use .... 1-4

Exhibit 1.4.2.4 Navigating within the page format ...... 1-5

1.4.2.5 Topical index helps find information .......................... 1-5

HFDG 1 Introduction

January 15, 1996 FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center 1-1

1 IntroductionThe Federal Aviation Administrations (FAA) National AirspaceSystem (NAS) modernization program introduces many newtechnologies (including automation technologies) that affect thenumerous human interfaces within the NAS.

The Human Factors Design Guide (HFDG) For Acquisition ofCommercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) Subsystems, Non-Developmental Items (NDI), and Developmental Systems providesreference information to assist in the selection, analysis, design,development, and evaluation of new and modified FAA systems,facilities, and equipment.

The HFDG organization, format, style, and contents have been"human factored" for easy access and understanding of thematerial. As a guide, it consolidates human factors knowledge,practice, and prior experience for application to new systems andequipment.

1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide a single FAA-oriented and easy-to-use source of human factors guidance. Itconsolidates guidance from the source materials of severalgovernment agencies and provides one reference for applicationto new systems associated with the FAA. It selectively drawsupon documents oriented to other agency missions and adapts andexpands upon them to meet the needs of FAA missions andsystems.

1.2 Objectives As a single consolidated reference document, the HFDGobjectives are to:

a. provide highly relevant, experience-based, general, anddetailed information for use by FAA and contractorhuman factors professionals in system acquisitions ormodifications;

b. aid in the evaluation and selection of COTS and NDIprocurements;

c. contribute to acquisition decisions and trade-offs related tohuman-performance and human-interface characteristicsthat enhance system effectiveness and safety (see also1.3.1);

d. promote human-interface consistency within and amongsubsystems; and

e. serve as a basis for general human factors test andevaluation information and checklist procedures.

1.3 Scope The HFDG presents human factors design guidance that is to beapplied to new, modified, or updated FAA facilities, systems,and equipment that will be managed, operated, and maintained by

1 Introduction HFDG

1-2 FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center January 15, 1996

the FAA. The guide covers a broad range of human factorstopics that pertain to automation, maintenance, human interface,workplace design, documentation, system security, safety, theenvironment, and anthropometry. This document includesextensive human-computer interface guidance.

It is relevant to all phases of the FAA development process, fromthe mission need determination phase through production anddeployment phases. It is to be considered for any engineeringchanges or modifications that affect the human interfaces withinthe operational system. The HFDG provides information thatcan be used in the evaluation and selection of COTS or NDIequipment. Similarly, it may be applied to advanced researchprograms that are to transition to new FAA systems.

1.3.1 HFDG insystem acquisition

Human factors professionals in FAA acquisition offices and oncontractor development program teams will benefit by using thisHFDG as a reference document to assist them with their humanfactors responsibilities and technical tasks.

Human factors professionals associated with program offices andintegrated product development teams will be responsible fordetermining the applicability and relevance of topics and rules tospecific systems, facilities, and equipment. Relevance will bebased upon the operational missions, system functions, potentialhuman functions or tasks, users interface design needs, andenvironmental conditions. They can use this HFDG indetermining system requirements through market survey,statements of work, system or equipment specifications, andsystem evaluations.

Contractor human factors personnel can use this guide as a basis(along with other system specific planning, analytic, prototype,simulation, developmental and evaluation processes) for theapplication of professional and commercial practices in humanfactors.

1.3.2 Human factorsimportance forCOTS & NDIprocurements

To meet a particular system or equipment need within the NAS,human factors implications for COTS or NDI acquisitionalternatives must be considered prior to the commitment to thesealternatives. Some human factors implications include potentialeffects upon:

a. human-system performance in operations andmaintenance,

b. the acceptability and usability of human-interfaces,

c. the resultant training and personnel selection changesrequired,

d. changes in human organizations and relationships, and

e. life cycle costs and benefits.

HFDG 1 Introduction


Normally, if COTS or NDI acquisition is an option, requirementsare stated in terms of function, performance, and physicalcharacteristics in sufficient detail to enable an adequate marketinvestigation. Then COTS or NDI alternative(s) need to beevaluated for operational suitability for the intended systempurposes. Suitability criteria include safety and human factorsconsiderations.

Human-interface changes or developments, precipitated by COTSor NDI to the intended system environment, will entail humanfactors analysis, prototyping, and evaluation. Where a COTS orNDI approach is selected for a new or modified system, a humanfactors evaluation for operational suitability is necessary.Systematic user input and selected HFDG guidelines can help.The effects on the human components and their performance areto be systematically considered and evaluated.

1.4 Format Using rules outlined in section 10, User documentation, theHFDG was "human factored" to facilitate usability andreadability. This section highlights the format that makes theHFDG "user-friendly."

1.4.1 HFDG specialfeatures

Special features of this guide, which facilitate the use of thematerial during applications, are discussed in this section.

1.4.1.1 Identificationand use of the HFDGrules - "shall" and"should" advice

This guide provides ideas and suggestions that draw upon amultiplicity of sources and experience. References are found inAppendix A.

The authors retained "shall" and "should" designations to beconsistent with source materials. The "shall" text statements areidentified with a solid black square () adjacent to the rule. Shalltext statements originate from, or are judged comparable to, suchstatements from sources normally having the authority of the typeof directives associated with FAA orders, standards, militaryspecifications, Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA), and Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).

Each should statement is identified by an open white square ().These rules are preferred approaches for designing newequipment or selecting between COTS alternatives. Shouldstatements are not mandatory unless specified by contract, but arenot to be ignored either.

All rule statements and sources with similar ideas and guidanceare identified in Appendix B, Sources.

1.4.1.2 Measurements Measurements and dimensions used throughout the document areexpressed in International System units. As a convenience, thesemetric units are accompanied by their customary English systemequivalents in parentheses. This practice is consistent withmetric standard and handbook sources.

1 Introduction HFDG


1.4.1.3 Topicalcompleteness

Topics within headings have been made as complete for referencepurposes as practical by including relevant rules even though theymay apply under several different topics. Where suchinformation is repeated for topical completeness purposes, aparenthetical note states "(same as paragraph x.x. ...)."Associated information, which may be related, is noted as "(seealso x.x. ...)."

Where directly relevant information is found elsewhere in thedocument, a cross reference, which states "(see section orparagraph x.x. ...)," is used. To ease the users tasks, suchdirect cross referencing was held to a minimum.

1.4.2 Features thathelp find and useHFDG information

The HFDG format is intended to help the user navigate through,locate, and use information. The style of writing generallyfollows the guidelines of section 10 "User documentation" andthe U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual. The styleattempts to avoid interference with reading or search flow.

1.4.2.1 Section contentscan help build checklists

A detailed table of contents is found at the beginning of eachmajor section to help the user navigate through all levels oftopical headings, as well as through numbers and titles of allrules and exhibits. These pages can be copied to build checklists.

1.4.2.2 Heading andtext locations

Headings provide topic announcements that help users locateinformation. They appear in the left-hand column.

The right-hand column is sized to facilitate scanning and readingtext for in-depth understanding. Introductory text, rules, andexplanatory text appear in the right-hand column. Rules, in theform of either potential design criteria or design guidelines, aredistinctly numbered as paragraphs and given rule titles.Explanatory text, which supplements and explains ideas, isindented within the right column below the ideas.

1.4.2.3 Headers andfooters for navigation

Headers and footers contain information to help the user navigatethrough the document. The major section topic number andname appear in the header of each page. The footer contains thepage number at the outside edge of each page. Pages arenumbered within each section. The footer also repeats the latestsecond level heading number and topic title to help orient theuser to the topical structure and content of the page.

1.4.2.4 Exhibitscombine tabular andgraphics for easy use

Rather than two separate series of tables and figures, the guidehas a single series of exhibits. An exhibit contains tabularinformation, illustrative information, or both. Thus, tabular andgraphic information, which are to be used together, can be foundwithin the same exhibit. Exhibits follow closely to the text whichrefers to them.

Exhibit 1.4.2.4 illustrates the format of two typical pages thatcontain design criteria and guidelines. The illustration showsheading information, which provides the topical structure, in theleft-hand column and other textual materials in the right-handcolumn.

HFDG 1 Introduction


Paragraphs and rules, which provide important textualinformation, are shown. The location of rule markings ( forpotential design criteria and for potential guidelines) can beseen.

1.4.2.5 Topical indexhelps find information

A topical index in the back of the guide is provided to helpnavigate directly to the topic of inquiry.

HFDG Complementary documents


2 Complementary documentsWhen a rule found in this HFDG refers the reader to anothersource of information, that source of information is called a"complementary document." The complementary documentslisted in this section are all contained in rules throughout theHFDG. There are two ways in which complementary documentscan be used. If the rule is cited only as a guideline, thencomplementary documents are to be consulted for completeunderstanding and context of the specific rule.

If a rule of the HFDG is cited in a contractual document, thenany complementary document found within that rule is alsoconsidered contractually binding. In such a case, the applicableportions of the most recent version of the complementarydocument would also be cited on the contract. For example, if arule was cited on a contract that stated, ". . .shall be inaccordance with MIL-W-5044," then applicable portions of MIL-W-5044 are also contractually binding. When any provision isrequired by law or regulation, the law or regulation would takeprecedence over citation of the HFDG.

Document Title Paragraph Page number number number

2.1 Governmentdocuments

2.1.1 Specifications

2.1.1.1 MilitaryMIL-W- Walkway Compound and 9.3.3.3.1 . 9 - 115044 Non-slip Walkway Matting 12.2.1.7 . . 12 - 2

MIL-W- Walkway Coating and 9.3.3.3.1 . 9 - 115050 Matting, Non-slip Aircraft 12.2.1.7 . . 12 - 2

MIL-F- Fuses, Instrument, Power, 6.13.2.1 . . 6 - 8415160 and Telephone

2.1.1.2 FAAFAA-D- Technical Instruction Book E10.4 . . . . . 10 - 322494/b Manuscript: Electronic, 10.4.4.5.3 . 10 - 37

Electrical, and MechanicalEquipment, Requirementsfor Preparation ofManuscript and Productionof Books

2 Complementary document HFDG



2.1.2 Standards

2.1.2.1 Military

MIL-STD- Electrical and Electronic 6.10.5.15 . 6 - 7916 References

MIL-STD- Mechanical Symbols 10.2.4.13.2 10 - 1817B-1 (Other than Aeronautical, Aerospacecraft and Spacecraft Use)

MIL-STD- Mechanical Symbols for 10.2.4.13.2 10 - 1817-B-2 Aeronautical, Aerospacecraft and Spacecraft Use

MIL-STD- Designations for 10.2.4.13.1 10 - 1827 Electrical Power Switch

Devices and IndustrialControl Devices

MIL-STD- Identification Marking of 6.10.2.2.5 6 - 73130 U.S. Military Property

MIL-STD- Marking of Connections 6.9.1.8.1 . 6 - 64195 for Electrical Assemblies

MIL-STD- Standard General 6.10.2.2.5 6 - 73454 Requirements for

Electronic Equipment

MIL-STD- Identification Coding and 6.9.1.8.1 . 6 - 64681 Application of Hookup

and Lead Wire

MIL-STD- Cable and Cord, 6.9.1.8.4 . 6 - 65686 Electrical, Identification

Marking and ColorCoding of.

MIL-STD- System Safety Program 12.1.1 . . . 12 - 1882 Requirements

MIL-STD- Markings, Functions and 12.16.12 . . 12 - 311247 Hazard Designations of

Hose, Pipe, and Tubelines for Aircraft,Missile, and SpaceSystems




MIL-STD- Standard General 12.3.7 . . . . 12 - 51473 Requirements for Color

and Marking of ArmyMaterial

MIL-STD- Definitions of Human 3 . . . . . 3 - 11908 Factors Terms

2.1.2.2 FAA

FAA-STD- Color and Texture of 7.2.4.4.2 . 7 - 25001 Finishes for National 7.2.9.1.6 . 7 - 39

Airspace System 9.1.9 . . . . 9 - 3Equipment

2.1.2.3 Federal

FED-STD- Preferred Metric Units 10.2.4.11.2 10 - 17376 for General Use by the

Federal Government

FED-STD- Colors Used in E6.9.2.4.1 . 6 - 69595 Government Procurement 7.4.1.4.5 . 7 - 61

2.1.3 Handbooks

DoD- Anthropometry of U.S. 14.1.1.2 . . 14 - 2HDBK-743 Military Personnel 14.1.4.2 . . 14 - 9

14.1.4.4 . . 14 - 1014.3.1.1 . . 14 - 1614.5.2.1 . . 14 - 43

EEOC-BK- American Disabilities Act 9.7.1 . . . . 9 - 5319 Handbook 9.7.2 . . . . 9 - 54

9.7.3 . . . . 9 - 55

MIL- Human Factors 14.5.2.4 . 14 - 46HDBK-759 Engineering Design for

Army Materiel2.1.4 Orders

2.1.4.1 FAAFAA- Glossary 10.2.4.8.5 . 10 - 161000.15




FAA- Polychlorinated Biphenyls 12.9.6 . . . . 12 - 191050.14 in the National Airspace

System

FAA- FAA Directives System 10.4.4.5.3 . 10 - 371320.1 10.4.12.3 . . 10 - 45

FAA- National Security 11.3.1.9 . . 11 - 71600.2 Information

FAA- Communications Security 11.5.2.2 . 11 - 101600. 8 (COMSEC)

FAA- FAA Automated 11.1.2 . . . . 11 - 21600.54 Information Systems 11.1.3 . . . . 11 - 2 Security Handbook 11.1.4 . . . . 11 - 2

11.3 . . . . . 11 - 4 11.3.1.9 . . 11 - 7 11.3.2 . . . . 11 - 7

FAA- Occupational Safety and 4.1.7 . . . . 4 - 23900.19B Health* 4.2.4 . . . . 4 - 4

12.1.1 . . . . 12 - 1* In case of any specific 12.4.1.3 . . 12 - 7conflicts with the rules inthe HFDG, thiscomplementary documenthas precedence in thebroad areas ofOccupational Health andSafety.

FAA- Hearing Conservation 13.5.1.1 . . 13 - 143910.4 Program 13.5.1.2 . . 13 - 14

13.5.1.3 . . 13 - 1413.5.1.5 . . 13 - 15

FAA- Contractions 8.1.7.2.a . 8 - 167340.1 10.2.4.8.5 . 10 - 16

2.1.5 Regulations

2.1.5.1 Federal

10 CFR 20 Code of Federal 12.16.9 . . . 12 - 31Regulations, Title 10,Part 20




21 CFR Code of Federal 12.15.1 . . . 12 - 281040 Regulations, Title 21, 12.16.11 . . 12 - 31 Part 1040

28 CFR 35 American Disabilities 4.2.5 . . . . 4 - 4Act. Regulations toimplement equalemployment provisions(see 2.1.3 EEOC-BK-19)

28 CFR 36 American Disabilities 4.2.5 . . . . 4 - 4Act. Non discriminationon the basis of disabilityin public accommodationsand commercial facilities(see 2.1.3 EEOC-BK-19)

29 CFR American Disabilities 4.2.5 . . . . 4 - 41630 Act. Regulations to

implement equalemployment provisions(see 2.1.3 EEOC-BK-19)

29 CFR Occupational Safety and 4.1.7 . . . . 4 - 21910 Health Standards* 4.2.4 . . . . 4 - 4 6.1.2.6 . . 6 - 3

* In case of any specific 6.5.9.1 . . 6 - 33conflicts with the rules in 6.5.9.2 . . 6 - 33the HFDG, the applicable 6.6.5.1 . . 6 - 37document has precedence 6.6.5.2 . . 6 - 37in the broad areas of 6.12.1.1 . . 6 - 82Occupational Health and 9.2.1.12 . . 9 - 4Safety. 9.3.3.4.2 . 9 - 12

9.3.4.4.1 . 9 - 159.3.4.4.2 . 9 - 16

9.3.4.4.4 . 9 - 169.3.5.6.1 . 9 - 269.3.5.6.2 . 9 - 269.3.5.7.1 . 9 - 28

E9.3.5.7.1 (a) 9 - 29 12.1.1 . . . . 12 - 112.2.1.1 . . 12 - 1

12.2.1.4 . . 12 - 1 12.2.1.5 . . 12 - 2 12.2.2.1 . . 12 - 3 12.4.1.1 . . 12 - 6 12.4.1.3 . . 12 - 7 12.4.1.11 . . 12 - 8 12.4.1.18 . . 12 - 9 12.4.2.2 . . 12 - 9 12.5.2.5 . . 12 - 16 12.6.6 . . . . 12 - 16




29 CFR Occupational Safety and 12.7 . . . . . 12 - 161910 Health Standards 12.7.1 . . . . 12 - 17

(continued) 12.7.5 . . . . 12 - 18 12.8.3 . . . . 12 - 18 12.8.4 . . . . 12 - 18 12.9.7 . . . . 12 - 19 12.11 . . . . 12 - 20 12.11.3 . . . 12 - 20 12.11.5 . . . 12 - 20 12.11.6 . . . 12 - 21 12.12.8 . . . 12 - 22 13.2.5 . . . . 13 - 3 13.2.7 . . . . 13 - 3 13.5.2.10. . 13 - 17

29 CFR Safety and Health 4.1.7 . . . . 4 - 21926 Regulations for 4.2.5 . . . . 4 - 4

Construction* 12.1.1 . . . . 12 - 112.15.2 . . . 12 - 28

* In case of any specific 12.15.3 . . . 12 - 28conflicts with the rules in 12.15.4 . . . 12 - 28the HFDG, the applicable 12.15.6 . . . 12 - 29document has precedencein the broad areas ofOccupational Health andSafety.

28 CFR Americans with 4.2.5 . . . . 4 - 435.104, Disabilities36.104

29 CFR Americans with 4.2.5 . . . . 4 - 41630.2 Disabilities

2.1.6 Publications

FIPS PUB Standard for Password 11.3.2 . . . . 11 - 7112 Usage

2.2Nongovernmentdocuments

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) (1014 Broadway, Cincinnati OH 45202)

Threshold Limits Values 12.7.1 . . . . 12 - 17




American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (11 W. 42nd StNew York, NY 10036)

ANSI Radio Frequency 12.16.8 . . . 12 - 31C95.2 Radiation Hazard

Warning Symbol

ANSI N2.1 Radiation Symbol 12.16.10 . . 12 - 31

ANSI Method for Measurement 7.3.5.6.1 . 7 - 52S3.2 of Monosyllabic Word

Intelligibility

ANSI Methods for the 7.3.5.6.1 . 7 - 52S3.5 Calculation of

Articulation Index

ANSI Flowchart Symbols for 10.2.4.14.1 10 - 18X3.5 Information Processing

ANSI Letter Symbols for Units 10.2.4.12.1 10 - 18Y10.19 Used in Science and

Technology

ANSI Graphic Symbols for 10.2.4.13.3 10 - 18Y32.14 Logic Diagrams (two-

state devices)

ANSI Reference Designations 10.2.4.13.1 10 - 18Y32.16 for Electrical and

Electronic Diagrams

ANSI Graphic Symbols for 10.2.4.13.1 10 - 18Y32.2 Electrical and Electronic

Diagrams

ANSI Environmental and 12.16.7 . . . 12 - 31Z535.2 Facility Safety Signs 12.16.8 . . . 12 - 31

ANSI/ Thermal Environmental 13.3 . . . . . 13 - 4ASHRAE Conditions for HumanSTD 55 Occupancy

ANSI/HFS American National 7.2.4.5.4 . 7 - 26100-1988 Standard for Human 8.8.1.3 . . 8 -139

Factors Engineering of 8.8.4.2.6 . 8 -147Visual Display Terminal 9.6.1 . . . . 9 - 50Workstations

ANSI/IEEE IEEE Standard Letter 10.2.4.8.7 . 10 - 16260 Symbols for Units of 10.2.4.11.1 10 - 17

Measurements




ANSI/IEEE Metric Practice 10.4.2.11.2 10 - 17268

ANSI/IEEE Supplement to Graphic 10.2.4.13.1 10 - 18315A Symbols for Electrical

and Electronics Diagrams

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (345 East47th St., New York, NY 10017)

ASME Abbreviations for Use on 10.2.4.8.5 . 10 - 16Y1.1 Drawings and in Text

Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) of North America

IES Lighting HandbookSEC 9 Application-87,Industrial Lighting 13.4.1 . . . . 13 - 8

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (345 East47th St., New York, NY 10017-2394)

IEEE C95.1 IEEE Standard for Safety 12.8.4 . . . . 12 - 18Levels with Respect toHuman Exposure toRadio FrequencyElectromagnetic Fields,3 kHz to 300 GHz

NFPA 70 National Fire Protection 6.3.5.1.2 . 6 - 20Association 12.11.6 . . . 12 - 21

HFDG 3 Definitions


3 DefinitionsIn this section, technical terms used throughout this guideare defined. Where the authors determined the usage ofa term needed to be defined in the context of its use, thosedefinitions appear as explanatory information.Abbreviations and acronyms used throughout this guideare also included.

The context in which the definition(s) is used is noted bythe following abbreviations, given in parenthesis beforethe definition:

(gen) general or human factors application (uci) user-computer interface (snv) sound, noise, and vibration (sec) security (udoc) user documentation (acq) acquisition

Additional definitions in the human factors area can befound in MIL-STD-1908, Definitions of Human FactorsTerms.

Abbreviation (gen, udoc) A shortened version of a word or group ofwords formed by eliminating one or more letters.

Abduction (gen) The movement away from the midline of the body.

Accessible (gen) An item is considered accessible when it can beoperated, manipulated, removed, or replaced by thesuitably clothed and equipped user, with applicable bodydimensions conforming to the anthropometric range anddatabase specified by the acquisition program office.

Accreditation (sec) Authorization and approval granted to an automatedinformation system or network to process sensitive data inan operational environment.

Acronym (gen) A word formed from the initial letter or letters of agroup of words.

Action level (snv) An 8 hour time-weighted average noise level of 85dB(A) or, equivalently, a noise dose of 50 percent.

Action statement (udoc) An action verb followed by the object or itemacted upon.

ADA (gen) Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (seeAmericans with Disabilities Act)

Adduction (gen) The movement toward the median line.

3 Definitions HFDG


Advance organizer (udoc) Supplementary information that is presented priorto the main body of information in which a user isinterested. Tables of contents, introductory summaries,flow charts, and adjunct questions are all advanceorganizers as long as they occur before the targetedinformation.

AF (gen) Airway Facilities

AIS (acq) Automated Information System

Alarm (gen) Indication that a condition has been detected inwhich a sensor or derived parameter is out of theacceptable operating range. An alarm is the most severecategory of fault. It generally requires remedial action tocorrect the condition and clear the alarm.

Alert (gen) Indication that a condition has been detected inwhich a sensor of derived parameter has exceeded its idealoperating range but has not exceeded its acceptableoperating range. An alert is an indication of a potential orimpending alarm condition; however, in most casesservice has not been affected.

Alphanumeric (gen, uci) A descriptive term used to define a characterset containing the letters of an ethnic alphabet, the digits 0through 9, and generally, special symbols and punctuationmarks.

Americans withDisabilities Act

(gen) A federal antidiscrimination statute designed toremove barriers that prevent qualified individuals withdisabilities from enjoying the same employmentopportunities that are available to persons withoutdisabilities. The provision of the statute are found in thefollowing federal regulations: 28 CFR 35.104 and36.104, as well as 29 CFR 1630.2.

ANSI (gen) American National Standards Institute

Anthropometry (gen) The scientific measurement and collection of dataabout human physical characteristics and the application(engineering anthropometry) of these data in the designand evaluation of systems, equipment, manufacturedproducts, human-made environments, and facilities.

Appendix (udoc) A body of supplementary information collected,labeled, and placed at the end of a document.

Articulation index(AI)

(snv) A weighted number representing, for a given set ofspeech and noise conditions, the effective proportion ofthe normal speech signal that is available to a listener forconveying speech intelligibility. AI is computed fromacoustical measurements (or estimates) of the speechspectrum and of the effective masking spectrum, and isdefined on a scale of 0 to 1.0.

HFDG 3 Definitions


Aspect (gen) The ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimensions ofa character or image.

AT (gen) Air Traffic

Authentication (sec) The act of identifying and confirming the eligibilityof a station, originator, or user to access specificcategories of information.

Authorization (sec) Granting to a user, or group, the right of access to aprogram, a process, or information.

Authorizedpersonnel

(sec) Operators, maintainers, support or supervisorypersonnel, system administrators, and security personnel.

Automatic testequipment

(gen, acq) Test equipment that checks two or more signalsin sequence without the intervention of a maintainer. Thetest usually stops when the first out-of-tolerance signal isdetected.

Automation (gen) The operation or control of a process, equipment, orsubsystem without external influence -- self-regulation.Automatic processes, for the most part, lack humancapabilities of volition, intention, or conscious planningand are involuntary or reflexive.

A-weighted soundlevel [dB(A)]

(snv) A sound pressure level, in decibels, measured usinga sound level meter with an A-weighting network. TheA-weighted response is maximum at 2500 Hz, dropsrapidly as frequency decreases below 1000 Hz, andgradually decreases above 4000 Hz, therebyapproximating the frequency-dependent human responseto moderate sound levels.

Backup (uci) A capability that returns a user to the last previousdisplay, field, or character in a defined transactionsequence. Also refers to preserving a second copy of filesfor data protection purposes.

Biomechanics (gen) The mechanical characteristics of biologicalsystems, in this case the human body, in terms of physicalmeasures and mechanical models. This field isinterdisciplinary (mainly anthropometry, mechanics,physiology, and engineering). Its applications addressmechanical structure, strength, and mobility of humansfor engineering purposes.

Brightness (gen) An attribute of visual sensation that is determinedby the intensity of light radiation reaching the eye.

Brightness ratio (gen) The measured luminance, at one point divided bythe measured luminance, at another, equal to Lt/Lb,(Ls+Lb)/Lb, or (1+Ls)/Lb where Lt = total luminance, orluminance of the image in the presence of background; Ls= luminance of the symbol without background

3 Definitions HFDG


(luminance emitted by CRT in the case of CRT displays,sometimes called trace brightness); Lb = luminance ofbackground. Brightness ratio is sometimes called contrastratio.

Browse back (gen) The action of moving to the previous windowwithout permanently resetting system variables; however,system variables in the temporary state table will be reset.

Browse exit (gen) The action of leaving browse mode.

Browse next (gen) The action of moving to the succeeding windowwithout permanently setting system variables; however,system variables will be set to a temporary state table.

Built-in testequipment

(gen) An integral part of a unit of equipment that canrange from a simple voltmeter to a complex automaticchecker.

C3 (gen) Command, Control, and Communications

Cable (acq) A number of lines bound together within a single,permanent sheath.

Cancel (uci) A capability that regenerates or re-initiates thecurrent display without processing or retaining anychanges made by the user. Cancel usually means omittingonly the action of the last command.

Case (acq) The part of a unit of equipment that encloses andprotects the equipment from its surroundings and protectsthe surroundings - including maintainers - from theequipment.

Caution (udoc) A written notice given when a condition mightresult in damage to, or destruction of, equipment orsystems.

Caution signal (gen) A signal that alerts the user to an impendingdangerous condition requiring attention, but notnecessarily immediate action.

Center-justified text (udoc) Lines centered on the page. Both margins are leftragged.

Certification (sec) The technical evaluation that supports theaccreditation process and establishes the extent to which aparticular computer system or network design meets aprespecified set of requirements.

CFR (gen) Code of Federal Regulations

HFDG 3 Definitions


CIE chromaticitysystem

(gen) Allows the use of a physical measurement of thespectral energy distribution in a color to calculate theamounts of three primaries. By definition, these are theamounts of primaries required by a standard observer toobtain a visual match with the color. Any color can bematched using three primaries (red, green, and blue), butin some cases, one of the primaries must be added to thecolor being matched. To make calculations with the CIEchromaticity system, more convenient spectral tristimulusvalues are used for three colors, imaginary or primaries.

Circumduction (gen) The continuous circular movement of a limb.

Coding (gen) Use of a system of symbols, shapes, colors, or othervariable sensory stimuli to represent specific information.

Collating testequipment

(acq) Test equipment that presents the results of two ormore checks as a single display; for example, a lightmight come on only if a number of different signals are intolerance.

Comfort zone (gen) The range of environmental conditions in whichhumans can achieve thermal comfort.

Command andcontrol system

(acq) The facilities, equipment, communications,procedures, and personnel essential to a manager forplanning, directing, and controlling operations of assignedresources pursuant to the missions assigned.

Command andsystem control

equipment

(acq) The main mission element, equipment, and relatedground equipment used in collecting, transitioning,processing, and displaying information for command andcontrol.

Command language (uci) A limited programming language used strictly forexecuting a series of commands.

Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)

(acq) Items of equipment that have been developedindependently by industry to meet market demands.These items may be commercial products as defined in theFederal Acquisition Regulations Part 11 or newlydeveloped commercial items that have no market history.

CommissionInternationale

de lEclairage(CIE)

(gen) An international organization devoted to studyingand advancing the art and science of illumination.

3 Definitions HFDG


Common tool (acq) A tool, routinely found in the tool supply ofmaintenance organizations for a similar class of system orequipment, which is generic because it is available frommore than one manufacturer, and is not designed orintended for exclusive use on or with a single system orpiece of equipment.

Complex sentence (udoc) A simple sentence modified by one or moresubordinate phrases or clauses.

Component (acq) A subdivision of a unit of equipment that can betreated as an object by the maintainer, but which can befurther broken down into parts. A mounting boardtogether with its mounted parts is an example of acomponent.

Compound sentence (udoc) Two or more simple sentences joined by aconjunction.

Connector (acq) A piece of hardware that joins or attaches lines orcables to other lines or cables or to units of equipment.The term is used rather loosely to refer to either of twoparts that mate with each other or to the plug that mateswith a receptacle.

Contrast (gen) The perception of the difference in the intensity oftwo areas.

Contrast ratio (gen) Often specified by display manufacturers because itis numerically larger (by one) than contrast (seeBrightness ratio).

Control (uci) Any object that allows a user to perform an action.

Control (gen) A mechanism used to regulate or guide theoperation of a machine, equipment component,subsystem, or system.

Controller (uci) Any device used to position the cursor on thecomputer monitor screen. (Examples are: mouse,joystick, cursor keys, light pen, touch screen, track ball.)

Correlationcoefficient

(r value)

(gen) The degree to which two variables vary together(positive correlation) or vary inversely (negativecorrelation).

Corridor (gen, acq) Walkways that are physically restricted.

Cover (acq) Parts of equipment that close access openings.

CRT (acq, uci) Cathode Ray Tube

HFDG 3 Definitions


Cursor (uci) A marker on the display screen that indicates theposition where the computer expects the next input or willdisplay the next output. The cursor may be positionedunder computer control or by the user (see Controller).

Dark adaptation (gen) The process by which the eyes become accustomedto dim light.

Database (uci) A set of interrelated data stored in a computer.

Data display (uci) Communication of visual, audio, or other outputfrom a computer to its users.

Data entry (uci) User input of data (numeric, textual, graphic, oranalog) for computer processing and computer responsesto such inputs.

Data entry window (uci) Contains a set of labeled fields for entering,changing, and deleting data.

Data field (uci) An area of the display screen reserved for user entryof a data item.

Data field label (uci) An area of the display screen that serves as a promptfor entering a data item. It usually cannot be changed by a user.

dB(A) (snv) The unit used to express sound level measuredthrough the A-weighting network of a sound level meter(see A-weighted sound pressure level).

Decibel (dB) (snv) A unit to express sound pressure level. The decibelis the unit of level when the base of the logarithm is thetenth root of ten and the quantities concerned areproportional to power. The dB has meaning only whenthe referenced quantity is known. The internationallyaccepted reference pressure in acoustics is 20micropascals (Pa) which corresponds to 0 dB.

Dedicated key (uci) A key which produces one code and is never affectedby the position of either the CTRL or SHIFT keys.

Default value (uci) A predetermined, frequently-used value for a datafield or control entry, intended to reduce required userentry actions.

Depression (gen) The lowering of a body member from its normalposition.

Design limitsapproach

(gen, acq) A method of applying population or samplestatistics and data about human physical characteristics toa design so that a desired portion of the user population is

3 Definitions HFDG


accommodated by the design. The range of usersaccommodated is a function of limits used in setting thepopulation portion.

Dialog(or dialogue)

(uci) A structured series of transactions. A structuredseries of interchanges between a user and a computer.Dialogues can be computer initiated (question and answer)or user initiated (command languages).

Disability (gen) A physical or mental impairment that substantiallylimits one or more of a persons major life activities.

Displacementjoystick

(uci) A joystick that moves in the direction it is pushed.Displacement joysticks are usually spring-loaded so thatthey return to their center position.

Display sequencing (gen, uci) A means of reducing clutter by displaying aseries of partial displays or sequential data displays.

DOD (gen) Department of Defense

Dynamically-generated fault

isolationrecommendation

(gen) A recommendation made by a computer systembased on stored information and information receivedfrom user inputs, automated system inputs, or both. Theinformation used by the system may include historicalinformation, heuristics, probability factors, and costfactors. The recommendation may be derived usingmodel-based reasoning, dependency models, fault-basedreasoning, rule-based logic, information theory, oradvanced artificial intelligence schema.

Dynamic strength (gen) A force exerted by limbs moving in a smoothmanner over time, such as while lifting an object.

Effectivetemperature

(gen) An empirical thermal index that illustrates howcombinations of dry bulb air temperature, wet bulbtemperature, velocity of air, and clothing affect people.This index combines into a single value the effect oftemperature, humidity, and air movement on the sensationof warmth or cold felt by the human body. The numericalvalue is that of the temperature of still, saturated air thatwould induce an identical sensation.

Effective watt (gen) 1.84 watts

Electroluminescentdevice (EL)

(gen) A device that produces light through electricalexcitation of a phosphor.

Elevation (gen) The raising of a body member from a normalposition.

HFDG 3 Definitions


Explosive strength (gen) The application of peak amounts of strength forshort periods of time, usually periodically, such as inrunning or sprinting.

Extension (gen) The straightening of a limb or an increase in theangle between parts of the body.

FAA (gen) Federal Aviation Administration

Fail-safe design (gen) Design where a failure will not adversely affect thesafe operation of the system, equipment or facility.

Fastener (acq) Devices that join, attach, and mount components,cases, covers, and units of equipment. They includequick fastening and releasing devices, screws, bolts,latches, catches, rivets, retainer rings, and retainer chains.

Figure (udoc) An exhibit that is primarily graphical or pictorial in nature, as opposed to verbal or numerical.

File (uci) A collection of data that is stored in a computer,treate

Human Factors Design Guide - Federal Aviation … · The Human Factors Design Guide ... Human factors, Human-equipment interfaces, Human-computer interfaces, ... 8.5 Data display

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