Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Human Factors and Vehicle Automation The good, the bad and the ugly Tyron Louw National Road Safety Conference 25-26 th November, 2014 The Grand, Brighton, UK
Jul 03, 2015
Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
Human Factors and Vehicle Automation!
The good, the bad and the ugly!
Tyron Louw !!
National Road Safety Conference !25-26th November, 2014 !The Grand, Brighton, UK
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The!race!is!on!!
The!race!is!ON!!
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Automated?!Driverless?!Self:driving?!
Automated Road Transport Systems Level 4
Platooning Level 2 & 3
Highly automated/dual mode vehicles Level 2 & 3
Connected Vehicles
Military!driverless!vehicles!Level!4!!
Self*driving-autonomous!trucks!Level!2!&!3!
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Automated?!Driverless?!Self:driving?! Definitions are Important! Autonomous • “not subject to control from outside; independent” 1
• “undertaken or carried on without outside control” 2 Automated • “automatically controlled operation of an apparatus, process
or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human labour” 1
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Sources:! !1!hFp://dicIonary.reference.com!!!2!hFp://www.merriam:webster.com/dicIonary!
HUMANS-STILL-NEEDED!-
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Levels!of!AutomaIon!
Level-4- !Full!Self:Driving!AutomaIon!
Level-3- !Limited!Self:Driving!AutomaIon!
Level-2- !Combined!FuncIon!AutomaIon!
Level-1-FuncIon:specific!AutomaIon!
Level-0- !No:AutomaIon!
NaIonal!Highway!Traffic!Safety!AdministraIon!(NHTSA)!
2014*17-
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Focus-of-this-talk-is-on-the-human-factors-of-Level-2-and-Level-3-vehicle-automaHon-
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The!GOOD!–!The!claims!
Science-Digest,!April!1958!
NOT A NEW IDEA!!
• Without!driver!error,!fewer!vehicle!crashes,!fewer-deaths-
• Increased-mobility-of!the!young,!the!elderly,!and!the!disabled!!
• More!efficient!traffic-flow,!decreased!congesHon!!
• Engage-in-other-acHviHes,!lower!costs!of!travel!Ime!
• Increase!fuel-efficiency-
• No!need!for!parking!spaces!Source:!Rand!CorporaIon!(2014)!
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The!BAD!
NHTSA!(2013)!
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Lessons!from!aviaIon!
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The!BAD!
Fact:-Human!error!accounts!for!90%-of-road-accidents-
!Claim:-Vehicle!automaIon!will!remove!the!human!and!therefore!eliminate-90%-of-road-
accidents-!
TRUE-or-FALSE?-!
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The!BAD!
My-answer?-FALSE-!
Why?-AutomaIon!does!not!remove!the!
human!from!the!driving!task!It!simply!changes!its!role!within!it!
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What’s!the!State!of!the!Art!?!
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What!we!DO!know
• Drivers are able to return to the loop within 5 to 7 seconds (Louw, Merat & Jamson, submitted; Gold & Bengler, 2014)
• When required to resume control drivers take ±30-45 seconds to stabilise behaviour (Merat et al., 2014)
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What!we!DO!know
• The higher the automation, the more drivers look elsewhere and engage in other tasks (Merat et al., 2012, Carsten et al., 2012).
• Situation awareness is lower than in manual and increases with increasing automation, especially if drivers engaged in another task (Merat et al., 2012)
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The!UGLY!–!What!we!don’t!know!
• What is the effect of long durations under automation on ability to resume control?
• How will impaired/older drivers handle automation?
• What are effective hand-over strategies/user interfaces for automation?
• From driving simulator studies to the real world
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The!UGLY!–!What!we!don’t!know!
• How will drivers handle complex scenarios after automation?
Source:!lionspire.com!
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The!UGLY!–!What!we!don’t!know!
• How do we manage trust/complacency in automated vehicles?
• Will drivers misuse automation and should we monitor this?
• What are the needs and interactions of other road users?!
What-does-all-of-this-mean-for-vehicle-automaHon?-
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What!does!it!mean!for!vehicle!automaIon?!
Design of automated driving systems needs to be human-centred and robust
Source:!automoIve.electronicspecifier.com!
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What!does!it!mean!for!vehicle!automaIon?!
Possible driver training for automated vehicles?
Source:!automoIve.electronicspecifier.com!
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What-does-all-of-this-mean-for-road-safety?-
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What!does!it!mean!for!road!safety?!
• Without!driver!error,!fewer!vehicle!crashes,!fewer-deaths-
IniIally!fewer!minor!crashes,!eventually!fewer!deaths!
Not!unIl!full:automaIon!• Engage-in-other-acHviHes,!lower!costs!of!travel!Ime!
How-do-the-claims-weigh-up?- True-or-False?-
Possibly!for!automated!public!transport!but!not!unIl!full:automaIon!in!personal!vehicles!
• Increased-mobility-of!the!young,!the!elderly,!and!the!disabled!!
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What!does!it!mean!for!road!safety?!
DON’T HAVE AUTOMATION FOR THE SAKE OF AUTOMATION
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ONLY WORTH REPLACING THE HUMAN IF THE ALTERNATIVE IS BETTER
Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
Thank you for your attention!
Tyron Louw !Institute for Transport Studies !
University of [email protected]!
!
Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
Carsten,!O.,!Lai,!F.!C.!H.,!Barnard,!Y.,!Jamson,!A.!H.!&!Merat,!N.!(2012).!Control!task!subsItuIon!in!semi:automated!driving:!Does!it!maFer!what!aspects!are!automated?!Human-Factors,!54,!747–761.!!Gold,!C.!&!Bengler,!K.!(2014).!Taking!Over!Control!from!Highly!Automated!Vehicles.!Proceedings-of-the-5th-Interna<onal-Conference-on-Applied-Human-Factors-and-Ergonomics-AHFE-2014,!Kraków,!Poland!19:23!July.!!Louw,!T.,!Merat,!N.!&!Jamson,!H.!(submiFed).!Engaging!With!AutomaIon:!To!be!Or!Not!To!Be!In!The!Loop.!Driving-Assessment-2015:-8th-Interna<onal-Driving-Symposium-on-Human-Factors-in-Driver-Assessment,-Training,-and-Vehicle-Design.---Merat,!N.,!Jamson,!A.!H.,!Lai,!F.!F.!C.!H.,!Daly,!M.!&!Carsten,!O.!M.!J.!(2014).!TransiIon!to!manual:!Driver!behaviour!when!resuming!control!from!a!highly!automated!vehicle.!Transporta<on-Research-Part-F:-Traffic-Psychology-and-Behaviour,!26,!1–9.!!!Merat,!N.,!Jamson,!H.,!Lai,!F.,!&!Carsten,!O.!(2012).!Highly!automated!driving,!secondary!task!performance!and!driver!state.!Human-Factors,!54,!762–771.!!