human diseases caused by bacteria strepto coccal diseases,

HUMN DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA-STREPTO COCCAL

DISEASES, TYPHOID, CHOLERA, TETANUS,

LEPROSY, TUBERCULOSIS AND PNEUMONIA

SASNA

CONTENTS STREPTO COCCAL DISEASES TYPHOID CHOLERA TETANUS LEPROSY TUBERCULOSIS PNEUMONIA

STREPTO COCCAL DISEASESSTREPTOCOCCI

1. Non motile cells, spherical ,ovoid ,occurring in pairs short or long chains

2. Gram positive ,facultative aerobes

3. Capsules are not regularly formed

4. Found in mouth and intestine of man and other animals ,in dairy

Product and in fermenting plant juices

5. Some species are highly pathogenic

Mainly two types 1. Group A streptococcus (GAS)2. Group B streptococcus (GBS)

GAS (GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS)

1. It can cause wide range of infections

2. People also carry group a streptococci in the throat ,skin, and have no symptom of illness.

3. Most GAS infections are relatively mild illness such as strep

throat, or impetigo ( a skin infection) 4. Also cause necrotizing fasciitis or streptococcal toxic shock

syndrome

NECROTIZING FASCIITIS

1. Severe pain and swelling ,often rapidly incresing2. Fever3. Redness at a wound site

STREPTOCOCCALTOXIC SHOCKSYNDROME

1. Severe pain in arms and legs2. Dizziness3. Flu like symptoms fever ,chills, Muscle

aches ,nausea,vomiting4. Confusion5. A flat red rash over large

area’s Of the bodyANTIBIOTIC THERAPY IS THE MAIN WAY TO PREVENT INFECTION

GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS

• Strep B is harmless in adults ,in newborns it can cause a serious Illness known strep B diseases

•Group b can also cause serious cause in adults with certain chronic medical conditions. Such as 1. Diabetes 2. Liver disease

•At pregnant condition group b strep screening test during Third trimester is necessary because other wise if affect the baby

In infants illness caused by GBS can two forms• early onset• late onset

Early onset group B strep disease1. Sick with in on week after birth2. Fever3. Difficulty feeding4. Lethargy

Late onset group b strep disease1. Sick with in a week to a few months after birth2. Difficulty breathing3. Fever4. Difficulty feeding5. Lethargy6. Irritability

Strep B infection can lead to life threatening Complications in infants including

1. inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia)

2. inflammation of the membrane and fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meningitis)

3. infection in the bloodstream (bacteremia)

ADULTS

•Strep B affect bowel ,vagina, rectum, bladder, or throat

In adults it cause complications like :

1. Skin infections 2. Sepsis ( infection of blood stream) 3.Urinary tract infection 4. Inflammation of lungs 5. Bone and joint infections 6. Infection of heart valves 7. Meningitis

•Pregnant women ,group B strep cause

• Urinary tract infection

• infection of placenta and amniotic fluid

• inflammation & infection of the membrane• lining the uterus

• Infection of bloodstream (sepsis)

Some other diseases Rheumatic fever : In children by the repeated infection of the respiratory tract, fever, pain in the joints, the products of streptococcus metabolism are the cause of the symptoms

Septic sore throat: Infection of the tonsils and lymph nodes, accompanying fever

Septicemia : Improper treatment of flesh wounds and if the blood poisoning is allowed to progress, Death may follow

TYPHOID FEVER•The causal organism salmonella typhi

•It is a gram negative rod that is very resistant to environmental Condition•It may remain alive for long periods in fresh water and foods•The chief source of disease is the human carrier

•The recovered patients may continue to harbour bacteria which are shed in the feces for long periods

•Typhoid mary (1906) demonstrated this fact.

•Contaminated sewage is another source .

•When it mixes with drinking due to broken sewer lines or natural disasters, epidemic may follow

Salmonella typhi

•Flies also transport bacteria from sewage to food or water

•This bacterium is acid resistant it passes through stomach and enter small intestine, where multiply quickly.

•It produce deep ulcers ,constipation, and bloody stools these are the Indication of bacterial penetration to blood vessels of intestinal walls

•Fever rises gradually ,and skin covered with bright red rose spots

•Disease was previously treated with chloramphenicol.

•At present amoxicillin and sulfam ethoxazole trimethoprim have been substituted

•The bacterium have some preferences for gallbladder , and antibiotics are not effective in this organ

•In such cases gallbladder is removed.

•Chemically killed bacteria are used in the vaccine for typhoid fever with about 100,000 dead organisms in each dose

•The organism may also be identified by isolating it from urine, blood, stool or Bone marrow cultures

•In 1896 fernand widal devised the Widal test

•It is a aggultination method in which typhoid fever antibodies are detected by Mixing the patients serum with salmonella cells and observed for clumping

THESE DAYS EXTRACT OF FLAGELLA OR CELLULAR ANTIGENS OF

BACTERIUM RATHER THAN CELLS ARE USED FOR THIS TEST

CHOLERA•These is severe dysentery , vomiting and violent cramps with much Loss of fluid

•Eyes become shrouded in grey and sink in to orbits skin become dry ,wrinkled and cold and muscular cramps occur in the arms and legs .

•There is continuous thirst but patient is unable to hold fluid

•The blood is thickened and urine production stops

•Without urine metabolic wastes accumulate and tissue suffer toxic damage

•The sluggish blood flow to the brain stops oxygen to this vital organ and person enters into coma and soon dies

Vibrio cholerae

•The causal organism ,vibrio cholerae .

•A gram negative rod was first cultivated by robert koch in 1883 the bacterium has two recognised biotypes 1.Classical V.Cholerae 2.EI. Tor biotype •EI Tor type produces a haemolysin that disrupt sheep red blood cells, but classical biotype does not .

•The EI tor also exists in carriers, not found in classical forms

• Bacteria enter gastrointestinal system in large number since Stomach acid kills most of the bacteria

• The surviving organisms enter the intestine and move about through the mucous coating, adhere strongly in tissues and produce powerful toxins

•The toxins consist of 3 chains of protein that stimulate the production of the enzyme, adenyl cyclase

•This enzyme increase the level of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) which lead to abundant secretion of fluid by the intestine.

•The presence of infection also retards water absorption through the wall

•The critical treatment is to restore water balance in the body

•Intravenous injection of tetracyclin are useful to control bacteria

•Immunization with preparation of dead bacteria provides protection for about six months.

•Prevention method include sanitation, personal hyegine, and care in food preparation

TETANUS•It is a soil borne disease ,most dangerous of human disease

•The bacterium clostridium tetani exist in air ,water, animal and human Intestine and especially the soil

•The bacteria enter a wound in very small numbers and produce second Most powerful toxin to science

•The toxins provoke sustained and uncontrolled contraction of the muscle and spasms occur throughout the body

•The patients experiences a violent death

•The bacterium exist as spores in the intestine of many animals and man

•The organism is excreted in the feces to the soil , from where spores are Introduced to the anaerobic environment of dead necrotic tissue in deep puncture.

Clostridium tetani

•The symptoms develop rapidly ,with in hours of entry , the spores revert to vegetative cells which produce several Toxins including Tetanospansmin

•Tetanospansmin is a high molecular weight protein

•It spread through the blood stream and along the axons of the nerve cells to the nerve endings where it inhibits the removal of acetocholine in synapse

•Muscle contraction occur -------- muscle stiffness ----- back Arches -----jaws clench----- and a fixed smile on face ---- this disease is called lock jaw

•Immunisation to tetanus may be achieved by injecting toxoid Consisting of formaldehyde treated toxin that is Precipitated with alum

LEPROSY ( HANSEN’S DISEASE )•This is a contact disease

•It degenerate the tissues and deforming the body

•There is a long incubation period of 3 to 6 years during which victims are not easily identified

•The causal organism is mycobacterium leprae ,a heat sensitive Organism which prefer nerves and cutaneous tissues

•Never effect internal oragn

•Mainly 2 type •1.Lepromatous leprosy :1. Tumour like growths called lepromas on Skin and along respiratory tract. 2. Patches of infection occur on hands And feet 3. Skin lose pigmentation

•2. Tuberculoid leprosy : 1. Involves superficial nerves 2. Undergoes muscle atrophy 3. Disfiguring of skin and bones, twisting of limbs’ Curling of fingers to form a characteristic claw hand 4. Nasal cartilage and outer ear tissue degenerate

•Mycobacterium leprae first observed in 1874 by Gerhard Hansen that's why This organism also known as Hansen's bacillus and the disease Hansen's disease

•The BCG used for immunisation

•Antibiotic as rifampin ,clofazimine, and some sulfone drugs dapsone is also used

•There is a rapid screening test called the lepromin test or mitsuda reaction

•Extract from lepromatous tissue is taken and test performed according to it

Mycobacterium leprae

Gerhard Hansen

TUBERCULOSIS•The causal organism is a small rod that enter respiratory tract and grow on lung tissue

•Symptoms are chronic cough ,chest pain, high fever, and flow of thick expectorated matter called sputum

•Latter sputum may be rust coloured if the blood has enter the lung cavity

•The incubation period 2-10 weeks for the primary infection.

•In the infected lungs cells of macrophages ,leukocytes, and t lymphocyte Surrounds the parasite ,and due to deposition of calcium salts and Fibrous materials, a hard nodule tubercle is formed

•Tubercles may be visible in the patients chest x –ray

Tubercles may break apart and spread bacteria to liver , bone ,

and kidneysThis disease then called

military tuberculosis

BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS

Causal organism mycobacterium bovis The organism transmitted through milk

•BACILLE CALMETTE GUERIN (BCG) is a preparation of attenuated strain of M.Bovis is used in immunisation programmes through out the world

•It is named for Albert calmette and Camille Guerin who developed it in the 1920s

PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA

•The word pneumonia in abroad sense includes a number of microbial diseases of the bronchial tubes and lung Tissues

•About 90% bacterial cases are caused by gram positive diplococcus

•Diplococcus having a capsule and a lancet like pointed ends

•This organism is commonly known as pneumococcus , it is described as Streptococcus pneumoniae

•The destruction of alveolar walls ,blood seep in to lung Spaces and rust coloured sputum expelled ,if entire lobe of Lung is involved it is called lobar pneumonia

•If both sides are infected ,it is called double pneumonia

•Scattered patches of infection in bronchial tree yield Bronchoneumonia

•The bacterium produces several virulence factor Hemolysin , leukocidin and hyaluronidase

•Due to the presence of capsule it resist phagocytosis

COMMON DRUGS AVAILABLE

PENICILLIN

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