Human Development REPRODUCTION: Reproductive Systems Fertilization Pregnancy Child Birth.

Human Development

REPRODUCTION:

Reproductive Systems

Fertilization

Pregnancy

Child Birth

The Human Reproductive System

Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce others of their own kind.

Human life results from the union of two cells: one from the male and one from the female. These cells are produced by structures in the male and female reproductive systems and

merge in the female during sexual intercourse

The human reproductive system consists of body organs and structures that make it

possible to produce young.

The Male Reproductive System

The function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and transmit them to the female reproductive system.

Sperm are the male reproductive cells. They are first produced during puberty which begins in boys between 10-12.

The Male Reproductive System

The Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system has four main functions:

It produces the hormones estrogen and progesterone

It stores and releases female reproductive cells, called eggs or ova

It allows fertilization to take place.

It nourishes and protects the developing child until it is able to survive outside the female’s body.

Parts of the Female Reproductive System

The Menstrual Cycle

Ovulation (the releasing of an egg from the ovaries) may start as soon as a girl reaches puberty. Generally, this is between the ages of 8-12 although some girls can

ovulate for the first time, also known as menarche, as early as 8 or as late as 16. After Ovulation,

If fertilization occurs, the lining of the Uterus, also known as the Endometrium, will develop further and nourish the fertilized egg.

If fertilization does not occur, which is what usually happens, the Uterine lining and un-used egg dissolve and mix with a small amount of blood. The body sheds the lining through the vagina. This is known as menstruation

The Menstrual Cycle (cont’d.)

If fertilization has not occurred, the uterine lining begins to break down.

Menstrual flow stops after about 5 days.

Ovulation: A mature egg is released from the ovary into a fallopian tube.

Fertilization is most likely to occur during these days.

Menstrual flow begins.

Sexual Intercourse: Act of Reproduction

The act of reproduction in humans is when the male inserts their penis into the women’s vagina. Upon climax, “semen” is ejaculated into the women. The Semen contains 4 things:

Fluid from 3 different organs in the male reproductive system and the Sperm produced in the Testicles.

Fertilization

Sperm entering the vagina travel through the uterus to the fallopian tubes. Fertilization takes place in a fallopian tube when a male sperm cell and a female egg cell unite.

Fertilization

The fertilized egg then moves through the fallopian tube to the uterus, where it becomes implanted.

In the uterus, the fertilized egg gradually grows and develops.

Fertilization and implantation on the Uterus Wall

Fertilization/implantation including cell division

Now we’re pregnant!

At the moment the fertilized egg also known as a blastocyst, implants into the uterus, the women is officially, not just technically pregnant.

Common Signs of pregnancy include:-missed “period” or abnormally short/light

“period”-breast tenderness or fullness-nausea or vomiting-changes in appetite including cravings -frequent urination-un-explained fatigue-Gas

Decisions Decisions Decisions Once a girl/woman finds out she is pregnant..she is faced with a major decision with 3 possible outcomes:

1)Have the baby 1) alone or 2) with partner?

2)Place baby up for adoption 1) closed secret adoption 2) Open mother selected adoption (* note: in some states, babys can be placed into temporary foster care instead of adoption until the mother “gets on her feet”)

3) Abortion In the US most abortions are performed during the first 14 weeks.. n the state of PA,, the law states, except as provided in subsection (b), no person shall perform or induce an abortion upon another person when the gestational age of the unborn child is 24 or more weeks which means that unless it involves health complications to the mother or fetus, an abortion must be done by the 24th week (during the 6th month or sooner)

For the purposes of this lesson, you are not getting an abortion so……..

Development After Fertilization

The human body begins as a single fertilized cell known as a zygote. The fertilized cell starts to divide into a number of cells and is called a blastocyst . Then, it implants itself into the uterus lining and begins to build structures of the body. It is then referred to as an embryo.

After the eighth week, the embryo is called a fetus and looks like a baby (for the most part) but is very tiny.

From the moment of fertilization until birth, the cells develop into tissues, organs, and body systems.

The Developing Fetus

FertilizationThe union of the sperm cell with an egg cell forms an embryo

3 Months Length: 3 inchesWeight: 1 ounceBehavior: begins to move

9 Months Length: 18–20 inchesWeight: 7–9 poundsBehavior: eyes open, fingers can grasp, body organs and systems can work on their own

6 Months Length: 12 ½ inchesWeight: 1 ½ poundsBehavior: kicks, hears sounds

Full term pregnancy orientations of the baby

Full term pregnancy orientations of the baby

OTHER STUFF TO KNOW AND CONSIDER?

Length of pregnancy?

Most people say “9 months” but in reality, it’s 10. A pregnancy lasts 40 weeks.

Pregnancies are divided into 3 trimesters of about 13 weeks each (give or take)

What happens to the placenta?

Medical benefits

• consumption

•saving it

Cultural and Spiritual practices

Care During Pregnancy

DO: Eat healthful

foods. Have regular

checkups. Beware of

infections.

DON’T: Smoke or use

tobacco. Drink alcohol. Take any

unnecessary drugs.

Heredity

Certain traits are traits you have inherited from your parents.

Structures within cells influence heredity. Chromosomes are threadlike structures that carry the codes for inherited traits.

Each chromosome is divided into thousands of small parts called genes

Children inherit genes for each trait from each parent.

Heredity (cont’d.)

Sperm cell

Egg cell

23 chromosomes 46 chromosomes

Sperm cell

23 chromosomes

Embryo

Sex = Gender

22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are numbered. The 22nd is lettered either XX or XY.

Recall that ½ of your chromosomes come from your mom and ½ from your dad.

Eggs are always X and Sperm can be either X or Y.

IF an X sperm fertilizes an egg, it will be a girl.

If a Y sperm fertilizes an Egg, it will USUALLY, be a boy

XY = boy XX = Girl

Sex = Gender

However, if a Y chromosome fertilizes and egg, during the 1st trimester, a chemical is secreted that must travel around the developing embryo and reach the gonads (reproductive organs BEFORE they actually become reproductive organs)

If the chemical reaches the gonads, the embryo will grow the parts of the male reproductive system. If the chemical does not reach the gonads, the developing embryo will become a girl

Genetic problems at birth?

Genetic problems can cause serious disorders. Down syndrome, for example, is a genetic disorder in which a person’s cells have 47 chromosomes instead of 46.

Such disorders can affect physical or mental development, or both.

Genetic disorders may be mild or severe; a few are fatal.

Care During Pregnancy

Again….it is EXTREMELY IMPORTANT to eat healthy and avoid drugs and get regular check ups while pregnant!!!

Your baby’s entire future can be effected by what you do!

Post Pregnancy care

Breast Feeding? Formula?

Milk?

Foods? When to start cereal?

Check Ups?

Vaccines?

Sleeping schedule? Fixing bad habits before they begin