Human Body
Jan 11, 2016
Human Body
Warm-up (4/11 & 4/12)
• Turn to page 892-3 in your book and fill out the function and parts of each system
• We will go over the test in a few minutes
Quick Review
Characteristics of life order reproduction development
Energy utilization
response homeostasis evolutionary adaptation
Cell Specialization
6
Different kinds of Different kinds of animal cellsanimal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
Unit 2- Overview of Life
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Levels of organization
All 11 systems work together to maintain homeostasis
SOME EXAMPLES OF HOMEOSTASIS
One way our body maintains homeostasis is through FEEDBACK LOOPS
• Receptor – receives an environmental cue (sense organs, special glands within the body)
• Control Center – processes the feedback (brain, spinal cord)
• Effector – carries out any changes that need to be made (muscles, hormonal glands, etc.)
Blood Sugar Regulation
Homeostasis/ Feedback Lab
Feedback Lab
• Complete part 1 of the lab on your own
• Complete Part 2– Step 6 is already done for you– Step 7 – put 4 drops of Sugar instead of 5– Step 8 – add 10-15 drops of Exercise (look for
a blue color change
• Finish part 1 and 2 before you leave– If time permits, start part 3
Nervous System
• Brain• Spinal cord• Peripheral nerves
• Recognizes and coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment
Nervous System
• Messages or electrical impulses are carried by special cells called neurons.
Neuron
III. Structure of the Nervous System
• Impulses are received by the dendrites and travel down the axon.
Dendrite Cell Body Axon
• Neurons don’t touch. The space between the two nerves is called the synapse.
• Electrochemical impulses are the “messages”
Synapse
Electrochemical impulse travels from:
Dendrite axon dendrite axon
BOTOX
b. 2 major divisions of nervous system
• i. Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) – relays messages, processes and analyzes information
ii. Peripheral Nervous System
1. Sensory Neurons – transmit impulses from sensory organs to the CNS
2. Motor Neurons – transmit impulses from the CNS to the muscles or glands
Motor Neurons
a. Somatic Nervous System – regulates activities that under conscious control (muscles)
i. Reflex Arc – parts of the nervous system that cause a quick response to a stimulus
IV. Reflex Arc
• The automatic reaction controlled by the spinal cord
Receptor
(pain, touch, heat, etc.)
Sensory neurons Interneuron
Motor neuron
Response
b. Autonomic Nervous System
• Regulates activities that are automatic or involuntary (heart, sweat glands)
3. Interneurons
• Carry impulses between sensory and motor neurons
II. Divisions of the Nervous System
D. Brain- made of neurons– Cerebrum- controls voluntary movement,
senses, intelligence, and memory– Cerebellum- controls muscle coordination– Medulla oblongata- controls vital processes
(involuntary actions)
Nervous System Interactions – • Excretory – regulates bladder emptying
• Integumentary – regulates sweat glands and blood vessels in skin
• Skeletal – nerves are in bones; Calcium in bones for neural function
• Muscular – skeletal muscles controlled by nervous system
• Endocrine – hormones influenced by the nervous system
Nervous System
• Digestive – provides nutrients for nervous system health
• Immune – lymphatic vessels carry leaked tissue away from nervous system
• Respiratory – regulates respiratory rhythm and depth
• Circulatory – regulates heart rate and blood pressure
• Reproductive – regulates sexual response in males and females
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
• Hypothalamus• Pituitary• Thyroid• Parathyroids• Adrenals• Pancreas• Ovaries• Testes
• Controls growth, development, and metabolism using chemical messengers known as hormones
Pituitary: Too much
• Too much HGH causes giantism
• Too much vasopressin causes little urination
Pituitary: Too Little• Too little HGH causes
dwarfism.
• Too little vasopressin causes much urination.
Thyroid: Too Little
• Hypothyroidism– Low metabolism,
weight gain
• Cretinism– Dwarf and mental
retardation
• Goiter– No iodine, why iodine
is added to table salt
Pancreas: Too Much
• Too much insulin:– Hypoglycemia (low
blood sugar)
• Too much glucagon– Hyperglycemia (high
blood sugar)
Pancreas: Too Little
• Diabetes Mellitus– Type 1- cells don’t produce enough insulin
• Hereditary, often occurs in childhood
– Type 2- cells don’t respond to insulin• Based on lifestyle, often in people who are over-
weight and obese
Endocrine System Interactions – • Excretory – Hormone influence renal function
• Integumentary – activates sebaceous glands; estrogen increases skin hydration
• Skeletal – regulate calcium blood levels; growth hormone and sex hormone needed for skeletal development
• Muscular – growth hormone need for muscular development
• Nervous – hormones influence maturation and function of nervous system
Endocrine
• Digestive – influence GI function
• Immune – can depress immune responses
• Respiratory – hormones influence ventilation
• Circulatory – hormones influence blood volume, blood pressure, and heart contraction
• Reproductive – hormones direct reproductive system development and function
Warm-up (4/13 & 4/16)• Turn in feedback lab and Unit 10 Quiz 1
• Have out human body overview packet
1.How does the nervous and endocrine systems communicate respectively?
2.What type of cells make up the nervous system?
3.Looking at the diagram of the reflex arc, what do the sensory and motor neurons do?
4.When your body responds to an environmental change, this general process is known as …
Neuron
i. Reflex Arc – parts of the nervous system that cause a quick response to a stimulus
Endocrine System
Objectives
• Review scientific method, cell structure, and cell transport
• Investigate the parts and connection in function of the circulatory and respiratory systems
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
• Nose• Pharynx• Larynx• Trachea• Bronchi• Bronchioles• Lungs
• Provides oxygen for cellular respiration and removes C02 from the body
The Respiratory System
I. Functions
• Obtain O2 and release CO2
• Filter & warm incoming air
• Produce Sounds
• Aid in smelling
Why do we
breathe?
II. Parts1. Nose
2. Pharynx – connects
nose, throat & ears
3. Epiglottis – flap of
tissue that prevents
food from entering
trachea & lungs
4. Larynx (Voice Box – Adam’s Apple) – contains vocal cords
5. Trachea (Windpipe)
6. Bronchi – direct air into lungs divide into
Bronchioles which divide into
Alveoli where O2 & CO2
are exchanged, covered in blood vessels
II. Parts
• Alveoli cont.– Oxygen enters the blood stream by diffusion
Alveoli— 60% O2
40% CO2
Blood— 6% O2
94% CO2
O2
CO2
III. Inhalation
Diaphragm (muscle) contracts (lowers) – rib cage rises – chest cavity expands
III. Exhalation
Diaphragm relaxes – rib cage lowers – chest cavity decreases
Respiration Activity
IV. Homeostasis
• In order to maintain homeostasis, your body needs to have low CO2 levels in the blood
• If your CO2 levels rise, this triggers your “inhalation” urge– It’s not the oxygen levels that trigger this
reaction!
V. Pulmonary Respiration and Cell Respiration
• For cell respiration– Occurs in the mitochondria– Makes ATP energy from glucose and oxygen
while releasing carbon dioxide and water
V. Cellular Respiration
• The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy needed to form new ATP
Energy stored in thebonds of glucose
Formula:C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Broken down sugar
Anaerobic Respiration
(fermentation)
Aerobic Respiration
AlcoholicFermentation
(Yeasts)
Lactic AcidFermentation(Muscles)
36 ATP
No OxygenPresent
OxygenPresent
V. Overview
Cell Respiration?
CO2O2Glucose H20+ +
CR Formula
Emphysema Lung Cancer
Respiratory System Interactions – • Excretory – Any inhaled toxins will be expelled via excretory system
• Integumentary – Increased respiratory rate during inflammatory response delivers histamines, platelets, WBC’s etc
• Skeletal – provides oxygen; removes carbon dioxide from blood
• Muscular – Delivers oxygen to active muscles aerobic respiration = LOTS of ATP!
• Endocrine – Increased Resp rate moves hormones around body
• Digestive - provides oxygen; removes carbon dioxide from blood
Respiratory
• Immune - Increased respiratory rate during inflammatory response delivers histamines, platelets, WBC’s etc.
• Nervous – provides oxygen for neural activity
• Circulatory – delivers oxygen to various body cells; returns excess carbon dioxide to lungs for expulsion
• Reproductive – Increased respiratory rate delivers more oxygen and nutrients to a growing fetus in utero
Circulatory System
• Heart• Blood vessels• Blood
• Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, fights infection removes cell waste, regulates body temperature
I. Functions
• Transport oxygen, nutrients & waste
• Main line of defense against disease
• Carry hormones
• Regulate body temperature
• Open circulatory •hemolymph (blood & interstitial fluid) •sinuses (spaces surrounding organs)– Earthworm, clams
• Closed circulatory: blood confined to vessels– Squid, lobster,
vertebrates
II. Blood Solution Components
1. Plasma (fluid) – 90 % of plasma is water (solvent)
2. Red Blood Cells
• Produced in red bone marrow
• Carry O2 & CO2
• Solute
3. White Blood Cells
• Produced in red bone marrow
• Fights infection/disease
• Solute
4. Platelets
• Clots blood by creating a “spider web” of protein with fibers that traps blood
• Solute
Cell Specialization Review
• What makes a liver cell different from a blood cell?
• How are they the same?
III. Blood Vessels
1. Arteries• Carry blood AWAY from the heart• Muscular/elastic to allow adjustment to the
force of blood flow
Arteries
2. Veins
• Carry blood TOWARD the heart
• One way valves keep blood flowing in one direction
Veins
3. Capillaries – smallest vessels
• Connects arteries & veins• Actual exchange of gases & absorption of
nutrients occurs in capillaries
IV. Heart• 4 Chambers – 2 atria (upper chambers) &
2 ventricles (lower chambers)
• Valves prevent backflow of blood
V. The Sound of a Heartbeat
• Caused by opening & closing of heart valves
The heartbeat• Sinoatrial (SA) node (“pacemaker”): sets rate and timing of
cardiac contraction by generating electrical signals• Atrioventricular (AV) node: relay point (0.1 second delay to
ensure atria empty) spreading impulse to walls of ventricles• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Circulation system
Blood Pressure- FYI
• Normal is around 120/80
• Systolic (top #) – Ventricles contracted – pressure of blood against arteries
• Diastolic (bottom #) – Ventricles relaxed – pressure of blood against arteries
Interactions – • Excretory – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes;
blood pressure helps maintain kidney function
• Integumentary – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
• Skeletal – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
• Muscular – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
• Endocrine – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes; blood transports hormones
• Digestive - delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
• Immune - delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes; transports lymphocytes and antibodies
• Respiratory – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
• Nervous – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
• Reproductive – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes
Warm-up (4/17 & 4/18)• Turn in Unit 10 Quiz #2
• Have out human body overview packet1.What grape-like structure inside your lungs
increase surface area?
2.What muscle powers the lungs?
3.What type of blood vessel is the smallest and is the site of gas exchange at the lungs and somatic cells?
4.How many chambers are in a human heart?
5.What type of blood cell carries oxygen throughout the blood?
Circulation system
Digestive System
Digestive System
• Mouth• Pharynx• Esophagus• Stomach• Large and small
intestines• Rectum
• Converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by cells, absorbs food, removes wastes
Digestion
• http://kitses.com/animation/swfs/digestion.swf
• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter16/animation__organs_of_digestion.html
• To breakdown food into simpler forms (glucose) the body can use at the cellular level
I. Function
Organic Compounds1. Lipids
• Fats• Contain the most energy• Found in meats, dairy
2. Nucleic Acid• DNA/RNA• Genetic information storage• Found in all cells, not much energy
3. Carbohydrates• Monosaccharide, starches• Sugars, grains• Contain simple energy• Found in plants, sugary foods
4. Proteins • Meat, certain vegetables• Bodies produce proteins to function
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
RectumAppendix
Large Intestine
a. Mechanical Digestion – the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces
b. Chemical Digestion – the process that turns complex molecules (fats, carbohydrates, proteins) into smaller molecules to be used by cells
–Enzymes are proteins that help your body break down the chemicals faster.
II. Digestive Process
1. Mouth – mechanical digestion (chewing) & chemical digestion (salivary glands) begins here (Enzyme: Amylase)
2. Pharynx and Esophogus- connects the mouth to the stomach
3. Stomach – mechanical (churning) and chemical (acid and enzymes) digest food further (Enzyme: Pepsin)
4. Small Intestines • Enzymes continue to break down nutrients• Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream at
the villi.• Tiny finger like projections of the small intestines that
increase surface area
Remember this?
• Larger surface area=more absorption– Villi function as an increase in surface area
5. Large Intestines (colon) – removes water from undigested material, filled with bacteria to aid in digestion
6. Rectum – stores & packs solid wastes
7. Anus – opening through which feces exits body
Diffusion
• Movement of molecules from HIGH to LOW.– How molecules are absorbed out of the small
intestine
• Osmosis—the movement of water from high to low– How water leaves the large intestines
BA C
- glucose - water
3 Types of Solutions
1. Isotonic – is a solution where molecules move in and out at the same rate. It allows the solution to be “NORMAL”.
2. Hypotonic solution – the cell gains water and the cell swells. (Like a Hippo)
3. Hypertonic solution – the cell is going to shrink. The molecules are moving out of the cell.
Review of the 3 Types of Solutions
Which way will the water move?
Which way will the water move?
Symbiosis
• Two organisms living together.
• There are three types:
Mutualism
• 1. Mutualism benefits both species involved.
Commensalism
• 2. Commensalism occurs when one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Parasitism
• 3. Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism, known as a parasite. Parasites derive benefits at the expense of another, known as the host.
Which symbiosis is bacteria in our large intestines?
• Mutualism
• A large percentage of our feces is dead symbiotic mutualism.
FYI
APPENDIX – small, fingerlike projection @ junction of small and large intestine
Interactions – • Excretory – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair
• Integumentary – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair; insulate dermal and subcutaneous tissues
• Skeletal – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth and repair; absorbs calcium
• Muscular – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair
• Endocrine – removes hormones from blood, ending their activity
• Nervous – provide nutrients for neural functioning
• Immune – provides nutrients for normal functioning; HCl in stomach provides protection against bacteria
• Respiratory – provides nutrients for energy metabolism, growth, and repair
• Circulatory – provides nutrients to heart and blood vessels
• Reproductive – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair
Excretory System
Excretory System
• Skin• Lungs• Kidneys• Urinary bladder• Urethra
• Eliminates wastes
• B. Urethra• C. Kidney• D. Ureter• E. Bladder
Function – removes metabolic waste such as excess water, urea & salts from cells in the body
Parts – skin, lungs, kidneys & associated organs
I. Background Information
II. Parts
1. Kidneys- main excretory organ
• Located on either side of spinal column in lower back
• Filters blood to remove waste
2. Ureter – tubes between kidneys & bladder, transports urine to bladder
3. Urinary Bladder (can expand to twice its size) – stores urine which contains:
Urea – poisonous nitrogen waste
Excess water (95%)
Excess salt & sugar
4. Urethra – short tube that passes urine out of the body
Skin – part of integumentary system but also part of excretory
HOW?
Lungs- part of the respiratory system but also part of the excretory
HOW?
FYI-
Excess Glucose in Urine – indicates diabetes
High white blood cell count in urine– indicates infection
Excretory System Interactions – • Nervous – help dispose of metabolic wastes and maintain proper
electrolyte composition and pH of blood for neural functioning
• Integumentary – activates vitamin D made by keratinocytes; dispose of nitrogenous wastes
• Skeletal – activates vitamin D; dispose of nitrogenous wastes
• Muscular – dispose of nitrogenous wastes
• Endocrine – kidneys activate vitamin D (considered a hormone)
• Digestive – transform vitamin D to its active form, needed for calcium absorption
• Immune – eliminates wastes and maintains pH balance of blood
• Respiratory – dispose of metabolic wastes of respiratory system
• Circulatory – regulate blood volume and pressure by altering urine volume
• Reproductive – dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain acid-base balance of blood; semen exits body through urethra of male
Warm-up (4/19 and 4/20)• Turn in Quiz 4 to the tray
– Initial on the turn-in sheet
1. What structures in the small intestine increase surface area and therefore diffusion?
2. Besides the kidneys, what other organs are part of the excretory system?
3. When the digestive system breaks proteins down to their monomers, what are you left with?
4. What elements do nucleic acids have that other organic compounds don’t?
5. Why does pepsin (an enzyme in the stomach) only break down proteins and not carbohydrates?
Muscular System
• Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac muscle
• Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement, helps circulate blood, moves food through digestive system
II. 3 Types of muscle
• Skeletal muscle – usually attached to bone, used for voluntary movements (dancing, winking), consciously controlled by the central nervous system (CNS), has alternating light and dark bands (Striated)
b. Smooth muscle – found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, usually used for involuntary movements (move food through digestive tract, change size of pupils), spindle-shaped (not striated)
c. Cardiac muscle – found in the heart, involuntary, striated
III. Muscle Movement
a. Muscles have to contract in a controlled manner
b. Muscle contractions are stimulated by impulses given off by motor neurons attached to each muscle
c. Skeletal muscles produce movement by working with the bones they are attached to
d. Tendons – connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
e. Skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs – as one muscle flexes, the other one relaxes (Ex. biceps and triceps)
Interactions – • Excretory – skeletal muscle forms voluntary sphincter of urethra• Integumentary – exercise increases body heat & skin helps
dissipate that heat• Skeletal – bones provide levers for muscle activity• Nervous – facial muscle activity allows emotion expression,
stimulates/regulates muscle activity• Endocrine – growth hormones/androgens influences skeletal
muscle strength/mass• Digestive – muscular contractions move food through digestive tract• Immune – physical exercise may enhance/depress immunity• Respiratory – powers breathing• Circulatory – skeletal muscle activity increase efficiency of
cardiovascular functioning;• Reproductive – skeletal muscle supports pelvic organs
Skeletal System
• Bones• Cartilage• Ligaments• Tendons
• Supports body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, site for blood cell formation
I. There are 206 bonesin the skeleton system
II. Two skeletons
a. Axial skeleton – supports the central axis of body(skull, vertebral column, rib cage)
b. Appendicular skeleton – arms, legs, pelvis, shoulder
III. Joints – where one bone attaches to another-ligaments – holds bone together
a. Immovable (fixed) joints – bones are held together or fused and allow no movement (bones in the skull)
b. Slightly movable joints – bones are separated slightly and allow a small amount of restricted movement (vertebrae)
c. Freely movable joints – allow movement in or more directions
i. Ball-and-socket joint – movement in many directions (most movement allowed)
ii. Hinge joint – back-and-forth motion
iii. Pivot joint – allows 1 bone to rotate around another
iv. Saddle joint – allows 1 bone to slide in 2 directions
Joints
1. Ball/Socket
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Saddle
5. Fixed
6. Slightly movable
a) Knee
b) Skull
c) Thumb
d) Shoulder
e) Spine
f) Neck
Skeletal System Interactions – • Nervous – supports and protects central nervous system
• Integumentary – holds up skin
• Excretory – supports and protects excretory organs
• Muscular – provides levers for muscular movement
• Endocrine – hormones stimulate bones to release calcium
• Digestive – protects and supports digestive organs
• Immune – bone marrow is the site of white blood cell formation
• Respiratory – protects and supports respiratory organs
• Circulatory – bone marrow is the site of blood cell formation
• Reproductive – protects and supports reproductive organs
Integumentary System
Integumentary System
• Skin• Hair• Nails• Sweat and oil glands
• Serves as a barrier against infection and injury, regulates body temperature, protects against UV rays
Integumentary System
I. The integumentary system serves as a protective barrier and also a gateway between the environment and a person’s nervous system
II. 2 Layers of skina. Epidermis – Outside layer of skin
i. Outside layer of epidermal cells make keratin (a tough, fibrous protein), eventually die, and form a tough, flexible, waterproof covering on the surface (this outside layer of dead cells is shed once every 4-5 weeks)
ii. Inside layer of epidermal cells are living and produce melanin (a dark brown pigment that protects the skin by absorbing UV rays from the sun
b. Dermis – Inside layer of skin
i. Contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings, smooth muscles, and hair follicles
ii. To conserve heat on a cold day, blood vessels in the dermis will constrict; whereas, on a hot day, the vessels widen to increase heat loss
iii. Sweat glands also produce sweat to cool the body (heat is taken with the sweat as it evaporates)
iv. Beneath the dermis is a third layer of fat called the hypodermis which helps insulate the body
c. Hairi. Hair covers most exposed parts of
the body1. Hair on head – protects from
UV rays, insulates from cold2. Hair in nostrils, ears, and
around eyes – keep dirt and other particles from entering the body
Integumentary Interactions – • Excretory – protects urinary organs; excretes salts and some waste
• Nervous – protects nervous system organs, contains sensory neurons
• Skeletal – protects bones, synthesize Vitamin D needed to absorb Calcium for bone health
• Muscular – protects muscle, contains motor neurons
• Endocrine – protects endocrine glands
Integumentary Interactions (Cont.)
• Digestive – protect digestive organs; provides Vitamin D
• Immune – protects from pathogen invasion
• Respiratory – protects respiratory organs
• Circulatory – protects cardiovascular system; prevents fluid loss
• Reproductive – protects reproductive organs: modified sweat glands produce milk
Lymphatic/Immune System
Lymphatic/Immune System
• White blood cells• Thymus• Spleen• Lymph Nodes• Lymph Vessels
• Helps protect the body form disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to circulatory system
Immune System Interactions – • Excretory – pick up leaked fluid and proteins from urinary organs; protect
from pathogens
• Integumentary – pick up leaked plasma fluid and proteins from dermis; protect from pathogens
• Skeletal – pick up leaked plasma fluid and proteins; protect bones from pathogens
• Muscular – pick up leaked fluid and proteins from skeletal muscles; protect from pathogens
• Endocrine – pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens
• Digestive - pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens
• Nervous - pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens
• Respiratory – pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens
• Circulatory – pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens; destroys old red blood cells
• Reproductive – pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens