HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: A. CELLS - basic unit of life B.TISSUE (groups of cells w/similar structure and function) C.ORGANS (groups.

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: A. CELLS - basic unit of life B.TISSUE (groups of cells w/similar structure and function) C.ORGANS (groups of tissue working to do a specific job) D.ORGAN SYSTEMS (a group of organs working together) E.INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM ( a living thing that carries out life processes) Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Converts foods into simpler molecules, then absorbs them into the blood stream for use by cells THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AKA Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)

MOUTH & SALIVARY GLANDS Teeth cut & grind food Salivary Glands moisten mouth & food with saliva, which has amylase (an enzyme) to break down starches

ESOPHAGUS Esophagus food tube leading to stomach Peristalsis smooth muscle contracts to push food into stomach (also moves food through small intestines)

STOMACH Large musular sac which: secretes mucus (to protect stomach) secretes hydrochloric acid (which activates pepsin to digests protein) churns food & liquid into chyme

SMALL INTESTINE Where most of the chemical digestion & absorption of nutrients occurs Villi tiny projections that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

LARGE INTESTINE Also called the colon Water is removed from the digested materials leaving the small intestine to form solid waste Makes Vitamin K PERISTALSIS

RECTUM Holds solid wastes, called feces, until they exit the body through the anus

A. SALIVARY GLANDS B. MOUTH C. ESOPHAGUS D. STOMACH E. LARGE INTESTINE F. SMALL INTESTINE H. ANUS G. RECTUM Liver Pancreas

LIVER Largest internal organ Secretes bile (helps digest fat) Stores excess glucose as glycogen

PANCREAS Secretes digestive fluids and insulin (which helps balance glucose in the blood stream)

GALL BLADDER Stores bile until needed by the small intestines to digest lipids

LIVER PANCREAS GALL BLADDER stomach

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM System of vessels and/or spaces through which blood and/or lymph fluid flows in a human.

Circulatory system Has three (3) main parts: A. the heart B. blood vessels C. blood

C. BLOOD: - A liquid tissue consisting of plasma and blood cells in a suspension. -Transports nutrients, dissolved gases, enzymes, hormones & waste products

Blood Cells Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Most numerous, disk-shaped, carries O 2 to all cells in the body. Carries a protein called HEMOGLOBIN White blood cells (leukocytes) Larger in shape than RBCs but fewer in number. Helps immune system fight off pathogens.

platelets Plasma Yellowish liquid part of blood made up of 90% WATER & 10% PLASMA PROTEIN, DISSOLVED FAT, SALT AND SUGAR (AID IN CLOTTING)

B. BLOOD VESSELS - 1.Arteries - vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart. 2. Capillaries - thin-walled blood vessels in which most of the exchange of gas, nutrients & wastes takes place. 3. Veins - vessels that RETURN blood to the heart. Have valves !!!

Artery Vein Capillary

A. The Heart 1. Main pump of the circulatory system 2. Move Blood THROUGH the BODY 3. Surrounded by a loose-fitting sac called the pericardium. 4. Has four chambers: Right & Left Atria and Right & Left Ventricle

Pulmonary artery Left atrium receives O 2 rich blood from the lungs Left Ventricle - pumps O 2 rich blood to the body. Right ventricle: pumps blood from the heart to the lungs Pulmonary artery AORTA: transports O 2 rich blood from the left ventricle to the body Right atrium (contains the pacemaker - sends electric impulses that causes heart muscles to contract) The Heart Pulmonary vein Septum-thick muscle that separates right half of heart from left half.

Blood Pressure measure of the force that blood exerts against a vessel wall

Disorders HYPERTENSIONHYPERTENSION

ATHEROSCLEROSIS- NARROWED ARTERIES DUE TO PLAQUE (FATTY DEPOSITS), CAN CAUSE HEART ATTACK OR STROKE. HYPERTENSION- (high blood pressure) occurs when the force of blood pumping through vessels is too great. Anemia - when the blood transports too little oxygen.

SICKLE-CELL DISEASE Red Blood Cells are mis- shapened causing blood cells to CLOG vessels. Hereditary Leukemia - a form of cancer where bone marrow produces immature stem cells in large numbers & releasing them into the bloodstream.

TAKING CARE OF THE HEART

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, air & tissues

NOSE & MOUTH Entryway for air

PHARYNX: Common pathway for food and air.

EPIGLOTTIS Flap that closes off the trachea when swallowing (prevents choking)

LARYNX Voice box containing vocal cords

TRACHEA Tube lined with cartilage rings (carries air to lungs) trachea

BRONCHI & BRONCHIOLES Branch off from trachea into each lung bronchi bronchioles

ALVEOLI Grape-like air sacs responsible for exchanging gases with the blood

LUNGS Have large surface area for gas exchange HEALTHY LUNG EMPHYSEMA LUNG CANCER

DIAPHRAGM Muscular sheet that contracts to bring air into & relaxes to push air out of the lung

NOSE EPIGLOTTIS LARYNX BRONCHIOLES ALVEOLI TRACHEA DIAPHRAGM PHARYNX BRONCHI MOUTH LUNGS

Inhalation Exhalation Air in Air out Diaphragm Ribs rise Ribs fall Mechanisms of Breathing

Excretion : - the process that helps the body maintain homeostasis by disposing of wastes in the body.

MAIN ORGANS ADRENAL GLANDS Kidneys: act as filters for all of the liquid waste in the body. Ureters: tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder and transport urine to the bladder. Urinary bladder: elastic sac that is used to store and then remove urine (liquid waste) Urethra: single tube that allows the bladder to release the urine out of the body.

Although Lungs and Skin are major organs of other organ systems. They are also a part of the Excretory System. Lungs: excrete carbon dioxide waste as we exhale. Skin: excretes sweat through the pores in our skin.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

* COVERS YOUR BODY CONSISTS OF SKIN AND ITS GLANDS, HAIR AND NAILS * SKIN IS BODYS LARGEST ORGAN * PROTECTS & INSULATES THE BODY

F UNCTIONS OF H UMAN I NTEGUMENTARY S YSTEM 1. Barrier against infection and injury 2. Help regulate body temperature 3. Remove waste products from body 4. Provide protection against ultraviolet radiation 5. Produces vitamin D Skin Model Epidermis Dermis

EPIDERMIS: Skins outer layer * COVERED WITH PORES * SWEAT & OIL SECRETED * TOP LAYER - FLAT, DEAD CELLS REPLACED EVERY 28 DAYS * KERATIN WATERPROOF PROTEIN THAT KEEPS BACTERIA FROM ENTERING

DERMIS: Thick inner layeryer 1. MAKES COLLAGEN 2. PRODUCES MELANIN (pigment) 3.CONTAINS NERVE ENDINGS,BLOOD VESSELS, HAIR FOLLICLES & SEBACEOUS GLANDS (sebum = oil) 4. SWEAT GLANDS

HAIR & NAILS 1.Protects the scalp from UV rays 2.Protects the tips of fingers and toes

~ Skull and upper jaw 21 bones ~ 3 tiny bones in each ear ~ Lower jaw (mandible) ~ Front neck bone (hyoid) ~ Backbone or spine (26 separate bones or vertebrae) ~ Ribs (12 pairs - same number for men and women) ~ Breastbone ~ Each upper limb has 32 bones: 2 in shoulder, 3 in arm, 8 in wrist, 19 in hand and fingers. ~ Each lower limb has 31 bones: 1 in hip (one side of pelvis), 4 in leg, 7 in ankle, 19 in foot and toes Can you believe we have 206 bones?

FUNCTION: 1. Support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Storage of minerals 5. Production of blood cells

PARTS OF THE BONE: A. PERIOSTEUM - living membrane covering bone B. SPONGY BONE- tissue with many spaces, located at end of long bones & in middle of flat bones - gives strength without adding mass. C. COMPACT BONE - very dense, located in shafts of long bones resists mechanical shock.

D. Marrow - soft tissue that fills some space in bone 1. Red - produces RBC 2. Yellow - mostly fat cells

CARTILAGE: connective tissue found in many parts of the body reduces friction in moveable joints. TENDONS connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone LIGAMENTS connective tissue that attaches bone to bone at joints.

Spongy Bone Bone Marrow Cartilage Compact Bone

Function a. Muscles contract and shorten b. Provide motility c. Move substances through body- heart, blood vessels & digestion d. Muscle tone maintain posture and keep organs in place. e. Muscles generate heat when they are worked

T HREE T YPES OF M USCLE T ISSUE SkeletalCardiac Smooth Muscle TypeLocation in Body Skeletal Usually attached to bone; found all Voluntary around the body SmoothFound in walls of blood vessels & Involuntary digestive tract CardiacOnly found in heart; has properties of Involuntary both skeletal & smooth muscle

Types of muscles Skeletal - enables movement of body parts a. Voluntary b. Striated c. Multinuclei d. Attached to bone e. Bundled cells

a. Involuntary b. Not striated c. Only 1 nucleus per cell d. Regulates other systems 2. Smooth - internal organs

3. Cardiac - found only in heart a. Striated b. Involuntary c. Can contract without nervous stimluation

H UMAN M USCULAR S YSTEM Interaction of Muscles, Bones, and Nerves: Nerves cells communicate with muscle fibers, causing them to contract and do work. Skeletal muscles attach to bone by tendons and are found in pairs. When one contracts, the opposite muscle relaxes, creating strength and flexibility. When a muscle contracts, its length gets shorter. When it relaxes, it gets longer.

Consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs Sense Organs: Eyes, Skin, Ears, Nose & Tongue

Main Function: This communication system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. Our nervous system allows us to feel pain.

A nerve is an organ containing a bundle of nerve cells called neurons. Neurons carry electrical messages called impulses throughout the body. Picture shows hundreds of severed neuron axons

Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers called neurotransmitters must travel through the space called synapse between two neurons. Neurotransmitters Synapse (gap) The message is transferred when RECEPTORS receive neurotransmitters. (pink spheres)

P ARTS OF A N EURON 1. Cell body: contains nucleus & most of the cytoplasm 2. Dendrites: projections that bring impulses into the neuron to the cell body. 3. Axon: long projection that carries impulses away from cell body 1 3 2

Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron Sensory Neuron Interneuro n Motor Neuron Muscle Contracts Synapse

A reflex is an involuntary response that is processed in the spinal cord not the brain. Reflexes protect the body before the brain knows what is going on. Reflex Arc

brai n Spinal Cord Cerebellum Cerebrum Medulla Oblongata Consists of: Brain and Spinal Cord

CerebrumVoluntary or conscious activities of the body-learning, judgment CerebellumCoordinates and balances the actions of the muscles Medulla Oblongata (Brain Stem) Controls involuntary actions like blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing Spinal Cord The main communications link between the brain and the rest of the body

Consists of: Sensory division and Motor division -includes all sensory neurons, motor neurons, and sense organs

Main Function: It releases hormones into the blood to signal other cells to behave in certain ways. It is a slow but widespread form of communication.

P ITUITARY G LAND Function: It secretes nine hormones that control all other endocrine glands. -produces human growth hormone - Disorders: Too much growth hormone can result in a condition called gigantism. Robert Wadlow

T HYROID G LAND Hormone: Thyroxin Function: plays a major role in the regulation the bodys metabolism. Disorders: Hyperthyroidism-too much thyroxin; fast metabolism Hypothyroidism- too little thyroxin; slow metabolism

P ANCREAS Function: Produces insulin to keep the blood sugar level constant. Disorders: Diabetes disease in which the pancreas fails to produce insulin or the body does not properly use Insulin

A DRENAL G LAND Functions: -The adrenal glands release Adrenaline in the body that helps prepare for and deal with stress. -Also regulates kidney function.

O VARIES Functions: Pair of reproductive organs found in women that produce eggs. Also secrete estrogen and progesterone, which control ovulation and menstruation.

T ESTES Functions: Pair of reproductive glands that produces sperm. Also secrete Testosterone to give the body its masculine characteristics.

I NTERACTION OF G LANDS The brain and glands work together to maintain homeostasis through a process called negative and positive feedback mechanisms. The feedback the brain gets is from the information it collects as the hypothalamus monitors the bloodstream. Using this information, the brain knows what hormones to start and stop releasing.

I NTERACTION OF G LANDS The feedback the brain gets is from the information it collects as the hypothalamus monitors the bloodstream. Using this information, the brain knows what hormones to start and stop releasing.

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: MALE & FEMALE ANATOMY

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: A system that produces haploid sex cells called gametes ( egg & sperm)

The male:

Male reproductive system Urethra

TESTES: the male organs that produce sperm cells and the hormone Testosterone responsible for secondary male characteristics such as facial hair, deepening of voice, broad shoulders. Located inside a sac called the scrotum EPIDIDYMIS TESTIS SCROTUM

SCROTUM: located outside the body -protects the testes - keeps them slightly cooler than body temperature - important for sperm cell development & survival.

VAS DEFERENS: A duct that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct & urethra. It is the structure that is cut during a vasectomy.

PROSTATE GLAND: one of many glands and vesicles that produce seminal fluid.s.

SPERM: Small, motile gametes produced in the testes and used for reproduction - ~ 700 million produced each day head Middle section Tail (flagellum)

PENIS: (surrounds the urethra) Made of spongy erectile tissue that expands when filled with blood. Propels semen (containing sperm, fructose & other fluids made by the prostate gland) during ejaculation. Semen also cleanses the urethra

Male reproductive system Urethra

Reproductive system - female

The female reproductive system : Ovary Uterus Cervix Vagina Labia Fallopian Tubes Ovary

The ovary: The female organ that usually releases one ovum (egg) a month Produces the hormones estrogen and progesterone give females their secondary sex characteristics such as soft voice, breasts, pubic hair .. Contains about 400,000 follicles which is where the egg develops and matures.

Fallopian tubes: Pathway through which an egg travels to the uterus. Fertilization occurs here. Structure that is cut/tied during a tubal ligation.

Uterus: Muscular, pear-shaped organ where the fetus develops. Inner layer called the endometrium where fertilized egg plants itself. Cervix connects the uterus to the vagina

Vagina: * Tube shaped organ that opens to the outside of the body * Serves as the birth canal where the baby exits the body. * Receives the penis during intercourse - it is also where sperm enters.

Immune System

THE MAIN FUNCTION- protects the body from pathogens (sickness). Also to distinguish self cells from non-self cells.

WHAT IS A PATHOGEN? Any virus, bacteria or parasite that causes infectious disease.

HOW ARE DISEASES TRANSMITTED?

The immune system has two main defenses: Non-specific (first & second line) defenses: - Skin (inc. hair and nails, body secretions) - Inflammatory Response (Inflammation, fever, itching caused by Histamines) Specific (third line) defenses: - Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity

Non-Specific Defenses: (1 st line of defense): Skin: include nails and hair, Body Secretions: mucous, tears, sweat and saliva Body Openings: mouth, nose, pores

Second Line of Non-specific Defense: Redness & swelling Inflammation: (called the Inflammatory Response) a reaction to tissue that is damaged caused by injury or infection. Chemicals called histamines are released signaling macrophages to come and kill the pathogen that is trying to spread into the body. Fever: an increase in the bodys core temperature.

Steps of inflammatory response See p. 1037 - book

S PECIFIC D EFENSES : 3 RD L INE OF D EFENSE There are 2 main specific defenses: Humoral Immunity and Cell-mediated Immunity.

HUMORAL IMMUNITY Fight pathogens in body fluids Involves B cells and antibodies (Y-shaped proteins) which mark specific antigens for destruction. Some B cells become memory B cells. B-cell Plasma B-cells Helper B Cells Lysis

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY In cell-mediated immunity, Helper T cells bind to infected cells to signal Killer T cells to come and attack the infected cells. The Killer T cells can kill the infected cell along with the Pathogen by destroying (lysing) the membrane of the cell. White blood cells (T-lymphocytes) directly attack harmful cells.

There are 3 kinds of T-cells... Killer T-cells...Helper T-cells...and Suppressor T-cells

Killer T-cells recognize and kill infected cells.

Helper T-cells call in more Killer T-cells to kill germs, and tell the B-cells when to make antibodies

The Suppressor T-cell tells the B-cells when the body can stop making antibodies.

Lymphatic System: Stores, circulates & produces WBC. Tonsils filter & destroy bacteria while lymph is returned via ducts. The thymus secretes a hormone that helps the WBC mature. The spleen filters dead red blood cells Lymph: fluid that collects in lymphatic capillaries and slowly flows into larger lymph vessels. Lymph Vessels: structures that contain valves to keep lymph from flowing backwards. Lymph Nodes: small beanlike structures that act as filters trapping bacteria and other microorganisms

Tonsils Thymus Gland Spleen Lymph Nodes Lymph Vessels

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: A. CELLS - basic unit of life B.TISSUE (groups of cells w/similar structure and function) C.ORGANS (groups.

Documents

blood slide

blood stream slide

peristalsis slide

anus slide

glycogen slide

chyme slide

clotting slide

rectum liver pancreas